417 lines
1.1 MiB
HTML
417 lines
1.1 MiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=en-US class="js postmessage history draganddrop borderimage borderradius boxshadow textshadow cssgradients csstransforms csstransforms3d csstransitions generatedcontent localstorage sessionstorage"><!--
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url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6437478
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saved date: Mon May 27 2024 15:12:40 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time)
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--><meta charset=utf-8><style>#MathJax_Message{position:fixed;left:1px;bottom:2px;background-color:#E6E6E6;border:1px solid #959595;margin:0px;padding:2px 8px;z-index:102;color:black;font-size:80%;width:auto;white-space:nowrap}</style><style>.global-ng-wrapper[_ngcontent-jts-c469]{max-width:1680px;margin:0 auto;min-height:80vh;box-sizing:border-box}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.global-ng-wrapper[_ngcontent-jts-c469]{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}.skipMain[_ngcontent-jts-c469] button[_ngcontent-jts-c469]{position:absolute;top:-1000px;padding:3px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;transition:top 1s ease-out,background 1s linear;z-index:11002}.skipMain[_ngcontent-jts-c469] button[_ngcontent-jts-c469]:focus{top:0;background:#fff;transition:top .1s ease-in,background .5s linear}</style><style>@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}.main-header[_ngcontent-jts-c467]{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:#14303e}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}@media only screen and (max-width:405px){}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}.search-bar-container[_ngcontent-jts-c467]{z-index:20}.fill-background[_ngcontent-jts-c467]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;position:relative;background-color:#14303e;top:auto;left:auto;transform:translate(0);width:100%;min-height:115px}</style><style>.menu-link[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{padding:.25rem .5rem;white-space:nowrap}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1265px){.menu-link[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{font-size:16px}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}.primary-menu[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{flex-grow:1;min-width:301px;max-width:400px;margin-top:5px}.primary-menu[_ngcontent-jts-c473] ul[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{display:flex;list-style-type:none;flex-grow:1;justify-content:space-around;margin:0;padding:0;padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:1.5rem}.primary-menu[_ngcontent-jts-c473] a[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{color:#fff}.inst-sign-in[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{color:#fff;padding:.5rem 2rem;background-color:#069;font-size:1.15rem;border-radius:2px}.institution-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:5px}.right-side-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{flex-basis:50%;flex-shrink:1;display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.right-side-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{width:33%}}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}.left-side-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{flex-basis:50%;flex-shrink:1}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.left-side-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{width:33%}}.left-side-content[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.left-side-content[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{justify-content:center}}.left-side-content[_ngcontent-jts-c473] .xplore-logo-wrapper[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{margin-top:-5px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){}@media only screen and (max-width:575px){}.navbar-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;z-index:1004;width:100%;max-width:1680px;padding:18px 15px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.navbar-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{padding-top:0}}.top-navbar[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{display:flex}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.top-navbar[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{padding:1rem 1rem .5rem}}.navbar-container.not-homepage[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{position:relative;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:1.5rem}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.navbar-container[_ngcontent-jts-c473]{max-width:none;width:1460px}}</style><style>[_nghost-jts-c476]{width:100%}.not-homepage [_nghost-jts-c476] .search-bar-wrapper[_ngcontent-jts-c476]{margin-bottom:0}.not-homepage [_nghost-jts-c476] .search-bar[_ngcontent-jts-c476] .below-search-bar[_ngcontent-jts-c476] .advanced-search-wrapper[_ngcontent-jts-c476]{jus
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</apm_do_not_touch>
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<link rel=canonical href=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6437478/>
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<style>@media screen and (min-width:768px){}</style>
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<g:compress>
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<style media="screen, print">.d-flex{display:flex!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem!important;padding-left:1rem!important}.py-3{padding-top:1rem!important;padding-bottom:1rem!important}.pe-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}@media (min-width:576px){}@media (min-width:768px){}@media (min-width:992px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1400px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}:root{--bs-blue:#0d6efd;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#d63384;--bs-red:#dc3545;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#198754;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#0dcaf0;--bs-white:#fff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-primary:#0d6efd;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#0dcaf0;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#dc3545;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-font-sans-serif:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,"Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(255,255,255,.15),rgba(255,255,255,0))}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0;font-family:HelveticaNeue Regular,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;background-color:currentColor;border:0}hr:not([size]){height:1px}h2,h1{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ul{padding-left:2rem}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ul ul{margin-bottom:0}strong{font-weight:bolder}a{color:#0d6efd;text-decoration:underline}a:hover{color:#0a58ca}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img{vertical-align:middle}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}input,button,select{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}button,[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}button:not(:disabled),[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}@media (min-width:1200px){}::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{outline-offset:-2px;-webkit-appearance:textfield}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::-webkit-file-upload-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){}@media (min-width:576px){}@media (min-width:992px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (max-width:575.98px){}@media (max-width:767.98px){}@media (max-width:991.98px){}@media (max-width:1199.98px){}@media (max-width:1399.98px){}@media (min-width:576px){}@media (min-width:768px){}@media (min-width:992px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min-width:1400px){}@media (min-width:576px){}@media (min-width:768px){}@media (min-width:992px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}@media (min
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<style media="screen, print">/*! normalize.css v3.0.1 | MIT License | git.io/normalize *//*!
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* Font Awesome Pro 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com
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* License - https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License)
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*/.fa,.fab,.far,.fas{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;display:inline-block;font-style:normal;font-feature-settings:normal;font-variant:normal;text-rendering:auto;line-height:1}@keyframes fa-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0)}to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.fa-angle-down:before{content:""}.fa-bell:before{content:""}.fa-chevron-down:before{content:""}.fa-copyright:before{content:""}.fa-external-link-alt:before{content:""}.fa-facebook-f:before{content:""}.fa-file-pdf:before{content:""}.fa-folder-open:before{content:""}.fa-instagram:before{content:""}.fa-linkedin-in:before{content:""}.fa-question-circle:before{content:""}.fa-registered:before{content:""}.fa-search:before{content:""}.fa-share-alt:before{content:""}.fa-youtube:before{content:""}@font-face{font-family:"Font Awesome 5 Brands";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(data:binary/octet-stream;base64,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Pure v0.5.0
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Copyright 2014 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
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Licensed under the BSD License.
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https://github.com/yui/pure/blob/master/LICENSE.md
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*/@media only screen and (max-width:480px){}/*!
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Pure v0.5.0
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Copyright 2014 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
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Licensed under the BSD License.
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https://github.com/yui/pure/blob/master/LICENSE.md
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*/@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),(-ms-high-contrast:none){}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),(-ms-high-contrast:none){}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),(-ms-high-contrast:none){}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),(-ms-high-contrast:none){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document .document-main{max-width:100%;flex:auto;overflow:visible}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document .document-main-content-container{flex:auto;max-width:100%}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document .document-main-left-trail{padding-top:0;max-width:100%;flex:auto}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document .document-main-left-trail-content{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:.5rem 1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document .document-main-left-trail-content{padding:0}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document .document-main-subheader{width:100%}.ng-document .document-main .header-gray-line{padding:0}.ng-document .doc-actions{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document .doc-actions{display:block}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document .doc-actions-item{border-bottom:none!important}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document section.document-header{padding:0}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document section.document-header .document-header-title-container{padding-right:2rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document section.document-header{overflow:visible;z-index:1003}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document section.document-header div.document-banner{margin:0}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document section.document-header div.document-banner{flex:auto}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}.ng-document section.document-header hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:2px solid #dddddd;width:98%;margin-left:1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document section.document-header hr{display:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:1025px){}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document nav.tab-nav{background:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1025px){}.ng-document nav.tab-nav div.doc-tabs-list{flex-direction:column;padding-left:1em;padding-right:12px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.body-resp:not(.ea-only) .ng-document nav.tab-nav div.browse-pub-tab{border-right:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:10
|
||
|
Animate.css - http://daneden.me/animate
|
||
|
Licensed under the MIT license - http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
|
||
|
|
||
|
Copyright (c) 2013 Daniel Eden
|
||
|
*/@keyframes bounce{0%,20%,53%,80%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1);transform:translate(0)}40%,43%{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.755,.05,.855,.06);transform:translateY(-30px)}70%{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.755,.05,.855,.06);transform:translateY(-15px)}90%{transform:translateY(-4px)}}@keyframes flash{0%,50%,to{opacity:1}25%,75%{opacity:0}}@keyframes pulse{0%{transform:scale(1)}50%{transform:scale3d(1.05,1.05,1.05)}to{transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes rubberBand{0%{transform:scale(1)}30%{transform:scale(1.25,.75)}40%{transform:scale(.75,1.25)}50%{transform:scale(1.15,.85)}65%{transform:scale(.95,1.05)}75%{transform:scale(1.05,.95)}to{transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes shake{0%,to{transform:translate(0)}10%,30%,50%,70%,90%{transform:translate(-10px)}20%,40%,60%,80%{transform:translate(10px)}}@keyframes swing{20%{transform:rotate(15deg)}40%{transform:rotate(-10deg)}60%{transform:rotate(5deg)}80%{transform:rotate(-5deg)}to{transform:rotate(0)}}@keyframes tada{0%{transform:scale(1)}10%,20%{transform:scale3d(.9,.9,.9) rotate(-3deg)}30%,50%,70%,90%{transform:scale3d(1.1,1.1,1.1) rotate(3deg)}40%,60%,80%{transform:scale3d(1.1,1.1,1.1) rotate(-3deg)}to{transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes wobble{0%{transform:none}15%{transform:translate(-25%) rotate(-5deg)}30%{transform:translate(20%) rotate(3deg)}45%{transform:translate(-15%) rotate(-3deg)}60%{transform:translate(10%) rotate(2deg)}75%{transform:translate(-5%) rotate(-1deg)}to{transform:none}}@keyframes bounceIn{0%,20%,40%,60%,80%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1)}0%{opacity:0;transform:scale3d(.3,.3,.3)}20%{transform:scale3d(1.1,1.1,1.1)}40%{transform:scale3d(.9,.9,.9)}60%{opacity:1;transform:scale3d(1.03,1.03,1.03)}80%{transform:scale3d(.97,.97,.97)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes bounceInDown{0%,60%,75%,90%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1)}0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-3000px)}60%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(25px)}75%{transform:translateY(-10px)}90%{transform:translateY(5px)}to{transform:none}}@keyframes bounceInLeft{0%,60%,75%,90%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1)}0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(-3000px)}60%{opacity:1;transform:translate(25px)}75%{transform:translate(-10px)}90%{transform:translate(5px)}to{transform:none}}@keyframes bounceInRight{0%,60%,75%,90%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1)}0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(3000px)}60%{opacity:1;transform:translate(-25px)}75%{transform:translate(10px)}90%{transform:translate(-5px)}to{transform:none}}@keyframes bounceInUp{0%,60%,75%,90%,to{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.215,.61,.355,1)}0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(3000px)}60%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(-20px)}75%{transform:translateY(10px)}90%{transform:translateY(-5px)}to{transform:translate(0)}}@keyframes bounceOut{20%{transform:scale3d(.9,.9,.9)}50%,55%{opacity:1;transform:scale3d(1.1,1.1,1.1)}to{opacity:0;transform:scale3d(.3,.3,.3)}}@keyframes bounceOutDown{20%{transform:translateY(10px)}40%,45%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(2000px)}}@keyframes bounceOutLeft{20%{opacity:1;transform:translate(20px)}to{opacity:0;transform:translate(-2000px)}}@keyframes bounceOutRight{20%{opacity:1;transform:translate(-20px)}to{opacity:0;transform:translate(2000px)}}@keyframes bounceOutUp{20%{transform:translateY(-10px)}40%,45%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-2000px)}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-100%)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@keyframes fadeInDownBig{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-2000px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(-100%)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@keyframes fadeInLeftBig{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(-2000px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(100%)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}@keyframes fadeInRightBig{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(
|
||
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|
||
|
<style media="screen, print">/*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI CSS Framework 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Theming/API
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI CSS Framework 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Theming/API
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* To view and modify this theme, visit http://jqueryui.com/themeroller/?ffDefault=Lucida%20Grande,%20Lucida%20Sans,%20Arial,%20sans-serif&fwDefault=bold&fsDefault=1.1em&cornerRadius=6px&bgColorHeader=deedf7&bgTextureHeader=03_highlight_soft.png&bgImgOpacityHeader=100&borderColorHeader=aed0ea&fcHeader=222222&iconColorHeader=72a7cf&bgColorContent=f2f5f7&bgTextureContent=04_highlight_hard.png&bgImgOpacityContent=100&borderColorContent=dddddd&fcContent=362b36&iconColorContent=72a7cf&bgColorDefault=d7ebf9&bgTextureDefault=02_glass.png&bgImgOpacityDefault=80&borderColorDefault=aed0ea&fcDefault=2779aa&iconColorDefault=3d80b3&bgColorHover=e4f1fb&bgTextureHover=02_glass.png&bgImgOpacityHover=100&borderColorHover=74b2e2&fcHover=0070a3&iconColorHover=2694e8&bgColorActive=3baae3&bgTextureActive=02_glass.png&bgImgOpacityActive=50&borderColorActive=2694e8&fcActive=ffffff&iconColorActive=ffffff&bgColorHighlight=ffef8f&bgTextureHighlight=03_highlight_soft.png&bgImgOpacityHighlight=25&borderColorHighlight=f9dd34&fcHighlight=363636&iconColorHighlight=2e83ff&bgColorError=cd0a0a&bgTextureError=01_flat.png&bgImgOpacityError=15&borderColorError=cd0a0a&fcError=ffffff&iconColorError=ffffff&bgColorOverlay=eeeeee&bgTextureOverlay=08_diagonals_thick.png&bgImgOpacityOverlay=90&opacityOverlay=80&bgColorShadow=000000&bgTextureShadow=04_highlight_hard.png&bgImgOpacityShadow=70&opacityShadow=30&thicknessShadow=7px&offsetTopShadow=-7px&offsetLeftShadow=-7px&cornerRadiusShadow=8px
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Resizable 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Resizable#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Selectable 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Selectable#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Accordion 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Accordion#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Autocomplete 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Autocomplete#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Button 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Button#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Dialog 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Dialog#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Slider 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Slider#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Tabs 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Tabs#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Datepicker 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Datepicker#theming
|
||
|
*//*!
|
||
|
* jQuery UI Progressbar 1.8.19
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* Copyright 2012, AUTHORS.txt (http://jqueryui.com/about)
|
||
|
* Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
|
||
|
* http://jquery.org/license
|
||
|
*
|
||
|
* http://docs.jquery.com/UI/Progressbar#theming
|
||
|
*/</style>
|
||
|
</g:compress>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
<div id=global-notification class="row stats-global-notification">
|
||
|
<div class="hide u-hide-important col Notification Notification--global Notification--fixed sf-hidden">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
<div id=LayoutWrapper>
|
||
|
<div class=row>
|
||
|
<div class=col>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div class=Header id=xplore-header data-service=true data-inst=false data-web=false style=display:none></div>
|
||
|
<div id=global-alert-message></div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
<div class=ng2-app>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
<div class=global-content-wrapper>
|
||
|
<xpl-root _nghost-jts-c469 ng-version=13.3.11><div _ngcontent-jts-c469 class=skipMain><button _ngcontent-jts-c469>Skip to Main Content</button></div><header _ngcontent-jts-c469><xpl-meta-nav _ngcontent-jts-c469><div class=ng2-xplore-meta-nav><div class="metanav-container u-flex-display-flex u-flex-justify-center"><div class="stats-metanav xplore-meta-nav"><div class="meta-nav-ieee-links hide-mobile text-sm-md-lh"><ul class="meta-nav-menu u-flex-display-flex u-m-0"><li class="meta-nav-item stats-extLink stats-Unav_exit_aaa"><a href=http://www.ieee.org/ id=u-home class=ieeeorg>IEEE.org</a><li class="meta-nav-item stats-extLink ieee-xplore"><a href=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp>IEEE <em>Xplore</em></a><li class="meta-nav-item stats-extLink"><a href=http://standards.ieee.org/ id=u-standards class=exitstandardsorg>IEEE SA</a><li class="meta-nav-item stats-extLink"><a href=http://spectrum.ieee.org/ id=u-spectrum class=exitspectrum>IEEE Spectrum</a><li class="meta-nav-item stats-extLink"><a href=http://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html id=u-more class=exitmoreieeesites>More Sites</a></ul></div><div class="meta-nav-user-links u-flex-display-flex text-sm-md-lh"><span><a href=https://innovate.ieee.org/Xplore/Subscribebutton target=_blank class="stats-Xplnav_exit_subscribe xpl-btn-round">Subscribe</a></span><ul class="u-relative u-m-0 nav-right icons-panel"><li class=u-flex-display-flex><div class=donate-container><ul class="u-flex-display-flex u-pl-0"><li class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks"><a href=https://www.ieee.org/give>Donate</a></ul></div><div class=cart-container><ul class="u-flex-display-flex u-pl-0"><li id=global-header-cart-count class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks"><a title="View Cart" tabindex=0 class="cart stats-Unav_exit_Cart" style=white-space:nowrap href="https://www.ieee.org/cart/public/myCart/page.html?refSite=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org&refSiteName=IEEE%20Xplore"><span id=cartCount>Cart</span></a><div id=mc_ieee-mini-cart-include_wrapper class="content-r cart-summary product-cart" style=display:none></div></ul><ul class="u-flex-display-flex u-pl-0"><li class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks hide-desktop sf-hidden"><li class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks u-flex-display-flex u-ml-auto personal-signin-container hide-desktop sf-hidden"></ul></div><div class=text-sm-md-lh><ul class="u-flex-display-flex u-pl-0"><li class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks"><a title="Create Account" class="create-account-new stats-Unav_CreateAcct hide-mobile" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=xplore&car=IEEE-Xplore&autoSignin=Y&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2FXplore%2Flogin.jsp%3Furl%3D%2FXplore%2Fhome.jsp%26reason%3Dauthenticate&url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6437478">Create Account</a><li class="meta-nav-item stats-mnEvLinks u-flex-display-flex u-ml-auto personal-signin-container"><a href=javascript:void(0) title="Sign In" class="stats-Unav_P_SignIn hide-mobile u-pr-05">Personal Sign In</a></ul></div></ul></div></div></div></div></xpl-meta-nav><xpl-global-notification _ngcontent-jts-c469 _nghost-jts-c69></xpl-global-notification><xpl-header _ngcontent-jts-c469 _nghost-jts-c467><div _ngcontent-jts-c467 class=main-header><xpl-navbar _ngcontent-jts-c467 _nghost-jts-c473><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class="navbar-container not-homepage"><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class=top-navbar><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class="hamburger-menu hide-desktop sf-hidden"></div><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class=left-side-container><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class=left-side-content><div _ngcontent-jts-c473 class=xplore-logo-wrapper><xpl-xplore-logo _ngcontent-jts-c473 _nghost-jts-c462><div _ngcontent-jts-c462 class=xplore-logo-container><a _ngcontent-jts-c462 accesskey=1 title="Delivering full text access to the world's highest quality technical literature in engineering and technology" alt="IEEE Advancing Technology for Humanity" href=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp><img _ngcontent-jts-c462 alt="IEEE Xplore logo - Lin
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</g:compress>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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