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the big one
2024-08-27 21:48:20 -05:00
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<meta name=Keywords lang=en-US content="vector addition, neutrinos don't exist,
neutrinos do not exist, neutrino, vector, scalar, nucleus, Pauli, error, nuclear spin, blunder ">
<meta name=Description lang=en-US content="
Neutrinos Do Not Exist. Wolfgang Pauli seems to have made an enormous logical blunder in 1930 when he speculated that neutrinos had to exist.">
<title>Neutrinos Do Not Exist</title>
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<div class=s id=wm-nav-captures style=flex:1><a class=t href=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="See a list of every capture for this URL">57 captures</a><div class=r title="Timespan for captures of this URL">25 Jun 2014 - 24 Jan 2024</div></div>
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<td class=b nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022750/https://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="07 Dec 2021"><strong>Dec</strong></a></td>
<td class=c id=displayMonthEl title="You are here: 04:19:11 Aug 18, 2022">Aug</td>
<td class=f nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193834/http://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="24 Jan 2024"><strong>Jan</strong></a></td>
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<td class=b nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022750/https://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="02:27:50 Dec 07, 2021"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAQCAYAAAAmlE46AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAMZJREFUeNqU07EKQWEUwHEuSSaLkicgg3TZzCySvIKk2GVgJZmsBg9g8QK8gcHoASwGNoMS/l+db6Au3zn1W279b+fe796w779Cyimi7ymCFBbYox51CGLoYIS0XHv+C2uYynofExRmJWgG3fE7TGKMHuK/VrFhRJ7DRBmXN2XCBibIa87Ek5US2sM04Ro5DHDRhGbumMu6SzxcQztndFHGVhPaOaCKFo6a0Iz5+jcoYYira2jnhhkKWNlO83ec0EYFu7cAAwCVABzGI3/GxAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="Previous capture" width=14 height=16 border=0></a></td>
<td class=c id=displayDayEl style=width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap title="You are here: 04:19:11 Aug 18, 2022">18</td>
<td class=f nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193834/http://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="19:38:34 Jan 24, 2024"><img src=data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAQCAYAAAAmlE46AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAMhJREFUeNqU0s8KAUEcwPHBJjm5KHkCV+07cJHkKZRyUK6cKYeVPxd5BVcHjspB+VPKA7g4cHNQwndqp/awMb9ffdra+jazMxtx3c9UKTXCTgkmihK28JCWhG//2cARdcRtwuBkMMQGRUloJo8F5shJQjMV/9D6SElCPQk0cUINMdvQTBYTHFCWhGaSeheOILihiwGeNuELM7RxNS//hUu0sLe9jjOqKIRFYSve0fP/nsevrTiBVfV3dHCxOSkdrjDGWnInXwEGAM40IjLd/vWIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC alt="Next capture" width=14 height=16 border=0></a></td>
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<td class=b nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802095122/http://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="02 Aug 2021"><strong>2021</strong></a></td>
<td class=c id=displayYearEl title="You are here: 04:19:11 Aug 18, 2022">2022</td>
<td class=f nowrap><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124193834/http://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html title="24 Jan 2024"><strong>2024</strong></a></td>
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</div><div id=wm-ipp-print class=sf-hidden>The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20220818041911/https://mb-soft.com/public4/neutrino.html</div>
<center><h1>Neutrinos Do Not Exist</h1>
<h2>Nuclear Spin is a Vector Quantity and it is not a Scalar</h2>
<h2>The Brilliant Wolfgang Pauli's Logical Blunder of 1930</h2></center>
<p><b>As of yet, 2021, no experiment has ever been done which has actually confirmed
that Neutrinos actually exist.</b> It took 25 years after Wolfgang Pauli
had (incorrectly) speculated that Neutrinos <b>must</b> exist, before the first
<b>claim</b> of an experimental confirmation was made. In 1956, <b>some
creative assumptions were made</b> by Reines and Cowan. They devised their
own unique detector, which involved detecting protons, neutrons, positrons and
electrons (in order to try to prove the existence of a Neutrino). A
Nuclear Reactor was found to have produced a <b>handful</b> of unexpected
responses in their detector and they announced it as proving the Neutrino.
<b>NO ACTUAL NEUTRINOS</b> were ever found but instead <b>only</b> a
microscopic number of creative sequences of nuclear processes. One of their favorite
processes resulted in a burst of gamma radiation, and then, <b>later</b>,
another <b>second</b> burst of gamma radiation. Based on a
<b>lot</b> of assumptions, Reines and Cowan calculated the <b>time delay</b>
they expected between the two gamma radiation bursts. On <b>this</b>, an
<b>assumed</b> sequence of nuclear events which resulted in two unique
gamma radiation bursts, Reines and Cowan announced that the had <b>proven</b>
the existence of a Neutrino. All their experiment had actually proved was
that <b>some</b> (unknown) process took place <b>where two gamma ray bursts
occurred, where no reference to any Neutrino at all was ever involved.
By the way, No Neutrino could ever cause even one gamma ray burst</b> (due to
the Conservation of Energy Law).
<b>But that specific experiment, inside a nuclear reactor, is <b>still</b>
considered the "absolute proof of Neutrinos"</b>. <b>No actual
experiment, during the following 60 years has ever (yet) even detected even
a single Neutrino</b>.</p>
<p>And even the many assumptions that have been made are incredibly weak.
<b>It is acknowledged that a Neutrino has no electric charge</b>. But one of
the primary claims of having detected Neutrinos is that Cerenkov Radiation
has been observed. I have certainly done (different) experiments which created
Cerenkov Radiation, and it <b>is</b> a unique experience. <b>But only charged
particles can create Cerenkov Radiation.</b> That would logically eliminate
Neutrinos from the picture. A very bizarre <b>assumption</b> was made where
an (electrically neutral) neutrino somehow waves a magic wand to <b>create</b>
a negatively
charged electron. We Physicists <b>know</b> that such silliness is simply
impossible. <b>We know that Electric Charge Must Be Conserved.</b> But that
assumption, where a Neutrino somehow creates a negatively charged electron
(in order to then cause the observed Cerenkov Radiation), is somehow simply
absolutely <b>ACCEPTED</b> by Physicists and the world, which then, they
declare <b>PROVES</b> that Neutrinos exist. No they don't.</p>
<p>Not only have they adopted impossible assumptions, which everyone
simply accepts as valid, but even if such a process could occur, <b>they
claim that Neutrinos pass through the entire Earth</b> without actually interacting
with <b>any</b> atom or object along the way is supposedly only <b>one chance in
2,000,000,000,000</b>. Yet, they claim that in their experiment, the
Neutrino didn't just collide with something big, like a Uranium nucleus,
but in the tiniest available target, an electron. To then do a process
which violates the Conservation Laws.</p>
<p>The only other experiments that allegedly prove that Neutrinos exist are
essentially enormous tanks of liquid chlorine very deep in mines. The
"deep in a mine" phrase is to claim that surface events then could not
affect their tank of Chlorine. But they neglect the fact that each of those
deep mines are relatively near even deeper concentrations of Radium and
Uranium and other radioactive ores in the Earth, which DO (directly) cause
Cerenkov Radiation and also DO interact with Chlorine atoms to create a few
Argon atoms. The results they see in their underground experiments are
probably absolutely natural events.</p><br><br>
<p>One of the smartest people ever, Wolfgang Pauli, saw that there
seemed to be a serious error in nuclear physics, but then he made
an even bigger logical blunder in thinking that he solved it. During
the 1920s, Physicists had found that nuclear particles, Protons, Electrons
and Neutrons each had "Spin", which meant that they had to comply
with a "Conservation of Angular Momentum Law." There appeared
to be a serious problem. Every 15 minutes, every Neutron does a
"decay" (which later came to be known as a "Beta Decay"),
where the Neutron "came apart" into a Proton and an Electron.
This seemed to represent a serious problem. Each Neutron was known to
have a "Nuclear Spin" of what is now called "1/2 unit",
and it came apart into two new objects, which each had a
"Nuclear spin" of 1/2 unit. This was considered a catastrophe!
They <b>thought</b> this meant that the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
must not be true! Unfortunately, they were thinking in what Physicists
call "Scalar Addition" without realizing that all those
Nuclear Spins were actually Vector quantities. <b>Vectors add differently,
like Geometrical quantities and not like simple Numbers.</b></p>
<p><img src='data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="338" height="317"><rect fill-opacity="0"/></svg>' align=left hspace=6 width=338 height=316 alt="Graphic of a Vector Addition Diagram of an equilateral triangle of Vectors" style="background-blend-mode:normal!important;background-clip:content-box!important;background-position:50% 50%!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)!important;background-image:var(--sf-img-10)!important;background-size:100% 100%!important;background-origin:content-box!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important"></p>
<p>Dreadfully incorrect logic was used in trying to explain how and why a
Neutron can Beta-Decay into a Proton and a Electron about every 15 minutes.
During the 1920s, Physicists had discovered that the elementary particles
Electrons, Protons and Neutrons each had a "Nuclear Spin" and
all three surprised Physicists by having the exact same amount of this
Nuclear Spin, of what is now commonly called "1/2 unit". When
it was realized that every Neutron "came apart" into a Proton
and an Electron, many Physicists were panicked.
There is a basic Law in Physics called the Conservation of Angular
Momentum. The entire Physics Community was troubled by a particle
(a Neutron) having a Spin of 1/2 unit somehow coming apart into TWO new
particles, an Electron and a Proton, each of which definitely had a Spin
of 1/2 unit. And so Physicists were constantly discussing whether they
might have to discard a basic Law, that of Conservation of Angular Momentum.
Some people today have applied "Revisionist History" in claiming
that Pauli was instead explaining some problem in Energy Conservation, but
that was not actually the case. Energy is Conserved just fine in
Beta-Decay. <b>Pauli's focus was entirely based on what he
thought was an Angular Momentum Conservation issue.</b> The Beta-Decay of
Neutrons soon became the "Nuclear problem of the Decade".
Wolfgang Pauli took the lead in this matter, and he soon gave a "major
speech" where he "explained to the world" how this could
happen. Pauli announced that he had discovered that a "new
particle" (which was later called a Neutrino) was also created in
every Beta-Decay process, and Pauli explained that Nuclear Spin was
thereby conserved:</p>
<p>Pauli claimed that 1/2 → 1/2 + 1/2 + -1/2 which is (Neutron) →
(Proton) + (Electron) + (Anti-Neutrino). <b>This Scalar Addition would have
worked if Nuclear Spin had been Scalar quantities.</b></p>
<p><b>Pauli claimed this with no actual evidence whatever. In fact, no one
on Earth even claimed to have detected any Neutrino for more than 25
years after his speculation, and even that claim was based on several
very weak assumptions, and an indirect experiment, which are likely not
even to be true.</b></p>
<p>That was a logical blunder, in trying to do normal Scalar Addition
to Vector quantities, which must actually be added by Vector Addition. The graphic
above shows the <b>actual Vector Addition</b> problem, where all three Spins
happen to be Vectors of identical 1/2 Amplitude. The "lucky"
fact was that this resulted in an equilateral triangle in the Vector Addition.</p>
<p>Nuclear Spin is a Vector quantity, actually <b>Angular Momentum</b>, and
it is not a Scalar quantity as Wolfgang Pauli had incorrectly assumed in
1930. <b>As a Vector, both Amplitude and Direction are important</b>.
Most High School students learn Vector Addition by two simple examples.
You know that you can swim at 4 mph and you are standing on the edge
of a river where the water flows at 3 mph. What is the fastest you could
cross the river? And what direction do you need to swim in order to arrive
at a McDonald's Restaurant which is exactly straight across from you. These
problems seem simple but they cannot be solved with traditional Scalar
Addition. You might think that you would swim either 7 mph or 1 mph, but
neither would be true. You need to use Vector Addition to solve these
problems. For the first problem, you would discover that you would need
to "aim" straight across, but that you would arrive way downstream. For the
McDonalds problem, you would discover that you need to "aim" quite far
upstream. I won't solve it here, but it is pretty simple math, and the
answer is that you would need to "aim" 36.87° upstream (a surprising
but correct angle). You would be swimming for a long time to get to the
McDonald's restaurant.</p>
<p>As shown above, a <b>Vector Addition Diagram</b> of the Nuclear Spin of
a Neutron's Beta-Decay happens to be an <b>equilateral triangle.</b> A
Electron's Spin of 1/2 unit is one (red) side of that triangle with a
Proton's Spin of 1/2 unit (green) and an Neutron's Spin of 1/2 unit (blue)
being the other two Vector sides. (as shown in this graphic).
<font size=5><b>There is no issue of any problem with Conservation of Angular Momentum
regarding the Spin Vector of a Neutron and the consequent Spin Vectors of
a Proton and Electron</b>.</font></p>
<p>Wolfgang Pauli did not seem to know that and in incorrectly thinking
along Scalar lines (only considering the amplitude with no direction), he
dreamed up the need for Neutrinos (with another [Scalar] Spin of 1/2 unit).
His (incorrect) Scalar thinking did not add up correctly as Scalar
quantities, and so he thought he <b>needed</b> to invent a Neutrino,
<font size=5><b>for a single purpose, that of supplying an extra Scalar
quantity of Nuclear Spin in order to comply with the Conservation of
Angular Momentum</b></font>. It therefore turned out that Pauli was
<b><font size=5>trying to resolve a PROBLEM WHICH DID NOT ACTUALLY EVEN
EXIST.</font></b> He was smart and he certainly should have known
better than to try to apply Scalar thinking and logic to Vector quantities.
His explanation was interesting in that <b>he described his Neutrinos as
having zero mass, zero electrical charge, zero size, and zero everything
else, except for the 1/2 Nuclear Spin that he needed to try to justify
his Scalar Addition problem.</b></p>
<p>There is additional statistical scientific and precise mathematical
evidence that Neutrinos do not exist inside atomic nuclei in the highly
respected NIST data resource. Here are two related articles.</p>
<p align=CENTER><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818041911/http://mb-soft.com/public9/nuclei74.doc><b><i><font size=4>Nuclear Physics May be Fairly Simple </font></i></b></a></p>
<p align=CENTER><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818041911/http://mb-soft.com/public2/nuclei6.html><b><i><font size=4>Nuclear Physics - Statistical Analysis of Isotope Masses</font></i></b></a></p>
<p>Wolfgang Pauli was one of the most brilliant men ever, one of a handful
of men who developed Nuclear Physics, but in 1930, it appears that he made
an enormous logical blunder when he speculated that Neutrinos <b>must</b> be
necessary inside atomic nuclei!</p>
<p>There is a curious simple but huge flaw in Nuclear Physics today
regarding this incorrect reasoning of Pauli (for which he even later
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945.) <b>Nuclear Spin is a Vector
quantity, actually Angular Momentum, which every beginning Physics student
knows!</b> It is not a Scalar quantity like most of the things we
encounter in normal life. The difference is that every Vector quantity has
both an Amplitude and a Direction, while all Scalar quantities only have
Amplitude and they do not have any defined direction. Examples are speed,
which is a Scalar, and velocity, which is a Vector, the difference being
that velocity tells you what direction the object is moving in, along with
its speed.</p>
<p>Physicists (should) all know that any quantity like Nuclear Spin is
necessarily a Vector, where both the rate of rotation is specified, as
well as the orientation, which is defined by the direction of the spin
axis. We say the Earth has a Spin Vector of "once a day"
rotational speed and a direction of exactly due north. If the Earth's
spin Vector were pointed south instead, that would tell us the Earth was
spinning the other way around.</p>
<p>During the 1920s, Physicists discovered that all nuclear particles
have Angular Momentum or Spin Vectors. <b>They were mostly concerned
with one specific object, the Neutron, which was known to spontaneously
decay into a Proton and an Electron with a half-life of around 15
minutes</b>. More confusing yet, the Proton and Electron tended to quickly
fuse back together to reform a into a Neutron.</p>
<p>Physics has long been based on several Conservation Laws, including one
of <b>Conservation of Angular Momentum</b>.</p>
<p>By about 1929, it was firmly known that each Proton, each Electron and
each Neutron all had the exact <b>same</b> amount of "Nuclear Spin".
This Spin is described as being 1/2 unit of Spin, using an actual scientific
quantity of Angular Momentum defined as Planck's Constant divided by
(2 * Pi), or h/2 π or h-bar.</p>
<p>Many Physicists repeated the same experiment where a Neutron spontaneously
"Beta-Decayed" into a Proton and an Electron, and everyone was uncomfortable
with the result. Pauli was one of the leading Physicists who was troubled
by a Neutron starting out with a Spin of 1/2, and coming apart into
<b>two</b> particles, a Proton with a Spin of 1/2 and an Electron with a
Spin of 1/2. <b>It was (incorrectly) thought that this violated the
Conservation of Angular Momentum.</b> And so Wolfgang Pauli dreamed up a
new particle, which became known as a Neutrino (or, in this specific
case, an Anti-Neutrino), which he said had no electrical charge, no
mass, no size and only a single characteristic, its Nuclear Spin of 1/2
unit.</p>
<p><b>In other words, <font size=5>the only reason that
the Neutrino was even speculated to exist was for the single purpose of
trying to resolve a CONSERVATION PROBLEM WHICH DID NOT ACTUALLY EVEN
EXIST.</font><font size=4> There has never been any other reason suggested
as to why Neutrinos should even exist!</font></b></p>
<p>Therefore, Pauli publicly announced that he had the explanation for
how Angular Momentum could be Conserved when a Neutron decayed. He
explained (wrongly) that the Neutron broke apart into <b>three</b> particles
and not just the obvious two, that is:</p>
<p>Neutron →
Proton + Electron + (anti-)Neutrino</p>
<p>He then explained that Nuclear Spin was conserved:</p>
<p>1/2 →
1/2 + 1/2 + -1/2</p>
<p>where the Neutrino involved was actually an Anti-Neutrino, meaning that
it spins in the opposite direction so that the Spin Vector is in the
opposite direction (and therefore the minus sign), which he needed for his
Scalar Addition to work.</p>
<p>Everyone was thrilled that the brilliant Wolfgang Pauli had solved the
biggest nuclear problem of the day! To this day, in 2018, everyone still
absolutely accepts Pauli's explanation, as he was one of a handful of
Physicists, with Einstein and Bohr, who was researching Nuclear Physics.
Therefore, no one questions Pauli's announcement that there <b>must be</b>
Neutrinos, in order to explain the Nuclear Spin Conservation issue of a
Neutron's beta-decay.</p>
<p><b>For bizarre reasons that are beyond me, the brilliant Wolfgang Pauli
and all Physicists since him seem to assume the Nuclear Spin is a Scalar
quantity, which would then require the speculation of a Neutrino's existence</b>,
with a Spin of 1/2, to Conserve Spin by a Scalar addition of
1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2 - 1/2.</p>
<p><b><font size=5>That is not remotely true!</font></b> Pauli had made
an enormous logical blunder in assuming that Nuclear Spin is a Scalar
quantity! Therefore, every Physicist today still buys into that wrong
assumption!</p>
<p><b><font size=4>As an actual Vector quantity, it is clear that THERE
IS NO NEED TO DREAM UP A NEUTRINO IN ORDER TO CONSERVE NUCLEAR
SPIN</font></b>.</p>
<p><img src='data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="338" height="317"><rect fill-opacity="0"/></svg>' align=right hspace=6 width=338 height=316 alt="Artwork of a Vector Addition Diagram of an equilateral triangle of vectors" style="background-blend-mode:normal!important;background-clip:content-box!important;background-position:50% 50%!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)!important;background-image:var(--sf-img-10)!important;background-size:100% 100%!important;background-origin:content-box!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important">
Consider a (red) Spin Vector of an Electron, which has amplitude of "1/2 unit".
(as shown in this graphic, to the upper right). The way Vector Addition
works, is that two Vectors can fuse together into a brand new Vector,
as long as they <b>graphically add together</b>, as the green (Proton Spin
Vector) and red (Electron Spin Vector) Vectors do in this graphic, in
forming a new blue (Neutron Spin Vector).
In our example, the three Vectors form an equilateral triangle, meaning
that all three Vectors shown have exactly the same amplitude.</p>
<p>This works the other way as well. Two Spin Vectors (with identical
amplitude of 1/2 unit) (shown in green and red in our graphic) which
happen to be oriented at a space angle of 120 degrees from each other,
can also add, as Vectors, to become a new Spin Vector (shown in blue in our
graphic.) The new Neutron Spin Vector has exactly the same amplitude (1/2 unit)
but is now at an orientation of a third side of an equilateral triangle.
<b>There is NO issue of any problem with Conservation of Angular Momentum
regarding the Spin Vector of a Neutron and the consequent Spin Vectors of
a Proton and Electron</b>.</p>
<p>Vector addition therefore works both ways, and Vectors can point in
either direction, so a Neutron spin can spawn two Vectors for a Proton and
an Electron, or a Proton Spin and an Electron Spin can fuse together to form
a Neutron Spin Vector.</p>
<p><b>Note that the <b>only</b> reason that Neutrinos supposedly need to exist is
to Conserve Angular Momentum for Beta-Decays such as when a Neutron decays
into a Proton and Electron (which we know happens!) There has never been
any other reason to speculate that neutrinos even exist! Since Wolfgang
Pauli had made such an enormous logical blunder in 1930 in his speculation,
even that is not actually the case</b>.</p>
<p>It is not as though neutrinos are really obvious objects. It was more
than 25 years after Pauli had speculated the existence of neutrinos that
the first experiment claimed to have detected any of them. Worse, such
experiments, inside nuclear reactors, involved some rather creative
speculations in making that claim.</p>
<p><b>How could any Physicist, then or now, believe that it was even
needed to dream up a Neutrino, for the single purpose of Conserving Nuclear
Spin</b>? Yes, Wolfgang Pauli, who was really smart, dreamed up the
existence of neutrinos to achieve this Scalar addition of the quantities
which are actually Vectors, and apparently everyone just accepted that
Pauli must be right! <b>However, he wasn't!</b></p>
<p><b>In fact, whether a Neutron is Free-Ranging across a room or within
any atomic nucleus, the Vector nature of Spin is such that the complete
experimental explanation of the beta-decay of a Neutron is simple and
obvious! Just two objects are created, the Proton and the Electron!</b>
Much of the past 80 years of nuclear Physics has been centered on all the
complexities Pauli had made necessary by his wrong explanation of a
Neutron's decay and his wrong speculation of there therefore needing to
be Neutrinos!</p>
<p>Even as a First Year Physics student in 1963, I was bothered by
one other assumption that struck me as peculiar! IF this is all just scalar
additions, are all protons and neutrons and electrons all neatly <b>lined-up</b>
with their spin axes like trillions of soldiers? Otherwise, do Physicists
believe that a beta-decayed Neutron comes apart into two neatly lined-up
Proton and Electron objects? Because, 15 minutes later, it is assumed that
the Proton and Electron re-combine to form a Neutron again! Do people
think they stay lined up for all that time? On the other hand, do people
just never think about such things? Apparently so!</p>
<hr>
<p>In fact, Pauli and Hideki and other early Physicists extended this
(incorrect) logic into requiring a <b>Strong Nuclear Force</b>, to try to
explain how any atomic nucleus could contain a lot of positively-charged
Protons very close to each other, knowing that such objects were clearly
known to strongly repel each other due to the electrostatic force and its
inverse-square-law distance dependency. Therefore, Hideki and Pauli
dreamed up another really dumb idea, that there is an (invisible) even
more powerful force which only acts at incredibly short distances, in order
to try to come up with some explanation for how the intense mutual
electrostatic repulsion of Protons could be overcome. Some of my Physics
Professors at the University of Chicago said that the Strong Force has a
Inverse-Third-Power distance dependency. Others of those Physics Professors
said that the Strong has an Inverse-Fifth-Power distance dependency.
Worse, Hideki and Pauli and the others then also said that the Strong
USUALLY acts as an attractive force but then if anything gets too close, it
sometimes completely changes
to become an intensely repulsive force. Hideki and Pauli and others also
dreamed up an immense number of smaller particles (eventually called
<b>Pi-mesons or Pions)</b>, which supposedly whiz back and forth between
Protons (and Neutrons) inside every atomic nucleus to (somehow) do this
"Strong Nuclear Force."</p>
<p>As a Physics Major at the University of Chicago during the 1960s, I was
told to always insist on absolute rigidity of my logic, but I was taught
these very questionable speculations that seem to be rampant in the Physics
community, then and now. Why don't other Physicists today see these same
logical flaws which have troubled me during my whole 50-year career in
Physics?</p>
<p>Disappointingly, modern Physics seems to have made many more assumptions
and speculations upon which much of modern Physics is based, which may have
been weak or even wrong. Nearly all of modern Physicists absolutely believe
that our Sun creates astounding numbers of Neutrinos inside its core in the
process of the nuclear fusion which produces the heat, light and energy
upon which our lives depend. Different Physicists calculate different
numbers of such Solar Neutrinos, but all such numbers are enormous. A
popular claim is that "the Sun produces so many Neutrinos that 70
billion solar-originated neutrinos pass through every square centimeter of
the surface of Earth (or your eyeball) every second." Alternately
"The Sun creates and releases 4 * 10<sup>38</sup> Neutrinos every
second."</p>
<p>There are about 20 Neutrino telescope experiments now in operation.
They all seem to agree in detecting fewer experimental results than they
had expected. As has begun to be the "solution" to such
"problems", another unsupported assumption was soon presented,
and virtually immediately accepted by everyone. It is now believed that
many of the (alleged) Solar (electron) neutrinos on their way to Earth
spontaneously change into different (Muon or Tau) forms of Neutrinos, which
they now (comfortably) accept as the reason why they detect fewer
(electron) neutrinos than they had expected. That would be fine if there
had been any actual logical reason for such transitions or if there had
been any experimental confirmation for anyone ever having detected any
such transition, but there has never been any such actual support. Such
broadly accepted beliefs have seemingly been simply speculations without
any hint of proof! <b>Now, if it turns out those Neutrinos are not even
actually created in nuclear decays and fusion, wow!</b></p>
<p>Here is yet another logical problem that Pauli and all other Physicists
seem to have overlooked. I am especially disappointed in a life-long hero
of mine, Richard Feynman. He brought about our seeing Feynman Diagrams where
anything we observe in one time direction must also be observable in the
opposite time direction. In fact, one of the foremost example we Physics
students learned was that a Neutron can Beta-Decay into a Proton and an
Electron, with a half-life of about 15 minutes, and that we could do
experiments where we <b>fused</b> a Proton and an Electron together to create
a Neutron, which are often presented as the two most obvious examples
of that "backwards time" lesson of Feynman's. But think about
the unimaginable complications which would exist IF a neutrino was a
component in that Beta Decay. Given Feynman, then how can you rationalize
how a Neutron could first come into being. Not just a collision of an
Electron and a Proton, with a necessary photon showing up to provide the
necessary energy of the Neutron Self-Binding Energy (to fuse the Electron
and the Proton together). But now you could not do that, <b>unless</b> you also
happened to have a neutrino wander by at the same exact spot and at the
exact same moment. As a Physicist, I know how to calculate the odds of a
two-way head on collision happening. I also know how to calculate how
ridiculously rare it would be for a <b>three-way simultaneous head on
collision</b> could occur (essentially never). So as long as Feynman
was right (and he was), then it is statistically impossible for neutrinos
to ever actually exist, as <b>no</b> Neutrons would ever come about!</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In any case, I have no grudge against Pauli! When I have examined such
logical flaws as by Pauli (for which he was even given a Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1945), I found a far simpler explanation of nearly everything in
nuclear physics. In the late 1990s, I spent several years studying the
highly respected NIST nuclear data and I found many wonderful
mathematically precise statistical patterns in various groupings of their
very precise Atomic Mass data for the thousands of Atomic Isotopes.</p>
<p>The implications are in many fields, and they took me several years
(1996-2003) to analyze and digest. The <font size=5><b>Mass Defect
Chart</b></font>, which has always been ignored as being too complex to be
beyond math, is actually pretty easily and simply accurately calculated,
and by only simple quadratic equations! The <b><font size=5>Quantum
Defect</font></b> is not the irrational quantity that is ignored in
Physics, but is instead a very precisely calculable quantity! It is even
intimately related to something that Moseley discovered in 1913, which
may suggest a weird new aspect of Physics, a quantity dependent on the
<b>square of the electrostatic charge</b> of a nucleus! A rather
comprehensive web-page on the patterns and results found in the NIST data
is at <font color=#0000ff><b>public2/nuclei6.html</b></font> named <font size=4><b>Statistical
Analysis of Same-Atomic-Weight Isotopes</b></font>.</p>
<p><b>One of the most powerful results of that research is that there
appears to be <b>no</b> statistical evidence that neutrons even exist within
atomic nuclei!</b> The materials are certainly there, but <b>mathematically
they appear to exist as separate Protons and Electrons rather than as
bound Neutrons!</b> IF they exist as the universally assumed Neutrons,
then we expect to need to find rather large amounts of Neutron Self-Binding
Energy (0.78235 MeV) inside every atomic nucleus which contains any
Neutrons, and all that extra energy simply is not in the NIST data. We
note here that an entire electron is only 0.511 MeV of energy, which we
consider pretty easy to detect. <b>That Neutron Self-Binding Energy also
obviously Violates the Conservation of Energy inside nuclei.</b> In fact,
there appear to be specific patterns of motion of the (somewhat
free-ranging) electrons inside atomic nuclei, where the <b>negative charge
of the electrons provides wonderful sources of nuclear stability!</b> It
is certainly recognized that every two Protons inside a specific atomic
nucleus are so close to each other that they exert immense repulsive
electrostatic force on each other, constantly trying to push each other out
of the nucleus. <b>I found that if a single (negatively-charged) Electron
happened to be at a location exactly midway between those two protons (at
half the distance to each), there is then a net <b>attractive</b> force on both
protons that is four times as strong (due to the inverse square law of
electrostatic force)</b>. The Electron could not stay at that exact
midpoint for very long without collapsing the nucleus! However, I now
believe that the intra-nuclear Electrons migrate between such midpoint
locations, where each two protons inside an atomic nucleus repel each other
for around 3/4 of the time, while the brief presence of the centerpoint
electron enables the two protons to attract each other four times as
strongly, for the other 1/4 of the time. This should result in the Protons
vibrating with specific frequencies, which I believe are experimentally
seen in some nuclei, and it therefore provides a stability or at least a
meta-stability of the nuclei's structure, purely due to electrostatic
forces of repulsion and attraction! <b>No Strong Nuclear Force appears to
be necessary at all to provide nuclear stability!</b></p>
<p>The result of all this is that atomic nuclei seem to logically not
contain Neutrinos at all, not to contain Neutrons at all, not to contain
any Strong Nuclear Force, and not to contain massive numbers of Pions!
I believe the NIST data clearly shows that atomic nuclei only contain
Protons and an appropriate number of internally migrating Electrons.</p>
<p>My (nearby) academia.edu article <b>Nuclear Physics May be Fairly Simple</b> clarifies this.</p>
<p>The full analysis of the NIST data analysis is rather complex,
but I believe it is strictly compliant with the Logic of Physics. That
analysis of the NIST data for all the activities within atomic nuclei is
at <font color=#0000ff><b>public2/nuclei6.html</b></font>
named <i>Statistical Analysis of Same-Atomic-Weight Isotopes</i>.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>An unrelated matter regarding neutrinos is the common claim in Physics
that the Sun's fusion activity produces "nearly all" of a
spectacular number of neutrinos that supposedly penetrate through every
square centimeter of the Earth's surface every second. An assumption is
made that neutrinos penetrate essentially everything, even generally
passing completely through the entire Earth as though it was not even here.
An enormous logical error seems to be applied, which a brilliant astronomer
named Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers postulated in 1826 regarding the night sky
and the cumulative effect of all the stars that exist. <b>Olbers did not
understand why the night sky should not be brilliantly white, as no matter
what direction you look, you should be looking exactly at the brilliant
face of some star.</b> Specifically regarding neutrinos, the Olbers'
Paradox should even more obviously apply. No matter what direction we look,
logic would seem to force believing that immense numbers of Neutrinos should
be coming at us from every possible direction (from other stars). We on
Earth should only be getting a tiny fraction of our Neutrinos from the Sun.
However, all researchers think otherwise, where they only think of the Sun
as producing all the Neutrinos they try to detect! (<b>The Sun only
represents about 1/200,000 of the total area of the sky.</b> If Neutrinos
actually exist, and if they are created by nuclear fusion inside every star,
then why wouldn't we be receiving 200,000 times as many Neutrinos as
<b>"experts"</b> claim are coming from our Sun?)</p>
<p>Seems like all sorts of wrong assumptions have been applied regarding
neutrinos, which may not even exist at all! I also wonder about the logic
of using neutrino detectors deep in mines. Doesn't the Earth have
significant amounts of radioactive material inside it? What if some pocket
of radioactive material happened to be just below where the mine and
detector is? If Neutrinos actually exist, couldn't that mean that some
sort of local source of neutrinos might exist, which would screw up
experiments that only aspire to detect a few events per year?</p>
<p>Modern speculation in Physics now claims that 99% or 95% of everything
which exists in the Universe is Neutrinos. Doesn't anyone know how to
multiply any more? If the claim that the Fusion processes inside the Sun
"always" create Neutrinos in creating the energy that the Sun
radiates outward, the usual claim is that only a trillionth or less of
the mass of the protons and electrons involved would be neutrinos. In the
five-billion-year lifetime of the Sun, simple math shows that the Sun has
never even created even one-Earth's worth of Neutrinos. Even if that
speculative reasoning had any validity, simple math shows that the most
of the entirety of the Universe which could now be Neutrinos, could not
even be 0.0001% of whatever else is there. What possible logic could
claim that it represents 99% or 95% of the Universe? Silly reasoning.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I apologize that this is a broad-ranging discussion, referring to a wide
assortment of apparently weak assumptions by assorted Physicists. More
complete and thorough discussions on each of the matters exist, in
separate Articles and discussions of each issue, both within the web-pages
of my mb-soft.com Domain and within my Articles in Academia.edu.</p>
<p>In order for Physics to advance, it is clearly important to only base
knowledge on solid sources, and if sloppy logic has ever been applied,
then our collective future may be cloudy! We should fix such flaws
in logic!</p>
<p><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818041911/mailto:cj@mb-soft.com><i>E-mail</i></a> to: cj@mb-soft.com</p>
<p>Carl W. Johnson, Theoretical Physicist, Physics Degree from University of Chicago</p>
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