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No axial precession of the earth proven by Archaeoastronomy of ancient monuments
Profile image of Jayasree Saranathan Jayasree Saranathan

The equinoctial sun comes back to the same point in the sky as is noticed in the case of Sri Padmanabha Swamy temple in India and in many ancient monuments around the world. Built at different time periods, these monuments are seen to be aligned with the tropical equinox and solstices of today. The only possible explanation for the same phenomena seen now of the structures built at different times of the past can be the absence of axial precession of the earth. This paper analyses this with evidences from the ancient monuments.
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Related Papers
The Earth Goes Round The Sun Indian Archeological Evidence : The Sahasralingam (Sanatan Vigyan – Perennial Sciences

Deepak Bhattacharya

This communication discuses the evidence based applications of the Sahasralingam, an ancient scientific device of yore-India. It can be used to evidence the earth-sun system. The Sahasralinga is a special purpose engineered, free standing, in plum, pillar devise (gnomon), that enables in space reading of sunlight & shade on a circular plain table at an elevation, year round. The enrolled grid pattern is a versatile abacus that permits digital conversion of the observed & the evidenced. The Sahasralingam can be used to establish (i) earth goes round the sun (ii) 7 0 as the angle of the curvature of the earth's orbit (iii) numerous aspects relating to earth-sun sync; uses hieroglyphics.
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Inner Core of the earth changing direction after a pause is evidence of to and fro oscillation of the equinox theory of Vedic Thought

Jayasree Saranathan

The recently reported observation of the solid inner core of the earth slowing down its motion and starting to rotate in a direction opposite to that of the motion of the spinning earth is due to the earth – along with the entire solar system – moving in a curve in the wavy path of the sun such that by the year 2300 CE, the observer on earth will start seeing the equinox moving in the forward (opposite) direction. This to and fro motion of the equinox which is the core of Vedic Astronomy is explained in this essay and supported by four evidences from science: 1. The inner core moving in the opposite direction of the earth's rotational direction. 2. Atmospheric changes 3. Change in the direction of the earth's axis to the east 4. The movement of the solstices towards each other and in progressive slower pace. The slowing down of the Tropical limits would further go on till they stop moving. By decoding two allegorical references from Vedic literature, namely Nahusha's Fall and Agastya stopping the Vindhya hills which obstructed the Sun, the expected course in the movement of the solstices and the equinox is deciphered in this essay. The Vedic sages did not use telescopes or gadgets to propose this theory. They just watched the earth, the shadow on the earth and the movement of sunlight on the earth to have offered this theory and its application in day-to-day life. We have yet to catch up with them…
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Journal of Skyscape Archaeology
Solstice Alignments at Angkor Wat and Nearby Temples: Connecting to the Cycles of Time

2018 •

William F Romain

Built in the early twelfth century, Angkor Wat is one of the world’s largest ancient religious structures. Each year thousands of visitors make the pilgrimage to Angkor Wat to witness the equinox sunrise over the temple’s lotus-shaped towers. In addition to the equinox alignment, however, there are other alignments at Angkor Wat and many of the surrounding temples. In this article multiple solstice alignments are identified for Angkor Wat and eleven nearby temples to include: Bakong, Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Bok, Phnom Krom, East Mebon, Pre Rup, Banteay Srei, Ta Keo, Baphuon, Preah Khan, and Bayon. Subsequent to ground and aerial reconnaissance of the above sites, archaeoastronomic assessments were made using Google Earth, with solstice azimuths calculated using standard protocols. More than seventy solstice alignments were thus identified. The multiplicity of solstice alignments combined with other data suggest that it was important for Angkor temples to be connected to the sun. If, as endorsed here, Angkor temples were microcosmic models of the cosmos, then arguably, solstice alignments connected the temples to the cyclic movement of the cosmos as manifested by the solar cycle.
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Precession in Prehistoric Mesopotamia. 1

Baumgarte Elke

This article tries to show that 'Stone Age people' were aware of precession of the poles and equinoxes and that their findings were orally passed down through the millennia to the Sumerians, who eventually wrote them down. But oral transmission was not the only way to save acquired astronomical knowledge over very long periods of time. Stone settings, stone carvings, cave paintings, storytelling and ceremonies, separately or together, were the vehicles by which ancient knowledge was passed on. This article describes several stone pillars in Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) with animal reliefs carved into them, which can be identified as some of the constellations through which the Pole Star moved on its path around the precession circle of the North Pole. Those animals have found their way into Sumerian and Akkadian myths and the myths of many other peoples. The knowledge is hidden in plain sight, if one recognizes the codes.
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Eg gyptian Temple Orientation Astronomical Alignments in the Temples of Egypt

David Furlong
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Zenodo
Archaeoastronomy - The Zenith Passage of the Sun

2020 •

Amelia Carolina Sparavigna

The tropics are the regions of the Earth that lie between the latitude lines of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. In this zone of the Earth, we have the opportunity to see the zenith passage of the sun, that is, we can see the sun passing at noon directly overhead. The zenith passage happens on two days in the year. These days depend upon the latitude of the place of observation. Let us note that, at the Tropic of Cancer, the zenith passage happens on the day of the June solstice and at the Tropic of Capricorn on that of the December solstice; at the equator, the zenithal sun is observed on the two equinoxes. When the sun passes overhead, the shadows disappear and the days when this happens assume a sacred significance for the people that live and lived within the tropics. Being the zenith passage so important, it is not surprising that we can find it evidenced by the local architectures too. We have, for instance, that some monuments possess a "zenith tube" at their apex, such as at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. It is a vertical sighting tube inserted in the vault of the structure, which produces in a dark chamber a perfectly perpendicular beam of light when the sun is at the local zenith. As we will see, alignments of monuments are also possible: we observed them in Sanchi, India, at the Lion Rock in Sri Lanka, in Angkor Wat and at the Sewu, Prambanan and Borobudur Temples in Java. We can observe alignments at the Mesoamerican Sites of Tula and Chichen Itza. Here we also show alignments to the sunrise of the zenithal sun at the Shwedagon Pagoda and in the plan of Brasilia.
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Orchiston, W., Sule, A., and Vahia, M.N. (eds.), 2018. Growth and Development of Astronomy and Astrophysics in India and the Asia-Pacific Region. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Oriental Astronomy. Mumbai, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
FROM MEGALITHS TO TEMPLES: ASTRONOMY IN THE LITHIC RECORD OF SOUTH INDIA

2018 •

Srikumar M Menon

India has a long history of monuments built in stone—from prehistoric megaliths to later religious monuments like stupas, temples etc. covering a period of nearly four millennia. In this paper we discuss the influence of astronomy on the design and layout of some of these monuments, as well as depiction and incorporation of astronomical objects and phenomena in several of these or their components. In several instances, prehistoric rock art features Sun and Moon motifs, which are also seen in later sculptural art in temples, hero stones, etc. Megaliths, which are mostly the sepulchral and commemorative monuments of the Iron Age, have a variety of forms, ranging from the simple upright stone to relatively complex constructions like dolmens etc. We demonstrate that at least some megaliths have sightlines to astronomical phenomena on the local horizon deliberately incorporated into their layout. It is quite possible that these early monuments evolved into later monumental structures like stupas and temples. Temple architecture in southern India followed two main evolutionary trajectories that spanned roughly 800 years. Temples often feature sculptural panels of deities, myths and legends on their outer walls. We examine some of the legends, such as the Tripurantaka legend of Shiva, commonly depicted on temple walls, for astronomical symbolism. Heavenly bodies, such as the Sun, Moon and planets, are deified in traditions of the Indic religions, and we examine some of these deities depicted in temple sculptures. We also discuss the Dikpalas—guardians of the directions—often depicted to safeguard temple precincts. The phenomena of Sun Temples, depictions of eclipses, zodiacal stones and navagraha worship are also dealt with. Finally, we examine Sun-facing structures, such as rock-cut temples and structural temples, which are designed to interact with the rising or setting Sun on given days of the year.
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Ancient Astronomy Events at Teotihuacán are related to the Monument's Design

Arturo Villamarin

ABSTRACT: A STUDY IN ARCHAEO ASTRONOMY A method was developed to find the age of ancient monuments using the sun’s declination in antiquity. This method showed the monument ages in the study are significantly older than those calculated via other methods. In this paper we present the results from the study of Teotihuacan in Mexico and El Infiernito in Colombia Thousands of years in the past, the earth's axis due to the variation in its obliquity (nutation) and its precession, pointed to the celestial sphere in a different direction than it does today. These two factors made the sun rays impinge upon a site on earth at an angle different than it does today at any time during the year. Since the early days in human history it has been claimed, some archaeological monuments were designed in antiquity to align with the sun at certain times during the year. Those claims were and are mostly based on observations under contemporary astronomical conditions, not under the then prevailing conditions in the year they were designed in. Today those monuments have become misaligned since those earth axis’ parameters have continued changing thru the ages; which makes those contemporary observations just approximations. Going back in time to find the original direction the earth's axis pointed to when the monuments were designed to align with the sun, allows us to calculate their ages. Plotting the calculated sun's geographic positions during the solstice thru millennia with respect to a monument on a GIS map, generates a curve analog to an analemma, which we named a Super-Analemma. Extending a line on the GIS map at the azimuth of a monument's axis of symmetry to its intersection point with the Super-Analemma yields the year of the monument's original alignment with the sun; hence its age. Applying the method in various archaeological sites unexpected alignments of the sun were found in combination with those from the moon, in the years the method indicated the monuments were designed. These alignments validated some of those traditionally claimed singly for the sun or the moon, but with greater precision. The Teotihuacan results show that the position of the pyramids in the layout, not only matches various astronomical phenomena but also show the arrangement reflects the planetary system. The connection between the events and the physical layout is punctuated by the Avenue of the Dead: Its length, its orientation and its displacement from the pyramid of the sun. The following sites are included in the complete study: Teotihuacán in México, El Infiernito in Colómbia, Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan, Machu Picchu in Peru, Giza in Egypt, Kalasasaya in Bolivia, Stonehenge in the UK and Tifariti in W. Sahara.
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Solstice Azimuths as Design Elements at Angkor Wat and Nearby Temples

William F Romain

Built in the early 12 th century AD, Angkor Wat is one of the world's largest religious structures. The purpose of the present study was to determine if solstice alignments are incorporated in the design of the structure. Assessment of Google Earth Pro satellite imagery and LiDAR data revealed multiple solstice alignments incorporated in the design of Angkor Wat. Expanding on this, solstice alignments were further identified for 11 nearby major temples. A total of 73 solstice alignments were thus identified. The multiplicity of solar alignments, combined with other data suggest that it was important for the Angkor temples to be connected to the Sun. If, as suggested by ethnohistoric data, Angkor temples were microcosmic models of the cosmos, then arguably, solstice alignments connected the temples to the cyclic movement of the universe as manifested by the solar cycle.
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Beyond Paradigms in Cultural Astronomy
A.P. Pernigotti, Etruscan Temples and the Sun: an Analysis on the Orientation of Etruscan Sacred Buildings, in A. C. González-García et alii (eds.), Beyond Paradigms in Cultural Astronomy, BAR, Oxford 2021, pp. 125-132.

2021 •

Antonio Paolo Pernigotti

Since the Spring of 2012 a series of field campaigns were started aimed at measuring azimuths and, where possible, the horizon heights, of the main Etruscan sacred structures. The results achieved in this work have led to the hypothesis that the orientation of Etruscan temples was determined by the movement of the sun, with a clear preference for the sky arc where the sun never rises or sets but where it goes through every day of the year, lighting up the front of the sacred structures for multiple hours a day. Starting from these results, this contribution will be focused on a more specific analysis of the collected data, concerning the distribution of the orientations, and on a comparison with the temples of the ancient Greek world. Finally, through an interdisciplinary approach that combines data from the archaeological, epigraphic and literary record to those of the orientation, it will try to reflect both on the reasons that may have determined the general distribution of the orientation of Etruscan temples, both on the motivations and factors that may have influenced the orientations of the individual structures.
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The sun crosses the equator twice a year from north to south and vice versa. This point is defined as the intersection of the ecliptic (the apparent path of the sun which is actually the projected path of the earth around the sun) and the celestial equator which is the projection of earth’s equator into the celestial sphere. The intersecting point (equinox) is supposed to be moving backward or westward. According to the theory of precession of the equinoxes, this backward motion is perceived due to the continuous change in the axial tilt of the earth. That is, the axial tilt of the earth is supposed to make the sun at the equinox, appear at different points gradually over a period of time. Some 2000 years ago, Aries was sighted at the backdrop. This gradually shifted backwards, by which the equinox coincided with the star Revati (Zeta Piscium), and now at the beginning of Uttara Bhadrapada (Algenib), at 6 degrees of Pisces (Sidereal zodiac). This movement happens at the rate of approximately 72 years per degree of the visible sky, at the current rate of precession. One of the visible proofs of test for this movement is that the structures built long ago aligned with the equinox should not appear with the same alignment. Interestingly we do come across many ancient structures aligned to the equinox or solstice points of today. To begin with let me show the Gopuram (tower) of the Padmanabha Swamy temple of Tiruvananthapuram, India, which attracts many people on equinox days, because the sun on the equinox day can be seen exactly crossing the middle of the Gopuram. 1
The tower of Padmanabhaswamy temple on equinox day Many people glorify this as an archaeological wonder of the ancient builders. Had they built it exactly to align with the equinox of the day (400 + years ago), how is it possible that we continue to see the same alignment today also? As per the axial precession theory, the equinox cannot be sighted at the center of the tower, if it was built aligned to the equinox of the day. If the alignment continues to be the same, it means that the equinox occurs at the same point of the ecliptic year after year, and for all the years since long. It then means that there is no change in the axial tilt of the earth, or the earth’s angle with the sun. Then what causes the precession of the equinox needs some other explanation and not the idea, that axial precession of the earth is the cause. If the earth’s axial tilt is changing which is what the current precession theory proposes, then we should not be seeing the equinoctial alignment of the tower of the temple today. Not only Padmanabha Swamy temple, there are other temples in India and many ancient monuments across the globe, built during different time periods in the past, but are found perfectly aligned with the equinox of today. There is no way to say that they are coincidental or made to give a spectacle for the 21 st century people, i.e. us. Before I proceed to present them, I want to highlight that this perfect alignment is proof of ABSENCE of axial precession of the earth, a fact that has been recently noticed by a section of the scientific community while assessing the lunar data here , here and here . It is understood that there is no change in the tropical equinoctial date in the Gregorian calendar. The spring equinox always occurs on 21 st March (or 20 th to 21 st March). As per precession theory this date must have drifted by 5.9 days since the inception of Gregorian 2
calendar 420 years ago, but is found to be occurring on the same date. The only adjustment done is with reference to the leap year. The days on the orbit of the earth are constant such that the equinox comes back on the same date. The difference is with reference to background stars which is the basis of Vedic astronomy and time keeping. There can be only one explanation for the equinoctial sun coming to the same point in the sky of the earth but the background star -studded space appearing to move forward (by which the equinoctial sun is seen in front of successive westward points in space) and that explanation is that the sun is like a moving train with the background trees seeming to move in the opposite direction. This movement is not caused by the inmates of the train (us / the earth, in this analogy), but by the movement of the train (the sun). The annual shift noticed of the equinoctial sun in the backdrop of the stars is mistaken by western astronomy as being caused by the trepidation of the earth, whereas we coming from the background of Vedic astrology are originally taught by our teachers that the sun is moving! Thousands of years of observation by this society had taught us that the equinoctial sun moves to and fro in the backdrop of stars – the clarity about the frame of reference, that modern science is yet to recognize. This movement of the sun in the backdrop of the stars with the internal alignment with the earth kept intact is shown in the following illustrations. The picture below shows the vernal equinox around 2k years ago, aligning with Asvini. Note that the alignment between the earth and the sun remained the same. 3
1000 years after that, the background star was different, but the earth’s alignment with the sun remained the same and the vernal equinox had occurred around 21 st March only (next pic) The same trend continues at present too. (Next pic) 4
When the background star is taken as the frame of reference, precession is noticed. In the absence of axial precession of the earth, the movement in the backdrop is possible if the entire solar system is precessing. As the sun keeps moving across the space along with the solar system, the background stars are drifting in the opposite direction which is perceived as backward motion of the equinoctial sun. The alignment between the earth and the sun had remained constant for all ages. This is proven by the numerous monuments of the old that are aligned to the equinoxes and the solstices till date. There is no substance in claiming that such monuments were built 24k years ago on the basis of the 24k precession cycle. The dating concept based on precession is redundant as per this realization that the earth’s axial tilt is not changing which implies that the earth is not behaving like a spinning top or a gyroscope – a concept that is the basis for 24k year precession. Further details on the Vedic concept of equinoctial movement can be read in my paper HERE . Astronomical alignment of ancient monuments not changed. The fact that we are able to see the equinoctial sun pass through the Gopuram of Padmanabha Swamy temple is by itself a proof for the absence of axial precession of the earth which further indicates null scope for the luni–solar influence on the earth for precession. The constancy of the date is applicable to any other date in the year around the sun. For example the temple at Abu Simbel built by Rameses II between 1279 and 1213 B.C to 5
celebrate his domination of Nubia, has his image carved at a place such that the sun light falls on King Ramses II’s face exactly on two days in the year, on February 22, marking his coronation, and on October 22, marking his birthday. (Next pic) This is being sighted for thousands of years since he built it in this way. This is proof of the fixed dates of the Gregorian calendar and also the fixed alignment between the earth and the sun such that the sunlight or sighting the sun at a particular location in the sky never changes. This is proof for the absence of axial precession of the earth. If the earth’s axis is drifting, the dates will change for the above phenomena and for the equinoxes. The above information on Abu Simbel was taken out NASA site , that is to say that NASA had recognized the alignment, but yet to declare in the open that this is possible only in the absence of the concept of axial precession for the earth. I came across the justification in this site for the equinoctial alignment at the Mayan pyramid of Kukulcan (Chichen Itza) that it is ‘ PRECESSIONAL CLOCK WITH ITS ALARM SET FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY’!! Why should the Mayan toil to work out an astronomical alignment that can be visible only after 1000 years? Mayans were not alone in this kind of alignment there are many other similar ones. NASA had highlighted the Kukulcan phenomenon as follows. ( Read here ) 6
Video link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zvv9EnBuem4 For more than 1000 years, this alignment had not changed. Without realizing this, we continue to believe that the earth’s axis is precessing. Closer home, look at Angkor Wat temple built in the 12 th century CE. On the day of equinox, the sun rises exactly touching the central tower. Can anyone claim the time of construction of this temple to 24k years ago as per the current theory of precession cycle? 7
The next one I want to highlight is the famous Stonehenge at Great Britain. The same NASA site has the following to say. 8
As per this version this was built between 3500 to 5000 years ago. In the 18 th century it was noticed that the equinoxes rise at the center of this structure. Now 200 years after this observation, the equinox must have moved upto 3 degrees, that is away from the center, but what do we see now? People are waiting to see the sun sink or rise at the same central part in-between the two pillars. How is this possible if not for absence of axial precession? The next one I want to highlight is the same phenomenon at Mnajdra temples of Malta, in the Mediterranean. I have a big story for this temple in a future video of my Indic Past series. For now let me point out the equinoctial sun lighting up the center of the entrance while the solstices illuminate the two apses of this structure believed to have been built in the 4 th millennium. 9
Graham Hancock wishes to push the date to the previous cycle of the precession theory – which if accepted would be found wanting in explaining the same phenomenon in other places including the Padmanabha swamy temple and also to be against the scientific revelations on the absence of axial precession of the earth. Another place highlighted by the NASA site is the pre-historic Chaco Canyon in New Mexico showing similar astronomical alignment. 10
Today the equinoctial sun can be sighted exactly at the east and west doors of the structure. (Picture below) The sun light on the solstice day cuts the spiral design engraved on top. There are many places that one can catch up from the NASA site. I am just showing a few more before winding up this topic. The main structure of Grianan of Aileach of Ireland, built in 6 th or 7 th century CE is a ring-fort in stone, aligned with the equinoxes. The equinoctial sun light exactly passes through the entrance and the sunlight cuts the arena into half as shown in the figure. What would you say 11
about this - made to entertain the 21 st century people or a natural phenomenon that exists for ever unchangingly? Finally I want to highlight the 7 Ahu Akivi statues of Easter Island. Stanford essay states that these statues built around 1460 CE are so located that they exactly face the spring equinox while their backs face the autumn equinox. The link features too many other similar locations of astronomical alignment. Coming to India, I am of the opinion that many of the south Indian temples must have been aligned to the equinoxes (tropical) though for all practical purposes we follow sidereal point for equinox. The reason for the tropical alignment can be traced to the Vaastu principles in following ‘exact east’ (Shuddha PrAchi) for building temples and houses. The ‘exact East’ 12
doesn’t change! Temples like Chakrapani temple at Kumbakonam that has Uttarayana and Dakshinayana entrances, must have been aligned to tropical positions. Trees and houses surrounding many temples hamper any observation of such alignments. The above samples must make people think and come to the realization that the precession concept of the west is at the verge of an overhaul. Anyone attempting to ‘date’ ancient texts such as Mahabharata and Ramayana cannot rely on the western astronomy simulators that use axial precession concept. Related posts: My research paper on Siddhantic concept of the equinoxes offers newer insights to emerging trends in Science on Precession Three orbital cycles of the Siddhantic concept (Part 2 of my paper on Siddhantic concept of precession) Sidereal representation of oscillating equinoxes (Part 3 of my paper on Siddhantic concept of precession) Sun’s movement – a determinant of precession and the Band of Tropical limits (Part 4 of my paper on Siddhantic concept of Precession) Siddhantic cycle of precession matches with the paleoclimatic data (Part 5 of my paper on Siddhantic concept of precession) 13
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