zotero/storage/ST76JA2R/.zotero-ft-cache

2011 lines
79 KiB
Plaintext
Raw Normal View History

2024-08-27 21:48:20 -05:00
& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 207{224 Spacetime Substance,
c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC
THE MEASURING OF ETHER-DRIFT VELOCITY AND KINEMATIC ETHER VISCOSITY WITHIN OPTICAL WAVES BAND
Yu.M. Galaev1
The Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NSA in Ukraine, 12 Ac. Proskury St., Kharkov, 61085 Ukraine
Received November 15, 2002
fvdoTeorlhoneecoliettecyxctopraonenmtrdrimaatgdehninecetttaeittlchhheweyroaprvkoieigtnsihnepemasrliaoshtpyivacpegovraitit shiccoeoansstiisihtoysantsahotbafeesmetbhneeeneptneestrhapfonerrordmpecoexasdines.dtbeTenahncceedonoirnspeiadtnileciarzateeluddmr.eae,sTaeihs.xeuep.rrienetrsghimuelmetmsnettaoahtfloesirdymiasoatlfegmmitnheaaedttiiiecuotmnhme,ceroarnmes usoprrvmeoemnamsetiienbontlnest of the ether existence in nature, as the material medium.
The experimental hypothesis veri cation of the espriatebhdrlefieoorrfewmoxraiesvdeteelseencabctraerlnoiienmdr,naibnagytntuethrtheeiec,wipw.oehar.akvsmseesa[m1tpe-er3rtoi]ha,polawmdgi.atehtTdiioinhunemmrh,iealrslseuimslbpteseotenoen-rf tpAdphuaotertscthueeidekcxsolpiebvsesys,rskitmtytahhte[aee4ntm-tm6 e[]a1ln.lt-tsI3esnr],iindabthloateshmneemdoetdwooicdnouoermnltldht[r4ceas-op6demt]aichcptteheor,etshemhedetaohsooderfetrighlsiieeosnpfaipanVlrrtoha.rApytoe---. emreerttphaitreeeersrsieioasnflttfvhotiershceamoluleastmtheaaernrtiaedrvliacamorlieeforoducrisiumbmmlaet,oigvroaeenssms,p.eoiTsnnthstihefboelprehmcoyfsons,risctiae.rellue. cctettirlohdonesmbe[7ta-has9gei]srnaed[n4tri-dic6ft]wAswae.Avaaers.cs,hMp pirrcosuhtpbealoligssfoahnateil,dol,Fnbt..yGhTeD.h.pPCeoe.esaMixstepiivelaelrenirmrdeiensFnu1t.lt9asP2l 2emoa-f1ros9tdoh2ene6l itpnrroe1mpT9aa2hrg9eant[eei1oxt0nip]c,.ervwiemarvie enestd[o7mp-t9ei]tchaisol dpbsearonffodrt,mhedeidi nevwreiestdthiignbayttihocenareceloefnuc--l dsttvuoieuollctnothtsaci.einrtyTgeyt,hmhaseetneirmddpiiuemusalmatsaatug.etriideOnsdtabritcbeyiatiothltnlaheyslreacdsEvoirgaaminifrltptia hpobcanlmaerenanoatmtvtemetomhtfeeaetratnhsstteumiarmeeirtsmoehmu,eenaarnstdtdcshtrtrhieaefdet-SMhhueaiisnlglehtwrtheioothfbvta2atl6hiu5neeemdva,ebalotobhucoativttye3tt3hkh0eme k/esmtesheac/e,srleeavcdne,rldiwf(tCaastvleevntlhoeolecteinthdydee,itageUthctStteAhdoe).f 1830 m (Mount Wilson observatory, USA) | about 10
1e-mail: galaev@ire.kharkov.ua; Ph.: +38 (0572) 27-30-52
km/sec. The apex coordinates the Solar system move-
mdpeeecnnlditnicawuteliaorerntdoeatnere+mc6liin5petd.ic:
Spudlacirihnecm(tcooavosercdmeinnesnaiotteniss
 17:5h, almost perof the North
Pole ecliptic: the observed
e ect1s8cha,nbe e+xp66lai)n.edM,iilfletrosahcocwepedt,,
that that
the ether stream has a galactic (space) origin and the
velocity more than 200 km/sec. Almost perpendicu-
larly directional orbital component of the velocity is
lost on this background. Miller referred the velocity
decrease of the ether drift from 200 km/sec up to 10
km/sec to unknown reasons.
andSo[1m0]e, paerecuelixaprliatiiensedofbtyhetheexpetehriemr evnitscoressituyltsin[7t-h9e]
works [4-6]. In this case the boundary layer, in which
the ether movement velocity (the ether drift) increas-
es with the height growth above the Earth's surface, is
faonrdmtehde aetthtehrenreealrattihvee Emaorvthem'sesnutrfoafcet.he solar System
In the works [1-3] it is shown, that the results of sys-
tematic experimental investigations within radio waves
band can be explained by the wave propagation phe-
nomenon in the moving medium of a space origin with
a vertical velocity gradient in this medium stream near
the Earth's surface. The gradient layer availability can
be explained by this medium viscosity, i.e. the feature
proper to material media, the media composed of sep-
arate particles. The mean value of the measured maxi-
mal gradients was equal to 8.6 m/sec m. The velocity
comparison of the suspected ether drift, measured in
the experiments [1-3], [7-9] and [10], is performed in the
works [1-3]. The place distinctions of geographic lati-
tudes and their heights above the sea level are taken
208
Yu.M. Galaev
ipeatmtnhutcath/cearoeosilwserrtaocdorcd.nuircnr.kTtoighsfIuhttf[nteu7viotl-scen9otlioe]onhmbsacestnitpathcvdayioeanr[snlii1eeuss d0oerw],en,mxotiwrthpraehdhaestiertuiincoirlmihntnc6eaco1otnari2fhnent4etscwhbi:ecdei:exote:phecn8xowied4nprn9uiitesm06chirt0dieimm0etnnhr0g/teee:nsd[ae:1tdct:sa-a1,3s[ct0]1tmoa0ht-m3h0auo]0et--f, [7-9] and [10].
The positive results of three experiments [1-3], [79], [10] give the basis to consider the e ects detected in these experiments, as medium movement developmttiiomenne.tssS,ourfecMshpamoxnewsdiebilulle,mMfowircahesleeclcsaotlrlneodmanaadsgnteehaterilcieetwrh.aevrTes[h1ep1r]cooapntactglhuae-sion was made in the works [1-3], that the measurement results within millimeter radio waves band can be constihdeermedataesritahlemexedpieurmimeenxtisatlehnycepoitnhensaistucroen surmchataisonthoef ether. Further discussions of the experiment results [1-3] have shown the expediency of additional experimental analysis of the ether drift problem in an optical wave band.
Experiments [7-9] and [10] are performed with optical interferometers manufactured according to the cruciform Michelson's schema [12,13]. The work of such idnitreercfteioronmaentderrebtausrendinognitthteo ltihghetopbasesrsviningginpoainftorawloanrdg tthiveitsyamwaesplaotwh.toTthhee Moricighienlasol ne'tsheinrtedrrfiefrtoem eetcetrs. seTnshiemserevaesdurbedanvdasluo esDet oifnasnuicnhtearfedreevniccee,pia.ett.ervniseuxaplrlyessoebdin terms of a visible bandwidth, is proportional to velvimosecalioingtcvnyieetrrytasicetclieyo,mtpqhiurseosaipdoooprnrattti(iceloiagnolhafltlet)nthogetthe[h1teho2ef]w.rtahdvereiflltiegnhWgtthbteooafmtheelelclitagrnhodt-
D = (l=) (W=c)2 :
(1)
itimtnnhhteeeetaWrlhs"ifugeemehrrseoietnhdtmbvaheeelvolastadctemlsiarugl.emaal Ttntieihsdhoaenespeiusrnrxroetpoispenfeerogravrtiramthpcileaho,ernwntemat,thslheiactes(ohhrWfotahddt=behrsciee)faoa2tnp,msdtewiicncpeaoaxasnlwspdslceheearnisoilcmlgrihendtdehettnrhhaot"eessf.
Accordingly the methods and experiments, in which the
measured value is proportional to the rst ratio extent
W rs=tc
oarrdeecra. lleTdhaes
rtahteiomiesthWod/sc
and

1expateritmheenetxspoefcttehde
value in the experiments of Michelson, Miller W  30
km/sec. The methods of the second order are ine ective
at this requirement. So at W  30 km/sec the method
osefntshiteivsietycotnod tohredemreitnho1d00o0f0th(e!) rtsitmoesrdseurc.cuHmobwsevoenr
at that time the methods of the rst order, suitable for
the ether drift velocity measuring, were not known.
The expression (1) allows to estimate the diculties,
with which the explorers of the ether drift confronted
in the rst attempts while observing the e ects of the
second order. So in the widely known rst experiment
of Michelson 1881 [12], at the suspected velocity value
of the ether drift W  30 km/sec, with the interfer-
ometer having parameters:   6 10 7 m; l  2:4
mth,e ibtawnads. Aexnpdecitteids itnotohbesreerqvueirtehme evnatlsueofDconsid0e:0ra4bolef
band shivering of an interference pattern. In the work
[12] Michelson marked: "The band were very indistinct
and they were dicult for measuring in customary con-
ditions, the device was so sensitive, that even the steps
ot1on8r8yt7h,ceaMusiiscdehedewltsaholekn,icnoamlsaophlieuntnehdirbseadwndomsrledvtea-krnsnisofhwrionnmgw!"toh.rekLo[a1bts4ee]r,r,vtaoin--
gether with E.V.Morly, once again marked the essential
de ciencies of his rst experiment as for the ether drift
[12]: "In the rst experiment one of the basic considered
diculties consisted in the apparatus rotating without
the distorting depositing, the second | in its exclusive
sensitivity to vibrations. The last was so great, that
it was impossible to see interference bands, except short
intervals at the business-time in the city, even at 2 a.m.
At last, as it was marked earlier, the value, which should
be of
measured, something
oi.ne.thteheinitnetrevrafle,rsemncaellebar,ndthsaon 1se=t20beocfauthsee
interval between them, is too small, to determine it,
mttmrohoepdouet6ruliIotec4ncioappevltmdMleielcreeiaurtnleallpege trprtesta'lhcsaot[tyh7ioiio4n-fnl9nteg]tme.n.hrigTfeenetItahrhtepocerawcmisnta.uahecrestatIaeurcngcreai,haaeltiscfnholhoeoefeerndfdsgehsttxdheo2hnpueu6seeoleidrmftxiteimpsovrehesitertoaenyriurpmetslpa.iden[cle1ynhcIr0itrensn"]edg.awttsuhhaoepees,f
experiments [7-9] and [10] the interferometers laid on
rafts, placed in tanks with quicksilver, that allowed to
remove the in uence of exterior mechanical clutters.
The positive results of Miller's experiment by virtue oc[r1iifns5ttg]hs1'et5iogr0r1g,e9eadn2te1evar-oat1ttl9eep3dn0htt,yiooasnirtcehaaelmtsetietghnhnateiitr otncdiaermndifectt.e'hsaIapnttrtortaahblmceletemomdstoatnehnovedgeprrryhaeofpyenshries-wTehree pcoosnscibenletriant eudeonncinthgeodf itshcuesdsiioncoufltMcoilnlesri'dserreesduletxs-.
terior reasons (temperature, pressure, solar radiation,
air streams etc.) on the optical cruciform interferom-
eter, sensitive to them, which had considerable overall
dimensions [16] in Miller's experiments was discussed
most widely in these works. Besides by virtue of me-
thodical limitations being in the works [7-9] and [10],
their authors did not manage to show experimentally
correctly, that the movement, detected in their exper-
immeennttsa,ncdanthbeemexedpiluaimneodf bmy attheeriaElaortrhigirne,larteisvpeomnsoibvele-
for electromagnetic waves propagation [1-3]. However
the most essential reason, which made Miller's con-
temporaries consider his experiments erratic, was that
in numerous consequent works, for example, such as
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
209
[17-20], Miller's results were not con rmed. In the experiments [17-20] so-called the \zero results" were obtained, i.e. the ether drift was not detected.
Thus, taking into consideration the works de ciencies [7-9], [10] and a major number of experiments with a zero result available, it is possible to understand the physicists' mistrust to the works [7-9], [10] at that time, the results of which pointed the necessity of the fundamental physical concept variations. The analytical review of the most signi cant experiments, performed winitthhethweoprkusrp[1o-s3e,o2f1t].he ether drift search, is explained
In 1933 D.K. Miller, in his summary work [22], performed the comparative analysis of multiple unsuccessful attempts of his followers to detect the ether drift etexmpeprtism, eenxtcaelplyt.thHeeepxapiedrimatetenntt[i1o0n],tohpatticianl ainlltesrufcehroamt-eters were placed in hermetic metallic chambers. The authors of these experiments tried to guard the devices from exposures with such chambers. In the experiment [10] it was placed into a fundamental building of the optical workshop at the Mount Wilson observatory for stabilizing the interferometer temperature schedule. The hermetic metallic chamber was not applied, and the ether drift was detected. Its velocity had the value W  6000 m/sec. Miller made the conclusion:
"Massive non-transparent shields available are undesirable while exploring the problem of ether capturing. The experiment should be made in such a way that there were no shields between free ether and light way in the interferometer".
mafteenLrtastthoeern, itnhnseetwreutmhoeeprnptdosrrtiofuctncduitirisrecesonvcfeoerrybachosaenvddeuoacnptipnceogamreepdxlpeateelrslioydetinhticvset.e)rrm.usmeaSsueisdncivheteaalesmxe(prerreteorasrilomlnioceafntcttohhsraesmws,eebmreeexraphsueeesrrlasidm,ge[eM2n3wte-sas2.ss6b]Ita.nhuAeetrhnc'edsomwae mgoaerokcinnts [23,24,26] there were the metallic resonators, in the work [25] | a lead chamber, because it was necessary to use gamma radiation. The authors of these works, perhaps, didn't pay attention to Miller's conclusions of 1933 about the bulk shields inapplicability in the ether drift experiments. The phenomena physical interpretation of the essential ether drift velocity reduction at metallic shields available was given by V.A. Atsukovsky for the rst time, having explained major eatvhaeilra-dbylenianmtihceaml m[6e]t.al resistance of a Fermi's surface
The purpose of the work is the experimental hypothesis test of the ether existence in nature within an oupmt,icraelspeolencstirbolme faogrneelteicctrwoamvaesgnbeatnicdw|avems aptreorpiaalgamtieodni-. It is necessary to solve the following problems for reaching this purpose. To take into account the de ciencies that occurred in the experiments earlier conducted. To elaborate and apply an optical measuring method and
the metering device, which does not iterate the Michel-
son's schema, but being its analog in the sense of result
interpretation. (Michelson's interferometer of the sec-
ond order is a bit sensitive to the ether streams and too
sensitive to exposures.) To execute systematic measure-
mepeoncths oinf tthhee eexppoecrhimoefntthseimyepalremcoenrrteastpioonnd[i1n-g3],to[7t-9h]e,
[10]. (The term "epoch" is borrowed from astronomy,
in which the observation of di erent years performed in
the months of the same name, refer to the observations
of one epoch.) The results of systematic measurements
should be compared to the results of the previous ex-
periments. The positive result of the experiment can
be considered as experimental hypothesis con rmation
of the ether existence in nature as material medium.
in tMheewaosurkrsin[4g-6m], ewtahsoadc.ceTptheedeatthemr amkoindgelt,hpereoxppoesreid-
ment. The following e ects should be observed experi-
mentally within the original hypothesis:
netiTc hweavaensisportorpopaygaet ioenctd|epetnhdesvoenlorcaidtyiaotifoenledcitrreocmtioang-,
that is stipulated by the relative movement of the so-
lar System and the ether - the medium, responsible for
electromagnetic waves propagation.
depTenhdeshoenightthee heecitg|ht tahbeovveelothcietyEoafrwtha'vsespurrofapcaeg,atthioant
ivesliessccttoirpuousmleaatthgedenrebtsyitcrtewhaeamvEe-asmrptharot'seprsaiugaralftmaicoeend.iinutmer,arcetsipoonnwsiibthletfhoer
ttenccihhtaeohalatneitnTccrocghihowedsearradinsisvtftigptseniapesa|svcutpealeiratl)tuosethopee vedfaeawtcgmlhubtaiteyeet|hdiSowianoutihttl.msahheprTe,aapsrhcyvepeuesesresptlir(oeooitgmcdonhaidtselympiabphceoloeterevirficgeofo)whmonntraoeeevr(enissealtgettsieecaptnlltrprllroaaoeoonrrpxmfoadwdmtgaahaaigyilye---,l
as well as for any star owing to the Earth's daily rotat-
ing. Therefore the velocity horizontal component of the
ether drift and, hence, the velocity of electromagnetic
wave propagation along the Earth's surface will change
the values with the same period.
tromTahgenheytdicrowaaevroedsypnraompaicgaet ioecnt
| the velocity of elecdepends on movement
parameters of viscous gas-like ether in directing systems
(for example, in tubes), that is stipulated by solids in-
teraction with the ether stream | material medium,re-
sponsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. (As it
is known, the law of uids and gases motions and their
iTdIntyhtnceiasaramnec itbcieosecntes, ewaeeinpctth,patwsrhoeialtnithdtls"yret,ishfseelhreeoahnurecnliedgthbtbtoyeeth chyaeedlcltree"odtahieaesrrsorddtehfyyeennraareemmtdhiiecctrsso-..
the etherdynamic e ect class. However in the work, by
virtue of methodical reception distinction used for their
discovery, the e ects are indicated as separate).
According to the investigation purpose, the measur-
ing method should be sensitive to these e ects.
210
Yu.M. Galaev
stuerriiTanlghemmefoedtlilhuoomwdi,ndrgeevsmpelooondpsemilbeslentattfoe[4mr-6ee]nl:etcstthraoermeeatuhgsneeredtiiasctawmamveaeas-ptiemh roeeacpgmtaingeeaaxtattisiilootsennnh;ocatefvhetieshmeeatachhcjyoeerprdtreheotdaahseearrposddrytoyhnpneaeamrimntiiiceitcsiar(eloesfptishovtesaiirsntdcicoyoeunn.s.amTTgaihhcsee); mopwfoaesvvteihedssocodbauanosndfdgtraihesnaemlti hzoreevsdtwemwoorreiktdnhetfironirnbtmathuseeebadeossuport[ni2inc7kag-nl2oo8efw]ltehnhcatersroeebgtmheuaeelanrgrndipetrritioeifctsveloTcihteymanedtheotdheersskeinnceemiastiinc vthisecofosiltlyo.wing. Let's place advrteieiolrtlanoeutcscbit.ioetnTytpuhtvaboeerectagtnaaionsxret.pixosrtIeeanwsrsiigtoulhalrrisebgs asdectsraropsespteearrmedbpaooemientnshdanisocruouepctlehiaonnrceaicddtuwoertnauottybhin,ceeatthhlesncaetortdtensutadbhmiineepwtInoaerrtstohh,fiasaalnclgadtaustesrhntsehtaregetaagusmabisenwssipinidellseeubdacyehtdsuatibrrweeecaatwmye,idltwlhabialloeltncitrmgheeatmhtveeoeblatoiulpcebir.teeyTsasvhxueeircsne-. daatergrgomaapssinossnettrdreetahabmmey ttiiunhnbeaaevtteauunlbubdeeess,asounofndodngte.ahrsiTsakhscietntrieosemtanamabotifilvciwezlvahoiticsiccoihtonystitathiyrmee,reetdhoeies-f ggoineaftosecmrosvtneartselrtaiaocmnfatlt[it2gmu7aeb-s.2e8sTt]sr.hiezeaeLsmeettah'sniendrmaitashrtaeku,bgvtaeehslo-allactisikttteyshmeaofadtteaeevnrremilaeoilxnpmtametreeiidnonigrtuatsehetcmrhcevoe,eerrrrldeeasiicnnsptdgrtoohnttmehsoiesabuteglhemtnheefeotoarirfccvwceweelalepaovctvceteeirdtvoyvemlehwolayocigptictnhoiytetyrthveieegcrsceaiwtgrsoad.arrvstdIeotrisnetmlpgharetetoioaopvnbeatsshgt,eaeorttvhtoieohabrnet-. Iwotnuuhrtitnschihdtisheaecobaifensaaetme,triuffdebrraeoinvm(eiosenptienttrihscieiadnleettianhhteemerereftetehxaretlolremircdieotrturiefbtrsets,ritseraaencmardme)aa,tnaeinotdtd,chatiennor bboisnh ielaosilezuexatpldptooiesobfcintettiehtoodeinbm,isonteehftroevatfrhetftdeeihs.nreeeTnsebuchtaechunhespdriatsnhsttotteerenerrvfantaemhlrureoeemiginnoaetfartedebrtrifaun,enbgrddoeutsm,ortoienht thgeeserebatsaocswnratidiaglles--l bathneedpotrrhoiepgiosnrtatailbopinloiazsliatttiiooonnt,htweimileltebh|eerdteehx etneebrdiaonrbdyssttrrheeetaumertnhveterilmokceiintteyo-, mmasruenqaerdtiutnhiitcgrohedvemdieseetcnttoohahsebroiertldevykseisirvtntaoaelamummelaeei.gtttihheHcrotevdtbnihsecoecaefo,metsthtihhtetyeoe .rrtpdTshrtreohiopfeitrnodpvsitereeiordlao,plcamopisstoeeyiaidtnvsituamsrl(nuieanoaesgts-, for Lexeat'ms pclael,cuinlaMteicthheelsionnt'esrfienrtoemrfeertoermpetaerra)m. eters. For ttahhdeevasmntrcaeetadhmeimnaatnthaieclaywlsiohsrykodsfro[t2hd7ey-n2ga8am]s-ailctiskteahpeetppharerorabtwulesem, swhsoahllivlchiunsgies,
citdrou.nenT,ehicfetetuhdsewefiootflhlostuwhciehnsgtsroreleuaqmtuioironefsmvfieosnrctoguiassspinsetcrrofeomarmmpreeadsnsaiblylesi suis-
0:5Ma2 << 1;
(2)
wag(2vah)ese,rsraioetguieMsngdpaaovsse=ssltiobrcwelieatpmyat.ocsvAne1telgotilcsheiectaytreMtoqhnaueciagrheat'msus bpenenruetmsseismbcuteripreo;lneem;w cepescanttsiaisstatinahodnne
consider the gas stream as the stream of incompressible
uid. On data of the experimental works [1-3], [7-9] and
[fw1ao0cre]k, dt[oh6ee]stehnteohtesoreuxdncrdeieftvdevtleohlceoictvyiatyliuneWthWeneetahr1e0rt4hisemeEs/tasiemrct.ha'tIsendstubhrye-
tlr(ihe2gc)ehetivisvaveple,uleoetrhcfociatsrtym.MeEd1va0,e2tn1hei3mf:s3t/tosreec1cao0,mntsh5ioda.fteHrae,esgntshaecnaes-,ttliitakchlseley=erteehcxqe,curewiercedeamssnhteabhnleetl
considered as a stream of viscous incompressible uid
and the use of the hydrodynamics corresponding math-
ematical apparatus is true for ether stream analysis.
Laminar and turbulent uid streams are distin-
guished in hydrodynamics. The laminar uid stream
es2tx8ri]esatsm, ,ifdotehse
nRoteyenxocledesd
nsuommbeeerxtRreem, edrvaawlune
up for a Rec [27-
Re < Rec:
(3)
is dTe hneedRebyyntohldesfonlulomwbinergfeoxrparersosiuonnd cylindrical tube
Re = 2apwpa 1;
(4)
wmthhaeet riceui adupdidiesnvtsihistecyo.isnDitteyerp;ioenr dtiiusnbgtehoernaddtyhiunesa;emxvtice=rvioisrcsots1rietiaysm;kinnaeis--
ture and the requirements of uid in ux into a tube,
the
Re
<va2lu:3es
1R03ecthaere uwiidthsitnreaRmec
ina2t:3ube10e3x:is:t:s1o0n4 l.y
Aast
laminar and does not depend on an extent of an exterior
stream turbulence. The following features are peculiar
for a steady laminar uid stream in a round cylindrical
tube. The particle movement pathways are rectilinear.
Talhoengmtahxeimtuable auxidis satnredamis evqeuloaclittoy wpmax takes place
wpmax = 0:25 pa2p 1lp 1;
(5)
wlehnegrteh lpp; is the pressure drop on a tube part with the
p = 0; 25 plpap 1wp2a;
(6)
eTm qpheueaiasnmlt hapuexii=dcmov6aee4llsRoctcireeeitnay1tmaotfveaalorlaocimutnyidnwatrpumrbeaegxirmeisseitswotaficn ecuemi,dowsrtherietcahhmains.
wpmax = 2wpa:
(7)
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
211
Figure 1: A tube in a gas stream
The stream velocity distribution on a tube section is called as Puazeyl's parabola and looks like
wp (r) = wpmax 1 r2ap 2 ;
(8)
where r is the coordinate along the tube radius. The laminar stream transferring into a turbulent
one takes place not uently, but by jumps. At transferrtihnegttuhbreourgehsistthaenceextcroemeecvieanluteinocfraeaRseesynboyldj'usmnpu,mabnedr then slowly reduces. The following features are peculiar for a steady stream of viscous liquid in a round cylindrical tube of turbulent stream. The pathways of particle mcvieeolnovtceimotyfeandtrioshtuarnvibdeusttcuiaobtneteiorsneedqaunaatultub repe.=seTc0ht:i3eo1nr6e4siisRstaealnm0c:oe25sct.ouTenhie-form with their sharp reduction up to zero point in a thin layer near the wall. The maximal velocity increase above the mean order value is about 10-20 % [27-28]
wpmax  (1:1 : : :1:2) wpa:
(9)
It will be shown below, that in the experiment re-
qwueirsehmalelnbtes,raesstraicrtuelde,bRyeth>e Resetcim, tahteiorenfso,rpeeirnfotrhmeewdofrokr
the ether turbulent stream.
Let's consider the method operating principle. In
the Fig. 1 the part of a cylindrical round metallic tube
wdriitfhTt)ht,heiesesltehhnoegwrtnhstrlpea, mwhiischshisowinn
the in
ether stream the gure as
(ether slant-
ing thin lines with arrows, that indicate the direction
of its movement. The tube longitudinal axis is locat-
ed horizontally and along with the ether drift velocity
vector is in a vertical plain, which represents the gure
plain. The tube walls have major ether-dynamic resis-
tance and the ether stream acting from the tube sur-
face side area, the ether inside a tube does not move.
The ether velocity stream stipulated by the horizontal
vetehloecritsytrceoammpionnaenttuobfe,thweheicthhegrodersifwtitWhht,hecrmeaetaesn tvhee-
ltohceitryouwtpinag.
It can be spoken, that the metallic system for the ether stream. Let's
tube turn
is a
tube in a horizontal plain in such a way, that its lon-
gitudinal axis will take up a position perpendicular to
tdhiceuplalraitnootfhethveelFocigit.y 1veocrt,orthoaftthise seitmheilradrr|ift.pIenrptehnis-
position both opened ends of a tube will be in identical
conditions regarding to the ether stream, the pressure
detih eerresnttrieaalm vpeldooceitsyniontaoctcuubreainsdeqaucaclortdoinagzetroo(5p)oitnhte.
Apotstithieonm. oTmheenthot0rizwoentsahlacllomtuprnonaenttuboef
into the initial the ether drift
veneldosc,ituyndWerh owpielrlactrieoanteofawphreicshsutrheedertohper sptroeanmthweitlul bbee
developed in a tube. In the work [28] the problem about
sinetatinroguinndtocmylointidornicoaflvtiusbcoeuusnidnecromopperreasstiibnlgeo futidhebseuindg-
dLeent'lsyraepdpuceendtehde cfoornmstualnatopf rtehsesuvreelodcritoypdisptriibsustoiolvnedof.
uid stream in a tube

wp (r; t) = wpmax 1
r2 a2p
8
X 1 k=1
J0
k3
k
J1
r(apk
1
)

exp
a2pk2t# ;
(10)
w0o;rhdeJerr0es;.tJTi1shteahr eertsBitmetsews;eol'sskumfiusmntchatenioednqssuianotfsioqtnuhaerroezoetbrsoraJca0kn(edtsk )erxs=t-
pcorerrsesspstoenaddyth(eatmten!tio1ne)d
laminar stream of uid and above \Puazeyl's parabola"
(8). So at a turbulent uid stream, according to (9),
the velocity distribution on a tube section is almost uni-
form, we shall consider, that the uid stream velocity
iosf ethquearlouwnpda tuonbethate awthuorlbeutluenbte sueicdtisotnre(atmheshvaoluuled b pe
uwsaeldl laatyetrh.eIvnaltuheisccaalcsueltahteioenxpwrpeas)sieoxnc(e1p0t)tahte
thin nearr = 0 will
be like
"
wp (t)  wpa 1
8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)
k=1
exp  k2ap 2t :
(11)
The expression (11) describes the process of a uid
stream de ning in a round tube. It follows from (11),
tohf attheatextp!res1sionth(e11v)alsuheouisldwbpe(td)iv!idewdpain. toBoththe
parts value
oInf ctohnisstcaanste tuhied tsitmreeamvarviealtoiocintyofin auidroustnrdeatmubdeimwepna-.
sinioanlFesisg.ve2l.ocity wp (t)/wpa will be like, that is shown
In the gure the values of dimensionless velocity
wofpt(itm)/ewaprae agrievegnivoenn tohne aanbsocirsdsianaatxeiss.axAiss,itthies svhaoluwens
above, the requirement (2) is performed and the ether
stream can be described by the laws of thick liquid mo-
tions, then we shall speak about the ether stream fur-
ther, instead of uid. In the Fig. 2 we'll allocate the
212
Yu.M. Galaev
Ftuibgeure 2: Variation in time of uid movement velocity in a
ivsnhetlaeolrlcvictayallolinftthaiemtueetbthe0e:rc:hs:attnrdeg,aedmsufrrrionemggimw0heuicophnttothhe0i.se9t5thiemwrepsatir.netWaemreval as the dynamic one. We shall call the ether stream regiLmeet'astsktip>atdliagshtthbeeasmteaadlyonsgtrtehaemturebgeimaxe.is. It can be written down, that the phase of a light wave on a cut with the length lp will vary on value j, which is equal.
' = 2 f lp V 1;
(12)
wthheerlieghft viseltohceityeleinctraomtuabgen. eAticccworadviengfretoqutehnecyo;rigVinaisl hypothesis the ether is a medium, responsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. This implies, that if in avetluobcietywoitfhwthhicehlecnhgatnhgelps itnhteirme eis, stohetheethpehrassteroeafma l,igthhet wave measured on the tube output, should change in time according to variation in time of the ether stream velocity wp (t). Then the expression (12) will be like
' (t) = 2 f lp [c wp (t)] 1 ;
(13)
where c is the light velocity in a xed ether, in vacuum.
In the expression (13) the sign "+" is used, when the
direction of the light propagation coincides with the
eutsheedr, wsthreenamthdesieredctiiroenctiionnsaatrueboep,paonsditet.he sign "-" is
In the work the optical interferometer is applied for
measuring value ' (t). Rozhdestvensky's interferome-
ter schema is taken [29] as the basis, which is supple-
mented in such a way, that the light beam drove along
the empty metallic tube axis in one of the shoulders.
The interferometer schema and its basic clusters are
shown in the Fig. 3.
1 | illuminator; 2 | a metallic tube part; 3 |
ettrhyaeenfrssacphgaemrmeenant.tlTawmhiteihnbaaesa;smcMalc1eo;,uPMrs1e2,
P|2 m|irr oartspaareraslhleolwsnemoinis shown with thick lines
and arrows. The light beam in a tube pass along the
axis and is indicated with a broken line in the gure.
The tube length is lp  P1M1. The clusters P1, M1
Figure 3: The schema of an optical interferometer
aMTttPishhn1nhee2dM'emtma2Pa.rcine2orTgrn,mohllseMprieosd.pui2enliInra1ntetaie,denarrd,esvic2aoltmMalhpsasoep1srauioe,cRrnsaeMittotlehzeP2cdeha1edastMaaweenncsd1hiogtfvl=ttoebehhstynheeMsbetekbewr2tyetPhoo'wase2nmerp=eiaadsnnrrtdslaie1nmfrlrto,lofeaeiprMlnrlmlploy i1,amaunPnlegMse2gntolcte1=enoer,. operating is reduced to the following. The light beam wwarihetihcphathraaeftllewerlarvwee itelhecntaigotpnhhfarsoemisdidM iev1riedanencdde PM[2192]inatnodtpwaossbineagmPs2,
 = 4 l1 1 (cos i1 cos i2) :
(14)
eterTahdejuasntgmleesnti1s,oit2haatretheestianbtleirsfheerdenacte tphaettinertnersfehrooumld-
be observed. (The adjustment clusters are not shown
on the schema symbolically). In a tuned interferometer
the value is  = const. In the right part of the Fig. 3
tehtheeframdriilfyt ohforairzroonwtsalmcoeamnpsotnheensttvreealomcitdyi.reTcthiiosnstorfetahme
veteelor cciltuystiseresqounalatohoWrizho.ntIaf ltrootaartreadngbeatchkegrionutnerdf,ersoumch-
instrument can be turned in the ether stream. The ro-
tation axis is perpendicular to the gure plains and is
indiIcnattehde aisntAerif.erometer (Fig. 3) the band position of
an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment
scale 3 is de ned by the phase di erence of the light
bPtoe1waMma1rsdP,s2wt.hheiIcnlhigathhrteepdFriositpgr.aibg3auttiteohdneodneitrthehceetriposanttrahelasomnPg1iMtshd2ePibr2eecaatmnedds
Pw1rMite2,doMw1nPe2x.pIrnestshioisncfaosre,thaeccpohrdaisnegdtio e(r1e3n)c,ewe s'h(atl)l
between the beams P1M2P2 and P1M1P2.
'
(t)
=
2
f

c
P1M2
wp (t)
+
M2P2 c

 P1 M1 c
+
M1P2 c Wh

+
;
(15)
wthheereexpresissioconn(s1t4a)n.t,Lteht'es vsaimlupeliofyf wthheicehxpisredssei onne(d15b)y.
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
213
For this purpose we shall introduce the identi cations
accepted earlier. Allowing, that the beam phase dif-
fteerrefenrcoemMet2ePr 2oraienndtaPti1oMn 1regdaoredsinngottodetpheenedthoenr
the instream
direction and is equal to zero point, the expression for
the value ' (t) will be like

' (t) = 2 f lp c
1 wp (t)
c
1
Wh

+
:
(16)
The rst member of the expression (16) describes
tsiepshttrrheeteeshabsremieoeabxnmvteeeianplrmoihocsarqiptsusyehtaarviresnaeearmaibavrtataviurcoeibknaloeettcPiosiw1tnyMtpo(MW2ta)d1h.Pce.opT2Lmehnedmetde'piussneenrcgneaoddolnuinddncetgenmhoteoehmnemetihtbnehexaeerr--
tor
fc
a1n=d,all1owwiengsh, tahllartecce2ive
Wh
wp
(t)
cwp (t)
cWh ,
'
(t)

2 lp

 wp
(t)
c
Wh  + :
(17)
It follows from the expression (17), that the di erePssttn1rrcMeeeLaa1mmeinPt'2svtWheiclehsoo.cnppishtriyaodspeienor rattih'oteun(bati)nlettbeworepfteaw(rteod)emin aenebtrdeeerantmhtoieapsleePrtoah1ftMeirtnh2geePx2tienetarhinioetdrrs steady regime, at t ! 1. According to the expression (e1d1,)thaantdoFwiign.g 2towthpe(ts)mt!a1ll v!aluwepoaf itthecaenthbere dsuynspaemcticvstiescaodsyitsytr(ecaemlesvtieallocbiotydiiensamtouvbeeinregtharedeinthgetro) tthhee semthaelrl length will not di er essentially from the ether exterior stream velocity and it is possible to write down, that wpops(itt)iot!n1in=thwe pwaorkWishd.et(eTrhmeinceodrreecxtpneersismoefnttahlilsysaunpdshown below.) In this case in the expression (17) the fraction numerator in square brackets is equal to zero point, and this expression will be
' (t)t!1  :
(18)
Hence, in the steady regime the interferometer op-
erating with a metallic tube does not di er from the
Rozhdestvensky's interferometer operating. In both in-
terferometers the bands position of an interference pat-
tTehrne iwnitlelrbfeerodme enteerd, wbyiththae moreigtainllaicl ptuhbaes,eidni thereesntceeady.
operating regime is not sensitive to the ether drift ve-
locity and can not detect the availability or absence of
the ether drift.
inteLrfeetr'osmcoetnesri.deLreta'sduynnraomll itcheopinetreartfienrgomreegteimr (eseoefFtihge.
3) in the horizontal plain at 180. As the direction of
the light propagation has varied in relation to the ether
drift stream to the opposite one, the expression (17)
will be like
' (t)

2 lp

 Wh
wp c
(t)

+
:
(19)
iten0tee:rq:Au:wctadclioit.thrydHiawnegnpmc(teeto),tat<ihlnleiWcaexhtdupytbraneeksasemiissoinpcsel(arn1ces1egi)tiaimavtneetdhtthetohetetihmiFneteigevir.nefe2tlore,orctvmihtaye-l dadnii sdceortvehenertitaehtlheoebfratsnhtdereseaotmh esrientesvxidateeluraieorotufsbttrheeeawminpt(evtre)fl.eorceWinticeeessphWaatlh-l tern regarding to their position in the interferometer steady work regime as follows. Let's take a di erential of the expressions (19), (18) and divide both parts of the found expression into 2, we shall receive
' (t)
'
2
(t)t!1
=
lp 
 Wh
wp c
(t)

:
(20)
The expression left-hand part (20) is equal to the required interference pattern o set, which is expressed by the number of electromagnetic wave periods. With rtoehffevereisexinpbcrleeesbtsoaiontndhs(e2o0v )issdueteasloclyfritbohebisssetprhavetetvdearlinuntereevrgafaerrrieadntinicoegntpionatttthiemeriner oorfigainnailnpteorsfietrieonnc|e pDatt(et)rn. Tcahne vbiesibtlheeboa nsdewtidmtheavsaulrueemstreenatmuninita. tTuabkeincagninhtaovecothnesiddeirreacttiioonn, otphpatostitheeteoththeer selected on the Fig. 3, generally it is possible to receive
D (t) =
lp  Wh 
wp c
(t)

:
(21)
In the expression (21) the sign "+" is used, when the light propagation direction coincides with the ether sintraeatmubde,iraencdtiothneisnigtnhe"-i"ntiserufeserodm, wetheerndtyhnesaemdiicrercetgiiomnes are opposite. According to the expression (11) and the Fatphaitagtutt.bea2retnaitstahcaewcniepnpi(sntttss0at)nta=htnett00mt.0taTh=xehim0ebnaatnlhfdrveosamelotu he(se2eer1tqs)uotwrafelaeantmsohinavtleellrorfececirteeyinvciene,
D (t0) =
lp 
Wh c
;
(22)
atgunabrddeiinnisgtehtqoeutashtleetiarodoywrirpgei(gnti)amtl!ep,1owsihtieoWnnhtihs,eetqheuetahblear0n.vdTeslhooce itdsyeetpinernea-dwdeipvn(icdte)e/v(wi2ep1wa),iDwnth(otic)(h2c2ai)sn,swbheeowoshbnatailnlinrteehdceewiFvieitgh. t2h.e Rdeepaellnyd, elnetc'es
D (t) D (t0)
=
1
wp (t)
Wh
:
(23)
=aosbtwDaApialn(lteo)dw/DiiWnng(hsttu0ht)chehesaue1pxwppaowryes,pistsi(isitoo)nsn/hwmo(pw2aa3nd.)eiTcnaahbnteohvdbeeee,Fptwiehgnra.idtt4etwnencpe(dtvo)itwe!wn1 portIinonthael teoxtphrees sirostne(x2t2e)ntthoef mtheeaestuhreerddvraifltuveeDlociistyprrao-tio to the light velocity, that characterizes the reviewed
214
Yu.M. Galaev
Fo igseutrein4a: dVyanraimatiiconinitnertfeimroemoefteinrtoeprfeerraetninceg preagtitmeren bands
method as the rst order method. It follows from the expression (22) and the Fig. 4, that if at the moment of ttiomteheti0r otorigmineaasluproesitthioenbaonndtsheo insettervfearluome Deterreegyaerfdrainggment scale, it is possible to determine the ether drift velocity horizontal component Wh which is equal to
Wh = D (t0) clp 1;
(24)
The direction of the interference pattern bands o -
set, regarding to their original position, will be de ned
by the ether exterior stream direction.
The data of the interferometer tube sizes are nec-
essary for the proposed measuring method realization.
The expression for the tube interior radius calcula-
tpiaorntsaopf tchaenebxeproebsstiaoinne(d11a)s
at
wp
the moment of (t)/wpa = 0:95,
twime sehatdll
follows. Let's divide both o(sneewtphaeanFdig,.all2o)wtihneg,rtahtaiot write down as
1 8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k) exp  k2ap 2td =
k=1
= 0:95:
(25)
If to be con ned by the estimation accuracy no
worse than 7 %, so the series in the expression (25) can
be exchanged by its rst member. Let's substitute in
tinhfeor(m25a)titohne wnuemsherailclaglivvaeluthesesekvaalnudes:J1 J1 ( 1) = 0:5191), we shall receive
(
1
k=)
(for the 2:4048;
ap  1:37 (td)1=2 :
(26)
The expression (26) allows to calculate such the in-
terferometer design parameter as the tube radius Atimt cea,lwcuhliacthioins,rethqeuivraedlufeotrdimispsleelmecetnetdatcioomnionfgvfirsoumal
tahpe. (or
tool) readout of bands o set value D. The data of
the ether kinematic viscosity value v will be reviewed
bpreelosswio.nT(h2e4)t,uobfewlhenicghthwelpshcaalnl rbeecefiovuend with the ex-
lp  Dmin (t0) cWhm1in;
(27)
winhteerrfeerDenmceinp(ta0t)teirsn,bawnhdischo csaent bmeindimiguitmizevdalwueithoftahne svealleuceteodf etyheefreatghmerendtriaftndhoscraizloe;ntWalhcmoimn pisontheentmvienliomciutmy, which should be measured by the interferometer (the interferometer sensitiveness). emtheaeTrsuhkreiinneegmtmhaeetrtichkovidinsrceeomasliiatzytaitvciaovlnui.escLvoesta'isrteye.sntTeimcheeasstdaeartythaefoovrfattlhhueee v, relying on the following. In the work [5] the photon formation mechanism is represented, as the oscillating result of excited atom electronic shell in the ether and the Karman's vortex track as hydromechanical photon model is proposed. In other words the photon formation is stipulated by the ether stream turbulent regime of the excited atom streamlining by the ether, oscillating in the ether. The turbulent pulsation propagation in the ether is perceived by the observer as the light emission. In the work [28] it is shown, that the existence of pulsation movement is possible in uid volume, if the Reynold's number is not lower than some extreme value equal to
Recr = wd 1;
(28)
wtehriesrteicwsizies
uid movement of a streamlined
velocity; body. In
dthies
the characwork [28] it
ipmsrooovbbeltemamiennetthdve,etvlohacaluitteysR, aewtcor,md,d4via2ma5r.eeteWarc,cittohhredrieentfgherleyern:kctiehneetmoetaohtueircr
viscosity. From the expression (28) we shall nd
  wdRecr1:
(29)
We shall call the obtained ether kinematic viscosity vvvacell.ouceLiteayts'stwhceawlcceaullscahutaelallttehadeccevetaphltuerethkveicn.oe mAsaesttitcvheevlioescctihotseyirtoysftvreealaleumcetronic atom shells in the immobile ether at a photon emission. Let's consider, that this velocity does not excatheseisditctiahsseeknlwiogiwhthtn,vthehleaos(c2itt9yh)ewwvealsuhcea.lolTrrdheecereidvdieame1te0r o10f amto.mIsn,
c  7:06 10 5 m2sec 1:
(30)
The performed estimation has shown, that the ether kthineemwoartkic imviasgcoinsaittyioncsal[c6u]laatbeodutvathluee etchoerrreasps ognadss-liktoe medium with real gas properties. So, the kinematic viscosity values of twelve gases, spread in nature, are within 7 10 6 m2sec 1 (carbon dioxide) up to 1:06 10 4 m2sec 1 (helium).
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
215
Figure 5: The interferometer structure
Optical interferometer. The calculated ether
kinematic viscosity value allows to calculate the inter-
ferometer parameters. With the expression (26) we
sphoaslelddettoerbmeineqeutahle1tusbeceornadd,iuws.e Isfhtahlle rveacleuievet,d tihsastupat-
the interferometer creation it is necessary to apply the
tdImfue/bttesoeermcwsuaiintpnhepdottahshpeeepttlihuynebtteehvriealoellrnuiggershtahtdDisluopmsuiwrnacipet=hwti0ht0:he0:05te5,hxepWmrwe.hsamsvWiieonnele=(sn2hg7a2t)lh0l.
to=lp6:50:1409
7 m, m.
so
the
required
tube
length
is
equal
The optical interferometer was manufactured for
conducting measurements. Schematic gure of the de-
vice (the top view) is shown in the Fig. 5.
In the Fig. 5 the identi cations of the basic clusters
are kept, which were introduced at viewing the inter-
ferometer schema (Fig. 3). 4,5 | the interferometer
adjustment clusters; 6,7 | racks for xing at-parallel
soemmeit-etrrafnrasmmiet;ti9ng|lapmoiwnears saunpdplmyiarrcocrusm; u8la|torisntoefrftehre-
illuminator; 10 | the illuminator switch; 11 | the eye-
fragment xing cluster; 12 | heat-insulating housing
are shown additionally. The frame 8 is manufactured
of a steel pro le with | like section. The wall thick-
nleensgstihs 0is.000.77mm., Tthheewpirdot hleish0ei.g1hmt i.sT0.h0e2imnt.erTfehreomfraemteer
clusters are xed on a at frame surface. The racks 6,
7 are manufactured of rectangular copper tubes with
interior section 0.01 m 0.023 m. The light beams
pass inside these tubes. The interval between beams is
Ppi(nIo1naMisn,tt2hsienaPnmt1dh,aeMnPpu21ofaPitnch2tteusitr eMaidst1eip,nqatuMreaar2llflee0r|lo.1sm2emmemtiier-.rrtorOtarhsnnesamrr aeicatkttisnin,psgtaianrllaaltlemhldee-.l
glasses with the thickness 0.007 m were used as semi-
transparent laminas). The laminas, mirrors and clus-
ters of their xing in the Fig. 5 are not shown symboli-
cally. Each of the clusters 4,5 allows to change the racks
position in two orthogonal related plains. The tube 2
is steel with the interior radius ap = 0:0105 m. The
t uxbinegleonngt5hairse lnpo=t s0h:o4w8nmsy. mTbhoeliccalullsyt.erTs hoef stehme itcuobne-
ductor laser with the wave length   6:5 10 7 m was
applied as the illuminator. The optical paths in the
interferometer are located in a horizontal plain. The
interferometer was located on a rotated material table,
which was manufactured of an organic glass with the
thickness 0.02 m. The heat-insulating gasket was put
between the frame and material table . The interfer-
ometer was closed by a common housing of six layers of
a soft heat-insulating material. The thickness of such
cpoearitminegtewraiss asbhoowutn.0.0T2h5emh.ouIsnintghebaFcikgg.r5outnhde whoausstinhge
box of rectangular section with the interior sizes: width
bTch=e
b0o:2x2
m, was
hmeiagnhutfahcctu=re0d:1o1f
ma ,calerndgbtoharldc
=wi0th:8
m. the
thickness 0.007 m. In the box the face wall on the
eyefragment part was absent. This opening was closed
with a common soft housing. The interferometer ro-
tating was ensured with the end thrust bearing of the
diameter 0.075 m. The bearing box is located between
the material table and support. The support is provid-
ed with the units for the interferometer installation in
a horizontal position.
inteTrfhereominetteerrftehreommineitmerumtebsatn. dsIno thseet mofaannufinacteturfreerd-
ence pattern, which could be visually digitized, meant
DmTinh=e d0e:v0i5c.e sti ness was tested by two methods. Ac-
cording to the rst method the instrument frame was
mounted on a horizontal surface. The interferometer for
one edge of a frame was hoisted in such a way, that the
frame lean angles to the surface plain reached  20.
In this position the interference patterns o set frame,
stipulated by elastic deformations of the instrument, dsweiocdroknniodntgmepxeoctsheieotdidon0t..h3eTbihnaesntfdrrsaumm(Deenle=tasn0ti:a 3nn)g.elseAsscwucpaosrtdotiens1gt0etdowitnehraee
created by the material table tilt. In this case the bands
noticeable drift was not observed. The stability of an
ilnigthetrfesrheoncckes poantttehrne tinotiemrfepruolmsiveetelroafdrasmwea,smteastteerdi.alTthae-
ble and support caused short-lived interference pattern
wince at the moments of such strikes. Thus the inter-
ference pattern was not destroyed. The bands saved an
original position after termination of impulsive loads.
The second stage of tests was performed on the ter-
rain selected for experimental investigations. In windy
weather the interference pattern was stable. The ob-
server moving in an immediate proximity from the
interferometer installation site, the movement of the
pedestrians and cars in 20 meters from the instrument
installation site did not cause the noticeable o set or
bands shivering. The short-lived bands shivering at cars
movement was marked on one of two selected points,
which was in seven meters from a ground road. Thus
the interference pattern was observed, and the bands
216
Yu.M. Galaev
dinidtnhoist ctehrarnagine tihseinpsoisgintiio nca. n(tTh|e torannstphoertavmeroavgeem3en-4t automobiles per a day.)
The interferometer heat tests were held in summer. The device was mounted on the open site. The various device orientation on an azimuth was set in cloudless weather conditions. In a xed position the instrument was heated by solar radiation. In these conditions within 30 minutes the bands o set did not exceed the value Dwea=th0er:3a5nd(at1n/i1g0h0t tbhaenidnstefrofreraenmceinpuattet)e.rnInsavcleodudany invariable position within 2-3 hours.
The measuring method sensitiveness to the ether dTrhifet mreeqtuhioreddoef iencttesrfweraosmteetsetredapaptlitchaetitoenstw ansatlhsetafgoel-. lowing. The instrument was mounted in a horizontal position in such a way, that its direct axis coincided with a meridian line, and the illuminator was turned to ttheresnteoartdhy. wIonrksu, cthheinoibtsiaerlvpeorsriteigoinst,eirnedththeeinbtaenrfdesroomrige-inal position of an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment scale. The value D = 0 was given to the bands original position. Then the observer changed the pfeorsoimtioenter|tutronoekd ains1ea8t0a.tTthhee riloltuamtiionnaatlord.isTplhaeceimnteenrtwas performed within three seconds. At rotational displacement, as it was reviewed above, the ether stream in a tube was interrupted. The interferometer transferred into a dynamic operating regime, which is described by the expression (11). In this interferometer position the maximal value of bands o set, the bands release time to their original position was registered. The interferometer transferred into a steady regime, and turned into the initial position. At this stage of tests it was established, that after the dynamic regime termination the bands noticeable o set of an interference pattern regarding to their original position was not observed, ie.xep. rbeassnidosno( 21se)titvamlueeanDs,(tth)at!t 1theet0h.eAr sctcroeradmingvetlooctihtye aehtliohnnedrgtehtxheteeirntituoerbrefsetraroexmaismeatvetreltothc!irteys1,htohlddait. teIhrteecdvaanalubbeeitDefxrwpolmaasintbheedeby small resistance of the interferometer tube to the ether stream movement inside this tube. Let's consider in this case, that
wp (t)t!1 = wpa  Wh:
(31)
This experimental result was used above at the pro-
portion deduction (18).
At procedure implementation, described above, it
wvaarsiamtiaornksecdo,rtrhesaptoantdtehdetwo hvoalreiattiimonesc, owuhriscehoafrveaslhuoewDn
in the Fig. 4 that did not contradict the original imag-
inations about the interferometer work. The measured
duration of a dynamic regime meant The values ambiguity td is stipulated,
t drst
o1f0a:l:l,:
1b3ystehce.
Fpinaiggttureerrgenim6b:eanOdsbsoe rsveetdinvatrhiaetiinonterifnertoimmeeteorf dtyhneaminticerofepreernacte-
diculties, connected with small values visual readout
of the value D, slowly changing, at the dynamic regime
eDnd(t,)i,.ec.reaattetd!onttdh.eIdnatthaevFisiuga.l 6obtsheervdaetpioennsd,einscsehovwienw.
However, as it can be seen in the Fig. 6, on the
original site by the extent about 1 second the depen-
dcoeunrcseetqimuaelictoautrivseelyD. (At)ftedri tehreeddefvroicme raontaetxipoenctined1t8i0me,
atiphtaettehindei,tmiaaclocmporoedsniittnigoonft,otii.m(e2.e2)tD0a,(ntdt0h)et=hbea0Fnidigns.stset4ai,ldl tohocfecauvnpatilieucde-
Dwi(tth0i)n There
wt=heeremtisamuxpe.ptomSsiitnioce1nsstehocfercemearcothameindenmttheetc0hm,aantxhiciemalvasaltlvrueaeslsueDes.
itnio nueinnci1n8g0atotrhoethinetrerrfeearsoomnse,tecrobnrnaekcitnedg,affoterreixtasmroptlae-,
with air movement inside a heat-insulating housing. In
this connection di erent methods of the interferome-
ter starting into movement and its braking were test-
ed. The tests have shown, that the observed feature
othfetshuepipnotseirtfieornosmmetaedre.wTorhke csoyustledmnaotticbreouenxdp-ltahine-ecdlobcky
tests have shown the following. The daily variations of
the value D corresponded the measured ones in the
experiment [1-3] to the ether drift velocity variations
within a day. (In the experiment [1-3] round-the-clock
measurements were carried out continuously during 13
months, since August 1998 till August 1999. The part
of this experiment results is published in the works [1-
3]. The measurement results within radio waves band
have shown, that there is a rather small value of the
ether drift horizontal component velocity during the
part of a day. The same e ects were marked at the
optical interferometer test in the work. The experi-
eonf cteimheasasthtohweni,nttherafteraotmaesteeprarroattaetdioany,oonn1s8u0ch ptheeriondos-
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
217
toibcseearbvleedb. aHndesncoe ,setht eofdaetnecintetderffeeraetnucreespainttedrenpewnadsenncoet
D (t) (Fig. 6) could not be caused by the interferome-
ter mechanical strains or air movements inside the in-
terferometer heat-insulating housing, and are stipulat-
ed by the exterior reasons. Such time periods, during
wthheicinhteDrfe(trmom) ete0r
were used starting in
for improvement ways of rotation and its stopping.
These ways were used then as standard procedures at
systematic measurement conducting.
TheAdneatleyctseids orefgutlhaeritiyntinertfhereoombesetrevredtebsatndrsesou lstest.
has required its physical interpretation. The possible
in uencing analysis of the interferometer structural el-
ements on the ether streams has shown, that the ob-
saenrdveqduadnetpietnadtievneclye dfeeastcurirbeesdDw(itt)hicnatnhebefoqlluoawliitnagtisvueplyposition. Let allow, that an exterior heat-insulating dielectric housing of the interferometer (the point 12 in tehtheeFrisgt.re5a)mfordmrisftt,hbeeasdiddeistiaonmaledtairlleiccttinugbes.ysItnemthfiosrctahsee tshtreeaemxteirsiotrheinetrheleartimonovteomaenmteitnalalicdtiuelbeectorifcthheouestihnegr.
If to consider the interferometer housing as the routing
system, it is necessary to consider, that, since the mo-
mpreonctests0
in it, as well as in a of the ether stream
metallic de ning
tube, the dynamic will be developed.
It gives the basis to write down the expression (21) as
follows
D (t) =
lp 
 Wc
(t)
c
wp
(t) ;
(32)
wltohhceietrvyeariWniatctii(omtn)eoiifsntththheeeevtianhrteierartfsietorrnoemaomefttevhreelhoeoctiuthsyeinrigns;ttrwiemapme(ti)nveias-
metallic tube.
The housing basis was a cardboard box of rectangu-
lar section. Let's consider a problem about setting the
ether into motion, resting in a rectangular tube. For
this purpose let's use the comparative method, spread
in hydrodynamics, of uid stream in a tube of a com-
pound pro le with uid stream in the tube of round
section, "equivalent" on resistance, at which so-called
"hydraulic" radius nceoprtmedal[2se7c]tfioorn tGhips
artahodtieuhqseuaslecttoioann
paerreiamreatteiro
of a tube Np is ac-
ah = GpNp 1:
(33)
Such a way enables to use the mathematical apparatus developed at stream analysis in round tubes. As before we shall be limited to estimations, performed for the ether turbulent stream. In this case the dependence Wthce (etx)pcraenssiboenc(a1lc1u)laintewd hwicithhatshetheexproruesnsdiontusbiemrilaadriutos
atupbweeashhall use the "hydraulic" radius of a rectangular
"
Wc (t)  wpac 1
8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)
k=1
exp  k2ah 2t ;
(34)
wbuhleernet wstpraecamis ainmtheaeninvteelrofceirtoymoeftethredieetlheecrtrsictehadouystinugr-. As before, at considering the expression (17), and taking into account the interferometer test results (31), it is peasnosdsesniibttilaieslltypoofcsrosonimbsliedtehtroe, wethtrhaiteterthdexeotwveanriloure swtrpeaacmdoveesloncoittydiW ehr
Wc (t)t!1 = wpac  Wh:
(35)
terioLreto'svecraallcludlaimteetnhseiovnasluweeraeh g. iAvebnovaet,tthhee ihnotuersfienrgomin-ehatncedr=FNsrt0orp:mu1,1cwtthumiterhe.etTxdhpehesrece(nrs3i,s3piho)tainwovne(in:2sg6hw)adiildetlttrehiesrcmpbeciiovns=eesdiba0lht:eh2=2etov0ma:s0el,u3ehe,6es7tihgGmhaptt. twtrhhaideellivudbasuelruodafeet titohndneewdionibfltlyetbrhtfeheeerdionetmu tebneretefedeorrfobhlmyaoruetghtseeienrrvgrdaayaldunhieuasmo.fiAc"hsryeadghrima>uelaictp"d,
td  0:53a2h 1:
(36)
From the expression (36) it follows, that, having the
measured kinematic
vvailsuceossittdy, viat liusepossible
to
determine
the
ether
  0:53a2htd 1:
(37)
The kinematic viscosity value, determined in such a way, we shall call as the ether kinematic viscosity masehce,a=swu0er:e0sd3h6av7lallmureecaevnicvd.eLtheet'ms seuabssutrietdutveailnuteot(d37=) t(h10e :v:a:l1u3es)
e  (5:5 : : :7:1) 10 5 m2sec 1:
(38)
The kinematic viscosity asescthiseefquunacltitoon mean value
vm=eafn(vtda)luwe ivtheain,
calculated (10 : : :13)
ea = 6:24 10 5 m2sec 1:
(39)
Comparing (30), (38) and (39) we shall mark, that on the value order the ether kinematic viscosity values, calcTulhaeteodppaonrdtumneitaysuorfedth,ecopirnocbidleemvcsoluvtieon avbeaou. t the ether viscosity measuring is of particular interest, as the experimental data about the ether viscosity and the ether viscosity measuring methods miss in literature till nowadays.
218
Yu.M. Galaev
Figure 7:
bands o set
V(caarlicautiloantioinn)
time
of
the
interference
pattern
Let's write down the expression for the value D (t). For this purpose we shall substitute the expressions (11) ainngdly(3a4n)di,na(l3lo2w) finorgtthheevparloupesorwtipo(nts) (a3n1d),W(3c5()t,)waeccsohradl-l receive
D (t) 
8lpWh X 1
c k=1
k 3J1 1 (
k)
exp  k2ap 2t exp  k2ah 2t : (40)
In the Fig. 7 in a normalized view the dependence c(4a0lc)uilsatgioivnerne.suAltt Dca(ltc)u,lapteirofnosrmthede wteirtmh sthneuemxbpererssoifona svva6ea:ip5rslicu=eFoes1rsso0ik0tomy:f0=7t1iths0m4he5,e.vitncmhFteei=;grc.faae7hlrc7ou=ml1iat0et0tefe:od50rlm3lvdo6a2ew7lssuisegem,cnot;fp1htalaphartaen=omdenteh0ttth:ee4irrem8skefaiomnrleeel;xomupwsaieirtnda=igc-: ttitTc0ihoheonoepifantetmntrheatreitcfieinbpr0geea:gn8trice2enedgnsidpiemncuag,etr,twatettihrhimnoiecneh(bvooaiaffsnlttuddhheisegeDioitin nit)zsteeeesrdtrhffeofemrruroooalmmdmxiebemttteheeareroldbmvdysayonelnrmuavaemeemndoictf.oexpperreastsiniognr(e4g0im) feormsaptetceirfsyintdgthe10o:b3sesrevce.dLveatl'useuesxeptehreitmuteentinal(ly40t)mthe1mseeacs.uFreodr tvhailsuepuorfptohsee ewtheesrhaklilnseumbasttiicvtcmoisnctorsaid0ty:i9c,t3vteshaeec=.exH6p:e2enr4iceen,1c0tehre5esmcua2lltcsseu,clawt1iho,incwhereassruhelatslslhordewocnenivoinet the Fig. 6.
The interferometer test results analysis, the ether kinematic viscosity values, calculated and measured, give the basis to consider, that the ether stream properties are close to the stream properties of known gases at their interaction with solids | to pass aside obstacles
asonldidgso(dinieldeicrtercitcisn,gmseytsatlesmest.c.I)t actaninbteerasuctsipoenctwedit,hththaet ether stream render major ether-dynamic resistance. It clari es the interferometer test results, that the tube made of dielectric can execute the same directing system role for the ether, as the tube made of metal. The ether stream property, i.e. to pass aside obstacles, could cause unsuccessful attempts to detect the ether drift with the devices placed in metallic chambers [17-20, 23-26].
For value de nition of the ether drift horizontal coo mseptomneenatsuvreeldocvitayluWe ohf iatnisinptoersfseibrelencteo puastetetrhne abtanthdes mexopmreesnsitonof(t4i0m)ewtemsh, awllhreenceDive(tm) = max. From the
Wh  D (tm) c (8lpX 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)
k=1
exp  k2ap 2tm exp  k2ah 2tm 1: (41) Let's substitute in (41) the measured values of the etohtfhetehrveakluiinneteemtrmfaetrio=cmve1itsecrsoescait,nydthvceeaaldc=eusliag6tn:i2o4npapr1aa0rma5emtmeerts2esrevca(tlhu1ee, tmcear;smelpsthn=eumm0b:e4ea8rsuomfre;adsevra=ileuse)6::5oafpt1h=0e07e:0tmh1e0;r5kdmr=i;fta4hh.=orIi0zn:o0nt3ht6ai7sl component velocity, will be de ned as follows
Wh  525D (tm) :
(42)
Let's calculate the minimal value of the ether drift
vuefalocctiutryedWihnmteinrf,erwohmicehtecra,ni.be.e
measured we shall
with the mandetermine the
instrument sensitiveness. In the part \the interferom-
ewtherichtescta"n ibs emdairgkietidz,edthwatiththethme isneilmecutemd veayleuferaDgmmeinnt,
awnedsLhsecatal'lslerdeDectemeivrimne i=Wneh0m:t0hi5ne.
Then with the expression (42) =eth2e6r:2s5trmea/msecr.egime in the in-
twvrcRctseahtoaairerdesnltefmuihieatueeibrymtntsoeohhmvfaeetwerupteahertr=dxi8ebe=trrp8utiR03reflt6t:een4eu0:sny2.bv1stdn4ie0eoorolsA5onewl1dgccamni0(cisttm4,o,in)eWr5teiudsnhwmihimasnWewtbg=2phssheohReirtWcscaoeshRlimhlbt1te2mhiclhmn6eaieme:nil2onc>er.o5nuetvlflhqFyeoRamueosrtir.eir/enrtcswehLtt.etmheheichtiteHeetsh'tunshmiepbttnnerhutieecn(eerece3wprite,mv)fhoiieivtaesrasiheertt--l
ometer tubes.
The optical interferometer tests and tests results
analysis give the basis to consider, that the hydrody-
namic description of the interferometer operating prin-
ciple, reviewed above, is adequate to the imaginations
about viscous ether stream in tubes, and the manu-
factured interferometer is suitable for the ether drift
velocity and the ether kinematic viscosity measuring.
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
219
wasTdhisepmoseedasiunrethme ecnotumnterythsoetdtsle.mTehnet inattertfheerohmeiegthert
( 190 m above sea level), in 13 km from Kharkov
northern suburb. The proximate height ( 200 m
above sea level) is located westward apart 1.7 km. Two
points were arranged for measurements. The distance
between them was about 15 m. On the point No 1
the interferometer was at the height 1.6 m above the
ground surface. On the point No 2 it was at the height
4.75 m. Two points available, which are located at dif-
ferent heights and are practically at the same point of
tfeecrtr.a"inT, hiteims reeaqsuuirreemdefnotrsoobnsetrhveatpioonintosf Nthoe1\haenidghNtoef2-
were performed in the open air. On the point No 1 the
interferometer was in surrounding trees shadow and was
not exposed to direct solar radiation a ecting within a
light day. On the point No 2 the interferometer was
mounted in an umbrella shadow. In winter time the
interferometer was transferred to Kharkov. The point
No 3 ( 30 m above the ground surface or  130 m
above sea level) was arranged in the upper level facility
of a bricky house. On the point No 1 the measurements
were carried out in August 2001, on the point No 2 in
August, September, October and November 2001, on
the point No 3 in December 2001 and in January 2002.
The measurements were carried out cyclically. One
measuring cycle lasted 25-26 hours. 2-4 cycles were
performed within one month. Each cycle contained the
following parameters. The interferometer was mounted
on a selected point, so that its rotating plain was hor-
izontal. After installation the interferometer was kept
in new heating environment within one hour (the in-
strument was stored in the facility). The measurements
were carried out at each whole hour of stellar time. One
readout of the measured value was performed under the
following schema. The interferometer longitudinal axis
wtoarswmasoutnutrendedaltoongthae mnoerrtihd.ianT,hseofuthrtahteritspriollcuemduinreas-
did not di er from the interferometer operating pro-
cedures, which were applied at the nal stage of the
interferometer test. After the interferometer dynamic
regime termination the observer registered the maximal
bbaannddss ore lseeatsevatliumeeDto(ttmhe)i,raosritghienaml epaossuirteiodnvwalause.reTghise-
tered and metered. The interferometer returned to the
steady operating regime. The instrument turned to the
initial position. As a rule, 5-7 readouts were done dur-
imngeaonnvealmueeawsuasriancgcetpimteed(for 1th0emmienaustuerse).d where S is the measuring stellar time.
The readout value D (S),
redestuThlhetsef.opllTroowhceinemgsspeianrosgucremedmuerteehnsto: drvesasluoulfetssthcpaerlocmcuelesasatiisnougnrseinomcfleutnhdet-
ectohuerrsedorfiftthheoertizhoenrtdarlifctovmeploocniteyntwvitehloincitsyepWarhat;eastdeallialyr
day and the ether drift velocity daily course averaged
during the year epoch Wh (S); a daily course of the
emtitohenaeTrsWuhdrehreimmfftreeonvametslusoiercterisimteymsenaeWvatenhrreav(sSgauel)uldt,esmfowerWaetnrh.e-esqiwnutharrooeldevutacilemudee
doef tehceas the
medeawsiutrhedthvealeuxeptraebsslieosnD(4(S2)) .wTerhee bvraoluugeshtWtho,tchaelcsualmate-
table for each hour of stellar day. Such numbers con-
sequence obtained for separate stellar day, describes a
dailTyhceoumrseeanWvhal(uSe)s.of the ether drift velocity and the
vdaalyuewsithWthwe efroellocwalicnuglaktneodwfnoreexapcrheshsioounrs
of the [30]
stellar
Wh (S) =  1 X  Whj (S);
j=1
8
W
(S)
=
><

>:
1 X  j=1
Whj (S)
(43)
Wh (S)
2 9=1=2 ;(44) ;
wwhheorlee m eiasstuhreemvaelnutessearmieos.unTthWe hco,no bdtaeninceedindtuerrivnaglsthoef the measured values were calculated with the known methods explained, for example, in the work [30]. The calculations were performed with the estimation reliability equal to 0.95.
The measurement results. The measurement series results, held since August 2001 till January 2002 are presented in the work. 2322 readouts of the measured values have been performed during this series. The distsrhiobwuntioinn othferetaadboleut1s amount per months of the year is
According to the research problems, we shall consider this work results along with the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10]. These four experiments have bdie eenrepnetrfmoremaesudraintgvamrieotuhsodpso:inatsnoofpatigclaolbienwteirtfhertohmreeeter of the rst order (Europe, Ukraine, 2001{2002 [this work]); a radio interferometer of the rst order, (Europe, Ukraine, 1998{1999 [1-3]); optical interferometers of the second order (Northern America, USA, 1925{ 1w9h2i6ch[7a-r9e],a1p9p2li9ed[1i0n])t.heTahbeomvee-amsuernitniognmedetehxopdesriamcetinotns,, based on wave propagation regularities in moving medium, responsible for these waves propagation, that allows to treat the experiment results in the terms of the ether drift velocity within the original hypothesis.
The development regularities of viscous medium streams ( uids or gases) in directing systems are used in the work measuring method. The measured value is proportional to a velocity di erential of the ether viscous streams in two tubes of di erent section within the original hypothesis. This di erential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the rst order method).
In the experiment measuring method [1-3] the regularities of viscous medium streams near the surface
220
Yu.M. Galaev
Month of theTyaebaler 1: DAis2ut0gr0iub1suttionSeop2ft0er0mea1bdeorutsOamc2t0oo0ub1nert peNr om2v0eom0n1tbhesrof tDhee2ce0ym0ea1brer Ja2n0u0a2ry Amount of readouts 792 462 288 312 240 228
FAiugguurset 8ep: oVchariation of ether drift velocity within a day in ptoarativtieornticaarle vuesleodc.ityThgeramdieeansturinedthvealeutehiesr pdrroipftosrttrioeanmal near the Earth's surface within the original hypothesis. This gradient value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the rst order method).
In the experiments [7-9] and [10] Michelson's cruciform interferometers were applied. The measured value is proportional to a velocity di erential of wave propagation in orthogonal related directions in the ether drift stream within the original hypothesis. This di erential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the second order method).
In the Fig. 8 the experiment results referring to August are presented. On fragments of this gure are shown accordingly: in the Fig. 8a | this work results; in the Fig. 8b | the experiment results [1-3] (the gure is published for the rst time); in the Fig. 8c | the experiment results [7-9]. ing Tohneoertdhienratderiaftxevse.locTithieesstWelhlarintikmme/sSec.inarheopuersndis-
pending on abscissa axes. Each of the Fig. 8 fragments illustrate the variation of the ether drift velocity wariethpinresaenstteedllaorndlyaybyWthh(eSa)u.thTohrse oefxpweorrimk e[1n0t]raessualtsscertaining of the velocity maximal value, measured by thFthhaieegsm.mn,8oeitnaasasruletlrloheawemtiedoednnattitloyodsatdhtheoaepwemanvtodehvreiaesnmgceiexnenpgWterrhWeims(uSel)tns.t6wrIkneemsrute/hltsepsercFie,nsitgehtn.hat8e-t ed with the thick lines, which are obtained in each of the experiments during August epoch (mean results). The separate observations (measurement results during a separate day) are shown with thin lines. The dates of separate observations are speci ed on fragments. The separate observations on fragments of the Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b are selected from the performings, which had the date, proximate to the date of separate observation of the Fig. 8c fragment and which during the day had no skips during the measuring. The date discrepancy is stipulated also by the fact that the systematic measurements in the work began on August 14, 2001, and in the experiment [1-3] | on August 11, 1998.
The positive measurement results, given in the Fig. 8eibmmt,yheienletnlrthutdess[t1rr[oi-7af3pt-t]9teri]tec,thqahe[ule1i0oirdne]petdptvehoerefel soeiernpacogmntm.isereoIantntdterirtooohfprewyaowntaeaivo steroieksotcrntapo,nrpwodiynapiseant gdhteahiectseticoeoe|xnvxpepwetrerhearides-applied.
The similar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within a day in August epoch unite all three fragments of the Fig. 8. The rst minimums in dependreesnuclitess. IWnhth(Se)waorrek e(Fxpigr.es8saed) acnledairnlythine aexllptehrrimeeemnte[a1n3] (Fig. 8b) temporary position of minimums is S  3 hours. In the experiment [7-9] (Fig. 8c) the temporary pdiosscirteiopnanocfytihnet hrestpomsiitnioimnuomf tihsesSe min0i:m8 uhmousri.s a(Sbuocuht 2.2 hour, an explanation has not found yet.) The ether drift velocity magni cation is observed during consequent 2-3 hours. Further the plateau sites with rather small variations of the ether drift velocity in time are noticed on all fragments. The greatest duration of the plateau site was observed in the experiment [1-3] (Fig. 8b), that can be explained by arranging peculiarities of a radio-frequency spectral line on terrain. In this expfreormimaenmt etrhiediraandoion-fr4e5quetnocynosrpthecetarsatl. lTinheeisvadreiacltiinoends
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
221
oimf tuhteh)eothcecrurdsryifmt ampeetxriacazilmlyuttoha(amsewriedlilaanslainneywstitahrinaza-
stellar day. If to take account (according to
the apex Miller: 
coo6r5di,naate v1a7l:u5ehs
into [9]),
the ether drift azimuth in this part of a stellar day ac-
cepts the values, which lay in the northeast direction,
i.e. in the direction close to the direction of a radio-
frequency spectral line. In this case the angle between
the ether drift azimuth and radio frequency spectral
line direction has minimum values. Accordingly at the
interval of 12-16 hours the ether drift radial compo-
nliennet) vkeeleopcsitryat(hdeirrehctigedh vaaloluneg,adersapdiitoe-forfeqthueenacpyexspheecitgrhatl
magni cation (astronomical coordinate). Such arrang-
ing peculiarities of the radio interferometer on terrain
cthane ienxtperlavianl tohfe12re-1la6tihvoeudrsepinencdoemnpceariinscorneawsiethWthhe(Ssa)maet
dependencies shown on two other fragments. In the
work (Fig.8a), according to the accepted measurement
methods, the optical interferometer was located along
a meridian. As the variations of the ether drift azimuth
within a stellar day occur symmetrically to the merid-
ian line, in this case the plateau site duration should
be less, than in the experiment [1-3] and less than in
the experiment [7-9] in which the ether drift azimuth
variation was considered by the corresponding rotation
of the interferometer.
It can be seen in the Fig. 8a (the mean result of
the work), that the sites with rather small values of
the ether drift velocity, extended in time, take place
within a day. Noticeable bands o set of an interference
pattern was not observed per a separate day on such
sites. In these cases the ether drift velocity was lower
tmh/asnect)h,ethianttewrfaesroumseedtefrorsetnhseitiinvteenrefsesro(mi.eet.erWtehsts<, th26e
purpose of which is given in the above mentioned part
"the interferometer test".
Systematic character of experimental investigations
of this work and the works [1-3], [7-9] has shown, that
dependencies measured in one and the same epoch of
tehtheeryedarriftWvehlo(Sci)ty, vhaarviaetitohnewsiitmhiinlaar dchaya.raActtetrheofsatmhee
time dependencies epochs of the year
vdiie werWfrhom(S)ea, cmheoatshuerre,dtihnatdic aenrebnet
noticed, for example, by the experiment published re-
snuolttsb[e7e-n9]d. eT hneedreyaesto.nIstocfasnucbhe sseuasspoencatledva, rtihaatitomnsahganvee-
tosphere, at its considerable sizes and peculiar shape,
ionosphere, the known variations of their state can be
responsible for such dependence variations It can be seen in the Fig. 8, the ether
Wdrhift(Sv)e.loc-
ities, measured in each of the experiments, di er, that
can be stipulated by the arranging height di erences of
measuring systems above the Earth's surface: 1.6 m;
42 m; 1830 m (Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b, Fig. 8c accordingly).
The collection of such data illustrates the height e ect
development. In the work the ether drift velocity mea-
Figure 9: Dependence of the ether drift velocity on the
hi[m1e0ieg]nhtt[a1b-3o]v;e2thies Ethaertehx'psesruimrfaecnet, [7-9i]s; thisiswtohrekeaxnpdereixmpeenrt-
s4du.e7rn5icnegmdhi(aspcvooesviebtrieoye.nnINnpoetr.hfoe1rmtaanebddleaN2tott.hhee2)mhfeeoiargnhhtvesaigl1uh.6etsdmoefpatenhndeether drift maximal velocity are given, which are measured in the work and in the experiments [1-3], [7-8], [10]. In these four experiments the measurements are performed at ve di erent heights: 1.6m and 4.75 m in the work; 42 m in the experiment [1-3]; 265 m and 1830 m in the experiment [7-9] (Clevelend and the observat[1o0ry] tohfeMmoeuansutrWemilesnotns awcecroerdcianrgrileyd).oIunt tahlseoeoxnpetrhime oenbtservatory of Mount Wilson. However, in contrast with twhoeodexepnehriomuesne,t t[7h-e9]e,xwpheriicmh ewnats[1c0a]rriisedpeorufotrimnead liinghat fsuernvdaatmoreyn.taIltbcuainldibnegsoufpapnoosepdt,ictahlawtotrhkesheotpheorf tshtreeoabmbraking by the house walls was the reason of the ether drift velocity smaller value, measured in the experiment [10] in comparison with the experiment result [7-9].
The table 2 gives the imagination about the ether drift velocity variation in height band above the Earth's surface from 1.6 m up to 1830 m. In the gure 9 this deptheendaebnscceisvsaiewanids porredsiennatteeds ianxtehsethloegalorgitahrmithicmscicalvea.luOens owtahfnhedreavr1teai:lomusWeasWcWci/osWrtdhaiennagdenltyZdh. eZr a/drZreifctownveserildoeecpriteeydndaeitqnutgahlaecthcooe1irgdmhint/gsZleyc;,
222
Yu.M. Galaev
Table 2: Dependence of the ether driftTvheeloectithyerondrtihftevheeloigchittya(bmov/esetch)e Earth's surface
theHEe(aimgrhtehtt'easrbsso)uvreface T20hO0i1sp-tw2ic0os0rk2 TRhaede1ixo9p9we8ra-iv1me9se9n9bta[n1d3] The e1x9Op2ep5r-ti1imc9se2n6t [79] The exOp1ep9rti2mi9csent [10]
1830
{
{
10000
6000
24625
{{
14{14
30{00
{{
4.75
435
{
{
{
1.6
205
{
{
{
ibmaneIndttcfrraoensmublet1s.s6eaermne fnurepoamrtotohn1e8e3Fs0itgrma. i9gt,hhttehlaeintthedeiar neddrreinifntt vehexelpiogechrit-tsnayunersdifsna,acctrtehem.aaostTescsphahewneirbtbehoeuinttnhhtdeeeraahrccyeotingiloshaenytq.eugrerTonhhwcaeestsheocfoadnbtahsotievadeeedrttahohbeernleEosttatrhrcetioachnmk's-tvFsreiraseocndmo,icuttsthhtaeehttehtteahirmbelaeaengtd2ihn,eiartFtsiidogsrn.tirfste8oavafmetlaohnnceediatmyrthotiesdheerFlaiEt[g4ha.-er6rt9]hs'amsibtsaoculualrtnfnatecbhaeeer. trveshoedanelursveEieetsaliu3ovrl0cettihnskt"'eymss.sos/fuIswnremafcassawcunoecay,bhsvtehtiexoaaxpuktpeesecrlnyriaminampseoeentxonthprtae.sllaeWtwitnhhoeiterthkrhmesd,terrhtieienefatrseiwoanxnnhgptirocidechfesisp\vtizaiohcetnee-(2am10re)e0t-iih4tno0acd0apsnpmslbie/cnesaesbcictal,eilvtchfeuonelraemstmseedetta,hostouhtdrhaseetmoeafetttnhhttehesr,esdaeersctiohfitnnedrvtehdolirorsidcftcietaryvsaeeillsomsculooictswhyt imne6thoorddse.rs (!) than the sensitiveness of the rst order
The ether kinematic viscosity has been measured in the work. The measurement results are explained above in the part \Result analysis of the interferometer tests," that is stipulated by the peculiarities of the experiment implementation. The measured values of the ether kinematic viscosity are in the limits vevqeaauluael ov(re5da:e5=r:c:6o::i72n:41ci)d1e01s0w5i5tmhm2tsh2esceece1th,1et.rhakTtihnaeecmcmoaretdaicinnvgvisatcloousetihtiyes value calculated above vc  7:06 10 5 m2sec 1 .
Hence, the di erences between the dependencies Wavhai(lSab)leacnadn tbheeexetphlaeirneddribfty vtheleocmiteyasmureeamsuernetdmveatlhuoeds di erences of the work and the experiments [1-3], [7-9], [10] and di erences between arranging heights of measuring systems. The results of four experiments do not contradict each other, that illustrate the reproduced measurement nature of the ether drift e ects in various experiments performed in di erent geographic conditions with di erent measurement methods applying.
Figure 10: The mean daily course of the ether drift velocity
The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band
223
vvaellouAceictwcyoitrhhdoitnrhigzeotnpotetarhiloecdoormpiegprinoonanleenhtystpeWollthahressdhiaso,yut(lhdtehceehtshapenargcedereiitfftsfect). For revealing the ether drift velocity component with such period, the results of systematic measurements were subjected to statistical processing in stellar time scale. The results of such processing are shown in the Fig. 10. On the fragments of the Fig. 10 the stellar time S in hours is suspended on the abscissa asuxseps,entdheedeothnerthderioftrdvinelaotceitayxevsa.lueThWe hveirntickaml /hsaetcchisethseinmdeicaantedatihlye ccoounr sdeenofcethienteetrhvearlsd. riIfnt vtehleocFitiyg.wi1t0hacinalcauslatetelldaracdcaoyrdWinhg(tSo)thise gmiveeansu. reTmheisntdreepseunltdsenocfethies work, which were performed during ve months of the year, since September 2001 till January 2002. During ve months the numerical value of stellar time shifts regarding to the solar time in 10 hours. Since September till November the measurements were performed on the point No2. In December and January | on the point No3. The mean values are calculated with the expression (43). For comparison, in the Fig. 10b the mean result is given, which was obtained in the experiment [1-3] during year's ve months of the same name, since September 1998 till January 1999 (Here, as contrasted to the similar gure, given in the works [1-3], the measured value is expressed in the ether drift velocity values.) In the works [7-9], [10] such data miss, owing to smaller on coverage of year's epochs of the measurement statistics in these experiments.
Both fragments of the Fig. 10 as a whole have sim-
ilar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within
a day. The di erences in the curve shapes can be ex-
ptelrarianiendrbelyiefvieslceomuesnetst,hewrhsicthreainmthinesteerdaci tieornenwt ietxhpetrhie-
ments had the distinguished performances and features
of radio-frequency spectral line arranging on terrain in
the experiment [1-3]. On the fragment of the Fig. 10a
(this work), as contrasted to the result of the exper-
ismmeanllter[1v-3a]lu(eFsi,g.th1a0tbc)a,nthbeeetehxeprladinriefdt vbeylocthiteieshehiagvhet
distinction of measuring points in these experiments.
The dependencies ly changed values
Wwihth(St)hheapveertihoedsfoerqmusaol ftpoeariosdteicllaalr-
day, that can be explained by a space (galactic) origin
of the ether drift. In the work, the observed bands o -
set direction of an interference pattern corresponded to
the ether drift northern direction at measurement im-
plementation. Hence, the results of the work do not
contradict the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10] and
imaginations of the works [4-6] about the northern posi-
tion of the ether drift apex, that demonstrate the repro-
duced result nature of the ether drift e ects measure-
ment in di erent experiments, performed with di erent
measuring methods application.
p[1a-r3iI]sn,o[nt7h-9oe]f,wt[o1hr0ek].wwFoeorrskhcaroelnlsdubuletcsctiownngi tonhfedqthuteaoneqtxiuptaaeltriiitvmaeteicnvoetmcdpoaamtra-aatthotpieevsxpe ercascontiofayrtldiymaisnniesatwaietnevarieaslylduntieeectscaeeolrsnmsvatiirehnyweedtcooeiflnestsphttehieaceilefetsyxhppehtrheererdiemre,itwfehtnhetvrice[hd7lor-fc9iofi]rt-, tptsyitroroendpaeommpseeesndtfhdooeirnndmctioehnfegotnhnweetoahtrreekrtshrhae[e1iing-Eh3ra]te,rlattihbeof'osevinlseau btruhfoeaerncaecEt,eeatroottnhhde'tsehctseeaurlemcrtfuhailnceaeerpiatohnrnoedobrsgaepaobhseleeosrneion,tu htthuistaehnteexcisipfntregharimemosfeuentbohtfjeertcehEtseuoalfrwttssohe,rptkmahrpeaargetonexbepiltneeovmrsiepmssh.teiegnDrateut[ie1ao-nnt3dos] atdinio dneT,rthehtnhuetose,uexixgnphpeterhiriteimsmweuenosntretkfs[u,7lit-nsh9e]qesuashriytaeeptgootitvbhheveenisoriewsusseiu.txlhtpoecurotimmapnenyatracisolorvnreeroci--f aaTlgchaamettieieoodsnnitu,iammibnao, tturihetosentphoooepnftesititcbhhaleelerwefeotaxhrvieseertleebcnkaticnrneodemimnhaaangtsaintcbeuetvrieeicns,cwiop.aesev.irtefymos rpavmtareoleurpdie--. hfcmooofaressvtitthihbysoecedmoeenuateshcapteslieruioqrrndfuionriiridgsfmtbhoevaardess.legodbacTesiotehnynsettarphne readormspdtteohsvsoeeeirndledotephatrhmneerdoepkndrtiteiniracreealemcilgztueiamndltagi.ecrtiTshvtyioihessdes-todveabrmiltfuatsei.nroeeTfqduhthiserteeasdtiegitsneht iei creacckaltlsinyn.themmaTsaehatbeisecuedrvneeivmsscehoeloonspwittmynr.eeosnnuTtltthoshefehmtavhvaeeelauseebutehroeeerndrdodEtifeioarrnroethcphctathi'isoscacnansolugiarnewnfscaadiicvdteeies.ndvpcTawrrelohiuapteeshaevwgisetailstwtohiccoiatinatlhcypudhoeleearfpiitgoeoenhpddtdtvpiscgaearlroulonoewwn.ttaehThvesehateerpbalvroldaoevilrpeaoadtctgiaiohtayyne-. The|deotepcttiecdalew eacvtes pcraonpbageaetxiopnlaimneeddibuymthaevafiollalbowleinreg-: giptaoyrs,de|idi.ne.ogopftttsohieceptahalfeerwaaEatteuvaerrpetpahprr'ostripocmpalegeosrav;tetimoonemnmta;etderiuiaml mhaesdituhme vsicscooms-has|Tghoetthaweosmprkaecdreeius(umglatlssatrccetoaimcm)poaorrfiigsoiopnnt.itcoalthweaveexpperroipmaegnattiroens aptuhscalearttitshsei,ooethnneexetrarehecbedsuorurtuileifttndts tneehh aaaeetrvulceeitrexerism,shithnoeeawanosscnurebdrteeeohemrfenoesunrfpetcetpshrhrfeioomnrdhmauvytcaepeerdrodi.iotahuTlnesamhstieesuexdrcpveoieeumrromii--fmwietnhTtshdeip ewerrofeornrktmrmeedseuailsntusrdecima neernbetnemtcgeotenhosogiddreasrpeahdpipcalirsceaeqtxuipoirener.mimeenntstitnarolnmhayatpgunoreet,htieics.eiws.acvmoensa tperrrmoiapalatimgoanetdiaoiubnmo. u,trethspeoentshiberleefxoirsteelnecce-
224
Yu.M. Galaev
References
[1] Yoicnus,.ra2Md0i.0o0Gw,aValavoeelv.p.5r,\oEpNatohg.a1ert,-ipodnpri..f"t1R1e9a {de1cio3tsp2.hiny(sintichsUeakenrxadpineerleei)mc.teronnts-
[2] Yosifaur).a.Mdio. Gwaavlaee.v".Z\hEutkhoevrs-kdyr:iftP.eEtixt,p2e0ri0m0,en4t4 ipnp.th(ienbRaunsd-
[3] YmShtuuitlb.plsi:mt/Ma/enwt.crewicG,wa2.rls0aap0eda1vico,.ewtiVa\mvEoeelt.s.hnea2rpr,aorlodNp.rwaoug.i/na0td50i(o11n0i0n.-)"p,defSpx.zpppia.pecr.ei2et1in1mc{ee225o&,f
[4]
W. Azjukowski. akten Wissens.,
S\tDuyttngaamrtik, 1d9e7s4,ANthue.r2s.,"s.Id4e8e{n58d.es
ex-
[5] Vics.A. M. Aodtseulkimovasgkiyn.a\tTiohnes ionftmroadtuecrtiaiolnanindt oeeldthsetrrduycntuarmesod(inenpt.Rh, ue1s9bs8iaa0s),i.sDoefpg.ains lVikIeNeItThIer1.2".0M6o.8s0koNwo,.M27O6I0P-80phDyEsiPcs.
[6] V.A. Atsukovsky. \General ether-dynamics. Simulation otMhf oetshicdoeewam,s 1aa9tbt9oe0ru, t2s8ttrh0uepctgpua.rs(e-ilsnikaeRnuedstshi eaer).l."dsEonnergtohaetobmaiszisdaot,f
[7]
Dso.lCar. 408.
Mobislleerrv.a\tEortyh.e"rPdhriyfts.eRxpever.,im19e2n2ts,
VatolM. 1o9u,ntppW. i4ls0o7n{
[8] D.C. Miller. \Ether drift experiment at Mount Wils3o1n4.." Proc. Nat. Acad. Amer., 1925, Vol. 11, pp. 306{
[9] Dm68.e,CnN.tsoM.of1il6l1e39r52.,5\paSpti.gM4n3io 3uc{an4nt4c3We. ilosfont.h"eSectihenerc-ed.,ri1ft92e6x,pVeoril-.
[10] A.A. Michelson, F.G. Pease, F. Pearson. \Repetition of the Michelson-Morley experiment." Journal of the
OstprutimcaelnStso.c,i1et9y29o,f VAoml.er1i8c,aNaon.d3R, epvpi.ew18o1f{S18c2ie.nti c In-
[11] E.T. Whittaker. \A History of the Theories of Aether ad\nAydnHaEmislitecocsrt,yri2co0ift0y1t.h,"e5I1Tz2hheepvopsr.kie:(sinRofRICAusesRtihaee)gr.ualEan.rTd a.EnWldechtrirtaitncadiktoyem.r". Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, Edinburgh, 1953.
[12] A.A. Michelson. \The relative motion of the Earth and tehneceL.,u1m8i8n1if,eIrIoIusseertiehse,r.V"oTl.h2e2A, Nmoe.ri1c2a8n, Jpopu.1rn20a{l 1o2f9S.ci-
[13] GtT2e0h.r2G.e{".2SIP0no3evtti(hreiaetnsbheR,onuoScsky.sGci\al.oP)Rp.heaydusiitaci,aanlM.en\ocMsykcioclwhope,las1eo9dn6i'c2s,vInoVtcoealrb.fue2rl,aormpyp.e"-.
[14] A.A. Michelson, E.W. Morley. \The relative motion of tJ34h36oe33u{.rE3na4ar5lt;hoPfahnSidlcoisteohnpechelui.cmTalihnjioirfuderrnoSauelsr.i,ea1se8.t,8h7e1,r8.V8"7oT,l.hV2e4oA,l.pm3pe4.r,4i4cpa9pn{.
[15] WNa.uI.kFar,aMnkofsukrotw, A, 1.M97.2F,r2a1n2k.p\pO. p(itnicRs oufssmiao)v.ing media."
[16]
S.I. Vavilov. \New searchs of \the ether c(ienssResusosfiap).hysical sciences, 1926, Vol. 6,
dprpif.t"2.4"2{S2u5c4-
[17] R.J. Kennedy. \A re nement of the Michelson-Morley e1x2p, eprpim. 6e2n1t.{"62P9r.oc. Nat. Acad. Sci. of USA., 1926, Vol.
[18] K.K. Illingworth. \A repetition of the Michelson-
Morley experiment ical Review., 1927,
Vusoiln.g30K,epnpn.ed6y92's{r6e9 6n.ement."
Phys-
[19] EFBr.8e,iSbNtaaulhl.oen1l.0.",\S\D.Da9ise35MN{ai9ct3hu6er.lwsoinss-eEnxspcheraifmteenn,t", Haeufstg4e1fu, r1t92im6,
[20] Joos G. Die Jenaer. \Widerholung des Mihelsonversuchs." Ann. Phys., 1930, B7, S. 385{407.
[21] \Ether-drift," Digest by Dr. in Sc. V.A. Atsukovsky. Energoatomizdat, Moskow, 1993, 289 pp. (in Russia).
[22] D.C. Miller. \The ether-drift experiment and the de-
termination of the absolute motion Modern. Phys., 1933, Vol. 5, No. 3,
opfpt.h2e0E3{a2rt4h2.."
Rev.
[23] L19.5E5,ssVeonl.. 1\7A5,npepw. 7e9t3h{e7r94d.rift experiment." Nature.,
[24] J.P. Cedarholm, G.F. Bland, B.L. Havens, C.H. Townes. \New experimental test of special relativity." Phys. Rev. Letters., 1958, Vol. 1, No. 9. pp. 342{349.
[25] D.C. Cyampney, G.P. Isaac, M. Khan. \An ether drift
experiment ters., 1963,
based on the Mssbauer Vol. 7, pp. 241{243.
e ect."
Phys.,
Let-
[26] T.S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murbeam, C.H. Townes. \Test omfasspeercsi.a"lPrehlyast.ivRiteyv.o,r1s9p6a4c.eViosol.tr1o3p3ya,bpypu.s1e2o2f1{in1f2r2a5re.d
[27] LM.Gos.kLowoy,t1sy9a7n3,sk8y4.8\Mppe.ch(iannRicsusosfia )u.id and gas." Nauka,
[28] Nid..A" .GSolesztekcinh.iz\dDaty,nMamosicksowof, v1i9s5c5o,us52in0cpopm.p(rinessRibulsesi au).-
[29] S.G. Rautian. \Rozhdestvensky's Interferometer." In tvshiiaee)t.beonockyc\loPpheydsiiac,alMeonsckyocwlo,p1a9e6d2ic, Vvoolc.a2b.upla.r2y0.3" (TinheRSuos--
[30] LpRe.uZrsi.msiRae)un.mt srhesisukltys.."\MNaatuhkeam, aMtiocsaklopwr,oc1e9s7s1in,g19o2f tphpe. e(xin-