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the big one
2024-08-27 21:48:20 -05:00
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/biblical-confirmation-of-planar-earth-geocentrism class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Biblical Confirmation of Planar Earth Geocentrism</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/part-a-the-original-and-uncorrupted-douay-rheims-holy-bible-1582-1609-1610-ad class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Part A: The Original and Uncorrupted Douay-Rheims Holy Bible (1582, 1609, 1610 A.D.)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/part-b-the-corrupted-challoner-revision-of-the-douay-rheims-holy-bible-1749-1752 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Part B: The Corrupted Challoner Revision of the Douay-Rheims Holy Bible (1749–1752)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/part-c-bible-verses-confirming-planar-earth-geocentrism class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Part C: Bible Verses Confirming Planar Earth Geocentrism</a>
<a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822035065259&amp;seq=8" class=Header-nav-folder-item>LINK 1: Biblia Sacra, Vvlgatae Editionis (1598 A.D.)</a>
<a href=https://archive.org/details/1582RhemesNewTestament/mode/2up class=Header-nav-folder-item>LINK 2: The Nevv Testament of Iesvs Christ, Rhemes Edition (1582 A.D.)</a>
<a href=https://archive.org/details/holiebiblefaithf00mart_0/page/n10/mode/1up class=Header-nav-folder-item>LINK 3: The Holie Bible (Old Testament – First Tome), Doway Edition (1609 A.D.)</a>
<a href=https://archive.org/details/holiebiblefaithf02engl/page/n3/mode/2up class=Header-nav-folder-item>LINK 4: The Holie Bible (Old Testament – Second Tome) Doway Edition (1610 A.D.)</a>
<a href=https://archive.org/details/1610A.d.DouayOldTestament1582A.d.RheimsNewTestament_176/mode/2up class=Header-nav-folder-item>LINK 5: The Holy Bible (Old &amp; New Testaments) Doway-Rhemes Edition (1635 A.D.)</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/perspective class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>PERSPECTIVE</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/perspective-applied-to-an-outward-bound-ships-hull-and-masthead class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Perspective Applied to an Outward Bound Ship's Hull and Masthead</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/experiments class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>EXPERIMENTS</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/science-vs-scientism class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Science vs. Scientism</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-experimental-proof-of-a-stationary-earth class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Heliocentrism Refuted: Experimental Proof of a Stationary Earth</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/spheroidal-earth-refuted-experimental-proof-of-a-planar-earth class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Spheroidal Earth Refuted: Experimental Proof of a Planar Earth</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/terra-esferoidal-refutada-prova-experimental-de-uma-terra-plana class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Terra esferoidal refutada: prova experimental de uma terra plana</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/tierra-esferoidal-refutada-prueba-experimental-de-una-tierra-plana class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Tierra esferoidal refutada: prueba experimental de una tierra plana</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/terra-esferoidal-refutada-proba-experimental-dunha-terra-plana class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Terra esferoidal refutada: proba experimental dunha terra plana</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/nota-bene-the-fallacy-of-spheroidal-earth-geocentrism class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Nota Bene: The Fallacy of Spheroidal Earth Geocentrism</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/history class="Header-nav-folder-title Header-nav-folder-title--active" data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>HISTORY</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/historical-conspectus class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Historical Conspectus</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/hellenistic-greece-i-aristarchus-of-samos-c-310-c-230-bc class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Hellenistic Greece I: Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310–c. 230 B.C.)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/hellenistic-greece-ii-eratosthenes class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Hellenistic Greece II: Eratosthenes (276–194 B.C.)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/the-early-modern-period-copernicus-to-newton-1543-1726 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>The Early Modern Period: Copernicus to Newton (1543–1726)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/newtonian-gravitational-sophistry-the-cavendish-experiment-1798 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Newtonian Gravitational Sophistry: The Cavendish Experiment (1798)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-the-airy-experment-1871 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Heliocentrism Refuted: The Airy Experiment (1871)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-the-michelson-experiment-1881 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Heliocentrism Refuted: The Michelson Experiment (1881)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-the-michelson-morley-experiment-1887 class="Header-nav-folder-item Header-nav-folder-item--active" data-test=template-nav>Heliocentrism Refuted: The Michelson-Morley Experiment (1887)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/the-lorentzfitzgerald-contraction-myth-1889-1892 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>The Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction Myth (1889–1892)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/einsteins-special-theory-of-relativity-myth-1905 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Einstein´s Special Theory of Relativity Myth (1905)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/einstein-refuted-the-sagnac-experiment-1913 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Einstein Refuted: The Sagnac Experiment (1913)</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/einstein-refuted-the-ring-laser-gyroscope-1963 class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Einstein Refuted: The Ring Laser Gyroscope (1963)</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/curvature class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>CURVATURE</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/purpose-and-overview-of-the-allegedly-spheroidal-earth-curvature-analysis class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Purpose and Overview of the (Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Curvature Analysis</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-mensuration class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Mensuration</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-curvature-geometry class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Curvature Geometry</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/basic-allegedly-spheroidal-earth-curvature-equation class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Basic (Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Curvature Equation</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-curvature-equation-w/-elevated-observer class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Curvature Equation w/ Elevated Observer</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-curvature-equation-w/-elevated-observer-and-subject class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Curvature Equation w/ Elevated Observer and Subject</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/refraction class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>REFRACTION</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/refraction-overview class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Refraction Overview</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/snells-law-of-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Snell's Law of Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/tropospheric-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Tropo[spheric] Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/optical-refraction-curvature-in-the-troposphere class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Optical Refraction Curvature in the Tropo[sphere]</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/radar-or-rf-refraction-curvature-in-the-troposphere class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Radar (or RF) Refraction Curvature in the Tropo[sphere]</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/effective-earth-radii-for-radar-or-rf-and-optical-refraction-in-the-troposphere class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Effective Earth Radii for Radar (or RF) and Optical Refraction in the Tropo[sphere]</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/calculators class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>CALCULATORS</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/introduction-to-the-allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculators class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Introduction to the (Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculators</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculator-i-w-o-tropospheric-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculator I: w/o Tropo[spheric] Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculator-ii-w-mean-tropospheric-optical-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculator II: w/ Mean Tropo[spheric] Optical Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculator-iii-w-maximum-tropospheric-optical-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculator III: w/ Maximum Tropo[spheric] Optical Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculator-iv-w-mean-tropospheric-radar-or-rf-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculator IV: w/ Mean Tropo[spheric] Radar (or RF) Refraction</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/allegedly-spheroidal-earth-calculator-v-w-maximum-tropospheric-radar-or-rf-refraction class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>(Allegedly Spheroidal) Earth Calculator V: w/ Maximum Tropo[spheric] Radar (or RF) Refraction</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/cartography class=Header-nav-folder-title data-controller=HeaderNavFolderTouch data-controllers-bound=HeaderNavFolderTouch>CARTOGRAPHY</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/appendix-i-creation-and-the-method-of-saint-thomas-aquinas class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Appendix I: Creation and the Method of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/appendix-ii-evolutionism-refuted-by-the-ribosome class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Appendix II: Evolutionism Refuted by the Ribosome</a>
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<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/blog-a-plane-geodesy-issues class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Blog A: Plane Geodesy Issues</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/blog-b-other-public-interest-imperatives class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Blog B: Other Public Interest Imperatives</a>
<a href=https://planegeodesy.com/blog-c-the-apocalypse-of-john-the-apostle class=Header-nav-folder-item data-test=template-nav>Blog C: The Apocalypse of John the Apostle</a>
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<h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>&nbsp;HELIOCENTRISM</h1><h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>REFUTED:</h1><h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>THE</h1><h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>MICHELSON-</h1><h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>MORLEY</h1><h1 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>EXPERIMENT</h1><h2 style=text-align:center;white-space:pre-wrap>(1887)</h2>
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<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226>Introduction to the Michelson-Morley Experiment</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>The Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn1 id=fnref1><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>1</strong></a></sup> decisively and categorically proved that the earth does <strong>NOT</strong> exhibit translational motion, i.e., that the earth does <strong>NOT</strong> orbit the sun.<p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>An earlier version of the experiment had in fact been carried our by Michelson himself in 1881;<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn2 id=fnref2><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>2</strong></a></sup> see our review of that experiment at <a data-preserve-html-node=true href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-the-michelson-experiment-1881>Heliocentrism Refuted: The Michelson Experiment (1881)</a>.</p> <p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Michelson’s concluding remarks concerning the 1881 experiment were unambiguous and definitive:<p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;font-size:19px>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226;background-color:#ffff00><strong>The interpretation of these results is that there is no displacement of the interference bands. The result of the hypothesis of a stationary ether is thus shown to be incorrect, and the necessary conclusion follows that the hypothesis is erroneous.</strong></span> [emphasis added]
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226;background-color:#ffff00><strong>This conclusion directly contradicts the explanation of the phenomenon of aberration which has been hitherto generally accepted, and which presupposes that the earth moves through the ether, the latter remaining at rest.</strong></span> [emphasis added]<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn3 id=fnref3><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>3</strong></a></sup><p><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>While the 1881 experiment was sufficient in and of itself to prove that the earth is stationary, an important parameter was excluded from the experiment that actually strengthens the proof that the earth is stationary. Concerning the 1881 experiment, Michelson and Morely state in their 1887 paper:<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn4 id=fnref4><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>4</strong></a></sup><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;font-size:19px>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In deducing the formula for the quantity to be measured, the effect of the motion of the earth through the ether on the path of the ray at <strong>right angles</strong> [emphasis added] to this motion was overlooked.<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn5 id=fnref5><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>5</strong></a></sup> The discussion of this oversight and of the entire experiment forms the subject of a very searching analyis by H. A. Lorentz,<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn6 id=fnref6><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>6</strong></a></sup> who finds that this effect can by no means be disregarded. In consequence, the quantity to be measured had in fact but half the value supposed, and as it was already barely beyond the limits of errors of experiment, the conclusion drawn from the result of the experiment might well be questioned; since, however, <strong>the main portion of the theory remains unquestioned</strong> [emphasis added], it was decided to repeat the experiment with such modifications as would insure a <strong>theoretical result</strong> [emphasis added] much too large to be masked by experimental errors. [...]<p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>So the 1887 experiment was to be an improvement over the 1881 experiment, the intention being to reveal to a much higher fidelity, any disparity between theoretical and experimental results.</p> <p></p>
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<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226>Design of the Michelson-Morley Experiment</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Readers interested in the technical details of Michelson and Morley’s experimental design are advised to refer to the relevant part of their paper.<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn7 id=fnref7><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>7</strong></a></sup></p>
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<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226>Michelson and Morley’s Observations</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Michelson and Morley’s paper provides a description of their observational methodology<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn8 id=fnref8><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>8</strong></a></sup> and a tabulation of their observations under the tabular headings, <span data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-variant:small-caps>Noon Observations</span> and <span data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-variant:small-caps>P.M. Observations</span>.<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn9 id=fnref9><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>9</strong></a></sup></p>
<p><hr data-preserve-html-node=true style="border-bottom:2px solid #a93226;width:100%"><p></p>
<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226>Results of the Michelson-Morley Experiment</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Michelson and Morley’s results leave little doubt that any relative velocity of the earth and the ether is highly questionable: <p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;font-size:19px>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The results of the observations are expressed graphically in fig. 6 [not reproduced on this web page]. The upper is the curve for the observations at noon, and the lower that for the evening observations. The dotted curves represent one-eighth of the theoretical displacements. It seems fair to conclude from the figure that if there is any displacement due to the relative motion of the earth and the luminiferous ether, this cannot be much greater than <span class=MathJax_Preview style=color:inherit;display:none></span><span class=MathJax id=MathJax-Element-1-Frame tabindex=0 style=position:relative data-mathml='<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0.01</mn></math>' role=presentation><nobr aria-hidden=true><span class=math id=MathJax-Span-1 style=width:2.159em;display:inline-block><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1.769em;height:0px;font-size:122%><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(1.405em,1001.7em,2.352em,-1000em);top:-2.2em;left:0em><span class=mrow id=MathJax-Span-2><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-3 style=font-family:MathJax_Main>0.01</span></span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:2.2em></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:-0.079em;border-left:0px solid;width:0px;height:0.945em"></span></span></nobr><span class=MJX_Assistive_MathML role=presentation><math xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML><mn>0.01</mn></math></span></span> of the distance between the fringes.<br data-preserve-html-node=true>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Considering the [alleged] motion of the earth in its [alleged] orbit only, this displacement should be <span class=MathJax_Preview style=color:inherit;display:none></span><span class=MathJax id=MathJax-Element-2-Frame tabindex=0 style=position:relative data-mathml='<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mi>D</mi><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mfrac><msup><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mstyle><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>D</mi><mo>&amp;#x00D7;</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></math>' role=presentation><nobr aria-hidden=true><span class=math id=MathJax-Span-4 style=width:10.787em;display:inline-block><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:8.844em;height:0px;font-size:122%><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(0.604em,1008.84em,3.102em,-1000em);top:-2.243em;left:0em><span class=mrow id=MathJax-Span-5><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-6 style=font-family:MathJax_Main>2</span><span class=mi id=MathJax-Span-7 style=font-family:MathJax_Math;font-style:italic>D</span><span class=mstyle id=MathJax-Span-8><span class=mrow id=MathJax-Span-9><span class=mfrac id=MathJax-Span-10><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1.423em;height:0px;margin-right:0.12em;margin-left:0.12em><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(3.049em,1000.91em,4.153em,-1000em);top:-4.689em;left:50%;margin-left:-0.457em><span class=msubsup id=MathJax-Span-11><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:0.914em;height:0px><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(3.44em,1000.47em,4.153em,-1000em);top:-4.012em;left:0em><span class=mi id=MathJax-Span-12 style=font-family:MathJax_Math;font-style:italic>v</span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span><span style=position:absolute;top:-4.375em;left:0.485em><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-13 style=font-size:70.7%;font-family:MathJax_Main>2</span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span></span></span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(3.123em,1001.3em,4.164em,-1000em);top:-3.304em;left:50%;margin-left:-0.652em><span class=msubsup id=MathJax-Span-14><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1.303em;height:0px><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(3.2em,1000.77em,4.164em,-1000em);top:-4.012em;left:0em><span class=mi id=MathJax-Span-15 style=font-family:MathJax_Math;font-style:italic;text-rendering:optimizelegibility>V<span style=display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;height:1px;width:0.186em></span></span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span><span style=position:absolute;top:-4.301em;left:0.875em><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-16 style=font-size:70.7%;font-family:MathJax_Main>2</span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span></span></span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:4.012em></span></span><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(0.889em,1001.42em,1.208em,-1000em);top:-1.299em;left:0em><span style="display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:0em;border-top:1.4px solid;width:1.423em;height:0px"></span><span style=display:inline-block;width:0px;height:1.079em></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class=mo id=MathJax-Span-17 style=font-family:MathJax_Main;padding-left:0.278em>=</span><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-18 style=font-family:MathJax_Main;padding-left:0.278em>2</span><span class=mi id=MathJax-Span-19 style=font-family:MathJax_Math;font-style:italic>D</span><span class=mo id=MathJax-Span-20 style=font-family:MathJax_Main;padding-left:0.222em>×</span><span class=msubsup id=MathJax-Span-21 style=padding-left:0.222em><span style=display:inline-block;position:relative;width:1.979em;height:0px><span style=position:absolute;clip:rect(3.217em,1000.96em,4.164em,-1000em);top:-4.012em;left:0em><span class=mn id=MathJax-Span-22 style=font-family:MathJax_Main>10</span><span style
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[...]</p> <p></p>
<p><hr data-preserve-html-node=true style="border-bottom:2px solid #a93226;width:100%"><p></p>
<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226> Conclusion</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Michelson and Morley did not detect any relative motion between the earth and the aether because neither the earth nor the aether (at least the aether near and at the surface of the earth) is moving. Their statement on the matter is definitive:<p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;font-size:19px>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226;background-color:#ffff00><strong>It appears from all that precedes reasonably certain that if there be any relative motion between the earth and the luminiferous ether, it must be small; quite small enough entirely to refute Fresnel’s explanation of aberration.</strong></span><sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn11 id=fnref11><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>11</strong></a></sup> [...]<p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>But with respect to Fresnel, it was only Fresnel’s <em>heliocentric</em> interpretation of stellar aberration that was refuted. Fresnel<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn12 id=fnref12><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>12</strong></a></sup><sup data-preserve-html-node=true>,</sup><sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn13 id=fnref13><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>13</strong></a></sup> had hypothesized in 1818, refractional increase with refracting medium motion. That hypothesis was experimentally confirmed by Fizeau<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn14 id=fnref14><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>14</strong></a></sup> in 1851. But what is important to remember is that the phenomenon characterized by Fresnel and Fizeau is exclusivley optical in nature; in and of itself, it is not tied to any translational motion of the earth or the lack thereof. Fresnel’s explanation of stellar aberration is <em>optically</em> correct but cosmologically in error; being a heliocentrist, he did not consider that it is the stars that are moving (diurnally), not the earth, and hence the relative velocity between the stars and the observer.</p>
<p><hr data-preserve-html-node=true style="border-bottom:2px solid #a93226;width:100%"><p></p>
<p><h3 data-preserve-html-node=true style=color:#a93226>Denouement</h3><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true>Whereas geocentrism was experimentally confirmed by George Biddell Airy as far back as 1871,<sup data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnote-ref><a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fn15 id=fnref15><strong data-preserve-html-node=true>15</strong></a></sup> re-confirmed by Albert A. Michelson in 1881 under entirely different experimental circumstances, and again re-confirmed here by Michelson and Morley in 1887, it should not surprise readers that modern systems, e.g., commercial aviation, dependent upon the earth being stationary, re-confirm geocentrism on a daily basis. See <a data-preserve-html-node=true href=https://planegeodesy.com/heliocentrism-refuted-experimental-proof-of-a-stationary-earth> Heliocentrism Refuted: Experimental Proof of a Stationary Earth.</a></p>
<br data-preserve-html-node=true><p></p>
<p><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=text-align:center;color:#a93226>— FINIS —</p>
<br data-preserve-html-node=true><p></p>
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<section data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnotes><p data-preserve-html-node=true></p>
<p data-preserve-html-node=true><ol data-preserve-html-node=true class=footnotes-list><p data-preserve-html-node=true></p>
<p data-preserve-html-node=true></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn1 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px>Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley, “On the relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether.” <em>The American Journal of Science</em>, Third Series, Vol. XXXIV, No. 203 (November 1887), Art. XXXVI, pp. 333–345.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref1 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn2 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px>Albert A. Michelson, “The relative motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether.” <em>The American Journal of Science</em>, Third Series, Vol. XXII, No. CXXVIII (August 1881), Art. XXI, pp. 120–129.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref2 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn3 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, p. 128.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref3 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn4 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px>Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley, <em>op. cit.</em>, pp. 334–335.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref4 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn5 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em> In a footnote (p. 334), Michelson and Morley state: “It may be mentioned here that the error was pointed out to the author of the former paper [i.e., Michelson] by M. A. Potier, of Paris, in the winter of 1881.”<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref5 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn6 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em> In a footnote (p. 335) Michelson and Morley provide the following reference: “De l’Influence du Mouvement de la Terre sur les Phen. Lum.” <em>Archives Néerlandaises</em>, xxi 2<sup data-preserve-html-node=true>me</sup> livr. (1886).<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref6 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn7 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, pp. 335–339.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref7 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn8 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, p. 339.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref8 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn9 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, pp. 339–340.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref9 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn10 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, pp. 340–341.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref10 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn11 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px><em>Ibid.</em>, p. 341.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref11 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn12 class=footnote-item style=font-size:19px><p data-preserve-html-node=true style=font-size:19px> Augustin Fresnel, « Lettre de M. Fresnel à M. Arago sur l’influence du mouvement terrestre dans quelques phénomènes d’optique », <em data-preserve-html-node=true>Annales de chimie et de physique</em>, t. 9, 1818, p. 57–66.<a data-preserve-html-node=true href=#fnref12 class=footnote-backref>↩️</a></p><li data-preserve-html-node=true id=fn13 class=footnote-item style=font-
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