UKRAINE

ISSN 1726-4499

Spacetime & Substance
International Physical Journal

Volume 3, No. 5 (15), 2002

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of
Transcription, Translation and Replication JSC

UKRAINE

SpaIncteerntaitmioneal P&hysSicualbJosutrnaanl ce

ISSN 1726-4499

Certicate of the series AB, No. 4858, issued by the State Committee for Information Policy, TV and Broadcasting of Ukraine (February 12, 2001).
The Journal is published by Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC(Kharkiv, Ukraine).

It is a discussion journal on problems of theoretical and experimental physics in the eld of research of space, t||||imdtamehep,asepsctlutrhihibcepaesmtottiairaoointnenicscoeoacfflaosnmtmehdtobe-uodiinnpretiilsenessragaaifnmcsoptdreiaoddpcneehass,it.cltortTiishmpohetpeeir,hoeJgniacorlauaaizlvrnanbidttaai/aolsoteniprsou,onebfxwlapfihunsliahndcnedhosaa:tttmhoioueenrncsshtaiontlfhtppeehrrydaoscepitsceicarortlniipeestxs(ipoionenfrctilomuhfdeeainUnptgnshitayvhnseeidrcsaEetlhianrenesfatdoelriimtntyh'is;ccorSomRcionasgmndroesGs;uRlt)s;; | discussion of published materials, in particular, those questions, which still have not a correct explanation.

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c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 193{206 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION FORMATION THROUGH THE THERMAL RADIATION OF METAGALAXY STARS
V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin1
Radiophysical Research Institute, N.Novgorod, Russia
Received Desember 2, 2002

The paper is devoted to the development of the theory of microwave background formation through the optical radiation of Metagalaxy stars which is transformed due to the redshift into the microwave and infrared star bnaoctklgersosutnhdanra4d0ia{t5i0ont.hoAunsaanpdplMicpatciosnhoowfsththeatthetohreysttoarthmeicmroowdaevl eofbaacsktgartoiounnadryisnnoontexsptrainctdliyngthUenbivlaecrkseboodfyaosnizee. Ibtys>abvr1aimgilhamtbnl,eesbmsutetaegmsruoprweemraseitgnuntrsieucapanndttolsypopeinctitcrsaaullbwmdaeivnlleismilteynetgcetorh,risrn.efsrBpaeorsenidddeast,nodth2oe:7pv3taKicluaelinawnRadvaeydlereapignehng-edJsee.nacnTeshoirsfesgpmiroeandlli-ocsftpitoahnceeisbbaacccokknggrrroomuunneddd 
uctuations on the angular resolution and the wavelength predicted by the theory is in a good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the fact, mysterious from the background relic origin point of view, of equality of the volume background energy density and the optical star radiation energy has a very simple and natural explanation. An application of the theory to the closed model of the Universe in the big-bang cosmology shows that at wavelengths ex>cee1dmsm2.7tKhethsatatrcobmaceksgirnotuoncdonis
incetgwligitihbltyhesmhyapllo(tnhoesmisoorfetthheebna0ck.1gKro)u, nbdutrealitcsourbigminillaimndettehrewidaevaesofitthsiegnbiigcbaanntlgy. It follows from the results obtained that the observable nonblackbody electromagnetic background is not a relic one and it has a star origin.

For majority opinion to change on the correctness of the hot big-bang cosmology, it is clear that one or more of the arguments given above must be seen to fail ... . However, if a change does occur, it will probably come from one of three directions: ... b) A demonstration that there is an other plausible mechanism which could be responsible for the MBR, probably related to the idea that it does not have a perfect blackbody spectrum and/or that it could not have been coupled to the matter at an earlier epoch (Burbidge, 1989, p. 988)

Introduction
The idea to explain the microwave background radiatniootnybeyt sboeuerncewsoorfkdedieoruetntinnaantuyrceoinscnroettenefowr,mb.ut it has the Ionbtsherivs epdapmeircrwoewainvveebstaicgkagtreoaunpdosbsyibtihlietythtoeremxapllariandetuviaridetieonannt dotfoetvuhoseeluMstoieomtnaegoacfloastxmhyeoslUtoagnriiscv.aelrFsmoe.rodthTelihss eopfuprtrphoobesleestmrituocis-f tdiONehasonervidtnichkocteonohvtsmi(rms1iebd9otuih6lrot4oeig)cdoytnihicmoaaonvlofebwdtaehepslreusiesbwscoltiaaafsrsrhtrhesiietdnidsutdeowoginuoerldtrayklberyDraearsModluirielocatrVsts.hiioFktontefiirveicsin(toc1hls9sctt6uaua2lndna)d---. tions for dierent models of the standard cosmology.
1e-mail: redshift0@narod.ru

The methods of calculations were not given. It has

bssetearevrnaitnsihtoeongwrnaol,

in particular, that at a wavelength of obr>ad1imatmionthisemvoulcuhmleessentehragny tdheenbsiltayckobfotdhye

raandaiatiromnawtiiotnh (tPhaeritjesmkipj earnadtuSreunTya=ev 11K97.3)Tthhearte\wthaes

otebgsrearlvreaddriealtiiconraodfidatisiocrnetceansonuortcbese"eixnpsltaainneddarbdyctohsme ionl--

ogy models. To calculate the radiation of galaxies, as

correctly noted by Zel'dovich and Novikov (1967), \is

of prime importance in a hot model since it is the back-

ground on which the relic radiation of the model itself

is to be observed."

This is a valuable but unused so far test of the

background relic origin theory. Recently there have

been some serious experimental demonstrations that

the standard cosmology does not re
ect any more a

real state of matter and radiation in the Universe (lu-

194

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

m(aSniedngoadsluite1y9t9oo2fe;gxTaislrtaoixnitigesska,iljtteh1r9eni9ar2t,id1vi9em9c4eon)s.smioIonnlsotgahincisadlcteohvneonoluercitetisoionint) bpofrfheecyqsotsuamiecrnaesclsiyrniembadspaiosnotndrastn,aotniwntgianptlogaarxettxioiecpsutlhaltarienra,nrtebshdfyoesrhtmmhifetiecdoropofiwtnittcahoaveletrrhbaaeyddriioaaatttdhiiiooeonnrof sItnarsthailsonfogrtmhuelaptaitohnttohaenporobbselervmer.requires justied palarhteyiosanibcsaaelnnpdtrtoihnceefduulrlrsemtseesoatfsimucaraelctsuioolanftsairop.nreTfsohernetitmesdesteohaluorltdiieoornf(cwTarhlociicuth-svmvekreeaairrjsslllee1yr9atia9sdhd4ieaao)t3tphilKtoaeenaddbs.sotahfcIboknsywgttaranhornsiutshnoipfardrdttehceisnareennamstibszotpeeraaeetopixtfcehptrnalhawoneinnetseehtgxdaaipvttbaieooynanfdtatidhnrheeygettaUUghielnenenriid---pioissfhotytnhhseieicnsaUmalnpjaiupvdsleeitreifsdoecrtaiontthicBoelunGrdeRoisnfucgltathtlshceuoecblsaatttlaaciionunndleaadftoridofrondroinmdeiee.rteeAhrnoetcndomtmwmohpdoiaecdrlhs-ebt(ahslbaseacoetkwvrgeitetrhvjhoueiueostnwtrhiedset.eiocosfaTbBtlshheamierrsvyosemstddhaeatelcyevhmm1aaoe9rnsag9ttco2tao,oeddBfrieutsqthtreuibescatispdtergtoeoefwse1tcinh9thht8eo9owtm)sho.eiercAktrr.hloelwiasslaaiovtidyre

1. Pbahcyksgicraolunbdasifsoromf asttaiornmicrowave

To determine this radiation let us consider the Universe as the Euclidean space lled with matter in the form of galaxies being the clusters of stars of dierent spectral classes. We suppose that the spatial distribution of galaxies in the Metagalaxy space is uniform and isotropic and their mean parameters over a suciently large volume do not depend practically on the distance. We suggest as well the star thermal radiation as a blackbody one. At rst let us consider the solution of the problem in a simplied form taking the temperature of all stars equal in the whole galaxy. Let ntrLhaegdetaimuul=sse,MatTnapk,ncteuhbmieenmtbtoheereaaocnmfctoseetuamannrtpsvetoirnhlauattmthuerteehgdeoaeflnsattsxahitireeysisr,oinpfrhg,goatatlhlaoaexsxipiriehemsse,reamearsne., not practically projected to which other.
Let us nd the spectral power density of the thermtTvhohaeleulamrfnautedleliena
lnetumiaxonaefnpr
toeurmRtxu2trf
hreoedwmgRiatshlitasaxrreisecseapatttiromandeidtoriaifcgrerdqaiumstean
nccyseteRr0adiinn.

d = F (; T ) r2n m R2
 dR d:

(1)

ownHreerfeerenicse

the radiation frequency frame, F(; T) is the

Polfasntka'rss

fiunnctthieoinr

for the spectral density of the star blackbody emissivi-

ty W=cm2Hz sr. Along the path of propagation up to

a telescope antenna this radiation at frequency  will

have three types of attenuation and a frequency trans-

formation due to the redshift. The rst type is the

aatbtseonrupatitoionnininthRe2 ptrimopeasg,atthieonsemcoenddiutmypwe hisicthheweensehraglyl

dtyepsceroibfeatbtyentuhaetifounnicstcioonnn
e(cRte)d. wAitnhdthaet rleadstshtihfteotfhfirred-

qTuoednectyermuinpettohiosbtsyeprveaotifoanttferenquuaetniocny th0er=e is=n(zo+ne1e)d.

to use any hypothesis on the redshift nature except the

fact of its existence. Let us consider the star radiation

wrtfstrohpimeiwietqshceutssfaerprandeeslqcucpiutedeeresceutntnomcrsayit(tlhwzybdei0+aleF:lsnn5p1bds(e)ietc0dytsrTeauFe.)nnm(dAssichTntoic)fn(t+etzhtaered0ti+at:fsco5dr1tbeoii)nqoswenucnrrevweinwasaictsticyitehoohmnuinbnppiocneo(hunziaannsnd+atngataaeer1rddly)-l

in the same times by weakening of the quantum ener-

gspyecf=rt(orzumm+h1i)s

etqouhal0t.o i.e.

Thus, the energy the integral of F

of the shifted ( T) in band

F( T) =(z + 1) = F( T) 0;

wwFmht(sizaoeh(om+ln.enlreToAaew1ct)e)tihxldalrtttoihihmpnme0aufceovatrr=srieeetocilacvnyeesnepoqrcewtynouri=iogemal(nnlynzpaabtppr+nauerorrdmoeoi1awndp)istato.wspbwrtTtphaipetinriohlhosoldniwasmtaicehndlrhroeet.ntsoirhuosaIiesclndhtphdicarraiea0oostepsp,medeordoi,aba.roecttortf.taiaincioidcaenlnrai.eeaaalswdTltdlsyiiiohdatiannoaees-

reception band, overlapping all the spectrum of the ob-

served radiation. To illustrate this point let us nd the

tAostaalbeonveer,gwyerescuegigveesdt ftrhoemsotuhrecesoruardcieatwioitnhinreidtsshfirftamze.

of reference have Planck spectrum. In this case each

frequency at the observer of the whole spectrum ex-

tending from  = 0 to  ! 1 will have a shift to zero

frequency decreasing in (z + 1) times. This spectrum

take the form

d

0F

(0)

=

2h
c2

03(z

+

1)3


exp

h0(z +
kT

1)


1

1 d0;

W=cm2sr;

wehBr0oh'0slet(frrzzreome+mfear01ne)0nn==cklteoTow=f=r(1azmx+eaw.1ne)dIhinsuatsvetieghnregaantftrinhaeqngeuaocelohvngaecurynegaieonllfottffhrheeevqaouSrbetianesefbcarilvneess--

P

=

2k4 h3c2(z

T4
+ 1)

Z1 0

x3 ex

1

dx

=

T

4=(z

+

1):

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars195

Thus, as it is expected all the energy received decreases in (z + 1) times.
It should be noted that in the standard cosmology the attenuation of galaxy radiation caused by the redshift due to the Doppler eect is taken to be equal in (z + 1)2 times, i.e. for the Planck radiation spectrum F( T) d the received signal has power
F( T) d=(z + 1)2 = F( T) d0=(z + 1): Tcrheaisseatotfenthueatqiouna,ntausmsuegngeersgteyda,nisd dthueeirbontuhmtboerth(eordienat(ghzny+ios(t1qhw)ueaatryinmwttueohmsreddsaauptettphetrneoouafatrchethiqe)ou,ndeaennicscdryedtaehbsteeaennromdaf)git.naheieIndtqitsnuweae(inzmc+teus:1mt)hrtaesinmtteiiernnsdciloulunemsStiodoinettarhhteseinuod,ncehacftrraotenhmaesaetprheopcefreotcphaotecnihosbniatdonpedlrbaece(dceglvwarosoelsuuihcnmaadvleleeaesptlshep.merofeoanlctlho)w, iwneg
dE = r2 n m 
(R)

wraedioabttioanintetmhepreerqatuuirreed expression for the background

 r2 nm 2hc203

Zzm 0

exp(z[h+01()z3+
(R1))=ddkRzTd] z

1

=

= c2[exp(h2h0=03kTb) 1]: (5)

dinimmTeenhtseeirodsn,ilmweseesnhfsoaiorvmne

of (5)is equal to designating 0 =

cW==0cm, w2Hhezrser.0

Iins

 r2 nm

Zzm 0

exp(zh+c(z1)+3
1()R=k) dTdRz0dz

1

=

=


exp



hc k0Tb




1

1 :

(6)

Denoting the left part as x we have for the background temperature

F [0 (z + 1); T ]
 d0 dR; W=cm2sr; (2) w1a)nh=tekernTen)aFa[p10e](rWztu+=rcem1f)r2;osTmr]H=azll.2thhTeh03ge(azflua+xlli1ei)lsl3ui=nmc2tih[neeaxtspioo(lhnidi0na(nztgh+lee of the radiotelescope antenna is
Z1
E =  r2 nm d0
 F [0(z + 1); T ] 
(R) dR: (3)

Tb(0)

=

k0

hc
ln[(x +

1)=x]

:

(7)

Expression (6) is simplied if, rstly, in the upp1gta)re=okruinin0ngkdtTtethgeermat0pri:oes1trnattelu0irm:rm2eitaoTnfwbdteh,hesche=eacxvo0penkodtTnlhbyee,ntacitoa0ntl:1hdfueitndi0coe:tns2iio.rnheAdce(sxbzpimatacink+s--, sion we obtain from (6)

0
0, tIhfe
n(Rth)eisuspupcehrtlhimatitatosfotmhee Rint=egRraml awxi;ll b
e(Rdemanxi)te=

Tb

=

r2

nm

T

Zzm
(z
0

+

1)2
(z)

dR dz

dz:

(8)

and equal to distance R

iRtsmraaxd.iaAtisoint

iastobfrveiqouuesn, acyt

the


wgiivllencogmaleaxiny

tiefhxepthrreeescsgeioapnltaiox(3ny) rbietadnissdhnifaetcteitsshsaezry.fretIoqnuuetsnhecityshwea0fuy=ntcotio=inn(ztael+grrea1lta)e-,

tzfoi.ornT
b(hzee)tnw,weseeunbosbRttiatuainntidnngadlloRyr,

ultimately, between in (3) for dR = ddRz dz

R and , 
(R)

E = r2 nm d0


AfisutlfuNzllmloeldwl=efdfoo3rfr0o0irn00tea0gnr3datc2iTmn:5g=acimnt6di.st1nh0ee3cKesesscaothrnyed

ornset acotnTdbition3Kis to know R(z) in

tieRqnhsute=aatshbianRelrtis0sehprirvenszdattlhvae0eepxrppiinreoterzexidmrivmbeayn1al ttt0aih.olelnFyooztbrfhosetrehr5Hvizsau(tpSbiueobgnrlepa0slo:lo0s1af2ew9g9oao3nRlr,aeTxt=crihaeoensiRtaslu0ankswidzej

1994). Then, for calculation it is necessary to deter-

mine the attenuation function 
(R). This can be done

Zzm
F [0(z
0

+ 1); T] 
(z)

dR dz

dz;

W=cm2sr:

(4)

In our case it is expedient to characterize the radiataisona Etembypetrhaetuereecotfivtehteemblpaecrkabtoudrey Trabdwiahtiicohniswditehntehde same spectral power. Comparing (4) with the radiation of a black cavity

E = 2h03
 d0=c2[exp(h0=kTb) 1]; W=cm2sr;

on the basis of dierent physical grounds. At rst we suggest the simplest ones, namely, that beginning from srboeygmitoehnedsiscRteann>trcaeRlRmpmairsttshcoeomfrapgdlaeilataetxiloyiensscflrryoeiemnngesdooun(roctrehsaebopusoatrtfbhreodmo)f wave propagation. This takes place when projections of all central parts of galaxies lying in the sight cone ontofumlNenbg=etrhnoRfRg3ma
la=ax3ri.eesTmihneercgtoionntgeala
pnrduopjteactktoiiondngisataarreneaaceo
fRRth2miesi.reqcTeuhnae-l tral parts of diameter 1 kPc is S = 0:25n
R3l2. This

196

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

area covers the part of the cross-section area of cone 
R2. Hence, only a part of radiation will pass through the cross-section 
(R) = 1 0:25Rnl2. The channel will fbt
uh(enzencf)ut=il
olyn(1Rcdl)oopes=eszdn=1zowmthd.eRenHp=ee
Rrnemd=toh0oner,atihat.tetee.nwRuaatav=teRiloemnRng(0=tophrz1stc=hrw0ae:tee2nt5hainnaklgve2)es, place practically for the optical radiation forming the observed background. Let us take for the calculation l = 6 kPc; n = 2, then Rm ' 50000 MPc; zm ' 6 103.
In the given estimation the galaxies and the stars inside the galaxies are regarded immovable relative the given spherical coordinate system with a centre at the observer. In reality there exist proper motions of the galaxies as well as the stars inside them. It is obvious that the account of these motions does not change the result obtained. Indeed, in a suciently large volume, say ' 103MPc, containing several thousand galaxies the directions of motions are distributed isotropically and the velocity values are distributed according to the normal law with the rms velocity  300km=s. So, the radiation of galaxies will have the frequency sthhiifstfancotttmheoroebstehravned rad=iat'ion vte=mc p'er1a0tur3e: fOrowminegactho galaxy well dier from the average one not more than hoTm=oTgeneity10wh3e.n Dadudeinsgmraalldnieastsioonf otfhea elaregcet naunmdbietsr of galaxies, the in
uence of this chaotic velocities on the radiation frequency and temperature will be mutually compensated. The same can be said on the in
uence of the velocity dispersion of the galaxy stars. Thus, the uniform and isotropic microwave background xes in a statistical sense the immovable coordinate system resting on all the galaxies of the visible part of the Universe.
2. JmtheiencerMroawelateavxgepablraaexscyskigornoufonrdsrtaadriation of
In this section we give quite a general expression for the star background suitable for dierent models of the Universe. We suggest space lling with the galaxies be uniform and isotropic and their mean luminosity and dlterimimbueintsisotionongosifvbetehaeincvsatalarcriuaslnaottfiiondnittieamrkeeinnatgnsdipnetscoptaracacelc.ocuTlanhstseeasp,crooi.bne--. with dierent photosphere temperatures and sizes. As it is known, more than 80 per cent of stars in galaxideestearrme itnheoscehoief
tyhethmeaoinbsseerqvuedencsteaarnbdahckegnrcoeutnhde.y wFoilrl ttthhrairsloucslgtaahsrsst,htrehadesituraesrqaulunirmdedipnhpoosatirtoaysmpMheeter,erdsteertmerapmnedirnaitTnugraeir.tesLgsepitveeucnsuse the known formula for the relative stellar radius

r=r

lg

r=r

=

5000
T

0:2M

0:02;

(9)

waunshudearlMelyTgisivisietnsthpienhoptthaobogtlreoassppahhniecdrivcfaoltrueemt.hpeTehrsateaturresrleaotofifotnhtheMemTstaaiinrs sequence it is approximated with a sucient accuracy by the function

T

=

26 103 0:37 M +

2:4:

(10)

Substituting (10) into (9) we have

r2 r2

= 10

0:233M+1:05:

(11)

The luminosity distribution of the main sequence s1tfesrtaps9oabe7mrBcl4set)rA.fMa'olFr(TmcM=hlGae)isnKsle4hutsMamhtaseoi:rnibenMoeTetseeqihntr=uyevaaklf2ilnun0rtonMeewsctrphtvnieaoactnl(12tssiievnno'eevfe,(loayMMlfrvot)etorhsv(ieess-axp4ilganu,e-imcte1vets)eprg,naoel(elrf0icnvt,L+lhaaatel3snhuss)geee-, (iz+a4ti,o+n6)P , (+'(7M,+)9)=, (1+.10A,+s1a9)r.esWulet,htahvee fuusleldrandoiramtiaolnwill be

 r2 nm X 19 10 0;233M+1;05 '(M)
4

Zzm 0

expf(hzc+(z1+)3
1()z=)d0dRkz Tdgz

1=

=


exp

hc k0Tb


1

1 :

(12)

HmdoneeinnrtceehedeTRbacy(izcse)adp.cetcEeedpxntpenedrdaetsbustyihroeen(o1or(0fe1)tt2.ih)ceaFdlruoeonedsrcstnheioxoifntpt.edrdeIitRpmse=enndndazttaeuilxrspeddlemiepctiaetennlry--ietcfhxHeepstescr1lizoom=sn(eelzdnyt+atmhl1orm)oduoaegldnhedolfscoootfhnotechnre.esttUeannfdiuvanercrdtsieocnoRss(mzRo)(l=ozg)Ry. 0RFpo(zrz,)tfho=er

3. SrUatndairivaemtriosicenroinwaavestbataicckmgrooduenldof the

WienstgeimcwoaintthseiddtehbreytghcaeolnasttxeaimetiscpiomsruoanrdyieflooorbfmstehravenaUdtiniosinvoset.rrosWep.iecSapinlasocsecsaullgels-gsgceaaslatlexstyhteospmbaeecaei.nnvdIaitrmiaiesnntesisiosnenntsitmaianeldatlhnuadmt iintnhotisshitemywoinhdoetllheefoMsllaeomtwae-s

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars197

from observed mean (statistical) dependences of apparent luminosity m(z) and angular dimensions (z) of the galaxies and quasars which make possible to detRerm=in6e00tphez MreaplclyinextishteinrgeddsehpieftndinentecrevaRl (0z)eqzual to5 (RTr=oiRts0kpijz1,9w9h5e).re RTa0k=ing60i0nMtopcacwcoeuhnatvein (12), that

A X 19 10 0:233M+1:05 '(M)
4

Zzm z 1=2(z + 1)3
(z)dz 0 expfhc(z + 1)=0kTg

1=

=


exp

hc k0Tb


1

1 :

(13)

HerPeaTraims getiverenAbym(a1y0),haAve=o12nlyr2andmmisRsi0b.le limits of

paosstsaibrlenuvmalbueers isninacecuabisctrMictpcm, eiasnunvkalnuoewonf. nAmcc,ori.de-.

ing to the data on the population of the Local Group

containing three large galaxies with the star number

mbnAemr=lioe1sn01ei1-n0o11nt1he.1eaT0ni1hn2detneaarnavhdtaalaRlfb10oo0ru=dt1e62trw0s0olMeAtsespnocsnwa1ed0itmcha1in0stsh,tiebawklsheteiavcr1ah0lnu1mue0maoy-f

be used in the background calculation. Then taking the

mhaevaTenh
se(izzce)al=ocfu1tlahteiopcneznr=terzsamullt,pswaorhtfetrohefegzbamalacxkige5rs0o0ul0n'd

6 Kpc we 7000. tempera-

ture are given in Tables 1 and 2 in the waveband from

1cHliummulabitttbseoldeopflfaionrirttessathreoexflpalawaewrmiRmiRcer=no=tnRa.RlHT0gpzrhoezue,xntrtdrshiatnepgtsoaelwbcaloitetnehdhdianbosentbyheoeeefnonidrncttteahhrlee--

val 0  z  0:02. The comparison of two tables shows

there is not any signicant dierence in the background

temperature dependence on wavelength. It can be seen

from the tables that at waves  > 1mm the background

ilmset<addbeet1yemaromsmnwliynebeltyldhtotbhhsyeeotscoheafeloccsflutalcasalrsatsisBoosnef.ssoTpfBeotchActehraeablcnakcdclkatihgsnsreeostseuhneArdeuFslauttGlrttasev,nwiuaoet--

ation in (z + 1)2 times due to the redshift. In this case

the dependencies remain practically unchanged, but the

ovesantleiu.meaotfeAbiosthanfoorrdtewrohliagwhesrRth=anRt0hpatzaasnadn tuhpepeHrulbimbliet

A most interesting and unexpected result of the the-

ory is the growth of the background temperature in the

submillimetre waveband. Any reasonable attempts to

eliminate this growth were failed. Finally, it has been

understood that the growth aries due to a sharp dier-

ence of the star background from the blackbody one

at submillimetre and shorter wavelengths. This has

Figure 1: A comparison of the star background spectrum

for the universe static model (solid 105) with the blackbody spectrum line)

line at at Tb

=zm2:=735K

103 7 (dotted

been shown in Fig. 1 where the star background spectrum is given in comparison with the blackbody one aTt=T2:=7K2:7coKin.ciTdeheinortehteicaRlaaynledigbhl-aJcekabno'sdryegsipoenctorfathaet Planck's spectrum and sharply dier in the Wiens's reg
iaotnaantdit<s s1pmecmtra.lHdeernesitthyeesxtcaeresdpsetchtreusmpeicstrparlacdteincasiltlyy othf atthecaPulsaensckt'hsespgercotwruthmobfythmeaneqyuoivrdaelernstatbaTck=gr2o:u7nKd temperature. The reason of the spectra dierence is the fact that the star background is added up basically from the Rayleigh-Jeans's parts of the star radiation ssptaercttreamwpheriachtuerex.teRndeatlloy,otphteicianltefrgerqaul einnc(ie1s3)adtecarehaisgehs exponentially with the frequency and, hence, beginning with some value of z it does not give any essentional contribution in integral (13). One may conclude that tsoahiforinesTstuhaalcktn(,ezdse+apc1l0ha)=casekpnwe0cahTtcretanu=lahcl1lcua(dspzespt+oeerrf1ms)lti=imankreisst0faoTotfrtaidhnnitedegegtrirhveaneetntieoxvonapb.lrsueeAesrss-vational waves has its actual upper limit of integration ostvaerrPzlarneclka'tsedspeacstritumis ionbivtisoWusiewnist'hs rtehgeiocnu.toThuosf, tthhee background radiation is basically made at the star radiation in the Rayleigh-Jeans's region. Table III gives btehraecRkvgarl=ouuensRdo0fprazzdeefifa,tcrioehnsapraoatnctsaeibrgilzieveescnhtihwee
ayvsiezlfeeonrogftthghae. laIotcbtisiscerslveaeeyndfrom the table, that at centimeter and longer waves bato>un(d0e:d50b:1y1cgm)acmlabxtyhyetshcberaeeccknugitnorgouanotdf ztsmhpeecstt(ra5urmra7idn)itae1tn0iso3intyainnidstensity in the Wiens's spectrum region. As a result,

198

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

tmhienbedacbkygrroauthnedrraadthiaintiloanyeinr othf egaWlaixeiness'rsardeigaitoinonissdinettehre-

Rayleigh-Jeans's region of the spectrum. The reduction

in number of galaxies responsible for the background at

senti1aml imncriesaasne oimf psmoratlal-nstcafalectboarcwkghriochunldea
duscttouaatnioenss-

for shorter waves, that is conrmed by observations.

When calculating the star background we studied

how the background temperature is in
uenced by an

ilnencrgetahsseloonfgtehretshtaanr 1pchmot.oTspoheesrteimteamteptehraistuinre
uaetnwceavwee-

have the only example, the Sun. Its brightness temper-

atiwanhtsau,emvrterehesetefleaocrtr0sai.olcnA0u2ltTa0stcu1i=mocmnhTnptm0oer+moamycp5eobderreue1ara0tteuph5irpasenr,ocowox0fni:hsm0cte1earaKrertnsee.lTdyAb,=etixitnlpasc0rhsre=teos(,asuzsaeled+sdsfbb1aaye)tr

remembered that the background temperature is de-

tawdbebeaartcosmekvrtgiemanrkmoeienduenenndbdatyisftoretnaomwnemdopienacvriaaatrliltecauuqulerulsvaeiatrsAielhoumoneauesannlodntdfdbttzhehamae2st..tl7rai3mitOcKtint.v0Tvtaih=hlsueiisbe3ibvcloaiamftlsyuiAsetzhoomiesff

A is given in tables. It is clear, only those calculations

were used above.

where

A

did

not

exceed

the

limits

mentioned

4. Aswtiatcrhobmtahpceakrgmirseooaunsnuodrferpmardeeidnatitcsitoinontsheoofrtyhe

UbbaepecnktgocroanurornwieddetxhutepeonrtsyoivmefaabryaIacRkpgprceolaoursnetdotombeeoapasctuitcrusea.ml euTnpthsteohsaotvaperttp
ihuocesacetlsduuwabeatxmivopeinlslals,iimsnoosfettnthraheeteuwcrobaamvallecypkbagatrhrnioesduo.onnbdBisseeisrnnivdoteetednst,ssoimttybhaeelalbt-sshocewuaonelreldylspwapasritcohaemmtairoyiecnsrctoooewrfnisaaoivudmeserbeseaaodnckfigangarrdolapuexthnyaedinlinoibnmcetleuleonndwsoiin.ntgy ooafunrtdsh.tehTeehqoeupsaetliicqtayuleorsfatidotihnaes-

4.1. The star background spectrum and observations
Its obvious, that the comparison of the theory with observations is of interest rst of all in the submillimetre waveband. The background measurements in this wavelength region have already been in progress for a qurmarttehre obflaackcbenotduyryc.haTrahcetyerhoafvreabdeiaetniosntaarttetdhistowcaovnesfollowed from the Big Bang theory. rst investigations aptenwdaevnetlelnagbtohrsator0ie<s o1fmtmhe cUaSrrAiedonoutthebyhitghhr-eaeltiitnuddeeballoons and satellite gave contradictory results: some

Figure 2: Theoretical dependence of the star background

temperature on the wavelength for the static model of the

usunrievmeresnetadtaztam

= (5 7) (crosses)

103

as compared with the mea-

gcNrooetatevs,aeltguhoeets TmTbbe==asu(23r:7e:6mKe,5nt:th5se)Kgoitvh(isneerges raaefvtheiiergwhcoeorrfreBteclmtiitoepnrer1ta9ot7ud4re)e-.

tchoenntra2d:7icKt twheersetaannddaradrecobseminogloqguyestthioenoreyd. siHncoewetvheery,

the data mentioned have last their meaning because of

uncertainty in the value of the observation wavelength

due to a wide band comparable with the mean frequen-

cy of reception.

worAktopf rMeseantstumthoetroe h(1a9v8e8b) eaetn wrealviaelbelnegrtehssul1t.s16in, 0t.h7e,

0.48, 0.137 and 0.1 mm the accuracy of which is not

worse than (3-5)%. According to the IRAS (infrared

astronomical satellite) program the background mea-

smumre,mtehnetys hhaavvee bbeeeenn cparrreiseedntoedut inat M0.a1tsmommotaon'sd p0a.6-

per after correction. Most of these results are giv-

en in 
ux units W=cm2:sr:Hz with exception of da-

ta at 1.16, 0.7 and 0.48 mm for which there have

been the background brightness temperatures as well.

Tthhee wvaavlueess hoafvtehebebeanckcgarlocuulnadtetdemacpceorradtuinrgestfoorrerleasttioonf

Bm(ea)su=re2dhra03d=ica2t(ieoxnp 
hux=kiTnb culation of the temperature

fWo1r=)ct,hmwr2ehseerraHebzoB.v(eAm) e|tensttiisocntahelde-

wcaalvcueslahtiaovne bpyrotvheids rtehlaetcioonrrfeocrtnoetshserof
tuhxeest.emperature

Recently the measurements of the cosmic microwave

background were carried out by satellite COBE (Cos-

mic Background Explorer) with a help of receiver FI-

RAS (Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrometer) in the wave-

length band 0.5-5 mm (Mather, et al 1994). The back-

ground temperature in this continuous band have been

found to be equal to Tb = 2:726 0:01K. The satellite

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars199

C(DOiBuEzwInafsraalsRoeudseBdacakcgcororduinndgEtoxpthereimPreongtr)atmo DgeItRuBpE-

per limits of background values in the direction of the

south ecliptic pole at wavelengths 240, 143, 100 and 60

vhaamlvuee(uKosfoetdwhaaedsbawa,ecelkltgtrahole.urn1edv9i9ue4pw)p.oefrTtlhhimeerbietaahctkavgero=auln1sod54mbemeeans.utWrheee-

ments at radio wavelengths (Kogut, et al. 1988). Fi-

nally,to make the picture of the background spectrum

feutllalw. e1v9e9n5t;uLreadngto1u97se4)daantad aint 0th:3e ul0t:r8avmiole(tLaeitne9r1t2,

ahnavgestbroemen t(aVbikuhlaltinedinin19T9a5b)l.e IAVllinthuinsitms oefnttihoensepdecdtartaal


ux density and brightness temperature. Fig. 2 gives

a comparison of these data with the theoretical expres-

sion of the background spectrum and Fig. 3 compares

them with the background brightness temperature de-

pendence on the wavelength. As it is seen from gures,

the theoretical dependencies are quite well conrmed

by the experimental data not only at IR but also in

optics and the ultraviolet. This is an absolutely sud-

dtheen sruebsmultil.lSimometeredwivaevregbeanucendf.orWTebt(hi)nkcatnhisbemaseyenbeina

consequence of a systematic error of the measurements

which authors had been experiencing a quite natural

subconscious pressure of theoretical prejudices. How-

ever, we should note that this divergence is eliminated

either by an account of nonblackbodiness of the star

radiation in the Wien's region or by an account of in-

tergalactic absorption of optical waves or at last by a

small reduction in estimates of a relative number of

brightest stars in class B. The value 0:15% given in

literature and used by ours may be overestimated due

to the observational selection. Finally, it must always

be kept in mind that the background measurements at

wavelengths shorter than 0.5mm are aggravated by a

possible impact of the interplanetary and interstar dust

radiation. Some hypotheses given in the literature re-

pdeotretrmthiantedthteo oabgserrevaetdexbtaecnktgbroyutnhde adtust at 0T:1'mm20Kis

and so on. The uncertainty of corrections of this radi-

ation explains naturally a large spread of the data on


uxes of the cosmic origin. However, despite this fact,

one can denitely conclude that the experimental data

in a wide wave interval do not conrm the hypothesis of

the background relic origin and are in a good agreement

with the background star theory.

Recently the background measurements have been

made by the population of levels of the hyperne struc-

ture at mm waves in carbon clouds with the redshifts

zca=se1t:7h7e6arsntd lzev=el 2o:9f tbheeincgarnbeoanr qhuyapsearrs.neInsttrhuecturrset

hhaass bbeenenoubsteadineadnd(Stohnegateilma,peetraatlu.re19T9b4()1.:7T) h=is 1r3e:s5uKlt

ts formally 2:73(z + 1).

HthoewBevigerB, taongextphleaoinrythwehsiechexgpievreismTebn(tzs)w=e

cannot exclude possible energy pumping from a neigh-

Figure 3: Theoretical spectrum of the star background at
z(cmro=sse(5s) 7) 103 as compared with the measurement data
boring quasar (in the rst case quasar Q1331+1700), so these data were not included in Table IV.
In conclusion one cannot but note an extraodinary stability of the calculated background spectra to the aafolntrdethrai.ttsioIdtnesepvoeefnndthetneucnceeadlocnuoluatthtieothnwaaptvaterhlaeemngsepttheercstzrmuA(m;')(wMaans)d;nzosmot practically changed if we had used a simplied expression (6) for stars of classes FG.
4.2. A mysterious equality of the background energy density and the optical radiation energy of our Galaxy stars has a simple explanation
ArffcirnoeaaosrrgddnemiitnoaitrtetoittdbeidoiluiseitfntsrssetocosasdomefnpeitstcnhethteseahsernfeerigRcnworeama,ilataadhilxi.oa(esyno2u.tgin-eo4mlnty)ch(iiRteoeattnfht)eltiedgaln=yaearflaratonexdf0aoqii(rsetuazrihstegoein+hwdorctniys.1fprb)Eercoa.qeoasncurecdNerdehienovsgdacepaiodteolt0sandhbxdieoifyyr-s-f its spectrum is received by the radiotelescope tuned at ftrioeqnusepneccytru0m. eIfacthhegaglaalxaxyiecsonhtarvibeutthioenPilsandcekt'esrmraidnieadby the Planck's function at frequency (R) and is equal tsnoiugmnFab[lear(tRof)fr;egTqaudlaenx0ic]ey.sIfto0risiesaaalcsdhodsienedetenurpvfrafolr.momT(h2ei)qs-u(t4aa)lkteehsaeptcltatihvceee ovaptsauabtrnoclvthpciRhoeoaeurbgstwuoliryobtaonsywobeanetralhclvsyatseoturoaosnsdenhe
dntachRvRrdeeeR.2ano
sI,unnedmsliyR.debio.oneiannrndeRgodogfs2eoatgshltawaienlmxeiaoryxtecrisaieandnsdaeeincipnaahdetcon,eihooadhnscieenhonetndniecnRreedtv,reagiirsilyns--.

200

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

It results that each galaxy in the line of sight would be a lantern of a monochromatic optical radiation of different colors of the Planck's spectrum. However, from the observer's point of view (he is tuned on frequency ntwh0eieal)lrtgbhtaeehlyaeexaqoierubesaseloinrnvteoet-hrc.teohlAoerarsdsruaiaamdtriieaosotnufolrrtase,lclatethrivaefredecdiqoauntaitetornnifcbrsyeuqatuito0ennaplcollyaffcraeedl0-l quencies of the Planck's spectrum from one galaxy. It follows immediately according to (2-6) that the background energy 
ux is simply equal to the integral over frequency energy 
ux of the optical radiation of one mean galaxy.
The equality of the blackground energy density and the radiation density of the stars of our Galaxy was discovered more than 15 years ago and was a serious theoretical problem not being solved in the model of the background relic origin. Contrary to this, this fact follows naturally from the theory of the background sarsa4dtetlt=neaalsincioprrtmEsnyoaiobxtennraw
ypadidcugnreiokenxiifnogsnpgsbrtstaiiohpetnocruageeaanirnacmlnbactd(bruta5etaiotcle)hnaleknueggtrgednisifrroovedoogUnvnelnuylsessnoe.nriswtitfdsvhyofire.ernseertngqsMvtaeeuhaet.ruexeliguonlpBytnevcrieoaypeollrslofuyyswitmi0ohnanwenegfrdefdooiotbmeugrnsbintvesyzihriefetveorydterovhdmoo0etflrouocaatvomdinhnerideer---



r2n

m

Z1 0

8hc303

d0

Zzm 0

(z + 1)3 
(z) dR exp h0(z + 1)=kT

1=

=

Z1 0

8c033h

exp

d0 h0=kTb

1

=

4
c

Tb4:

(14)

AdraetdniTsaibttyi=on2bv:7o=Klumt0h:e2ed4reeingvsh=itctympao3rf.ttghNievoeswtsatrlhseetorfuaosduicaratGlicoaunllaavxtoeylu. tmAhese itathmies emoabenvaidnoiusatsmawretedeesrnhosofiuttylhdentmaGkaeelqahxueyrae.lwtoithmi=n0(:514l3) ,zw=he0reanl ids



=

2r2 m
l2

Z1
0

c3(ex8phh003=kdT0

1) =

=



2r2 m
l2

 T 4  Tb4

4
c

Tb4

ethqeu'Favloair4tclyuteTo=ifb4nt6h=s0qe0uv0aboKrle=u,mb0lre:a=2cd4ke1een5tvss=kitmiPisec3sc,looTmfshetuh=tseo1tmuh0nei1ci0tra,opawTnpbadrvo=,exhib2eman:7cacKktee-, ground energy and the optical radiation of our Galaxy is explained by the identity of the nature of the background and the star optical radiation and as well by the

Figure 4: The measurement results of the small-scale
sapsaacefu
nuccttiounatioofntsheofrathdeiotbealecskcgorpoeunadntteenmnapepraattuterren wTid=tTh in minutes of arc: 
 |the measurement of Parijskij; 2 | tchuervme easurements of Berlin. Solid line | the theoretical

fNtwahaacesttuptsrhpoaaeilnctlyitoa,ulotlhrfyiGsvniaocelotwaeixndyociifindstetchnhlecoeesbercaeotvcoukiletgdwhreonouomfnteBdbauenrreebslxtiicpadtlgaoiesirtni(ige1cida9nl8,fto9rhon).amet.

4.3. Background small-scale anisotropy
The spatial variations of the background radiation int(we6an)ysaiatsycdcaeoprredenidndegetnetrtomo(in7n)eddirebcytiaonchanogfethoef axn(te)nnoaf.inItnegthraisl

Tb()

=

hc=k0

ln


1

+

1
x



:

U2nsdura=allryd+exriv1na=>tinv>e+1ofamnlod=gmx,Tihbne=rT(e6b)(ar)n;=d

obxt=axin.
n; m

Tahxree=nxdwi=se-

persions of corresponding values. The value r is a mean

dofimsteanrssioinn,gsaolaxires',

0. as

itTihsekndoiswpner,siisonpomf

the .

number

accoTuontdethteermtoitnael ntuhme bdiesrpoefrsgiaolnaxoifesninitthies annetceenssnaarypatto-

tern up to the Rtemnnadepeelnddionfg

oenectiavcecodridstianngcteooTf avbisleibIiIliIt.yInRteh(e)ansight equal to 
 sterad there will be

Npa1van=Nrp di=an0=b:ln3=ep3s0Nn:n3n=R300:Ra(3:n33()3d3RR)
3m(3e.
()3)D
g
Tau.lef=arTTxothimoee=sniwnwphdieet(nrphee=nnddi=snenpn=N)ecn2re=s+=0ioo:(3nf3rRNma3en=N=(Ndmo)m)==
2

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars201

Ftioignuorfeo5b:serEvaxtpioernimofenwtaavledleenpgetnhdence of T=T as a func-

Figure 6:
[p(areTd=Tw)it2h

thme

Spatial dependence of the 1]
 on the wavelength (solid experimental data of TableIV

(lvipanoleui)netass)Xcom=-

and we have nally

T T

=

p1m p1

+

m=0:33 n R()3 
:

(15)

The measurement results of background tempera-

ture 
uctuations have been given in the review of Par-

ijskij (1990). These results are shown in Fig. 4 in the

ftmoerremvaasluorf0etmh<eend
teopfend2Te,n=ccToenowtfaeirlngeincgaTr7r=i3Teddoaontuatlgpi
noitnihntse.thweaTvihnee--

loefntghteh

ainntteernvnaal

10 1  pattern

00:020

50


cpm


at


3a0d0i00e: rent

width

All measurement results are within interval 10 5 

bgoifevThme=anTevaiinosurFri1nieg0mt.he43en.dtdIueotepfietsdnoindaoeenstrtecprneootnosfgsaiubstplhTeroe=traTosdraooennvfded
aamltoaaevnaecsyroumarrleeplgmdouaseleantdart

procedures. However, we hope that the data of the

same authors for dierent 
 are most free of relative

errors. These data are those of Parijskij and Berlin.

According to the data of these authors in Fig. 4 we

hthaevreechleaasrbdeeepneantdehnectiehseoorfeticTal=dTepoennd
e.ncHe ecraelcauslawteeldl

ffpooerrrimn0e=>nt2a1,lmdmmat=awho1fi0cP1h0aarasijnissdkisjeReaenn(dw)eBl=leral4gin0re. e1Ts0hw3uMitsh,ptcthheveaoelbxid--

served small-scale background anisotropy is explained

by discreteness of the background radiation sources, the

galaxy stars. Besides, the calculation presented pre-

dicts according to (15) and Table III the dependence of

thTe =sTizeoonf tthhee ogbaslearxvyateioenctwivaevelatyherroutagkhintghepachrtaningethoef

background formation. To reveal this dependence one

should exclude the in
uence of 
. For this purpose we

have sampled the measurement from the data of Fig.

4 in a suciently narrow band 0:8  lg
  1:2 and

then have plotted the dependence T=T on . Fig.

5 presents this dependence which conrms the predictfdrieoopnme.nadTlelhntecheedeedsxaicrtleaud.diOdnengpeetnhcadeneinnoc
beuteawniancseedaoesfitl
eyr,mfrnioanmmede(l1ay5s)wtehlel

X

"
=

T 2 T

1
m

#




=

0:33

m
n R3()

:

Hdaetrae froTm=TFiagn. d4.
Faigr.e 6thgeivceosrrtehsepoexnpdeinrigmeexnptearlimdeepnetna-l donene.ceTohf eXfaocnt of itnhceoirmppraorpiseorncwoiinthcidthenecteh itsheaorsetrtoicnagl aforrgmumateinont.in favor of the theory of the star background

5. Sstthtaaenradmlatreidcrrnocaowtsiavmveeotlbhoagecoykrmgiersooduenldanindtihne

For general formula (12) will do to calculate the background in this case. A specic point for the standard cosmology models is a restriction of the integration limittimine o(1f2th)eugpaltaoxizems. <In1th0eopwroincgestsoofaclailmcuitlaedtioenxifsotrenthcee cfwdholRaohrsse=terthddehzeemcd=HfioosRt0dllaeoH1nlw=c=wie(ne-zRrghe+Hfdaosv1rhie)msi2ftttoharenteadlUaktetnihiotvehneegrRsetenh(zeerr)oaard=leituecixscH.par0lIene1sxzstpi=hor(inezss+sc(i1a1o2s)ne),

AH X 19 10 0:233M+1:05 '(M)
4

Z10 (z + 1)
(z)dz 0 expfhc(z + 1)=0kTg

1=

202

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

=


exp

hc kTb0


1

1 ;

(16)

where AH
km=s Mpc

a=nd
r(2zn)

m=

c1H. 0

1

.

Let us take H0 = 75

Table V gives the calculation result at the mini-

mfroummwvhaeluree iotfisAseefnorthtwatothvealsuteasr obfaczkmgro=un5d taenmdpe1r0-

ature exceeds its noticeable

2p:a7rKt

at submillimetre waves and at millimetre waves. From

makes that it

follows an unambiguous conclusion that the observed

microwave background is to be consisted of the sum of

star and relic contributions. In other words the relic

background has no place at millimetre and especially

submillimetre waves. Hence, we have a denite incon-

sistency of the Big Bang theory to explain the observed

microwave background radiation.

From the given calculation it is clear that none of

the models with a hot origin can explain the microwave

bcaascekgtrhoeunedxisbtyentcheeroegpitoicnalofratdhieatgioanlaxoifesstfaorrsm. Iins gthetis-

ting too small limited by the interval z  10. Here

we include the in
ation model and the models based

on conformal metrics (Hoyle and Narlikar 1972, Troit-

si.kei.j n19o8n7ex, pPaentditin1g9,8n8o).nliTmhietemd oindeslpsaocfe aansdteatidmy-estUantei-,

verse are in a particular position. We have here the

model which explains the redshift by \quantum aging."

In this case, as it is known, the quantum energy is

supposed to have an exponential attenuation with dis-

tbaancckeg,rothuantd gisivaelssoRex=plaRin0eldn(bzy+th1e).opHtiecrael roabdsieartviaotnioonf

stars. In conclusion we have to note, that microwave

background distortions associated with the interaction

of relativistic electrons with photons etc. considered in

dinettahiel bmyoSdeell'doofvtihcehbaancdkgSruonuynadevsta(1r9o9r2ig)ianr.e also valid

6. Conclusion

AtUThhlneleiovortebyhrsseeoeorfrvaetarthetieiccoaouslntnabatralimociknmegadrlrioybcuaynntaiodolnlnslkspimneoocifwttretnuhdmeeixnMposebBprtiRaamcienesetnaadtnradilsodrtcaiiogmtniane-. mdfaorerepmmmtereoraidfcntesitbcototyrnaIbeRtrxleeaspsacueankrlbdtipmi,olnadpgeuyrnostiibnrabaalldaebdilamayctt,oeaienocvinhcnelaunanasnitiswoodmniodcpoatetfhnibatncahtaoneltMdwbbaBafercvRokecmgso.irusodTpuenlhnceoiiddsttoteohrfgettyrhMudesBetmnRsiasitteyttneheorerfgaesytxtapadrlesaennaisnrailttioyieournarenGpodfoactlaahhx.emyAo,ypasnttseiacwrdiaeoldlulirstaaidsoeqnitauahtlaeiolficnataycuetnosoer-f ouofbebsaearncvdkagtdrieoopnuenwnddasevmneclaeelnlg-ostnchatlahereaenacinostonetnrrnompayepdwabthtyiecrhtnhpewremiddeitcahtsuavraneld--

mohfyepBnotitgsh. BesAaisnl.lgthainsdisinafasevroirouosf ethviedestnecaedyag-satiantset Uthneiviedresae

References

[1] YgRyuu,."sVsGi.arnBa)va.irtyasthioenv.a\nPdrCogorsemssoloogfyS, c4ie(n1c9e92a),nd(MToescchowno,loin-

[2] A.D. Bliter. IAU Symposium N63: \Conformation of C(UoSsmA)o.logical Theories with Observational Data," 1974

[3] G.R. Burbidge. Int. J. Theor. Phys., 28, 983 (1989).

[4] A80.9G.(1D96o4r)o.shkevich, I.D. Novikov. DAN USSR, 154,

[5] F. Hoyle and J.V. Narlicar. NNRAS, 155, 305 (1972).

[6] ML-.89Ka(1w9a9d4a),. J.J. Bock, V.V. Hristov et al. Ap. J. 425,

[7] A1 .(1K9o8g8u).t, M. Beksanelli, G. DeAmici et al. Ap.J. 325,

[8] K.R. Lang. Astophysical Formulae, New York (1974).

[9] C.H. Leinert, P. Vassanen, K. Lehtenen. Astron. Astroph. Sup. Ser.,112, 99 (1995).

[10] J.C. Mather, E.S. Cheng, D.A. Cottengham. Ap. J., 420, 439 (1994).

[11] T. Matsumoto, H. Hayakawa, H. Matsyo et al. Ap. J. 329, 567 (1988).

[12] G.C. McVittie. Phys. Rev. 128, 2871 (1962).

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[14] Yu.N. Parijskij and R.A. Sunyaev. IAU Symposium NO6b3se:rv\aCtioonnfarlonDtaattaio,"n 1o9f74C(oUsmSAol)o.gical Theories with

[15] J.P. Petit. Modern Physics Letters A. 3, 1527 (1988).

[16] E. Segal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4798 (1993).

[17] A. Songaila, L. Cowre, C. Hogan, M. Bugers. Nature, 368, 599 (1994).

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[19] V.S. Troitsky. Ap. Space Sci., 139, 389 (1987).

[20] V.S. Troitsky. Ap. Space Sci., 201, 203 (1993).

[21]

V.S. Troitskij. (1993).

Izvestiya

Vuzov,

Radiozika,

36,

857

[22] V.S. Troitskij. NIRFI Preprint, N400 (1994).

[23] V.S. Troitskij. UFN, 65, 703 (1995).

[24] A. Vikhlinin. Pis'ma v A. Zh., 21, 413 (1995).

[25] Yphay.Bsi.csZ,e"l'Mdoovsiccohwa,n1d9I6.7D(.iNnoRvuiksosvia.n\)R. elativistic Astro-

[26] Ya.B. Zel'dovich and R.A. Sunyaev. \Astrophysics and C19o8s2m. ic Physics," ed Sunyaev R.A., Nauka, Moscow,

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars203

Table I

TAheansdtazr

background radiation in

m

.

Columns 2-6 are radiation. The

the rst

rtehlaetsivteatciconmtroidbeultioofntshoef line of the columns 2-6

utnhievesrtsaersatofRs=peRct0razl1c=2lasfsoersdBiAereFntGcoKmbMinianttioontsheofbpaackragmroeutnedrs is a relative number of the stars of the given class.

A = 0.11488E - 10 MAX Z= 7000.0

(mm) 0.0001 0.001 00..011000 1.000 10.000 30.000 100.000 240000..000000 800.000 700.000 1000.000

B0./0S13%

A1./40S%

F7.G47/%S

K9./2S9%

M81/.8S2%

T back

0.986 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 3668.36

0.219 0.560 0.195 0.023 0.003 520.08

0.238 0.543 0.189 0.025 0.005 71.95

0.231 0.547 0.191 0.025 0.005 11.88

0.165 0.568 0.228 0.032 0.006 3.09

0.061 0.480 0.358 0.075 0.025 2.56

0.053 0.454 0.373 0.086 0.034 2.73

0.050 0.445 0.378 0.090 0.037 2.81

0.050 0.443 0.379 0.090 0.038 2.83

0.050 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.84

0.049 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.85

0.049 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.85

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.85

A = 0.25633E -10 MAX Z = 5000.0

(mm) 0.0001 0.001 0.010 01..100000 10.000 30.000 120000..000000 400.000 800.000 710000.00.00000

B/S
0.013%

A/S
1.40%

FG/S
7.47%

K/S
9.29%

M/S
81.82%

T back

0.986 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 3740.04

0.220 0.560 0.193 0.023 0.003 535.29

0.237 0.543 0.190 0.025 0.005 74.92

0.228 0.549 0.193 0.026 0.005 12.68

0.141 0.570 0.245 0.036 0.007 3.53

0.057 0.469 0.365 0.080 0.028 2.72

0.052 0.450 0.375 0.087 0.035 2.73

0.050 0.444 0.378 0.090 0.038 2.74

0.050 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.038 2.74

0.049 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.74

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.75

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.75

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.75

A=0.88421E - 10 MAX Z = 3000.0

(mm) 0.0001 0.001 0.010 0.100 11.00.00000 30.000 100.000 240000..000000 800.000 700.000 1000.000

B/S
0.013%

A/S
1.40%

FG/S
7.47%

K/S
9.29%

M/S
81.82%

T back

0.986 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 3857.52

0.222 0.561 0.191 0.023 0.003 560.66

0.235 0.544 0.191 0.025 0.005 80.00

0.220 0.551 0.197 0.026 0.005 14.13

0.108 0.558 0.281 0.044 0.010 4.31

0.054 0.458 0.371 0.084 0.032 2.89

0.051 0.447 0.377 0.089 0.037 2.73

0.050 0.443 0.379 0.090 0.038 2.67

0.050 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.66

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.65

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.65

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 2.65

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 2.65

204
(mm) 00..0000011 0.010 0.100 1.000 1300..000000 100.000 200.000 480000..000000 700.000 100.000 (mm) 0.0001 000...001010100 1131.0000..0000.00000000 248700000000....000000000000 1000.000

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

The same as in Table I, but for the Hubble law R=RH * z. A = 0.11362E - 11 MAX Z=3000.0

B/S

A/S

FG/S

K/S

M/S

0.013% 1.40% 7.47% 9.29% 81.82%

0.994 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.350 0.517 0.121 0.011 0.001

0.313 0.520 0.147 0.017 0.003

0.285 0.535 0.159 0.019 0.003

0.119 0.573 0.263 0.038 0.007

0.055 0.460 0.370 0.084 0.032

0.051 0.447 0.377 0.089 0.037

0.050 0.443 0.379 0.090 0.038

0.050 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039

A = 0.25601E - 11 MAX 2=5000.0

B0./0S13% A1./40S% F7.G47/%S K9./2S9% M81/.8S2%

0.994 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.351 0.516 0.120 0.011 0.001

0.315 0.519 0.146 0.017 0.003

0.296 0.529 0.154 0.018 0.003

0.166 0.582 0.218 0.029 0.005

0.058 0.472 0.364 0.079 0.028

0.052 0.451 0.375 0.087 0.035

0.050 0.444 0.378 0.090 0.038 0.050 0.443 0.379 0.090 0.038

0.050 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039

00..004499

00..444411 00..337799 00..009911 00..003399

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039

T back
3438881.6.334 71.29 12.82 4.09 22..8763 2.68 2.67 22..6666 2.66 2.66
T back
3264.10 4616615..44.1504 3222....26778836 2222....77776777 2.77

Table II

Table III

The dependence of the eective distance of dierent spectral class on the observation wavelength.

cm0 10

TZ17e5=12053 103

1

17.5 103

0.1

1750

0.01

175

0.001

17.5

0.0001

1.75

TZ70e=10130 103 7.103 700 70 7 0.7

TZ42e=1063 103 4.2 103 420 42 4.2 0.42

TZ28e=1043 103 2.8 103 280 28 2.8 0.28

Experimental Evidence of the Microwave Background Radiation Formation through the thermal radiation of Metagalaxy stars205

Table IV

depeEndxepnetrimonenwtaavlemleenagstuhr.em1-e1n6t-dKatoaguotf 1th9e88b,a1c7k-g1r8ou-nMderyaedria1t9i8o6n, s1p9e-c2t4ra-lMdeantssuitmy oatnod1i9t8s8b,r2ig5h-3tn6e-ssMtaetmhperer1a9t9u4re, 3a7s-43 Kawada 1994, 44-46 - Leinert 1995, 47 - Lang 1974, 48 -Vikhlinin 1995.

No  [mm] 1 120.000 2 81.000 34 6330..000000 5 12.000 6 9.090 7 3.330 89 22..664400 10 1.320 11 1.320 1123 31..591800 14 1.480 15 1.140 1167 12..060400 18 1.320 19 1.160 20 0.709 2212 00..428612 23 0.137 24 0.102

BW() 10 24 cm2 sr Hz 0.522 1.049 1.801 7.297 42.655 69.962 252.266 331.158 342.627 340.065 335.124 276.694 477.012 456.029 231.624 141.735 339.750 360.202 302.769 116.866 29.404 3.678 82.966 3.700

Tb [oK] No 2.780 25 2.580 26 22..760100 2278 2.780 29 2.810 30 2.600 31 22..770400 3323 2.760 34 2.750 35 22..890500 3367 2.920 38 2.650 39 22..575300 4401 2.800 42 2.790 43 2.956 44 34..117295 4456 8.650 47 8.740 48

 [mm] 350.000 125.000 8700..000000 40.000 10.000 5.000 43..000000 2.000 1.000 00..520400 0.154 0.134 00..113000 0.095 0.060 0.0008 00..000000355 0.00065 0.00000912

BW() 10 24 cm2 sr Hz 0.060 0.467 1.105 1.465 4.254 59.173 169.739 226.599 306.290 382.538 204.305 8.321 5.600 1.330 5.800 4.800 3.300 5.000 4.800 0.650 0.135 0.250 0.450 0.0001

Tb [oK] 2.700 2.700 22..675000 2.640 2.800 2.726 22..772266 2.726 2.726 27..702163 5.867 7.221 78..380250 9.436 13.726 554.560 1812266.9.74252 662.294 3181.021

Table V

The star component of the background for the closed model of the universe in the standard cosmology.

A = 0.15000 E-11 MAX Z = 10.0

(mm) 0.001 00..011000 0.500 1.000 24..000000 8.000 30.000 100.000 510000.00.00000

B/S
0.013%

A/S

FG/S

1.40% 7.47%

K/S
9.29%

M/S
81.82%

T back

0.121 0.579 0.260 0.035 0.005 469.81

0.057 0.466 0.366 0.081 0.030 54.08

0.050 0.444 0.378 0.090 0.038 5.98

0.049 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 1.28

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.66

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.34

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.18

0.049 0.440 0.380 0.092 0.039 0.09

0.048 0.437 0.381 0.093 0.041 0.03

0.046 0.430 0.385 0.096 0.044 0.01

0.039 0.402 0.397 0.107 0.055 0.00

0.034 0.385 0.405 0.114 0.062 0.00

206
(mm) 0.001 0.010 0.100 01..500000 2.000 4.000 83.00.00000 100.000 500.000 1000.000 (mm) 0.001 0.010 0.100 01..500000 2.000 4.000 83.00.00000 100.000 500.000 1000.000

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin

A = 0.15000 E-12 MAX Z = 10.0

B0./0S13%

A1./40S%

F7.G47/%S

K9./2S9%

M81/.8S2%

T back

0.121 0.579 0.260 0.035 0.005 437.20

0.057 0.466 0.366 0.081 0.030 49.80

0.050 0.444 0.378 0.090 0.038 5.46

0.049 0.442 0.379 0.091 0.039 1.16

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.60

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.31

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.16

0.049 0.440 0.380 0.092 0.039 0.08

0.048 0.437 0.381 0.093 0.041 0.02

0.046 0.430 0.385 0.096 0.044 0.01

0.039 0.402 0.397 0.107 0.055 0.00

0.034 0.385 0.405 0.114 0.062 0.00

A = 0.15000 E - 12 MAX Z=5.0

B0./0S13%

A1./4S0%

F7.G47/%S

K9./2S9%

M81/.8S2%

T back

0.116 0.578 0.265 0.036 0.005 436.06

0.055 0.460 0.370 0.083 0.032 49.35

0.050 0.443 0.379 0.090 0.038 5.39

0.049 0.441 0.379 0.091 0.039 1.15

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.59

0.049 0.441 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.30

0.049 0.440 0.380 0.091 0.039 0.16

0.049 0.439 0.380 0.092 0.040 0.08

0.048 0.434 0.383 0.094 0.042 0.02

0.044 0.422 0.388 0.099 0.047 0.01

0.035 0.387 0.404 0.113 0.061 0.00

0.031 0.372 0.411 0.119 0.067 0.00

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 207{224 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

THE MEASURING OF ETHER-DRIFT VELOCITY AND KINEMATIC ETHER VISCOSITY WITHIN OPTICAL WAVES BAND
Yu.M. Galaev1
The Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NSA in Ukraine, 12 Ac. Proskury St., Kharkov, 61085 Ukraine

Received November 15, 2002

fvdoTeorlhoneecoliettecyxctopraonenmtrdrimaatgdehninecetttaeittlchhheweyroaprvkoieigtnsihnepemasrliaoshtpyivacpegovraititshiccoeoansstiisihtoysantsahotbafeesmetbhneeeneptneestrhapfonerrordmpecoexasdines.dtbeTenahncceedonoirnspeiadtnileciarzateeluddmr.eae,sTaeihs.xeuep.rrienetrsghimuelmetmsnettaoahtfloesirdymiasoatlfegmmitnheaaedttiiiecuotmnhme,ceroarnmesusoprrvmeoemnamsetiienbontlnest of the ether existence in nature, as the material medium.

The experimental hypothesis verication of the espriatebhdrlefieoorrfewmoxraiesvdeteelseencabctraerlnoiienmdr,naibnagytntuethrtheeiec,wipw.oehar.akvsmseesa[m1tpe-er3rtoi]ha,polawmdgi.atehtTdiioinhunemmrh,iealrslseuimslbpteseotenoen-rf tpAdphuaotertscthueeidekcxsolpiebvsesys,rskitmtytahhte[aee4ntm-tm6e[]a1ln.lt-tsI3esnr],iindabthloateshmneemdoetdwooicdnouoermnltldht[r4ceas-op6demt]aichcptteheor,etshemhedetaohsooderfetrighlsiieeosnpfaipanVlrrtoha.rApytoe---. emreerttphaitreeeersrsieioasnflttfvhotiershceamoluleastmtheaaernrtiaedrvliacamorlieeforoducrisiumbmmlaet,oigvroaeenssms,p.eoiTsnnthstihefboelprehmcoyfsons,risctiae.rellue.cctettirlohdonesmbe[7ta-has9gei]srnaed[n4tri-dic6ft]wAswae.Avaaers.cs,hMppirrcosuhtpbealoligssfoahnateil,dol,Fnbt..yGhTeD.h.pPCeoe.esaMixstepiivelaelrenirmrdeiensFnu1t.lt9asP2l 2emoa-f1ros9tdoh2ene6l itpnrroe1mpT9aa2hrg9eant[eei1oxt0nip]c,.ervwiemarvieenestd[o7mp-t9ei]tchaisol dpbsearonffodrt,mhedeidinevwreiestdthiignbayttihocenareceloefnuc--l dsttvuoieuollctnothtsaci.einrtyTgeyt,hmhaseetneirmddpiiuemusalmatsaatug.etriideOnsdtabritcbeyiatiothltnlaheyslreacdsEvoirgaaminifrltptiahpobcanlmaerenanoatmtvtemetomhtfeeaetratnhsstteumiarmeeirtsmoehmu,eenaarnstdtdcshtrtrhieaefdet-SMhhueaiisnlglehtwrtheioothfbvta2atl6hiu5neeemdva,ebalotobhucoativttye3tt3hkh0eme k/esmtesheac/e,srleeavcdne,rldiwf(tCaastvleevntlhoeolecteinthdydee,itageUthctStteAhdoe).f 1830 m (Mount Wilson observatory, USA) | about 10
1e-mail: galaev@ire.kharkov.ua; Ph.: +38 (0572) 27-30-52

km/sec. The apex coordinates the Solar system move-

mdpeeecnnlditnicawuteliaorerntdoeatnere+mc6liin5petd.ic:

Spudlacirihnecm(tcooavosercdmeinnesnaiotteniss

  17:5h, almost perof the North

Pole ecliptic: the observed

eect1s8cha,nbe e+xp66lai)n.edM,iilfletrosahcocwepedt,,

that that

the ether stream has a galactic (space) origin and the

velocity more than 200 km/sec. Almost perpendicu-

larly directional orbital component of the velocity is

lost on this background. Miller referred the velocity

decrease of the ether drift from 200 km/sec up to 10

km/sec to unknown reasons.

andSo[1m0]e, paerecuelixaprliatiiensedofbtyhetheexpetehriemr evnitscoressituyltsin[7t-h9e]

works [4-6]. In this case the boundary layer, in which

the ether movement velocity (the ether drift) increas-

es with the height growth above the Earth's surface, is

faonrdmtehde aetthtehrenreealrattihvee Emaorvthem'sesnutrfoafcet.he solar System

In the works [1-3] it is shown, that the results of sys-

tematic experimental investigations within radio waves

band can be explained by the wave propagation phe-

nomenon in the moving medium of a space origin with

a vertical velocity gradient in this medium stream near

the Earth's surface. The gradient layer availability can

be explained by this medium viscosity, i.e. the feature

proper to material media, the media composed of sep-

arate particles. The mean value of the measured maxi-

mal gradients was equal to 8.6 m/sec m. The velocity

comparison of the suspected ether drift, measured in

the experiments [1-3], [7-9] and [10], is performed in the

works [1-3]. The place distinctions of geographic lati-

tudes and their heights above the sea level are taken

208

Yu.M. Galaev

ipeatmtnhutcath/cearoeosilwserrtaocdorcd.nuircnr.kTtoighsfIuhttf[nteu7viotl-scen9otlioe]onhmbsacestnitpathcvdayioeanr[snlii1eeussd0oerw],en,mxotiwrthpraehdhaestiertuiincoirlmihntnc6eaco1otnari2fhnent4etscwhbi:ecdei:exote:phecn8xowied4nprn9uiitesm06chirt0dieimm0etnnhr0g/teee:nsd[ae:1tdct:sa-a1,3s[ct0]1tmoa0ht-m3h0auo]0et--f, [7-9] and [10].
The positive results of three experiments [1-3], [79], [10] give the basis to consider the eects detected in these experiments, as medium movement developmttiiomenne.tssS,ourfecMshpamoxnewsdiebilulle,mMfowircahesleeclcsaotlrlneodmanaadsgnteehaterilcieetwrh.aevrTes[h1ep1r]cooapntactglhuae-sion was made in the works [1-3], that the measurement results within millimeter radio waves band can be constihdeermedataesritahlemexedpieurmimeenxtisatlehnycepoitnhensaistucroensurmchataisonthoef ether. Further discussions of the experiment results [1-3] have shown the expediency of additional experimental analysis of the ether drift problem in an optical wave band.
Experiments [7-9] and [10] are performed with optical interferometers manufactured according to the cruciform Michelson's schema [12,13]. The work of such idnitreercfteioronmaentderrebtausrendinognitthteo ltihghetopbasesrsviningginpoainftorawloanrdg tthiveitsyamwaesplaotwh.toTthhee Moricighienlasol ne'tsheinrtedrrfiefrtoemeetcetrs. seTnshiemserevaesdurbedanvdasluoesDet oifnasnuicnhtearfedreevniccee,pia.ett.ervniseuxaplrlyessoebdin terms of a visible bandwidth, is proportional to velvimosecalioingtcvnyieetrrytasicetclieyo,mtpqhiurseosaipdoooprnrattti(iceloiagnolhafltlet)nthogetthe[h1teho2ef]w.rtahdvereiflltiegnhWgtthbteooafmtheelelclitagrnhodt-

D = (l=) (W=c)2 :

(1)

itimtnnhhteeeetaWrlhs"ifugeemehrrseoietnhdtmbvaheeelvolastadctemlsiarugl.emaal Ttntieihsdhoaenespeiusrnrxroetpoispenfeerogravrtiramthpcileaho,ernwntemat,thslheiactes(ohhrWfotahddt=behrsciee)faoa2tnp,msdtewiicncpeaoaxasnlwspdslceheearnisoilcmlgrihendtdehettnrhhaot"eessf.

Accordingly the methods and experiments, in which the

measured value is proportional to the rst ratio extent

Wrs=tc

oarrdeecra. lleTdhaes

rtahteiomiesthWod/sc

and


1expateritmheenetxspoefcttehde

value in the experiments of Michelson, Miller W  30

km/sec. The methods of the second order are ineective

at this requirement. So at W  30 km/sec the method

osefntshiteivsietycotnod tohredemreitnho1d00o0f0th(e!) rtsitmoesrdseurc.cuHmobwsevoenr

at that time the methods of the rst order, suitable for

the ether drift velocity measuring, were not known.

The expression (1) allows to estimate the diculties,

with which the explorers of the ether drift confronted

in the rst attempts while observing the eects of the

second order. So in the widely known rst experiment

of Michelson 1881 [12], at the suspected velocity value

of the ether drift W  30 km/sec, with the interfer-

ometer having parameters:   6 10 7 m; l  2:4

mth,e ibtawnads. Aexnpdecitteids itnotohbesreerqvueirtehme evnatlsueofDconsid0e:0ra4bolef

band shivering of an interference pattern. In the work

[12] Michelson marked: "The band were very indistinct

and they were dicult for measuring in customary con-

ditions, the device was so sensitive, that even the steps

ot1on8r8yt7h,ceaMusiiscdehedewltsaholekn,icnoamlsaophlieuntnehdirbseadwndomsrledvtea-krnsnisofhwrionnmgw!"toh.rekLo[a1bts4ee]r,r,vtaoin--

gether with E.V.Morly, once again marked the essential

deciencies of his rst experiment as for the ether drift

[12]: "In the rst experiment one of the basic considered

diculties consisted in the apparatus rotating without

the distorting depositing, the second | in its exclusive

sensitivity to vibrations. The last was so great, that

it was impossible to see interference bands, except short

intervals at the business-time in the city, even at 2 a.m.

At last, as it was marked earlier, the value, which should

be of

measured, something

oi.ne.thteheinitnetrevrafle,rsemncaellebar,ndthsaon1se=t20beocfauthsee

interval between them, is too small, to determine it,

mttmrohoepdouet6ruliIotec4ncioappevltmdMleielcreeiaurtnleallpege
trprtesta'lhcsaot[tyh7ioiio4n-fnl9nteg]tme.n.hrigTfeenetItahrhtepocerawcmisnta.uahecrestatIaeurcngcreai,haaeltiscfnholhoeoefeerndfdsgehsttxdheo2hnpueu6seeoleidrmftxiteimpsovrehesitertoaenyriurpmetslpa.iden[cle1ynhcIr0itrensn"]edg.awttsuhhaoepees,f

experiments [7-9] and [10] the interferometers laid on

rafts, placed in tanks with quicksilver, that allowed to

remove the in
uence of exterior mechanical clutters.

The positive results of Miller's experiment by virtue oc[r1iifns5ttg]hs1'et5iogr0r1g,e9eadn2te1evar-oat1ttl9eep3dn0htt,yiooasnirtcehaaelmtsetietghnhnateiitrotncdiaermndifectt.e'hsaIapnttrtortaahblmceletemomdstoatnehnovedgeprrryhaeofpyenshries-wTehree pcoosnscibenletriant
eudeonncinthgeodf itshcuesdsiioncoufltMcoilnlesri'dserreesduletxs-.

terior reasons (temperature, pressure, solar radiation,

air streams etc.) on the optical cruciform interferom-

eter, sensitive to them, which had considerable overall

dimensions [16] in Miller's experiments was discussed

most widely in these works. Besides by virtue of me-

thodical limitations being in the works [7-9] and [10],

their authors did not manage to show experimentally

correctly, that the movement, detected in their exper-

immeennttsa,ncdanthbeemexedpiluaimneodf bmy attheeriaElaortrhigirne,larteisvpeomnsoibvele-

for electromagnetic waves propagation [1-3]. However

the most essential reason, which made Miller's con-

temporaries consider his experiments erratic, was that

in numerous consequent works, for example, such as

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

209

[17-20], Miller's results were not conrmed. In the experiments [17-20] so-called the \zero results" were obtained, i.e. the ether drift was not detected.
Thus, taking into consideration the works deciencies [7-9], [10] and a major number of experiments with a zero result available, it is possible to understand the physicists' mistrust to the works [7-9], [10] at that time, the results of which pointed the necessity of the fundamental physical concept variations. The analytical review of the most signicant experiments, performed winitthhethweoprkusrp[1o-s3e,o2f1t].he ether drift search, is explained
In 1933 D.K. Miller, in his summary work [22], performed the comparative analysis of multiple unsuccessful attempts of his followers to detect the ether drift etexmpeprtism, eenxtcaelplyt.thHeeepxapiedrimatetenntt[i1o0n],tohpatticianl ainlltesrufcehroamt-eters were placed in hermetic metallic chambers. The authors of these experiments tried to guard the devices from exposures with such chambers. In the experiment [10] it was placed into a fundamental building of the optical workshop at the Mount Wilson observatory for stabilizing the interferometer temperature schedule. The hermetic metallic chamber was not applied, and the ether drift was detected. Its velocity had the value W  6000 m/sec. Miller made the conclusion:
"Massive non-transparent shields available are undesirable while exploring the problem of ether capturing. The experiment should be made in such a way that there were no shields between free ether and light way in the interferometer".
mafteenLrtastthoeern, itnhnseetwreutmhoeeprnptdosrrtiofuctncduitirisrecesonvcfeoerrybachosaenvddeuoacnptipnceogamreepdxlpeateelrslioydetinhticvset.e)rrm.usmeaSsueisdncivheteaalesmxe(prerreteorasrilomlnioceafntcttohhsraesmws,eebmreeexraphsueeesrrlasidm,ge[eM2n3wte-sas2.ss6b]Ita.nhuAeetrhnc'edsomwaemgoaerokcinnts [23,24,26] there were the metallic resonators, in the work [25] | a lead chamber, because it was necessary to use gamma radiation. The authors of these works, perhaps, didn't pay attention to Miller's conclusions of 1933 about the bulk shields inapplicability in the ether drift experiments. The phenomena physical interpretation of the essential ether drift velocity reduction at metallic shields available was given by V.A. Atsukovsky for the rst time, having explained major eatvhaeilra-dbylenianmtihceaml m[6e]t.al resistance of a Fermi's surface
The purpose of the work is the experimental hypothesis test of the ether existence in nature within an oupmt,icraelspeolencstirbolme faogrneelteicctrwoamvaesgnbeatnicdw|avems aptreorpiaalgamtieodni-. It is necessary to solve the following problems for reaching this purpose. To take into account the deciencies that occurred in the experiments earlier conducted. To elaborate and apply an optical measuring method and

the metering device, which does not iterate the Michel-

son's schema, but being its analog in the sense of result

interpretation. (Michelson's interferometer of the sec-

ond order is a bit sensitive to the ether streams and too

sensitive to exposures.) To execute systematic measure-

mepeoncths oinf tthhee eexppoecrhimoefntthseimyepalremcoenrrteastpioonnd[i1n-g3],to[7t-9h]e,

[10]. (The term "epoch" is borrowed from astronomy,

in which the observation of dierent years performed in

the months of the same name, refer to the observations

of one epoch.) The results of systematic measurements

should be compared to the results of the previous ex-

periments. The positive result of the experiment can

be considered as experimental hypothesis conrmation

of the ether existence in nature as material medium.

in tMheewaosurkrsin[4g-6m], ewtahsoadc.ceTptheedeatthemr amkoindgelt,hpereoxppoesreid-

ment. The following eects should be observed experi-

mentally within the original hypothesis:

netiTc hweavaensisportorpopaygaetioenctd|epetnhdesvoenlorcaidtyiaotifoenledcitrreocmtioang-,

that is stipulated by the relative movement of the so-

lar System and the ether - the medium, responsible for

electromagnetic waves propagation.

depTenhdeshoenighttheeheecitg|ht tahbeovveelothcietyEoafrwtha'vsespurrofapcaeg,atthioant

ivesliessccttoirpuousmleaatthgedenrebtsyitcrtewhaeamvEe-asmrptharot'seprsaiugaralftmaicoeend.iinutmer,arcetsipoonnwsiibthletfhoer

ttenccihhtaeohalatneitnTccrocghihowedsearradinsisvtftigptseniapesa|svcutpealeiratl)tuosethopeevedfaeawtcgmlhubtaiteyeet|hdiSowianoutihttl.msahheprTe,aapsrhcyvepeuesesresptlir(oeooitgmcdonhaidtselympiabphceoloeterevirficgeofo)whmonntraoeeevr(enissealtgettsieecaptnlltrprllroaaoeoonrrpxmfoadwdmtgaahaaigyilye---,l

as well as for any star owing to the Earth's daily rotat-

ing. Therefore the velocity horizontal component of the

ether drift and, hence, the velocity of electromagnetic

wave propagation along the Earth's surface will change

the values with the same period.

tromTahgenheytdicrowaaevroedsypnraompaicgaetioecnt

| the velocity of elecdepends on movement

parameters of viscous gas-like ether in directing systems

(for example, in tubes), that is stipulated by solids in-

teraction with the ether stream | material medium,re-

sponsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. (As it

is known, the law of 
uids and gases motions and their

iTdIntyhtnceiasaramnecitbcieosecntes,ewaeeinpctth,patwsrhoeialtnithdtls"yret,ishfseelhreeoahnurecnliedgthbtbtoyeethchyaeedlcltree"odtahieaesrrsorddtehfyyeennraareemmtdhiiecctrsso-..

the etherdynamic eect class. However in the work, by

virtue of methodical reception distinction used for their

discovery, the eects are indicated as separate).

According to the investigation purpose, the measur-

ing method should be sensitive to these eects.

210

Yu.M. Galaev

stuerriiTanlghemmefoedtlilhuoomwdi,ndrgeevsmpelooondpsemilbeslentattfoe[4mr-6ee]nl:etcstthraoermeeatuhgsneeredtiiasctawmamveaeas-ptiemhroeeacpgmtaingeeaaxtattisiilootsennnh;ocatefvhetieshmeeatachhcjyoeerprdtreheotdaahseearrposddrytoyhnpneaeamrimntiiiceitcsiar(eloesfptishovtesaiirsntdcicoyoeunn.s.amTTgaihhcsee); mopwfoaesvvteihedssocodbauanosndfdgtraihesnaemltihzoreevsdtwemwoorreiktdnhetfironirnbtmathuseeebadeossuport[ni2inc7kag-nl2oo8efw]ltehnhcatersroeebgtmheuaeelanrgrndipetrritioeifctsveloTcihteymanedtheotdheersskeinnceemiastiinc vthisecofosiltlyo.wing. Let's place advrteieiolrtlanoeutcscbit.ioetnTytpuhtvaboeerectagtnaaionsxret.pixosrtIeeanwsrsiigtoulhalrrisebgs asdectsraropsespteearrmedbpaooemientnshdanisocruouepctlehiaonnrceaicddtuwoertnauottybhin,ceeatthhlesncaetortdtensutadbhmiineepwtInoaerrtstohh,fiasaalnclgadtaustesrhntsehtaregetaagusmabisenwssipinidellseeubdacyehtdsuatibrrweeecaatwmye,idltwlhabialloeltncitrmgheeatmhtveeoeblatoiulpcebir.teeyTsasvhxueeircsne-. daatergrgomaapssinossnettrdreetahabmmey ttiiunhnbeaaevtteauunlbubdeeess,asounofndodngte.ahrsiTsakhscietntrieosemtanamabotifilvciwezlvahoiticsiccoihtonystitathiyrmee,reetdhoeies-f ggoineaftosecmrosvtneartselrtaiaocmnfatlt[it2gmu7aeb-s.2e8sTt]sr.hiezeaeLsmeettah'sniendrmaitashrtaeku,bgvtaeehslo-allactisikttteyshmeaofadtteaeevnrremilaeoilxnpmtametreeiidnonigrtuatsehetcmrhcevoe,eerrrrldeeasiicnnsptdgrtoohnttmehsoiesabuteglhemtnheefeotoarirfccvwceweelalepaovctvceteeirdtvoyvemlehwolayocigptictnhoiytetyrthveieegcrsceaiwtgrsoad.arrvstdIeotrisnetmlpgharetetoioaopvnbeatsshgt,eaeorttvhtoieohabrnet-. Iwotnuuhrtitnschihdtisheaecobaifensaaetme,triuffdebrraeoinvm(eiosenptienttrihscieiadnleettianhhteemerereftetehxaretlolremircdieotrturiefbtrsets,ritseraaencmardme)aa,tnaeinotdtd,chatiennor bboisnhielaosilezuexatpldptooiesobfcintettiehtoodeinbm,isonteehftroevatfrhetftdeeihs.nreeeTnsebuchtaechunhespdriatsnhsttotteerenerrvfantaemhlrureoeemiginnoaetfartedebrtrifaun,enbgrddoeutsm,ortoienhtthgeeserebatsaocswnratidiaglles--l bathneedpotrrhoiepgiosnrtatailbopinloiazsliatttiiooonnt,htweimileltebh|eerdteehxetneebrdiaonrbdyssttrrheeetaumertnhveterilmokceiintteyo-, mmasruenqaerdtiutnhiitcgrohedvemdieseetcnttoohahsebroiertldevykseisirvtntaoaelamummelaeei.gtttihheHcrotevdtbnihsecoecaefo,metsthtihhtetyeoe.rrtpdTshrtreohiopfeitrnodpvsitereeiordlao,plcamopisstoeeyiaidtnvsituamsrl(nuieanoaesgts-, for Lexeat'ms pclael,cuinlaMteicthheelsionnt'esrfienrtoemrfeertoermpetaerra)m. eters. For ttahhdeevasmntrcaeetadhmeimnaatnthaieclaywlsiohsrykodsfro[t2hd7ey-n2ga8am]s-ailctiskteahpeetppharerorabtwulesem, swhsoahllivlchiunsgies,

citdrou.nenT,ehicfetetuhdsewefiootflhlostuwhciehnsgtsroreleuaqmtuioironefsmvfieosnrctoguiassspinsetcrrofeomarmmpreeadsnsaiblylesi
suis-

0:5Ma2 << 1;

(2)

wag(2vah)ese,rsraioetguieMsngdpaaovsse=ssltiobrcwelieatpmyat.ocsvAne1telgotilcsheiectaytreMtoqhnaueciagrheat'msus bpenenruetmsseismbcuteripreo;lneem;wcepescanttsiaisstatinahodnne

consider the gas stream as the stream of incompressible


uid. On data of the experimental works [1-3], [7-9] and

[fw1ao0cre]k, dt[oh6ee]stehnteohtesoreuxdncrdeieftvdevtleohlceoictvyiatyliuneWthWeneetahr1e0rt4hisemeEs/tasiemrct.ha'tIsendstubhrye-

tlr(ihe2gc)ehetivisvaveple,uleoetrhcfociatsrtym.MeEd1va0,e2tn1hei3mf:s3t/tosreec1cao0,mntsh5ioda.fteHrae,esgntshaecnaes-,ttliitakchlseley=erteehcxqe,curewiercedeamssnhteabhnleetl

considered as a stream of viscous incompressible 
uid

and the use of the hydrodynamics corresponding math-

ematical apparatus is true for ether stream analysis.

Laminar and turbulent 
uid streams are distin-

guished in hydrodynamics. The laminar 
uid stream

es2tx8ri]esatsm, ,ifdotehse

nRoteyenxocledesd

nsuommbeeerxtRreem, edrvaawlune

up for a Rec [27-

Re < Rec:

(3)

is dTehneedRebyyntohldesfonlulomwbinergfeoxrparersosiuonnd cylindrical tube

Re = 2apwpa 1;

(4)

wmthhaeet
riceui
adupdidiesnvtsihistecyo.isnDitteyerp;ioenr dtiiusnbgtehoernaddtyhiunesa;emxvtice=rvioisrcsots1rietiaysm;kinnaeis--

ture and the requirements of 
uid in
ux into a tube,

the
Re

<va2lu:3es

1R03ecthaere
uwiidthsitnreaRmec

ina2t:3ube10e3x:is:t:s1o0n4 l.y

Aast

laminar and does not depend on an extent of an exterior

stream turbulence. The following features are peculiar

for a steady laminar 
uid stream in a round cylindrical

tube. The particle movement pathways are rectilinear.

Talhoengmtahxeimtuable
auxidis satnredamis evqeuloaclittoy wpmax takes place

wpmax = 0:25 pa2p 1lp 1;

(5)

wlehnegrteh lpp; is the pressure drop on a tube part with the

p = 0; 25
plpap 1wp2a;

(6)

eTm
qpheueaiasnmlt

hapuexii=dcmov6aee4llsRoctcireeeitnay1tmaotfveaalorlaocimutnyidnwatrpumrbeaegxirmeisseitswotaficn
ecuemi,dowsrtherietcahhmains.

wpmax = 2wpa:

(7)

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

211

Figure 1: A tube in a gas stream

The stream velocity distribution on a tube section is called as Puazeyl's parabola and looks like

wp (r) = wpmax 1 r2ap 2 ;

(8)

where r is the coordinate along the tube radius. The laminar stream transferring into a turbulent
one takes place not 
uently, but by jumps. At transferrtihnegttuhbreourgehsistthaenceextcroemeecvieanluteinocfraeaRseesynboyldj'usmnpu,mabnedr then slowly reduces. The following features are peculiar for a steady stream of viscous liquid in a round cylindrical tube of turbulent stream. The pathways of particle mcvieeolnovtceimotyfeandtrioshtuarnvibdeusttcuiaobtneteiorsneedqaunaatultub
repe.=seTc0ht:i3eo1nr6e4siisRstaealnm0c:oe25sct.ouTenhie-form with their sharp reduction up to zero point in a thin layer near the wall. The maximal velocity increase above the mean order value is about 10-20 % [27-28]

wpmax  (1:1 : : :1:2) wpa:

(9)

It will be shown below, that in the experiment re-

qwueirsehmalelnbtes,raesstraicrtuelde,bRyeth>e Resetcim, tahteiorenfso,rpeeirnfotrhmeewdofrokr

the ether turbulent stream.

Let's consider the method operating principle. In

the Fig. 1 the part of a cylindrical round metallic tube

wdriitfhTt)ht,heiesesltehhnoegwrtnhstrlpea, mwhiischshisowinn

the in

ether stream the gure as

(ether slant-

ing thin lines with arrows, that indicate the direction

of its movement. The tube longitudinal axis is locat-

ed horizontally and along with the ether drift velocity

vector is in a vertical plain, which represents the gure

plain. The tube walls have major ether-dynamic resis-

tance and the ether stream acting from the tube sur-

face side area, the ether inside a tube does not move.

The ether velocity stream stipulated by the horizontal

vetehloecritsytrceoammpionnaenttuobfe,thweheicthhegrodersifwtitWhht,hecrmeaetaesn tvhee-

ltohceitryouwtpinag.

It can be spoken, that the metallic system for the ether stream. Let's

tube turn

is a

tube in a horizontal plain in such a way, that its lon-

gitudinal axis will take up a position perpendicular to

tdhiceuplalraitnootfhethveelFocigit.y 1veocrt,orthoaftthise seitmheilradrr|ift.pIenrptehnis-

position both opened ends of a tube will be in identical

conditions regarding to the ether stream, the pressure

detiheerresnttrieaalm vpeldooceitsyniontaoctcuubreainsdeqaucaclortdoinagzetroo(5p)oitnhte.

Apotstithieonm. oTmheenthot0rizwoentsahlacllomtuprnonaenttuboef

into the initial the ether drift

veneldosc,ituyndWerh owpielrlactrieoanteofawphreicshsutrheedertohper sptroeanmthweitlul bbee

developed in a tube. In the work [28] the problem about

sinetatinroguinndtocmylointidornicoaflvtiusbcoeuusnidnecromopperreasstiibnlgeo
futidhebseuindg-

dLeent'lsyraepdpuceendtehde cfoornmstualnatopf rtehsesuvreelodcritoypdisptriibsustoiolvnedof.


uid stream in a tube


wp (r; t) = wpmax 1

r2 a2p

8

X 1 k=1

J0

k3

k
J1

r(apk

1
)


exp

a2pk2t# ;

(10)

w0o;rhdeJerr0es;.tJTi1shteahreertsBitmetsews;eol'sskumfiusmntchatenioednqssuianotfsioqtnuhaerroezoetbrsoraJca0kn(edtsk)erxs=t-

pcorerrsesspstoenaddyth(eatmten!tio1ne)d

laminar stream of 
uid and above \Puazeyl's parabola"

(8). So at a turbulent 
uid stream, according to (9),

the velocity distribution on a tube section is almost uni-

form, we shall consider, that the 
uid stream velocity

iosf ethquearlouwnpda tuonbethate awthuorlbeutluenbte
sueicdtisotnre(atmheshvaoluuled b
pe

uwsaeldl laatyetrh.eIvnaltuheisccaalcsueltahteioenxpwrpeas)sieoxnc(e1p0t)tahte

thin nearr = 0 will

be like

"
wp (t)  wpa 1

8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)

k=1

exp  k2ap 2t :

(11)

The expression (11) describes the process of a 
uid

stream dening in a round tube. It follows from (11),

tohf attheatextp!res1sionth(e11v)alsuheouisldwbpe(td)iv!idewdpain. toBoththe

parts value

oInf ctohnisstcaanste
tuhied tsitmreeamvarviealtoiocintyofin
auidroustnrdeatmubdeimwepna-.

sinioanlFesisg.ve2l.ocity wp (t)/wpa will be like, that is shown

In the gure the values of dimensionless velocity

wofpt(itm)/ewaprae agrievegnivoenn tohne aanbsocirsdsianaatxeiss.axAiss,itthies svhaoluwens

above, the requirement (2) is performed and the ether

stream can be described by the laws of thick liquid mo-

tions, then we shall speak about the ether stream fur-

ther, instead of 
uid. In the Fig. 2 we'll allocate the

212

Yu.M. Galaev

Ftuibgeure 2: Variation in time of 
uid movement velocity in a

ivsnhetlaeolrlcvictayallolinftthaiemtueetbthe0e:rc:hs:attnrdeg,aedmsufrrrionemggimw0heuicophnttothhe0i.se9t5thiemwrepsatir.netWaemreval as the dynamic one. We shall call the ether stream regiLmeet'astsktip>atdliagshtthbeeasmteaadlyonsgtrtehaemturebgeimaxe.is. It can be written down, that the phase of a light wave on a cut with the length lp will vary on value j, which is equal.

' = 2 f lp V 1;

(12)

wthheerlieghft viseltohceityeleinctraomtuabgen. eAticccworadviengfretoqutehnecyo;rigVinaisl hypothesis the ether is a medium, responsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. This implies, that if in avetluobcietywoitfhwthhicehlecnhgatnhgelps itnhteirme eis, stohetheethpehrassteroeafma l,igthhet wave measured on the tube output, should change in time according to variation in time of the ether stream velocity wp (t). Then the expression (12) will be like

' (t) = 2 f lp [c wp (t)] 1 ;

(13)

where c is the light velocity in a xed ether, in vacuum.

In the expression (13) the sign "+" is used, when the

direction of the light propagation coincides with the

eutsheedr, wsthreenamthdesieredctiiroenctiionnsaatrueboep,paonsditet.he sign "-" is

In the work the optical interferometer is applied for

measuring value ' (t). Rozhdestvensky's interferome-

ter schema is taken [29] as the basis, which is supple-

mented in such a way, that the light beam drove along

the empty metallic tube axis in one of the shoulders.

The interferometer schema and its basic clusters are

shown in the Fig. 3.

1 | illuminator; 2 | a metallic tube part; 3 |

ettrhyaeenfrssacphgaemrmeenant.tlTawmhiteihnbaaesa;smcMalc1eo;,uPMrs1e2,

P|2 m|irr
oartspaareraslhleolwsnemoinis shown with thick lines

and arrows. The light beam in a tube pass along the

axis and is indicated with a broken line in the gure.

The tube length is lp  P1M1. The clusters P1, M1

Figure 3: The schema of an optical interferometer

aMTttPishhn1nhee2dM'emtma2Pa.rcine2orTgrn,mohllseMprieosd.pui2enliInra1ntetaie,denarrd,esvic2aoltmMalhpsasoep1srauioe,cRrnsaeMittotlehzeP2cdeha1edastMaaweenncsd1hiogtfvl=ttoebehhstynheeMsbetekbewr2tyetPhoo'wase2nmerp=eiaadsnnrrtdslaie1nmfrlrto,lofeaeiprMlnrlmlploy
i1,amaunPnlegMse2gntolcte1=enoer,. operating is reduced to the following. The light beam wwarihetihcphathraaeftllewerlarvwee
itelhecntaigotpnhhfarsoemisdidMiev1riedanencdde PM[2192]inatnodtpwaossbineagmPs2,

 = 4 l1 1 (cos i1 cos i2) :

(14)

eterTahdejuasntgmleesnti1s,oit2haatretheestianbtleirsfheerdenacte tphaettinertnersfehrooumld-

be observed. (The adjustment clusters are not shown

on the schema symbolically). In a tuned interferometer

the value is  = const. In the right part of the Fig. 3

tehtheeframdriilfyt ohforairzroonwtsalmcoeamnpsotnheensttvreealomcitdyi.reTcthiiosnstorfetahme

veteelor cciltuystiseresqounalatohoWrizho.ntIaf ltrootaartreadngbeatchkegrionutnerdf,ersoumch-

instrument can be turned in the ether stream. The ro-

tation axis is perpendicular to the gure plains and is

indiIcnattehde aisntAerif.erometer (Fig. 3) the band position of

an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment

scale 3 is dened by the phase dierence of the light

bPtoe1waMma1rsdP,s2wt.hheiIcnlhigathhrteepdFriositpgr.aibg3auttiteohdneodneitrthehceetriposanttrahelasomnPg1iMtshd2ePibr2eecaatmnedds

Pw1rMite2,doMw1nPe2x.pIrnestshioisncfaosre,thaeccpohrdaisnegdtioe(r1e3n)c,ewe s'h(atl)l

between the beams P1M2P2 and P1M1P2.

'

(t)

=

2

f


c

P1M2
wp (t)

+

M2P2 c



 P1 M1 c

+

M1P2 c Wh



+

;

(15)

wthheereexpresissioconn(s1t4a)n.t,Lteht'es vsaimlupeliofyf wthheicehxpisredsseionne(d15b)y.

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

213

For this purpose we shall introduce the identications

accepted earlier. Allowing, that the beam phase dif-

fteerrefenrcoemMet2ePr 2oraienndtaPti1oMn 1regdaoredsinngottodetpheenedthoenr

the instream

direction and is equal to zero point, the expression for

the value ' (t) will be like


' (t) = 2 f lp c

1 wp (t)

c

1
Wh



+

:

(16)

The rst member of the expression (16) describes

tsiepshttrrheeteeshabsremieoeabxnmvteeeianplrmoihocsarqiptsusyehtaarviresnaeearmaibavrtataviurcoeibknaloeettcPiosiw1tnyMtpo(MW2ta)d1h.Pce.opT2Lmehnedmetde'piussneenrcgneaoddolnuinddncetgenmhoteoehmnemetihtbnehexaeerr--

tor
fc

a1n=d,all1owwiengsh, tahllartecce2ive

Wh

wp

(t)

cwp (t)

cWh ,

'

(t)



2 lp


 wp

(t)
c

Wh  + :

(17)

It follows from the expression (17), that the dierePssttn1rrcMeeeLaa1mmeinPt'2svtWheiclehsoo.cnppishtriyaodspeienor rattih'oteun(bati)nlettbeworepfteaw(rteod)eminaenebtrdeeerantmhtoieapsleePrtoah1ftMeirtnh2geePx2tienetarhinioetdrrs steady regime, at t ! 1. According to the expression (e1d1,)thaantdoFwiign.g 2towthpe(ts)mt!a1ll v!aluwepoaf itthecaenthbere dsuynspaemcticvstiescaodsyitsytr(ecaemlesvtieallocbiotydiiensamtouvbeeinregtharedeinthgetro) tthhee semthaelrl length will not dier essentially from the ether exterior stream velocity and it is possible to write down, that wpops(itt)iot!n1in=thwe pwaorkWishd.et(eTrhmeinceodrreecxtpneersismoefnttahlilsysaunpdshown below.) In this case in the expression (17) the fraction numerator in square brackets is equal to zero point, and this expression will be

' (t)t!1  :

(18)

Hence, in the steady regime the interferometer op-

erating with a metallic tube does not dier from the

Rozhdestvensky's interferometer operating. In both in-

terferometers the bands position of an interference pat-

tTehrne iwnitlelrbfeerodmeenteerd, wbyiththae moreigtainllaicl ptuhbaes,eidnithereesntceeady.

operating regime is not sensitive to the ether drift ve-

locity and can not detect the availability or absence of

the ether drift.

inteLrfeetr'osmcoetnesri.deLreta'sduynnraomll itcheopinetreartfienrgomreegteimr (eseoefFtihge.

3) in the horizontal plain at 180. As the direction of

the light propagation has varied in relation to the ether

drift stream to the opposite one, the expression (17)

will be like

' (t)



2 lp


 Wh

wp c

(t)



+

:

(19)

iten0tee:rq:Au:wctadclioit.thrydHiawnegnpmc(teeto),tat<ihlnleiWcaexhtdupytbraneeksasemiissoinpcsel(arn1ces1egi)tiaimavtneetdhtthetohetetihmiFneteigevir.nefe2tlore,orctvmihtaye-l dadniisdceortvehenertitaehtlheoebfratsnhtdereseaotmhesrientesvxidateeluraieorotufsbttrheeeawminpt(evtre)fl.eorceWinticeeessphWaatlh-l tern regarding to their position in the interferometer steady work regime as follows. Let's take a dierential of the expressions (19), (18) and divide both parts of the found expression into 2, we shall receive

' (t)

'
2

(t)t!1

=

lp 

 Wh

wp c

(t)



:

(20)

The expression left-hand part (20) is equal to the required interference pattern oset, which is expressed by the number of electromagnetic wave periods. With rtoehffevereisexinpbcrleeesbtsoaiontndhs(e2o0v)issdueteasloclyfritbohebisssetprhavetetvdearlinuntereevrgafaerrrieadntinicoegntpionatttthiemeriner oorfigainnailnpteorsfietrieonnc|e pDatt(et)rn. Tcahne vbiesibtlheeboansdewtidmtheavsaulrueemstreenatmuninita. tTuabkeincagninhtaovecothnesiddeirreacttiioonn, otphpatostitheeteoththeer selected on the Fig. 3, generally it is possible to receive

D (t) =

lp  Wh 

wp c

(t)



:

(21)

In the expression (21) the sign "+" is used, when the light propagation direction coincides with the ether sintraeatmubde,iraencdtiothneisnigtnhe"-i"ntiserufeserodm, wetheerndtyhnesaemdiicrercetgiiomnes are opposite. According to the expression (11) and the Fatphaitagtutt.bea2retnaitstahcaewcniepnpi(sntttss0at)nta=htnett00mt.0taTh=xehim0ebnaatnlhfdrveosamelotuhe(se2eer1tqs)uotwrafelaeantmsohinavtleellrorfececirteeyinvciene,

D (t0) =

lp 

Wh c

;

(22)

atgunabrddeiinnisgtehtqoeutashtleetiarodoywrirpgei(gnti)amtl!ep,1owsihtieoWnnhtihs,eetqheuetahblear0n.vdTeslhooceitdsyeetpinernea-dwdeipvn(icdte)e/v(wi2ep1wa),iDwnth(otic)(h2c2ai)sn,swbheeowoshbnatailnlinrteehdceewiFvieitgh. t2h.e Rdeepaellnyd, elnetc'es

D (t) D (t0)

=

1

wp (t)
Wh

:

(23)

=aosbtwDaApialn(lteo)dw/DiiWnng(hsttu0ht)chehesaue1pxwppaowryes,pistsi(isitoo)nsn/hwmo(pw2aa3nd.)eiTcnaahbnteohvdbeeee,Fptwiehgnra.idtt4etwnencpe(dtvo)itwe!wn1 portIinonthael teoxtphreessirostne(x2t2e)ntthoef mtheeaestuhreerddvraifltuveeDlociistyprrao-tio to the light velocity, that characterizes the reviewed

214

Yu.M. Galaev

Foigseutrein4a: dVyanraimatiiconinitnertfeimroemoefteinrtoeprfeerraetninceg preagtitmeren bands

method as the rst order method. It follows from the expression (22) and the Fig. 4, that if at the moment of ttiomteheti0r otorigmineaasluproesitthioenbaonndtsheoinsettervfearluome Deterreegyaerfdrainggment scale, it is possible to determine the ether drift velocity horizontal component Wh which is equal to

Wh = D (t0) clp 1;

(24)

The direction of the interference pattern bands o-

set, regarding to their original position, will be dened

by the ether exterior stream direction.

The data of the interferometer tube sizes are nec-

essary for the proposed measuring method realization.

The expression for the tube interior radius calcula-

tpiaorntsaopf tchaenebxeproebsstiaoinne(d11a)s

at
wp

the moment of (t)/wpa = 0:95,

twime sehatdll

follows. Let's divide both o(sneewtphaeanFdig,.all2o)wtihneg,rtahtaiot write down as

1 8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k) exp  k2ap 2td =
k=1

= 0:95:

(25)

If to be conned by the estimation accuracy no

worse than 7 %, so the series in the expression (25) can

be exchanged by its rst member. Let's substitute in

tinhfeor(m25a)titohne wnuemsherailclaglivvaeluthesesekvaalnudes:J1 J1 ( 1) = 0:5191), we shall receive

(
1

k=)

(for the 2:4048;

ap  1:37 (td)1=2 :

(26)

The expression (26) allows to calculate such the in-

terferometer design parameter as the tube radius Atimt cea,lwcuhliacthioins,rethqeuivraedlufeotrdimispsleelmecetnetdatcioomnionfgvfirsoumal

tahpe. (or

tool) readout of bands oset value D. The data of

the ether kinematic viscosity value v will be reviewed

bpreelosswio.nT(h2e4)t,uobfewlhenicghthwelpshcaalnl rbeecefiovuend with the ex-

lp  Dmin (t0) cWhm1in;

(27)

winhteerrfeerDenmceinp(ta0t)teirsn,bawnhdischocsaent bmeindimiguitmizevdalwueithoftahne svealleuceteodf etyheefreatghmerendtriaftndhoscraizloe;ntWalhcmoimn pisontheentmvienliomciutmy, which should be measured by the interferometer (the interferometer sensitiveness). emtheaeTrsuhkreiinneegmtmhaeetrtichkovidinsrceeomasliiatzytaitvciaovlnui.escLvoesta'isrteye.sntTeimcheeasstdaeartythaefoovrfattlhhueee v, relying on the following. In the work [5] the photon formation mechanism is represented, as the oscillating result of excited atom electronic shell in the ether and the Karman's vortex track as hydromechanical photon model is proposed. In other words the photon formation is stipulated by the ether stream turbulent regime of the excited atom streamlining by the ether, oscillating in the ether. The turbulent pulsation propagation in the ether is perceived by the observer as the light emission. In the work [28] it is shown, that the existence of pulsation movement is possible in 
uid volume, if the Reynold's number is not lower than some extreme value equal to

Recr = wd 1;

(28)

wtehriesrteicwsizies


uid movement of a streamlined

velocity; body. In

dthies

the characwork [28] it

ipmsrooovbbeltemamiennetthdve,etvlohacaluitteysR, aewtcor,md,d4via2ma5r.eeteWarc,cittohhredrieentfgherleyern:kctiehneetmoetaohtueircr

viscosity. From the expression (28) we shall nd

  wdRecr1:

(29)

We shall call the obtained ether kinematic viscosity vvvacell.ouceLiteayts'stwhceawlcceaullscahutaelallttehadeccevetaphltuerethkveicn.oemAsaesttitcvheevlioescctihotseyirtoysftvreealaleumcetronic atom shells in the immobile ether at a photon emission. Let's consider, that this velocity does not excatheseisditctiahsseeknlwiogiwhthtn,vthehleaos(c2itt9yh)ewwvealsuhcea.lolTrrdheecereidvdieame1te0r o10f amto.mIsn,

c  7:06 10 5 m2sec 1:

(30)

The performed estimation has shown, that the ether kthineemwoartkic imviasgcoinsaittyioncsal[c6u]laatbeodutvathluee etchoerrreasps ognadss-liktoe medium with real gas properties. So, the kinematic viscosity values of twelve gases, spread in nature, are within 7 10 6 m2sec 1 (carbon dioxide) up to 1:06 10 4 m2sec 1 (helium).

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

215

Figure 5: The interferometer structure

Optical interferometer. The calculated ether

kinematic viscosity value allows to calculate the inter-

ferometer parameters. With the expression (26) we

sphoaslelddettoerbmeineqeutahle1tusbeceornadd,iuws.e Isfhtahlle rveacleuievet,d tihsastupat-

the interferometer creation it is necessary to apply the

tdImfue/bttesoeermcwsuaiintpnhepdottahshpeeepttlihuynebtteehvriealoellrnuiggershtahtdDisluopmsuiwrnacipet=hwti0ht0:he0:05te5,hxepWmrwe.hsamsvWiieonnele=(sn2hg7a2t)lh0l.

to=lp6:50:1409

7 m, m.

so

the

required

tube

length

is

equal

The optical interferometer was manufactured for

conducting measurements. Schematic gure of the de-

vice (the top view) is shown in the Fig. 5.

In the Fig. 5 the identications of the basic clusters

are kept, which were introduced at viewing the inter-

ferometer schema (Fig. 3). 4,5 | the interferometer

adjustment clusters; 6,7 | racks for xing 
at-parallel

soemmeit-etrrafnrasmmiet;ti9ng|lapmoiwnears saunpdplmyiarrcocrusm; u8la|torisntoefrftehre-

illuminator; 10 | the illuminator switch; 11 | the eye-

fragment xing cluster; 12 | heat-insulating housing

are shown additionally. The frame 8 is manufactured

of a steel prole with | like section. The wall thick-

nleensgstihs 0is.000.77mm., Tthheewpirdothleish0ei.g1hmt i.sT0.h0e2imnt.erTfehreomfraemteer

clusters are xed on a 
at frame surface. The racks 6,

7 are manufactured of rectangular copper tubes with

interior section 0.01 m 0.023 m. The light beams

pass inside these tubes. The interval between beams is

Ppi(nIo1naMisn,tt2hsienaPnmt1dh,aeMnPpu21ofaPitnch2tteusitr
eMaidst1eip,nqatuMreaar2llflee0r|lo.1sm2emmemtiier-.rrtorOtarhsnnesamrr
aeicatkttisnin,psgtaianrllaaltlemhldee-.l

glasses with the thickness 0.007 m were used as semi-

transparent laminas). The laminas, mirrors and clus-

ters of their xing in the Fig. 5 are not shown symboli-

cally. Each of the clusters 4,5 allows to change the racks

position in two orthogonal related plains. The tube 2

is steel with the interior radius ap = 0:0105 m. The

tuxbinegleonngt5hairse lnpo=t s0h:o4w8nmsy. mTbhoeliccalullsyt.erTs hoef stehme itcuobne-

ductor laser with the wave length   6:5 10 7 m was

applied as the illuminator. The optical paths in the

interferometer are located in a horizontal plain. The

interferometer was located on a rotated material table,

which was manufactured of an organic glass with the

thickness 0.02 m. The heat-insulating gasket was put

between the frame and material table . The interfer-

ometer was closed by a common housing of six layers of

a soft heat-insulating material. The thickness of such

cpoearitminegtewraiss asbhoowutn.0.0T2h5emh.ouIsnintghebaFcikgg.r5outnhde whoausstinhge

box of rectangular section with the interior sizes: width

bTch=e

b0o:2x2

m, was

hmeiagnhutfahcctu=re0d:1o1f

ma ,calerndgbtoharldc

=wi0th:8

m. the

thickness 0.007 m. In the box the face wall on the

eyefragment part was absent. This opening was closed

with a common soft housing. The interferometer ro-

tating was ensured with the end thrust bearing of the

diameter 0.075 m. The bearing box is located between

the material table and support. The support is provid-

ed with the units for the interferometer installation in

a horizontal position.

inteTrfhereominetteerrftehreommineitmerumtebsatn. dsInothseet mofaannufinacteturfreerd-

ence pattern, which could be visually digitized, meant

DmTinh=e d0e:v0i5c.e stiness was tested by two methods. Ac-

cording to the rst method the instrument frame was

mounted on a horizontal surface. The interferometer for

one edge of a frame was hoisted in such a way, that the

frame lean angles to the surface plain reached  20.

In this position the interference patterns oset frame,

stipulated by elastic deformations of the instrument, dsweiocdroknniodntgmepxeoctsheieotdidon0t..h3eTbihnaesntfdrrsaumm(Deenle=tasn0ti:a3nn)g.elseAsscwucpaosrtdotiens1gt0etdowitnehraee

created by the material table tilt. In this case the bands

noticeable drift was not observed. The stability of an

ilnigthetrfesrheoncckes poantttehrne tinotiemrfepruolmsiveetelroafdrasmwea,smteastteerdi.alTthae-

ble and support caused short-lived interference pattern

wince at the moments of such strikes. Thus the inter-

ference pattern was not destroyed. The bands saved an

original position after termination of impulsive loads.

The second stage of tests was performed on the ter-

rain selected for experimental investigations. In windy

weather the interference pattern was stable. The ob-

server moving in an immediate proximity from the

interferometer installation site, the movement of the

pedestrians and cars in 20 meters from the instrument

installation site did not cause the noticeable oset or

bands shivering. The short-lived bands shivering at cars

movement was marked on one of two selected points,

which was in seven meters from a ground road. Thus

the interference pattern was observed, and the bands

216

Yu.M. Galaev

dinidtnhoist ctehrarnagine tihseinpsoisgintiionca. n(tTh|e torannstphoertavmeroavgeem3en-4t automobiles per a day.)
The interferometer heat tests were held in summer. The device was mounted on the open site. The various device orientation on an azimuth was set in cloudless weather conditions. In a xed position the instrument was heated by solar radiation. In these conditions within 30 minutes the bands oset did not exceed the value Dwea=th0er:3a5nd(at1n/i1g0h0t tbhaenidnstefrofreraenmceinpuattet)e.rnInsavcleodudany invariable position within 2-3 hours.
The measuring method sensitiveness to the ether dTrhifet mreeqtuhioreddoefiencttesrfweraosmteetsetredapaptlitchaetitoenstwansatlhsetafgoel-. lowing. The instrument was mounted in a horizontal position in such a way, that its direct axis coincided with a meridian line, and the illuminator was turned to ttheresnteoartdhy. wIonrksu, cthheinoibtsiaerlvpeorsriteigoinst,eirnedththeeinbtaenrfdesroomrige-inal position of an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment scale. The value D = 0 was given to the bands original position. Then the observer changed the pfeorsoimtioenter|tutronoekd ains1ea8t0a.tTthhee riloltuamtiionnaatlord.isTplhaeceimnteenrtwas performed within three seconds. At rotational displacement, as it was reviewed above, the ether stream in a tube was interrupted. The interferometer transferred into a dynamic operating regime, which is described by the expression (11). In this interferometer position the maximal value of bands oset, the bands release time to their original position was registered. The interferometer transferred into a steady regime, and turned into the initial position. At this stage of tests it was established, that after the dynamic regime termination the bands noticeable oset of an interference pattern regarding to their original position was not observed, ie.xep. rbeassnidosno(21se)titvamlueeanDs,(tth)at!t 1theet0h.eAr sctcroeradmingvetlooctihtye aehtliohnnedrgtehtxheteeirntituoerbrefsetraroexmaismeatvetreltothc!irteys1,htohlddait.teIhrteecdvaanalubbeeitDefxrwpolmaasintbheedeby small resistance of the interferometer tube to the ether stream movement inside this tube. Let's consider in this case, that

wp (t)t!1 = wpa  Wh:

(31)

This experimental result was used above at the pro-

portion deduction (18).

At procedure implementation, described above, it

wvaarsiamtiaornksecdo,rtrhesaptoantdtehdetwo hvoalreiattiimonesc, owuhriscehoafrveaslhuoewDn

in the Fig. 4 that did not contradict the original imag-

inations about the interferometer work. The measured

duration of a dynamic regime meant The values ambiguity td is stipulated,

tdrst

o1f0a:l:l,:

1b3ystehce.

Fpinaiggttureerrgenim6b:eanOdsbsoersveetdinvatrhiaetiinonterifnertoimmeeteorf dtyhneaminticerofepreernacte-

diculties, connected with small values visual readout

of the value D, slowly changing, at the dynamic regime

eDnd(t,)i,.ec.reaattetd!onttdh.eIdnatthaevFisiuga.l 6obtsheervdaetpioennsd,einscsehovwienw.

However, as it can be seen in the Fig. 6, on the

original site by the extent about 1 second the depen-

dcoeunrcseetqimuaelictoautrivseelyD. (At)ftedritehreeddefvroicme raontaetxipoenctined1t8i0me,

atiphtaettehindei,tmiaaclocmporoedsniittnigoonft,otii.m(e2.e2)tD0a,(ntdt0h)et=hbea0Fnidigns.stset4ai,ldl tohocfecauvnpatilieucde-

Dwi(tth0i)n There

wt=heeremtisamuxpe.ptomSsiitnioce1nsstehocfercemearcothameindenmttheetc0hm,aantxhiciemalvasaltlvrueaeslsueDes.

itnio
nueinnci1n8g0atotrhoethinetrerrfeearsoomnse,tecrobnrnaekcitnedg,affoterreixtasmroptlae-,

with air movement inside a heat-insulating housing. In

this connection dierent methods of the interferome-

ter starting into movement and its braking were test-

ed. The tests have shown, that the observed feature

othfetshuepipnotseirtfieornosmmetaedre.wTorhke csoyustledmnaotticbreouenxdp-ltahine-ecdlobcky

tests have shown the following. The daily variations of

the value D corresponded the measured ones in the

experiment [1-3] to the ether drift velocity variations

within a day. (In the experiment [1-3] round-the-clock

measurements were carried out continuously during 13

months, since August 1998 till August 1999. The part

of this experiment results is published in the works [1-

3]. The measurement results within radio waves band

have shown, that there is a rather small value of the

ether drift horizontal component velocity during the

part of a day. The same eects were marked at the

optical interferometer test in the work. The experi-

eonf cteimheasasthtohweni,nttherafteraotmaesteeprarroattaetdioany,oonn1s8u0ch ptheeriondos-

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

217

toibcseearbvleedb. aHndesncoe,setht eofdaetnecintetderffeeraetnucreespainttedrenpewnadsenncoet

D (t) (Fig. 6) could not be caused by the interferome-

ter mechanical strains or air movements inside the in-

terferometer heat-insulating housing, and are stipulat-

ed by the exterior reasons. Such time periods, during

wthheicinhteDrfe(trmom) ete0r

were used starting in

for improvement ways of rotation and its stopping.

These ways were used then as standard procedures at

systematic measurement conducting.

TheAdneatleyctseids orefgutlhaeritiyntinertfhereoombesetrevredtebsatndrsesoulstest.

has required its physical interpretation. The possible

in
uencing analysis of the interferometer structural el-

ements on the ether streams has shown, that the ob-

saenrdveqduadnetpietnadtievneclye dfeeastcurirbeesdDw(itt)hicnatnhebefoqlluoawliitnagtisvueplyposition. Let allow, that an exterior heat-insulating dielectric housing of the interferometer (the point 12 in tehtheeFrisgt.re5a)mfordmrisftt,hbeeasdiddeistiaonmaledtairlleiccttinugbes.ysItnemthfiosrctahsee tshtreeaemxteirsiotrheinetrheleartimonovteomaenmteitnalalicdtiuelbeectorifcthheouestihnegr.

If to consider the interferometer housing as the routing

system, it is necessary to consider, that, since the mo-

mpreonctests0

in it, as well as in a of the ether stream

metallic dening

tube, the dynamic will be developed.

It gives the basis to write down the expression (21) as

follows

D (t) =

lp 

 Wc

(t)

c

wp

(t) ;

(32)

wltohhceietrvyeariWniatctii(omtn)eoiifsntththheeeevtianhrteierartfsietorrnoemaomefttevhreelhoeoctiuthsyeinrigns;ttrwiemapme(ti)nveias-

metallic tube.

The housing basis was a cardboard box of rectangu-

lar section. Let's consider a problem about setting the

ether into motion, resting in a rectangular tube. For

this purpose let's use the comparative method, spread

in hydrodynamics, of 
uid stream in a tube of a com-

pound prole with 
uid stream in the tube of round

section, "equivalent" on resistance, at which so-called

"hydraulic" radius nceoprtmedal[2se7c]tfioorn tGhips

artahodtieuhqseuaslecttoioann

paerreiamreatteiro

of a tube Np is ac-

ah = GpNp 1:

(33)

Such a way enables to use the mathematical apparatus developed at stream analysis in round tubes. As before we shall be limited to estimations, performed for the ether turbulent stream. In this case the dependence Wthce (etx)pcraenssiboenc(a1lc1u)laintewd hwicithhatshetheexproruesnsdiontusbiemrilaadriutos

atupbweeashhall use the "hydraulic" radius of a rectangular

"
Wc (t)  wpac 1

8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)

k=1

exp  k2ah 2t ;

(34)

wbuhleernet wstpraecamis ainmtheaeninvteelrofceirtoymoeftethredieetlheecrtrsictehadouystinugr-. As before, at considering the expression (17), and taking into account the interferometer test results (31), it is peasnosdsesniibttilaieslltypoofcsrosonimbsliedtehtroe, wethtrhaiteterthdexeotwveanriloure swtrpeaacmdoveesloncoittydiWehr

Wc (t)t!1 = wpac  Wh:

(35)

terioLreto'svecraallcludlaimteetnhseiovnasluweeraeh g. iAvebnovaet,tthhee ihnotuersfienrgomin-ehatncedr=FNsrt0orp:mu1,1cwtthumiterhe.etTxdhpehesrece(nrs3i,s3piho)tainwovne(in:2sg6hw)adiildetlttrehiesrcmpbeciiovns=eesdiba0lht:eh2=2etov0ma:s0el,u3ehe,6es7tihgGmhaptt. twtrhhaideellivudbasuelruodafeettitohndneewdionibfltlyetbrhtfeheeerdionetmutebneretefedeorrfobhlmyaoruetghtseeienrrvgrdaayaldunhieuasmo.fiAc"hsryeadghrima>uelaictp"d,

td  0:53a2h 1:

(36)

From the expression (36) it follows, that, having the

measured kinematic

vvailsuceossittdy, viat liusepossible

to

determine

the

ether

  0:53a2htd 1:

(37)

The kinematic viscosity value, determined in such a way, we shall call as the ether kinematic viscosity masehce,a=swu0er:e0sd3h6av7lallmureecaevnicvd.eLtheet'ms seuabssutrietdutveailnuteot(d37=) t(h10e :v:a:l1u3es)

e  (5:5 : : :7:1) 10 5 m2sec 1:

(38)

The kinematic viscosity asescthiseefquunacltitoon mean value

vm=eafn(vtda)luwe ivtheain,

calculated (10 : : :13)

ea = 6:24 10 5 m2sec 1:

(39)

Comparing (30), (38) and (39) we shall mark, that on the value order the ether kinematic viscosity values, calcTulhaeteodppaonrdtumneitaysuorfedth,ecopirnocbidleemvcsoluvtieon avbeaou. t the ether viscosity measuring is of particular interest, as the experimental data about the ether viscosity and the ether viscosity measuring methods miss in literature till nowadays.

218

Yu.M. Galaev

Figure 7:
bands oset

V(caarlicautiloantioinn)

time

of

the

interference

pattern

Let's write down the expression for the value D (t). For this purpose we shall substitute the expressions (11) ainngdly(3a4n)di,na(l3lo2w) finorgtthheevparloupesorwtipo(nts) (a3n1d),W(3c5()t,)waeccsohradl-l receive

D (t) 

8lpWh X 1
c k=1

k 3J1 1 (

k)

exp  k2ap 2t exp  k2ah 2t : (40)

In the Fig. 7 in a normalized view the dependence c(4a0lc)uilsatgioivnerne.suAltt Dca(ltc)u,lapteirofnosrmthede wteirtmh sthneuemxbpererssoifona svva6ea:ip5rslicu=eFoes1rsso0ik0tomy:f0=7t1iths0m4he5,e.vitncmhFteei=;grc.faae7hlrc7ou=ml1iat0et0tefe:od50rlm3lvdo6a2ew7lssuisegem,cnot;fp1htalaphartaen=omdenteh0ttth:ee4irrem8skefaiomnrleeel;xomupwsaieirtnda=igc-: ttitTc0ihoheonoepifantetmntrheatreitcfieinbpr0geea:gn8trice2enedgnsidpiemncuag,etr,twatettihrhimnoiecneh(bvooaiaffsnlttuddhheisegeDioitinnit)zsteeeesrdtrhffeofemrruroooalmmdmxiebemttteheeareroldbmvdysayonelnrmuavaemeemndoictf.oexpperreastsiniognr(e4g0im) feormsaptetceirfsyintdgthe10o:b3sesrevce.dLveatl'useuesxeptehreitmuteentinal(ly40t)mthe1mseeacs.uFreodr tvhailsuepuorfptohsee ewtheesrhaklilnseumbasttiicvtcmoisnctorsaid0ty:i9c,t3vteshaeec=.exH6p:e2enr4iceen,1c0tehre5esmcua2lltcsseu,clawt1iho,incwhereassruhelatslslhordewocnenivoinet the Fig. 6.
The interferometer test results analysis, the ether kinematic viscosity values, calculated and measured, give the basis to consider, that the ether stream properties are close to the stream properties of known gases at their interaction with solids | to pass aside obstacles

asonldidgso(dinieldeicrtercitcisn,gmseytsatlesmest.c.I)t actaninbteerasuctsipoenctwedit,hththaet ether stream render major ether-dynamic resistance. It claries the interferometer test results, that the tube made of dielectric can execute the same directing system role for the ether, as the tube made of metal. The ether stream property, i.e. to pass aside obstacles, could cause unsuccessful attempts to detect the ether drift with the devices placed in metallic chambers [17-20, 23-26].
For value denition of the ether drift horizontal coomseptomneenatsuvreeldocvitayluWe ohf iatnisinptoersfseibrelencteo puastetetrhne abtanthdes mexopmreesnsitonof(t4i0m)ewtemsh, awllhreenceDive(tm) = max. From the

Wh  D (tm) c (8lpX 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)
k=1

exp  k2ap 2tm exp  k2ah 2tm 1: (41) Let's substitute in (41) the measured values of the etohtfhetehrveakluiinneteemtrmfaetrio=cmve1itsecrsoescait,nydthvceeaaldc=eusliag6tn:i2o4npapr1aa0rma5emtmeerts2esrevca(tlhu1ee, tmcear;smelpsthn=eumm0b:e4ea8rsuomfre;adsevra=ileuse)6::5oafpt1h=0e07e:0tmh1e0;r5kdmr=i;fta4hh.=orIi0zn:o0nt3ht6ai7sl component velocity, will be dened as follows

Wh  525D (tm) :

(42)

Let's calculate the minimal value of the ether drift

vuefalocctiutryedWihnmteinrf,erwohmicehtecra,ni.be.e

measured we shall

with the mandetermine the

instrument sensitiveness. In the part \the interferom-

ewtherichtescta"n ibs emdairgkietidz,edthwatiththethme isneilmecutemd veayleuferaDgmmeinnt,

awnedsLhsecatal'lslerdeDectemeivrimne i=Wneh0m:t0hi5ne.

Then with the expression (42) =eth2e6r:2s5trmea/msecr.egime in the in-

twvrcRctseahtoaairerdesnltefmuihieatueeibrymtntsoeohhmvfaeetwerupteahertr=dxi8ebe=trrp8utiR03reflt6t:een4eu0:sny2.bv1stdn4ie0eoorolsA5onewl1dgccamni0(cisttm4,o,in)eWr5teiudsnhwmihimasnWewtbg=2phssheohReirtWcscaoeshRlimhlbt1te2mhiclhmn6eaieme:nil2onc>er.o5nuetvlflhqFyeoRamueosrtir.eir/enrtcswehLtt.etmheheichtiteHeetsh'tunshmiepbttnnerhutieecn(eerece3wprite,mv)fhoiieivtaesrasiheertt--l

ometer tubes.

The optical interferometer tests and tests results

analysis give the basis to consider, that the hydrody-

namic description of the interferometer operating prin-

ciple, reviewed above, is adequate to the imaginations

about viscous ether stream in tubes, and the manu-

factured interferometer is suitable for the ether drift

velocity and the ether kinematic viscosity measuring.

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

219

wasTdhisepmoseedasiunrethme ecnotumnterythsoetdtsle.mTehnet inattertfheerohmeiegthert

( 190 m above sea level), in 13 km from Kharkov

northern suburb. The proximate height ( 200 m

above sea level) is located westward apart 1.7 km. Two

points were arranged for measurements. The distance

between them was about 15 m. On the point No 1

the interferometer was at the height 1.6 m above the

ground surface. On the point No 2 it was at the height

4.75 m. Two points available, which are located at dif-

ferent heights and are practically at the same point of

tfeecrtr.a"inT, hiteims reeaqsuuirreemdefnotrsoobnsetrhveatpioonintosf Nthoe1\haenidghNtoef2-

were performed in the open air. On the point No 1 the

interferometer was in surrounding trees shadow and was

not exposed to direct solar radiation aecting within a

light day. On the point No 2 the interferometer was

mounted in an umbrella shadow. In winter time the

interferometer was transferred to Kharkov. The point

No 3 ( 30 m above the ground surface or  130 m

above sea level) was arranged in the upper level facility

of a bricky house. On the point No 1 the measurements

were carried out in August 2001, on the point No 2 in

August, September, October and November 2001, on

the point No 3 in December 2001 and in January 2002.

The measurements were carried out cyclically. One

measuring cycle lasted 25-26 hours. 2-4 cycles were

performed within one month. Each cycle contained the

following parameters. The interferometer was mounted

on a selected point, so that its rotating plain was hor-

izontal. After installation the interferometer was kept

in new heating environment within one hour (the in-

strument was stored in the facility). The measurements

were carried out at each whole hour of stellar time. One

readout of the measured value was performed under the

following schema. The interferometer longitudinal axis

wtoarswmasoutnutrendedaltoongthae mnoerrtihd.ianT,hseofuthrtahteritspriollcuemduinreas-

did not dier from the interferometer operating pro-

cedures, which were applied at the nal stage of the

interferometer test. After the interferometer dynamic

regime termination the observer registered the maximal

bbaannddss orelseeatsevatliumeeDto(ttmhe)i,raosritghienaml epaossuirteiodnvwalause.reTghise-

tered and metered. The interferometer returned to the

steady operating regime. The instrument turned to the

initial position. As a rule, 5-7 readouts were done dur-

imngeaonnvealmueeawsuasriancgcetpimteed(for 1th0emmienaustuerse).d where S is the measuring stellar time.

The readout value D (S),

redestuThlhetsef.opllTroowhceinemgsspeianrosgucremedmuerteehnsto: drvesasluoulfetssthcpaerlocmcuelesasatiisnougnrseinomcfleutnhdet-

ectohuerrsedorfiftthheoertizhoenrtdarlifctovmeploocniteyntwvitehloincitsyepWarhat;eastdeallialyr

day and the ether drift velocity daily course averaged

during the year epoch Wh (S); a daily course of the

emtitohenaeTrsWuhdrehreimmfftreeonvametslusoiercterisimteymsenaeWvatenhrreav(sSgauel)uldt,esmfowerWaetnrh.e-esqiwnutharrooeldevutacilemudee

doef
tehceas the

medeawsiutrhedthvealeuxeptraebsslieosnD(4(S2)) .wTerhee bvraoluugeshtWtho,tchaelcsualmate-

table for each hour of stellar day. Such numbers con-

sequence obtained for separate stellar day, describes a

dailTyhceoumrseeanWvhal(uSe)s.of the ether drift velocity and the

vdaalyuewsithWthwe efroellocwalicnuglaktneodwfnoreexapcrheshsioounrs

of the [30]

stellar

Wh (S) =  1 X  Whj (S);
j=1

8

W

(S)

=

><

>:

1 X  j=1

Whj (S)

(43)

Wh (S)

2 9=1=2 ;(44) ;

wwhheorlee m eiasstuhreemvaelnutessearmieos.unTthWe hco,nobdtaeninceedindtuerrivnaglsthoef the measured values were calculated with the known methods explained, for example, in the work [30]. The calculations were performed with the estimation reliability equal to 0.95.
The measurement results. The measurement series results, held since August 2001 till January 2002 are presented in the work. 2322 readouts of the measured values have been performed during this series. The distsrhiobwuntioinn othferetaadboleut1s amount per months of the year is
According to the research problems, we shall consider this work results along with the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10]. These four experiments have bdieeenrepnetrfmoremaesudraintgvamrieotuhsodpso:inatsnoofpatigclaolbienwteirtfhertohmreeeter of the rst order (Europe, Ukraine, 2001{2002 [this work]); a radio interferometer of the rst order, (Europe, Ukraine, 1998{1999 [1-3]); optical interferometers of the second order (Northern America, USA, 1925{ 1w9h2i6ch[7a-r9e],a1p9p2li9ed[1i0n])t.heTahbeomvee-amsuernitniognmedetehxopdesriamcetinotns,, based on wave propagation regularities in moving medium, responsible for these waves propagation, that allows to treat the experiment results in the terms of the ether drift velocity within the original hypothesis.
The development regularities of viscous medium streams (
uids or gases) in directing systems are used in the work measuring method. The measured value is proportional to a velocity dierential of the ether viscous streams in two tubes of dierent section within the original hypothesis. This dierential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the rst order method).
In the experiment measuring method [1-3] the regularities of viscous medium streams near the surface

220

Yu.M. Galaev

Month of theTyaebaler 1: DAis2ut0gr0iub1suttionSeop2ft0er0mea1bdeorutsOamc2t0oo0ub1nert peNr om2v0eom0n1tbhesrof tDhee2ce0ym0ea1brer Ja2n0u0a2ry Amount of readouts 792 462 288 312 240 228

FAiugguurset 8ep: oVchariation of ether drift velocity within a day in ptoarativtieornticaarle vuesleodc.ityThgeramdieeansturinedthvealeutehiesr pdrroipftosrttrioeanmal near the Earth's surface within the original hypothesis. This gradient value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the rst order method).
In the experiments [7-9] and [10] Michelson's cruciform interferometers were applied. The measured value is proportional to a velocity dierential of wave propagation in orthogonal related directions in the ether drift stream within the original hypothesis. This dierential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the second order method).
In the Fig. 8 the experiment results referring to August are presented. On fragments of this gure are shown accordingly: in the Fig. 8a | this work results; in the Fig. 8b | the experiment results [1-3] (the gure is published for the rst time); in the Fig. 8c | the experiment results [7-9]. ing Tohneoertdhienratderiaftxevse.locTithieesstWelhlarintikmme/sSec.inarheopuersndis-

pending on abscissa axes. Each of the Fig. 8 fragments illustrate the variation of the ether drift velocity wariethpinresaenstteedllaorndlyaybyWthh(eSa)u.thTohrse oefxpweorrimk e[1n0t]raessualtsscertaining of the velocity maximal value, measured by thFthhaieegsm.mn,8oeitnaasasruletlrloheawemtiedoednnattitloyodsatdhtheoaepwemanvtodehvreiaesnmgceiexnenpgWterrhWeims(uSel)tns.t6wrIkneemsrute/hltsepsercFie,nsitgehtn.hat8e-t ed with the thick lines, which are obtained in each of the experiments during August epoch (mean results). The separate observations (measurement results during a separate day) are shown with thin lines. The dates of separate observations are specied on fragments. The separate observations on fragments of the Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b are selected from the performings, which had the date, proximate to the date of separate observation of the Fig. 8c fragment and which during the day had no skips during the measuring. The date discrepancy is stipulated also by the fact that the systematic measurements in the work began on August 14, 2001, and in the experiment [1-3] | on August 11, 1998.
The positive measurement results, given in the Fig. 8eibmmt,yheienletnlrthutdess[t1rr[oi-7af3pt-t]9teri]tec,thqahe[ule1i0oirdne]petdptvehoerefelsoeiernpacogmntm.isereoIantntdterirtooohfprewyaowntaeaivosteroieksotcrntapo,nrpwodiynapiseantgdhteahiectseticoeoe|xnvxpepwetrerhearides-applied.
The similar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within a day in August epoch unite all three fragments of the Fig. 8. The rst minimums in dependreesnuclitess. IWnhth(Se)waorrek e(Fxpigr.es8saed) acnledairnlythine aexllptehrrimeeemnte[a1n3] (Fig. 8b) temporary position of minimums is S  3 hours. In the experiment [7-9] (Fig. 8c) the temporary pdiosscirteiopnanocfytihnethrestpomsiitnioimnuomf tihsesSe min0i:m8 uhmousri.s a(Sbuocuht 2.2 hour, an explanation has not found yet.) The ether drift velocity magnication is observed during consequent 2-3 hours. Further the plateau sites with rather small variations of the ether drift velocity in time are noticed on all fragments. The greatest duration of the plateau site was observed in the experiment [1-3] (Fig. 8b), that can be explained by arranging peculiarities of a radio-frequency spectral line on terrain. In this expfreormimaenmt etrhiediraandoion-fr4e5quetnocynosrpthecetarsatl. lTinheeisvadreiacltiinoends

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

221

oimf tuhteh)eothcecrurdsryifmt ampeetxriacazilmlyuttoha(amsewriedlilaanslainneywstitahrinaza-

stellar day. If to take account (according to

the apex Miller: 

coo6r5di,naate v1a7l:u5ehs

into [9]),

the ether drift azimuth in this part of a stellar day ac-

cepts the values, which lay in the northeast direction,

i.e. in the direction close to the direction of a radio-

frequency spectral line. In this case the angle between

the ether drift azimuth and radio frequency spectral

line direction has minimum values. Accordingly at the

interval of 12-16 hours the ether drift radial compo-

nliennet) vkeeleopcsitryat(hdeirrehctigedh vaaloluneg,adersapdiitoe-forfeqthueenacpyexspheecitgrhatl

magnication (astronomical coordinate). Such arrang-

ing peculiarities of the radio interferometer on terrain

cthane ienxtperlavianl tohfe12re-1la6tihvoeudrsepinencdoemnpceariinscorneawsiethWthhe(Ssa)maet

dependencies shown on two other fragments. In the

work (Fig.8a), according to the accepted measurement

methods, the optical interferometer was located along

a meridian. As the variations of the ether drift azimuth

within a stellar day occur symmetrically to the merid-

ian line, in this case the plateau site duration should

be less, than in the experiment [1-3] and less than in

the experiment [7-9] in which the ether drift azimuth

variation was considered by the corresponding rotation

of the interferometer.

It can be seen in the Fig. 8a (the mean result of

the work), that the sites with rather small values of

the ether drift velocity, extended in time, take place

within a day. Noticeable bands oset of an interference

pattern was not observed per a separate day on such

sites. In these cases the ether drift velocity was lower

tmh/asnect)h,ethianttewrfaesroumseedtefrorsetnhseitiinvteenrefsesro(mi.eet.erWtehsts<, th26e

purpose of which is given in the above mentioned part

"the interferometer test".

Systematic character of experimental investigations

of this work and the works [1-3], [7-9] has shown, that

dependencies measured in one and the same epoch of

tehtheeryedarriftWvehlo(Sci)ty, vhaarviaetitohnewsiitmhiinlaar dchaya.raActtetrheofsatmhee

time dependencies epochs of the year

vdiiewerWfrhom(S)ea, cmheoatshuerre,dtihnatdicaenrebnet

noticed, for example, by the experiment published re-

snuolttsb[e7e-n9]d. eThneedreyaesto.nIstocfasnucbhe sseuasspoencatledva, rtihaatitomnsahganvee-

tosphere, at its considerable sizes and peculiar shape,

ionosphere, the known variations of their state can be

responsible for such dependence variations It can be seen in the Fig. 8, the ether

Wdrhift(Sv)e.loc-

ities, measured in each of the experiments, dier, that

can be stipulated by the arranging height dierences of

measuring systems above the Earth's surface: 1.6 m;

42 m; 1830 m (Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b, Fig. 8c accordingly).

The collection of such data illustrates the height eect

development. In the work the ether drift velocity mea-

Figure 9: Dependence of the ether drift velocity on the
hi[m1e0ieg]nhtt[a1b-3o]v;e2thies Ethaertehx'psesruimrfaecnet, [7-9i]s; thisiswtohrekeaxnpdereixmpeenrt-
s4du.e7rn5icnegmdhi(aspcvooesviebtrieoye.nnINnpoetr.hfoe1rmtaanebddleaN2tott.hhee2)mhfeeoiargnhhtvesaigl1uh.6etsdmoefpatenhndeether drift maximal velocity are given, which are measured in the work and in the experiments [1-3], [7-8], [10]. In these four experiments the measurements are performed at ve dierent heights: 1.6m and 4.75 m in the work; 42 m in the experiment [1-3]; 265 m and 1830 m in the experiment [7-9] (Clevelend and the observat[1o0ry] tohfeMmoeuansutrWemilesnotns awcecroerdcianrgrileyd).oIunt tahlseoeoxnpetrhime oenbtservatory of Mount Wilson. However, in contrast with twhoeodexepnehriomuesne,t t[7h-e9]e,xwpheriicmh ewnats[1c0a]rriisedpeorufotrimnead liinghat fsuernvdaatmoreyn.taIltbcuainldibnegsoufpapnoosepdt,ictahlawtotrhkesheotpheorf tshtreeoabmbraking by the house walls was the reason of the ether drift velocity smaller value, measured in the experiment [10] in comparison with the experiment result [7-9].
The table 2 gives the imagination about the ether drift velocity variation in height band above the Earth's surface from 1.6 m up to 1830 m. In the gure 9 this deptheendaebnscceisvsaiewanids porredsiennatteeds ianxtehsethloegalorgitahrmithicmscicalvea.luOens owtahfnhedreavr1teai:lomusWeasWcWci/osWrtdhaiennagdenltyZdh. eZr a/drZreifctownveserildoeecpriteeydndaeitqnutgahlaecthcooe1irgdmhint/gsZleyc;,

222

Yu.M. Galaev

Table 2: Dependence of the ether driftTvheeloectithyerondrtihftevheeloigchittya(bmov/esetch)e Earth's surface

theHEe(aimgrhtehtt'easrbsso)uvreface T20hO0i1sp-tw2ic0os0rk2 TRhaede1ixo9p9we8ra-iv1me9se9n9bta[n1d3] The e1x9Op2ep5r-ti1imc9se2n6t [79] The exOp1ep9rti2mi9csent [10]

1830

{

{

10000

6000

24625

{{

14{14

30{00

{{

4.75

435

{

{

{

1.6

205

{

{

{

ibmaneIndttcfrraoensmublet1s.s6eaermne fnurepoamrtotohn1e8e3Fs0itgrma. i9gt,hhttehlaeintthedeiarneddrreinifntt vehexelpiogechrit-tsnayunersdifsna,acctrtehem.aaostTescsphahewneirbtbehoeuinttnhhtdeeeraahrccyeotingiloshaenytq.eugrerTonhhwcaeestsheocfoadnbtahsotievadeeedrttahohbeernleEosttatrhrcetioachnmk's-tvFsreiraseocndmo,icuttsthhtaeehttehtteahirmbelaeaengtd2ihn,eiartFtsiidogsrn.tirfste8oavafmetlaohnnceediatmyrthotiesdheerFlaiEt[g4ha.-er6rt9]hs'amsibtsaoculualrtnfnatecbhaeeer. trveshoedanelursveEieetsaliu3ovrl0cettihnskt"'eymss.sos/fuIswnremafcassawcunoecay,bhsvtehtiexoaaxpuktpeesecrlnyriaminampseoeentxonthprtae.sllaeWtwitnhhoeiterthkrhmesd,terrhtieienefatrseiwoanxnnhgptirocidechfesisp\vtizaiohcetnee-(2am10re)e0t-iih4tno0acd0apsnpmslbie/cnesaesbcictal,eilvtchfeuonelraemstmseedetta,hostouhtdrhaseetmoeafetttnhhttehesr,esdaeersctiohfitnnedrvtehdolirorsidcftcietaryvsaeeillsomsculooictswhyt imne6thoorddse.rs (!) than the sensitiveness of the rst order
The ether kinematic viscosity has been measured in the work. The measurement results are explained above in the part \Result analysis of the interferometer tests," that is stipulated by the peculiarities of the experiment implementation. The measured values of the ether kinematic viscosity are in the limits vevqeaauluael ov(re5da:e5=r:c:6o::i72n:41ci)d1e01s0w5i5tmhm2tsh2esceece1th,1et.rhakTtihnaeecmcmoaretdaicinnvgvisatcloousetihtiyes value calculated above vc  7:06 10 5 m2sec 1 .
Hence, the dierences between the dependencies Wavhai(lSab)leacnadn tbheeexetphlaeirneddribfty vtheleocmiteyasmureeamsuernetdmveatlhuoeds dierences of the work and the experiments [1-3], [7-9], [10] and dierences between arranging heights of measuring systems. The results of four experiments do not contradict each other, that illustrate the reproduced measurement nature of the ether drift eects in various experiments performed in dierent geographic conditions with dierent measurement methods applying.

Figure 10: The mean daily course of the ether drift velocity

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

223

vvaellouAceictwcyoitrhhdoitnrhigzeotnpotetarhiloecdoormpiegprinoonanleenhtystpeWollthahressdhiaso,yut(lhdtehceehtshapenargcedereiitfftsfect). For revealing the ether drift velocity component with such period, the results of systematic measurements were subjected to statistical processing in stellar time scale. The results of such processing are shown in the Fig. 10. On the fragments of the Fig. 10 the stellar time S in hours is suspended on the abscissa asuxseps,entdheedeothnerthderioftrdvinelaotceitayxevsa.lueThWe hveirntickaml /hsaetcchisethseinmdeicaantedatihlye ccoounrsdeenofcethienteetrhvearlsd. riIfnt vtehleocFitiyg.wi1t0hacinalcauslatetelldaracdcaoyrdWinhg(tSo)thise gmiveeansu. reTmheisntdreepseunltdsenocfethies work, which were performed during ve months of the year, since September 2001 till January 2002. During ve months the numerical value of stellar time shifts regarding to the solar time in 10 hours. Since September till November the measurements were performed on the point No2. In December and January | on the point No3. The mean values are calculated with the expression (43). For comparison, in the Fig. 10b the mean result is given, which was obtained in the experiment [1-3] during year's ve months of the same name, since September 1998 till January 1999 (Here, as contrasted to the similar gure, given in the works [1-3], the measured value is expressed in the ether drift velocity values.) In the works [7-9], [10] such data miss, owing to smaller on coverage of year's epochs of the measurement statistics in these experiments.

Both fragments of the Fig. 10 as a whole have sim-

ilar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within

a day. The dierences in the curve shapes can be ex-

ptelrarianiendrbelyiefvieslceomuesnetst,hewrhsicthreainmthinesteerdacitieornenwt ietxhpetrhie-

ments had the distinguished performances and features

of radio-frequency spectral line arranging on terrain in

the experiment [1-3]. On the fragment of the Fig. 10a

(this work), as contrasted to the result of the exper-

ismmeanllter[1v-3a]lu(eFsi,g.th1a0tbc)a,nthbeeetehxeprladinriefdt vbeylocthiteieshehiagvhet

distinction of measuring points in these experiments.

The dependencies ly changed values

Wwihth(St)hheapveertihoedsfoerqmusaol ftpoeariosdteicllaalr-

day, that can be explained by a space (galactic) origin

of the ether drift. In the work, the observed bands o-

set direction of an interference pattern corresponded to

the ether drift northern direction at measurement im-

plementation. Hence, the results of the work do not

contradict the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10] and

imaginations of the works [4-6] about the northern posi-

tion of the ether drift apex, that demonstrate the repro-

duced result nature of the ether drift eects measure-

ment in dierent experiments, performed with dierent

measuring methods application.

p[1a-r3iI]sn,o[nt7h-9oe]f,wt[o1hr0ek].wwFoeorrskhcaroelnlsdubuletcsctiownngitonhfedqthuteaoneqtxiuptaaeltriiitvmaeteicnvoetmcdpoaamtra-aatthotpieevsxpeercascontiofayrtldiymaisnniesatwaietnevarieaslylduntieeectscaeeolrsnmsvatiirehnyweedtcooeiflnestsphttehieaceilefetsyxhppehtrheererdiemre,itwfehtnhetvrice[hd7lor-fc9iofi]rt-, tptsyitroroendpaeommpseeesndtfhdooeirnndmctioehnfegotnhnweetoahtrreekrtshrhae[e1iing-Eh3ra]te,rlattihbeof'osevinlseau
btruhfoeaerncaecEt,eeatroottnhhde'tsehctseeaurlemcrtfuhailnceaeerpiatohnrnoedobrsgaepaobhseleeosrneion,tu
htthuistaehnteexcisipfntregharimemosfeuentbohtfjeertcehEtseuoalfrwttssohe,rptkmahrpeaargetonexbepiltneeovmrsiepmssh.teiegnDrateut[ie1ao-nnt3dos] atdiniodneT,rthehtnhuetose,uexixgnphpeterhiriteimsmweuenosntretkfs[u,7lit-nsh9e]qesuashriytaeeptgootitvbhheveenisoriewsusseiu.txlhtpoecurotimmapnenyatracisolorvnreeroci--f aaTlgchaamettieieoodsnnitu,iammibnao, tturihetosentphoooepnftesititcbhhaleelerwefeotaxhrvieseertleebcnkaticnrneodemimnhaaangtsaintcbeuetvrieeicns,cwiop.aesev.irtefymos rpavmtareoleurpdie--. hfcmooofaressvtitthihbysoecedmoeenuateshcapteslieruioqrrndfuionriiridgsfmtbhoevaardess.legodbacTesiotehnynsettarphnereadormspdtteohsvsoeeeirndledotephatrhmneerdoepkndrtiteiniracreealemcilgztueiamndltagi.ecrtiTshvtyioihessdes-todveabrmiltfuatsei.nroeeTfqduhthiserteeasdtiegitsnehtieicreacckaltlsinyn.themmaTsaehatbeisecuedrvneeivmsscehoeloonspwittmynr.eeosnnuTtltthoshefehmtavhvaeeelauseebutehroeeerndrdodEtifeioarrnroethcphctathi'isoscacnansolugiarnewnfscaadiicvdteeies.ndvpcTawrrelohiuapteeshaevwgisetailstwtohiccoiatinatlhcypudhoeleearfpiitgoeoenhpddtdtvpiscgaearlroulonoewwn.ttaehThvesehateerpbalvroldaoevilrpeaoadtctgiaiohtayyne-. The|deotepcttiecdaleweacvtes pcraonpbageaetxiopnlaimneeddibuymthaevafiollalbowleinreg-: giptaoyrs,de|idi.ne.ogopftttsohieceptahalfeerwaaEatteuvaerrpetpahprr'ostripocmpalegeosrav;tetimoonemnmta;etderiuiaml mhaesdituhme vsicscooms-has|Tghoetthaweosmprkaecdreeius(umglatlssatrccetoaimcm)poaorrfiigsoiopnnt.itcoalthweaveexpperroipmaegnattiroensaptuhscalearttitshsei,ooethnneexetrarehecbedsuorurtuileifttndts tneehhaaaeetrvulceeitrexerism,shithnoeeawanosscnurebdrteeeohemrfenoesunrfpetcetpshrhrfeioomnrdhmauvytcaepeerdrodi.iotahuTlnesamhstieesuexdrcpveoieeumrromii--fmwietnhTtshdeipewerrofeornrktmrmeedseuailsntusrdecimaneernbetnemtcgeotenhosogiddreasrpeahdpipcalirsceaeqtxuipoirener.mimeenntstitnarolnmhayatpgunoreet,htieics.eiws.acvmoensatperrrmoiapalatimgoanetdiaoiubnmo. u,trethspeoentshiberleefxoirsteelnecce-

224

Yu.M. Galaev

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& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 225{233 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

ON THE BASIS FOR GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY
S.N. Arteha1
Space Research Institute, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia

Received December 23, 2002

The basic concepts of the general relativity theory (GRT), such as space, time, the relativity of simultaneity, are scyosnttermadaitcitcoarlylypaoninatlsyzoefdt.hisTthheeolorgyicaanldinitcsocnosrisotlelanrciieess aorfe bcoansiscidGerRedTinnodteiotnasil.are indicated. Many disputable and

1. Introduction
A series of logical paradoxes has been analyzed in detgta\ahrsgioeeltuohiGnmnedRep[l1tTerr-si3inszc]nca,oietnpasitnlsoeandoio.nf"tfshSeIeRsqfoTucimtoi'vmwseabaplreaslanestditchseeeemwerexexoirppnneerstetrterirsrmauseetseedet,nditntv.hagieaUl iGatndnhleRideakTseil,docSegsoRauiucTcloahdf,l hristetarcviutseicontaneodcttloatinhitmehaecodasnistease,ttriatecthnuNetsemgowrfaatoavnninht'eaysrtp.liaoownthtoehsfiegsorraaybvoimtuauttsisotonmb.eeScicnoocnre-bliposaugstdiiTacesbamhnlleeooinntbpcisaoootsnirnniascsttissoeptdffuernGrohpcmReyorTseoet.;hf oiestfpTtaitheschxeecitsobpanownlatodoaukristnskiibem[dil4see-i6tnne]hroeraStoireocrecsrntidsitaoiiicsnnnpidsl2Gma.dyRieoAsTd-f sMgtievapecnhbtyporsidtneocpuip.blteTfuhalreectoairmlosloelasdryiisnecscuhfsrrsooemndi,zGaatnRidoTn.thiSseescuatetistoenannt3idocnothniestains the conclusions.
2. Criticism of GRT Fundamentals
MctiiopanlneytooGftcRhoeTrrceiansspceoownnsdiiteshtnoecnuectiigessrvaaivorieltaawtteeidolln-(ktcnhaoenwlninmo:ti1tei)xntighstetrwparintisnhi--otcheuleterciaontntirsooenrdsvuacctoiinnotgnraltadhwiecstasarrttehieacbeiasxelpneetrx;itm3e)rentnhatelalrcfeoalnacdttisivt(iiortyontsoa)ft;ian2cg)ls4cfiooo)qrinudtsshisiad,devsweisrnuhiengnedgdriuetteaoslras\bsrnupesonaoincinlveu-aertpocrisopotaannliltdscicainehtbgxiaolierosnantisc.nethse(saUri-mv"tsehuibletaaehlgrslepyicn,hasshaeserntaisopyc,aecbtlohuosnetfhsoatGerrlpyluRiecpT)its-; fbaengtLianesttwiucitsphcicotthnuesriedmse,yrstuthhche\oganesntbehlreaaclckocvlhaaoirmlieassn, coBef.i"tghBeTaGhneRg,uTne.tacWm.)e-.
1e-mail: sergey.arteha@mtu-net.ru

bmithigcienauyetodiauo,rsneesxooncfloeutpthttiesoptnihenceoiitffioaeardlnm,ayntohddfei/ntohe,rreeibnneotquituahnaledteaigoqreynun,acetaorilaonslndoictibasiyosedns,esp.tteehcrIe--f ccibnhoovauaannrgpdiiahannyrgcyseitcchaeoelintcnhdhoeitarnirosadenconsteseeasr.rneoIoffst,pthhedecoeitwseoeerldvmue,tirint,ohenteh,naecnwayinntithitheiivnaseglun,abonrsertds,i/tuuoaltrttrfesoiepqomruenmcaaiotaiinfteoitdntohosnte,srb.waseonFhlisuodifcrtoehinraomtwnnitysiailtelwsisoboelineuno,tibaniiftonvawnyainreicitaaptihnsrseoteppfwioodeirsretslanhyinbtriiylteneistcepteosore,rccrwihetncahvttnieocgnthrsetaowttnmhhisleee-l initial and/or boundary conditions. GHoRwTTe;hveefora,rntahexleoasgmuiebpsslpew,aictahe crsaounlblnesdpoatc
beaestcaosrhneesoeidtfteerinseducsoseenpdsaidirnaertteehdlye. fsfrohoremectotnihnveteonsipeanaccceye,liainnsdtaeortwhthheoecleyr.elisneFdaorrriccheaexlracmouospruldaei,lnlyiantterroasylnlsistnfeegmrsa,. H
reuoaewlneschveeorar,ttetsahtlilsdtmihsteaatrnheceaeml. tahtriceae-ldmimanenipsuiolnatailosnpdaoceesannodttihne-
The simplicity of postulates and their minimum qstsroiheuocloauntuntsltiudioisntnybaa:medd,eibovoiengncnuuoootltntuhespsetrhislopalobrnlgoludeuotm,iafosr.nouaTf,ntheaceqenieeudnnitu,vthameofloenbcrneocrtorehrobeeftocapftoirnntGeehirnsReesgrqTuoahifssacoitntolhuedres--, imeatmratsiahtitocciuaciaslldlmpcpooerstmoshevopsidlsdiescesaowtifitiossdoneoluowptfoniomsnslaaibwatihnsleid)tm.iceToasmthfiocepraaGlcrphRisroTooonc,sei(andtlghuoenrmegmsa,wathhtitahehs-iSanntittnttdriecondeadgruttephocaeesrdunar,beemcjaieenelsctstefaarertsclyo"dt,d(oatfenrnhtoedeemrwammdmiitednhteiarttirtuicoiissconiannaal,glrtetenahnuuesmsnomrkrbenasecoulrolwlmtoanfpmiso\ionnhsuieimGndntdtRpseolT)nyf. really various experimental data.
Whereas in SRT though an attempt was made to

226

S.N. Arteha

conrm the constancy of light speed experimentally and to prove the equality of intervals theoretically, in GRT eGcvaResenT, stsuhicnehcienattiettegmcraaplntRsdabhedaplveenisdnnooottnbmetehenaenupinnadgtehfurtloaifkneitnnht.eeSggrienancteieoriannl, all integral quantities and integral-involving derivations can have no sense. abclliagcsuAosoivcualaosrl,tiaetonqhfcueenaqtuowiefoshnetasiqo,tunwacsothiucoicalndhussbaeierseuitsnhndeotiotslipgmmeeninutsesiaenrba.gllleItyfraactnnhodsveiatugironieannanemttro?-Wewnheharatgtyisisamnthdeaeintsstendinseenthsoiiftsygcriasasvneiotbatytditoehnenwgerdaoviuenps,GvifReltTohc?eitSnyiomotfiiollaingrlhoytf, (and by the niteness of a signal transmission rate)? on tThheemgeentheroadlitoyf othf eciorndseerrvivaatitoionnla(weisthdeoresbnyomt deaepnesnodf ttadrrniaidenessrtofehofnerttmhureseaesttuihooletfnossirniyfntr)eo.tgmhTreahttcheiaoeosnepbhotoavyfiesnmricinoathtglielooanfswuionsrftfoaetrhgcfereraosclumaqrnufsaalycenmeatdim(tfioteeosresvcoixeautnatsioitmoeenxnrpsp)looe.eff,rmiiTemtnaheecsenrsagetnasysb,,adswmneephdnoeicmhcnehadevihnneoatnu\vGwmetRobh,Treeakenenoodgrfu"cdotlefahnrorerormcflmaeolnweimmtdsueirbotniyifetnsuncg,mouctnmarasuaeennsrrde--stGeinRriuToiut,yshadonowduebvetelsrig,iinbhiaGlsitRynTootf(fytohellteowbpurinoilggtrteuhspse opafrirsnecpciieupntlcaeet)oio.fncTofhnoeritoaethvfsseeetcnhlapfemrricinUneoncraeeiinpvxdyaepotrlehlusryeibinmtaugnniendtnvietGlsalroiRlnmTboaewab:slfr,eeoa.,ertxhbtTcheyerhepeedstxaofpgmuolelboreltobismfwauylielsintnsegtttimsctf,ianc(eclagvtansoicdmluaunoustdnisooeelnnysr oevinrfegct\ythionicrssa.ucnHlaassoreow",mebtveyuetptirme,n)oeonsstolbypmeoleilnianseritamroronicdleoausor,ciretfdydoirnoweafixttteahhsmesuphsnloioenu.tglidToKnhbieelolfiuanusegenx'd--s ittislthhcisaaeelrseeypnssoosm(enntnat-hlactoiehnsceeaoimoslfuizatasahtbinebcioaalsinrlate-mymfcaoeeocnafepsndehesrny\vcespaaricntegairyonplnoeqattuneuvadiunenm
nttihutieeymnn.poctAehbo,nseilsodeiUf"b, )cniloiincvtuaayerulrslssoeyee,f, utvhesleotopcoirnnegcfueapspetpiofrrnooam\cfhrGeosmR. TNzecorowom,"wpleoertsehtlyoalalunspedassesoitmfhreeormottohgeernrevedrisaee-l comments to more specic issues. GRTThies qfuulelsytiaobnerornantth.e Tchhaengeniotfensepsasceofgtehoemeratrtye ionf tbtdrhuraaatnwtsnimtnohtgiesismnsitotarontahiiongefmhntinailtttiyeinc,reaaelcvdtleoainowensasst.nlcoiWagtnhhetxceshtipshateen,ergdoe,snhwloaynilllllbyrweecpeqahuuayissrseseiecirainttls-,, Tasnhiweteemltl.iamtOhene?em(oaTfthGiceaRslTasmedneesmeisootnfrsudterearftoiviroantthsive\eopsnlactanhneeaninnodetvscipthaaabcniegl)ie.-

ticsyonaotsfrtafhocletliocowhna:onifgnleetnohfgetgheroso,tmathteitenrygraictniooothrodefitnnhoaente-leinsnyegrsttthieamolfs,yadscutieermctl"oe tnootitosndlyiamtheetetrruwe,illbbute elovwenert,htehaonbser.veInd fgaecotm, heotrwyevweirl,l norotchcahnagnegea:s wwheemthoevre?thSeumppaotsheematatircsatl, ltihnaetwthilel cmirocvlee will move radially. Let we have three concentric circles of almost the same radius. We place the observers on these circles and number them in the order from the center: 1, 2, 3. Let the second observer be motionless, wOlahrecvrloeelacokscwitiryss.et aaTnnhddentc,hoiuornwdtieonrng-ecsltooacrktehweriosdetaiatietnrgtehnaecreosauinmnderecaleanntgtivueervelocities and contraction of lengths, the observers will interchange their places. However, when they happen tpoicbtueraest.thInedseaemd,e tphoein1t-sotf ospbasecrev,etrhewyilwl islelesetehedifoellroewnting position from the center: 3, 2, 1, whereas the 2-nd observer will see the dierent order: 1, 3, 2, and only the 3-rd observer will see the original picture: 1, 2, 3. So, we have a contradiction. Suppose now, that the geometry of a rotating plane has changed. However, what will be more preferable in such a case: the top or the bottom? The problem is symmetric, in fact; to wmhaakte stihdee ltahset spulapnpeoshitaisonc,urtvheadt itnhesurcahdiuaschasaes?cuIrfvwede (taems t)h,ethaepnpathreenstecmoontdioonbcsehravnegrews iilnl steheeintoans-ninoenr-tciuarlvseyds-, whereas the rst and third observers will consider it as \curved" to dierent sides. Thus, three observers will see dierent pictures at the same point for the same sopbajeccet;ivtheefraecfto.re, the curvature of the radius is not an
The rotating circle proves the contradictive nature of SRT and GRT ideas. Really, according to the textbooks, the radius, which is perpendicular to the motion, dthoeeisr npolatccehsainrrgees.peTcthievreefoofret,hethme octiirocnle.sLweitllursemseaatinthaet oeabcsherovtehrseronanadmprootidouncleesas cpiorcinlet-alitkeeq
uaaslhdfirsotamnctehsefcroenmtoleenmr mo,ftohavecinisrgtcrloceik,recisnlewos.rildlOearwlstiohnegboetboesqeturhviedeirsssytatmonmtd.reAatrwtystuohfbesasetqpruoreoknbetspmearriokdpica
ssaesshebsyeahcimh oabtsetrhveer
waislhl cionnstarmnt,,tthhaattaisst,rothkee lengths of segments of motionless and rotating circles are equal. When the circles stop, the marks will remain at their places. The number of equidistant marks will not change. Therefore, the lengths of segments will be etiqounaloifnletnhgetmhsoatinodnlechssacnagseeoafsgweeolml.eTtrhyust,oonko cpolancteraactall.
Now we consider again the space geometry problem. This problem is entirely confused still since the times of Gauss, who wanted to determine the geometry with the help of light beams. The limited nature of any experi-

On the Basis for General Relativity Theory

227

A

L

B

g

C
Figure 1: \Geometry of a triangle"

ment can not in
uence the ideal mathematical notions, does it? Note, that in GRT the light even moves not awlilgRhohendtrgleint=ghseu0cs,hhiswoamretceehastastrevic?peatiTetnhnh:sGeoirnRn.eTscWtee[sah4sd]ia:ttyodfooRFfee(csr1hmd=apinasttggi'i0nsn0gg)pudrtilishnh=ecitpgh0elee-, ometry is often \substantiated" in textbooks as follows: in order the light to \draw" a closed triangle in the gravitational eld, the mirrors should be turned around at some angle; as a result, the sum of angles of a triangle wanildl tdhireeer rfer
omector.s iHnotwheevere,ldfoorf agnrayvpitoyin(ts-eleikFeigb.od2y) the sum of \angles" can be written as:

!

!

X i =  + 4 arctan

gL
2v02

2 arctan

gL v02

:

Idvcctlsithiha0egtneap.oyhnectsaSoncgaalufiidmsnnsrosccgsehw,eobatvnetethnahlhltergca.heihitagneaIabetgncnnholoegmgetsnehlupgeddeecaeti,hrtrogaiywmoe\meonbwpemesetlhitarttoaeewyuhftvrsiersotenieyhbfnaelwosenoetp"iadhxmeonepepsadesrenlmioriibLdmiommiifrltisiprrtehtoesonyoemr.rtfstos:NaaatfAoihnmonanettreefatLpon,nisroepdtcaichatnenihacBastdeet-sl are not emphasized. First, both in the experiment with material points, and in the experiment with the light the geometry is \drawn" sequentially during some time, rather than instantaneously. Second, for accelerated systems the particles (and the light) move in vacuum rectilinearly, according to the law of inertia, and, actually, the motion of the boundaries of this accelerated system is imposed on this motion additively. All angtolescoorfreisnpcoidnedninceg (ainngtlehseolfabreo
reacttoiroyn,syasntdemth)ear\egeeoqmuae-l try of angles" does not change at all. Simply, the gure is obtained unclosed because of motion of the boundaries. Third, the role of the boundaries is not uncovered at all in determining the relations between the lengths

oathfreernesautlbhbjeeocdmtieutsot.utFahloerreeelxaeatcimtonpolfeb,ieditefwnaetleilcnpaloleiannctgcstehloesfraaatnrinedaglafbnogorcldeeys, (lrty\eioattnhlhecewhgiabetnohogumetnhesdteaoryrfbi"ebo)suorndaedirmeeasar'siiuesnisbsz.jeuecInttnachktaeaonnpyaglceaccdcae.elseeIorfan,ttlhhyieoonawE,teutvicnhelteried,nreoaaancln--l shtinwtorsoratiaizsgloilhmntatiallpailnrosetilsnroatnc-iagglinhkrtoebdlesisnu.depArpiantowrttnthh..ee FAgmrosairdvaeditxlraeaetsmoiuofplnttlaheol,efteobrledsdntrwdarieowndtgatwhkoeeef ailbneevsrnteodaldlio,lnftgtwthwooefoptulhopoeiwwnsaete-rrclediodk-nceedosnnurdvopsedpxo,oftrlihttnsheeefdoiorsrwtsghnteewnroesaerdracd.ot-eAncdods.narvoTerdxehsaeluintnlttewhoieesf groednseNrdoawetteedwr.meTisnhheaesllmthtiuedrdsnltertaoliignthehteblenintewex.eteinmtphoersteantwt oGbRoTndneodtsspiyyrossonttpee-emmrtt,hyne:tohenaeq-lliungmirevaraotvlvieiaitnnlaicgtteiyoo.onbfIajntelhctcesoegnlddrtear
vapeisotctsatstteiiosonsnaeianstlytsoonewmlodaner-tdiounanesriosqtmiiunaee-l gimmdleeioravcrleoepnrpstaa,errrata.hlllleIeefnllwmtieonirgreteoahnrcesehraianonttedehrtetdirwairlofeocslrytigsithnthetemnbmiettaephmleyersspleobennebtgdewaitcemiuemnlsaerwt.wtiAlool sndciooimcnnuti-llriaaanrrreyrst,tioitiauntlahtstheyioesdntgeirmrweaci,vltliiitfotatnathkioeoenfmpaalliacrcrceoeellrdesartwaartaieitcohconers.liieemrnAaitltneaiddor,noporeiinrnepnttethhnaee-tesvtiuaaaotrclnuiehodeonoofatdfhlmuelririiger.nlrhdgoAtr(nstsrphdatee,htehiedofe,blrsisotgtehmhhretvaeanebetxeitioahsenmtcee,tnsntwcowhenieiln-lollif,nhbneaoerpawgtmpiiianenelngilttyoyttot)oahcbpeaapengrgmroraaaeelvcasaihot-bnictaoeanttfiobroeuentnaatdlain.kfoetrOnhcebeinsmvtitoouhutceusorlaenyl,secitxdohinesertagctauuilorsrnaovt,atitsohuinnerceooeft,ohmfaelimrorrnfioorgrrrsowc.erissTt,hshwhegohrduaiicvlsdh-tbctoiiobenonsncfecotarliuulvonasnidtoeiolonfdfonroaftnwoismreptahshekoeeimrsgpircewoaasvrilsnoiitsnebayrgittmliiiiotanmynl atesohtlyfresyetegexlfdemcrnsoluemaddrsauinplwrgilcenaalngtls.haete.rThhgoerneaweGvhciRotaalTne-
The equivalence principle of the gravitational eld albplyynle,eadfiom.oearf.mctdcihuteeel
liaeseirtncuaeetdtniriortoaeninala,sllocfa(aofinnrotdrelbexgaeaardsarmeeevpdlpiaatlttaeroeat)di.taneTtgfobahmlooesdeaneyserqseousscpniuavallnayttlibfe(aoineltrcpriteisohgipueonrrntlioirngouechnasit---l fsnaoplolrat(cGpbeh-uRtytiTmsfi,ocerasmlialnnyacdleplyraGolmlcRebaTeotdhdieitnemovs)oaa.ltnviyBceasenlcloiaynnut-oserneredllyoae)ftp.itevhAnisidlstle,icnrGectleRhaetTooivfrdiystothaeiecst lotionnlenya,ornsitlnirnaceenasrrfeoparrmlobapoteidrotinieesss c(oaefvnetnhbeeassrperaleacfteee.rdeTntchoeeenpm,oppinhttyesn)soplmeaacede-

228

S.N. Arteha

nstauddiiederfeonrctehsewsiatmh echpaoningtin(ginretfheeresnpcaecesyasntdemtismme)u.stBbuet

how can two dierent observers be placed at one point?

Therefore, the relativistic approach can possess the ap-

proximate model character only (without globality).

It is not any surprising thing, that the same physical

value - a mass - can participate in dierent phenomena:

as a measure of inertia (for any acting forces, includ-

ing the gravitational one) and as a graviting mass (for

emxaagmnpetleic, aemldso)v.inTghcehqaurgesetipornodounctehsebroigthoroeulescterqicuaalintdy

of inertial and gravitating massess is entirely articial,

since this equality depends on the choice of a numeri-

cal value of expressions

the gravitational (laws) retain the

csoanmsteanfotrm
 .

For example, in the case of

psttoraosnpetoarwrtciihollnabanelyitdymemynsgteid=csaasmn
di0nt=,obcur2te
att.heeIptgirciastvunirtoeatstinoofencaceulsrscvaoernyd-

space. The substitution of the same value (for the in-

ertial and gravitating mass) is made not only for GRT,

but for the Newton's theory of gravitation as well. It is

nothing more than an experimental fact.

When one comes to the dependence of a form of

equations on space-time properties [7], there exists

stohmatewspeeccuanlatcihonanfgoer tthhiiss isdpeaac.eT-thime eimtporecshseiockn itshgeivdeen-

pendence claimed. In fact, the Universe is only one

(unique). GRT tries to add a complexity of the Uni-

verse to any local phenomena, which is not positive

for science. The choice of local coordinates is a dier-

ent matter (a phenomenon symmetry can simplify the

description) and globality is not the case again.

The use of non-inertial systems in GRT is contra-

dictory intrinsically. Really, in a rotating system rather

distant objects will move at velocity greater than light

speed; but SRT and GTR assert, that the apparent

velocities should be lower, than c. However, the ex-

perimental fact is as follows: the photograph of the

sky, taken from the rotating Earth, indicates, that the

visible solid-state rotation is observed. The use of a ro-

tating system does not contradict the classical physics

at any distance from the center, whereas in GRT the

vinaaludemoisfsigb0l0e

component in GRT).

becomes

negative

(but

this

is

The notion of time in GRT is confused beyond the

limit as well. What does it mean by the clock syn-

chronization, if it is possible only along the unclosed

lines? The change of time reference point in moving

around a closed path is an obvious contradiction of

GRT, since at a great synchronization rate many simi-

lar passes-around can be made, and arbitrary aging or

rejuvenation can be obtained. For example, considering

the vacuum (emptiness) to be rotating (if we ourselves

shall move around a circle), we can get various results

depending on a mental idea.

Using the modied paradox of twins [1], the inde-

pendence of time on acceleration can easily be proven.

Lfreotmtweaocahstortohnear.utOsn- tahseigtnwailnsof-tahreebaetaacognr,easittudaistteadncaet the middle, these astronauts begin to 
y toward a beacon at the same acceleration. Since in GRT the time depends on the acceleration and the acceleration has relative character, each of the astronauts will believe, that his twin brother is younger than he is. At meeting near the beacon they can exchange photos. However, owing to the problem symmetry, the result is obvious: the time in an accelerated system 
ows at the same rate, as in non-accelerated one. If we suppose the gravitatiniogntaol GeRldTt)o, tbheeneqwueivoabletnatint,otthhaet athcceetleimraetiionnte(ravcaclosrddonot depend on the gravitational eld presence.
Now we make some remarks concerning the method of synchronization of times by means of a remote periodic source disposed perpendicular to the motion of a body [1]. We begin with inertial systems. The possibility of time synchronization on restricted segments makes it possible to synchronize the time throughout the line of motion. Indeed, if for each segment there exists an arbitrarily remote periodic source sending the foofllpoawsisnegd isnefcoornmdasti(otnh:eittsimneumrebfeerrenNcje, pthoeinqtuiasnntiotty cnojordinated with other sources), then the observers at junctions of segments can compare the time reference point for a source on the left and for a source on the right. Transmitting this information sequentially from the rst observer to the last one, it is possible to establish a single time reference point (the time itself, as it was shown in [1], has absolute sense).
Apparently, the observed rate of transmission of synchronization signals has no eect on the determination of duration of times: the pulses (for example, light sspechoenredss,owr ipllaretqiucliedsi)s,tawnhtilcyhmllatrhke twhheonluemspbaecreo, fapnadsstehde number of spheres emitted by a source will be equal to the number of spheres, which intersect the receiving observer. (We are not the gods, you see, to be able to introduce the \beginning of times": the time takes aiflrweaedcyonitssidneorrmthael acopuprasreenatndsigenlaaplspesroupnaigfoartmiolny.r)aEtevetno be c = c(r), then, irrespective of the path of light, the number of spheres reached the receiving observer (having a zero velocity component in the source direction) wsoiullrcbee (tshiemspalmy,etahse tshpehneruems bcearnobfespshpearteisalelmy itthtiecdkebnyeda or rareed somewhere). Thus, the full synchronization is possible in the presence of spatial inhomogeneities (of the gravitational eld) as well.
In physics it is not accepted to take into account the same eect twice. It is clear, that the acceleration and gravitation express some force, that in
uences various processes. But this will be the general result of the eect of namely the forces. For example, not any load can be withstood by a man, the pendulum clock will not operate under zero gravity, but this does

On the Basis for General Relativity Theory

229

not mean, that the time stopped. Therefore, the rough

Hafele-Keating's experiment states the trivial fact, that

the gravitation and acceleration somehow in
uence the

processes in a cesium atomic watch, and the high rela-

tive accuracy of this watch is fully groundless for a xed

sdiitcet.s Btheseid\eesx,pilnatnearptiroenta"tioofntohfetPhiosuenxdp-Rereimbkean'ts ceoxnpterrai--

ment with supposition about independence of frequen-

cy of emission in \the units of intrinsic atom time" [5]

on gravitational eld. Besides, a further uncertainty in

GRT must be taken into consideration: there can ex-

ist immeasurable rapid eld 
uctuations (with a rate

greater than inertness of measuring instruments) even

itnwpnyooiltstelshxdibeibeselatpesbentnsfoooednnrizncaoevennreoyongftve,t-avhdtlehueinroeemucwotgefiiahtognhnt:h,<seetiohlndregcenetg>itca.h=anSellueyt0c,i.hmeacetpWthirivenehecueGitspnhRecoeeTwtrreatndiattsociinehaist-l, which can be worn by anybody? Probably, a rotating 
ywheel with a mark (in the absence of friction - on a superconducting suspension), whose axis is directed along the gravitational eld gradient (or along the resultant force) could read out the correct time. At least, no obvious reasons and mechanisms of changing the ro-

tation rate are seen in this case. Certainly, for weak

gravitation elds such a watch will be less accurate at

the modern stage, than cesium one. We hypothesize,

that atom decay is anisotropic, and this anisotropy can

be interrelated with a direction of the atomic magnetic

moment. In this case we can regulate atomic moments

and freeze the system. Then, the \frozen clock" will

register dierent time depending on its orientation in

the gravitational eld.

Now we return to synchronizing signals (for simul-

taneous measurement of lengths, for example). For a

rectilinearly moving, accelerated system it is possible

to use the signals from a remote source being perpen-

dicular to the line of motion, and for the segment of

a circle the source can be at its center. These cases

actually cover all non-inertial motions without gravi-

tation. (Besides, for the arbitrary planar motion it is

possible to make use of a remote periodic source being

orenalagpraevrpiteantdioicnuallaretldo othfespphlearniceaolfbmodoiteisonin.)arFboirtrathrye

motion along the equipotential surfaces it is possible to

use periodic signals issuing from the gravitational eld

center.

Note, that to prove the inconsistency of SRT and

GRT conclusions on the change of lengths and time

intervals it is sucient, that the accuracy of ideal mea-

surement of these values could principally exceed the

vaamlupeleo, ffotrheaesoeucrtceprbeediincgtedatbtyheSRmTidadnled pGeRrpTe.nFdoicruelaxr-

to the irsa,diuts

line of can be

motion we have: decreased not only

byt

c=hool2s=in(8gRtch)e;gtrheaatt

of a light sphere, but also by choosing a small

section of motion l. From the SRT formulas on time

cthonenittiernaeRcqtuioaannlidtwysepheacviee:d

stpe=edl(1v

wpe c1hoovs2e=scu2)c=hv

.
l

,Ifthfoart

l=(8Rc) < (1 p1 v2=c2)=v;

(1)

be met, then the conclusions of relativistic theories occur to be invalid.
For the system arbitrarily moving along the radius (drawn from the gravitational eld center) it is possible toonuthsee fpoerrpsyenncdhicrounlaizrattoiotnhealfirneeeoffalmlinotgiopne.riIonditchissoucarcsee Ractsuhaolulyldchbaencgheos(ednueoftosuecqhuvipaoluteen, ttihaaltstphheereelrdoucnandinnogt) apthtoeitnhGti,sRtdToiscwtoahnniccclheu,staihonendspcceoarprnreebnsedpiorcenufdluaitnregdislindfrrtaohwmisnc.(1aT)sehneaersaerwfoterhlele,. For the most important special cases the \universal" SRT and GRT conclusions on the contraction of distances as a property of the space itself are invalid. In the most general case it seems intuitively quite obvious, tthhaatt stuhcehsaignpaolsittoioncoomf ea ppeerrpioednidcicsuoluarrcetocatnhebemfootuinodn,, afuntde tthheatGsRuTchreRsulatns.dTlhefrroemis (n1o) nteoceesxsiistty, awthailclhinrea\apstlapinirngeeacddl"obcyfkrr:aemaalnefyoofrcchreeasfn;ergiteeniscoefalarwenaadlysilnepnoagsntshiabsrlbeshittorouairlndiltyrbooedpueecxre-a system of mutually motionless bodies and the universal time. Thus, the space and time must be Newtonian and independent on the motion of a system.
Now we pass to mathematical methods of GRT and ttoimceorporlolapreiretsieosfrtehsiusltthineotrhye. fTachte, tghaamteins wGiRthTtthheesappapclei-cthaetioqnuaonftvitaireisataioren nmoetthaodddsitoivcec,urtshetoLboereqnutzesttiroannasbfolre-: mdeapteinodnsoanrethneopna-tchomofminutteagtrivaet,iotnh.eEivnetnegirtailsqnuoatnctlietaiers, how the terminal points can be considered as xed, if tehneced. istances are dierent in dierent frames of refer-
Because of nonlocalizableness (non-shieldness) of gravitation eld, conditions on innity (because of the mass absence on innity, it is euclideanness) are principally important for the existence of the conservation laws [7] (for systems of the insular type only). The classical approach is more successive and useful (theorberecetttwliyceaetnlloytawanocdotnrpastrnaasncitttii,ocansilnlpyco)e:inttehsneehrlaogsycaalispehdnyeetrsegicryamldimnieeedarencnioncreg(therefore, conditions on innity is groundless).
Highly doubtful is the procedure of linearization in tthenedginengertaol sfiomrmpl,icsiitnyceisitdeccalnarbede,obnulyt ienvdeinvidtwuaol.tiTmhees are introduced - coordinate and intrinsic ones. The tting to the well-known or intuitive (classically) result is often made. So, for motion of Mercury's perihelion [5] the du=d' derivative can have two signs. Which

230

S.N. Arteha

otthhf eitshfaqecmuta,nstthhiotayutldtchabenedbicevhiodzseinernog.?byCTaodlucs=uadyla'tailnirsgepatdehryefonrpometrheidhin,eglbiouontf displacement in GRT (from the rigorous solution for a single attractive point), the impression is given that we know astronomical masses exactly. If we use GRT as a correction to Newton's theory, the situation is in fact opposite: there exists a problem knowing visible planet motions to reestablish the exact planet masses (to substitute the latters and to check GRT thereafter). Imagine the circular planet orbit. It is obvious in this cbaeseta, ktehnatwtithhe rNegeawrtdontoiaannriontvaitsiiobnlepperreicoedsswioinll, ai.ler.eatdhye period will be renormalized. Therefore, renormalized masses are already included in Newton's gravitation theory. Since the GRT-corrections are much less than the perturbation planet actions and the in
uence of a non-sphericity, the reestablishment of exact masses can essentially change the description of a picture of the motion for this complex many-body problem (see other objections [2]). No such detailed analysis was carried out. The complexity of spatial-temporal links is stated, but eventually one passes for a very long time to customary mathematical coordinates; otherwise there is nothing to compare the results with. For what was there a scrambling?
The prototype of the \black hole" in Laplac's solution, where the light, moving parallel to the surface, begins to move over a circle like the articial satellite of the Earth, diers from the GRT ideas. Nothing prohibits the light with a rather high energy to escape the body in the direction perpendicular to its surface. There is no doubt, that such beams will exist (both by internal and external reasons): for example, the beams falling from outside will be able to accumulate energy, in accordance with the energy conservation l\aTwh,eabnldactko hleoalvese"suinchGaRT\bilsacak rheoalle"mayfstteicrisrme
.ecItfinwge. take a long rod, then at motion its mass will increase and the size will decrease (according to SRT). What will happen? Is \the black hole" generated? All the sky will become lled with \black holes," if we shall mbeovirerervaeprisdilbylee.nough. And, you see, this process would
The presence of singularities or multiple connection of the solution implies, that, as a minimum, the solution is inapplicable in these regions. Such a situation takes place with the change of the space - time signature for the \black hole" in the Schwarzschild solution, and it is not necessary to search any articial philosophical sense in this situation. The singuliarity in the Schwarzschild smoalutthieomnaftoircarl m=anrigpuclaantinoonts:betheeliamdidniatitoend obfy tphuereinlynity with the other sign at this point is the articial game with the innities, but such a procedure requires the physical basis. (You see, the singularity at zero is not eliminated by articial addition of exp ( r)=r,

where  is a large quantity). Even from GRT follows the impossibility of observa-
tmioantioofn\wbillalcbkehionlens"it:etfhoer tuismaesorfem\tohteebolbascekrvheorlse."Afonrdsince the collapse cannot be completed, the solutions, which consider all things as though they have already hbnyaoptipn\eannneidtee,xtthrieammveeefneoxoraismnetnpeslreen.aolf Tathnhede reseexlpateatrirvnaiattilyoonobfsotefhrveeevtreisnmtises course," but the elementary manifestation of the inconsistency of Schwarzschild's solution. The same fact follows from \the incompleteness" of systems of solutions. It is not clear, what will happen with the charge conservation law, if a greater quantity of charges of the same sign will enter \the black hole"? The mystical d\tehsceribpltaicokn hoof l\em" eitsriicnavlatliidd,alsifnocrceesit" w[6o]ualtdampperaona,chthinagt tohfeagbraovdiyt,atbiount faolrlcGe RgrTadiideenatsisargerebaatswedithoinntthhee olipmpiot-s site assumptions. The Kerr metric in the presence of rGoRtaTti:oint gailvsoescilneaarlystdriecmt omnastthraetmesattihcealinmcaonnnsiesrtesnecvyeroafl physically unreal solutions (the same operations, as for Schwarzschild's metric, do not save the situation).
GRT contains a lot of doubtful prerequisites and results. List some of them. For example, the requirement of gravitational eld weakness for low velocities is doubtful: if the spacecraft is landed on a massive planet, whether it can not stand or slowly move? Whether some molecules with low velocities cannot be found in sopf iateceonfttreamllypesryamtumreet
riucctueladtiionnsG?RTThheasconnostidpehryastiicoanl sneontseonalsywreoltl:atsiionncse,tbhuetveelvoecnityrecaalntebme poenrlaytruardeiaclh,atrhaecntaerciasvtiictsy cisannontootbetaxiinsted(i.ien. a Tsin=gle0mKa)n.neTr,hebute,ldsiminply, two various constants are postulated in order to avoid singularities. The emission of gravitation waves finortahepainrabnoitliec lmosostioofne(nweirtghyeaccnedntarnicgiutylare m=o1m) ernestuulmts, which obviously contradicts the experimental data. In fraoctta,tiGonRsT, ci.aen. bienatphpeliseadmoenlryefgoiornw,eaaks theledsNaenwdtowneiaank ttwheeoernymoofvgirnagvicthaatriognes. dRieecrasllfrtohmat tthhee sitnatteircacCtoiounlobmeblaanw.lawThoefregfroarve,itaptriioonr,toit amppulsytinbge tvheeristeadticforNemwotvoinnigbodies, but this is a prerogative of the experiment.
The theories of evolution of the Universe will remain the hypotheses for ever, because none of assumptions (even on the isotropy and homogeneity) can be veribeedc:at\cahemd ouvpinognltyraaitn,thwehoitchherdepplaacrteeadndlonagt tahgeoo, tchaenr time." GRT assigns to itself the resolution of a series of paradoxes (gravitational, photometric, etc.). However, the classical physics has also described the possibilities of resolution of similar paradoxes (for example, by

On the Basis for General Relativity Theory

231

means of Charlier's structures, etc.). Apparently, the direction, points of application etc.). \The reference

Universe is not a spread medium, and we do not know points" are actually specied, with respect to which

at all its structure as a whole to assert the possibility the subsequent changes of quantities (position, veloc-

of realization of conditions for similar paradoxes (more ity, acceleration etc.) are investigated. The principal

probably, the opposite situation is true). For example, relativity of all quantities in GRT contradicts the ex-

the Olbers paradox can easily be understood on the ba- periments. The subsequent articial attempt to derive

sis of the analogy with the ocean: the light is absorbed, accelerations (or rotations) with respect to the local

scattered and re
ected by portions, and the light sim- geodesic inertial Lorentzian system - this is simply the

ply ceases to penetrate to a particular depth. Certainly, tting to only workable and experimentally veried co-

such \a depth" is huge for the rareed Universe. How- ordinates of the absolute space (GRT does not contain

ever, the 
ashing stars represent rather compact objects any similar things organically [7]).

sopnalycead antigterenautmdibsetranocfesstfarrosmmeaakcehaotchoenrt.riAbustaiornesiunltto, andTahbesoMluatcehnaptruinreciopflethoef ascticpeulelraattioionnodfuaentointehret imn
auss-

the light intensity of the night sky. The expanding of the Universe gives a red shift ac-

etrnicnesiocfpfarorpsetartrisesisoaflosonedobuobdtyfuvli,astinhceepirtoepxeprtlaieisnsofthoethiner-

cording to the Doppler eect irrespective of GRT. Be- bodies. Of course, the idea is elegant in itself. If ev-

sides, it should be taken into consideration, that even erything in the world is supposed to be interdependent

the elementary scattering will make contribution in- and some ideal complete equation of state is believed to

to the red shift and lling of the so-called relic radi- exist, then any property of bodies should be determined

abt0eie>onn:w0re.elclTaplhlreetdhshiacittfettdhofeelvCineonemsbipnytotmnheeecghreaacnvtiisgttaiivtceiosmnwaoladveelessldfwrhoitamhs betovyebtrh,eeiinninds
iuvuciehdnucaaelco.afsTtehhaeisnwywhapoyaleritsriecfmlaeualsitnhyionufgoldrUsbncieiveencrocsene,s.iwdHehoriwecdh-

the general energy considerations.

progresses from smaller knowledge to greater, since \it

Now we pass to the following principal issue. Whether is impossible to grasp the immense." Actually, if we

pofostihtievemisattthere fcaacntn,otthabtethspeecdiisterdibaurtbioitnraarnildy?moAtinodn t(ainkecoinmtopaacctcooubnjetctths)e annodn-duinieforermnt dviaslturiebsuotfioanttorfacmtiaosns

whether is it correct? Generally, this implies the incon- forces from close and far objects, then the complete

sistency of the theory, because there exist other forces, \tugging" would be obtained instead of uniform rota-

except gravitational ones, which are also capable to tion or uniform inertial motion of an object.

ttrhaisnsmpoesaenst,hethmatatwteer.shForuoldm stpheecipfyraactllicadlistvriiebwuptiooinnts bothThreemMovaaclhopf railnlcbipoldeiecsafnrnoomt tbhee vUenriiveerdseinanedssteenncde-:

in \the correct-for-GRT" manner even at the initial ing of the gravitation constant to zero are the abstrac-

ttiom\etihnesttainmt.e Ionf scurcehataiocna,"se dwide swheo?uldArnefderwth0aitnsptrainnt-

tions having nothing in common with the reality. However, it is possible to estimate the in
uence of \far

ciples should be unambiguously determinate for such stars" experimentally by considering the mass of the

aexpcheocticeed? froTmhisGrReTqu.irOespemn otroe qkuneoswtiloendgoe,cctuhrasntoitbies UThneiveforsreceaosf matatirnalcyticoonnocefnatrsattaerdhianvicnogmapamcatsosbojfectthse.

the possibility of point-like description and the theory of disturbances, because the resulting values cannot

odrisdtearnocfetohfe1Sluignh'stmyeaasrs ((M91201150m30),kgis),ebqueiinvgalaenttthtoe

bkopfneoosmaswirabnbciilrteiortq-yauraaoyntfidaoasnrmbwoiitecfrlrslao.tr-aylTteevhetielmtsijnpbogilyniseilsn(infgaokrraotigfeexacaiaamcnlodpmcloerpme,l
etpethlecielctysatteutimohnne-- ttothhifmeetheadecifstodtiraoonnuthcboeetffoaUuflnl1oBiavmidegrehsBteeaarvtn.iongWgbteheaesmeohqraauylslasalmnotfadokosenhluaysl2lem,co01fon0r1s0iad2we5yrehgatirhlaeset.,

perature dependence is rejected). The possibility of Even if the stars 
y away with light speed, we would

adding the cosmological constant into Einstein's equa- have the size of the Universe equal to  2 1010 light

teiqounastiiosnasnaninddiorfecptosrseicbolgenoituiotrnagoef. amIfbeivgeuriytythoinfgGcRaTn bspeescpifeyciineadrbtoitrsaurcyhmaannancecrutrhaecyi,nitthiaenl dwishtryibcuatninonotawnde

years. We have deliberately increased all quantities; for example, the mass of the Universe and its density   1033=1054  10 21 g=cm3. We take into account now, that, as the bodies move away from each other

the motion of a matter?

at the two-fold distance, the force decreases four-fold,

Let us discuss one more principal point concerning etc. Even if we suppose the mean distance between

the relativity of all quantities in GRT. The laws, written the stars to be 1 light year, then at the distance of 1

ssiemlvpesly. aTshtehseoeluqtuiaotnioonfs,andyetperrmobilneemnsottihllinrgeqbuyiretshetmheknowledge of specic things, such as the characteristics

meter it is necessary to place the mass 2251021=06)<of5M0 g0.In25fa(1ct+, c1o=e4+ci1e=n9t+2=6)

=e(wx2pe5rsePussme1s=usnpo2mtoe

of a body (mass, shape etc.), the initial and/or bound- eective increase of the density at the observation line.

ary conditions, the characteristics of forces (magnitude, To simulate the action of \the whole Universe" we can

232

S.N. Arteha

1 r

R2

R’2

1

R3

R’3

2

Figure 2: The Mach principle and in
uence of the Universe

take a thick metal sphere with outer radius of 1 meter and make its thickness varying in the direction to the center. ffruormtLheettrh,etuhcpeentwotiedr1thumpoetfteoar,0s-:o4tlihdme esmptehertesarelt.hbeTrehee0in:s6aamcnyeicltihenreds,,raiicn.aed.l column of radius  0:35 cm will correspond to mass Mtak0eaitntdoenascictoyunoft the8:i3n
gu=ecnmce3.ofInstarersaliinty,awceonseh,obuuldt not only in a cylinder. Though we also have a spherical metal cone, nevertheless, we shall estimate the orders of magnitudes. We shall break a cone into cylindrical layers, which arise as the new layers of stars are involved into consideration (Fig. 2). Each new layer will be greater, than a preceding layer, by 6 stars. The distances from the center to the nearest boundary of each lgTalhyesee:rreoRfofirs=et1,ar=tshcie=arnc.obrTerehfcoetunionnwdeftrohoamavetmhRea0isss=im(p wilaeir2is(tu1ym+ofrut2rp)ia=tnro-. 2 1010) will be found as

m0(1

+

1 4

+


)1

+

X
i

6
R02i



<


M0 1

+

6r2

X
i

1
i









M0 1 + 6 10 5 log(2 1010)  M0(1 + 0:02):

Tavdhceiohvcrwuseoeersuvg,nieeostr,ui,a\nrcntcohdnonenitttrshewat,erhdutcoihccolettenisnosUtbntrnhouitiescvhtqeoiruoGbsniteRta.ew"TinsiuelalCdnbedhceriatteiarhnnmietandolfmyone,rqiocuitdfaaseekttrrehniin.eeigsTdUiewhnanitissilo-.,l spgpluohmbLeurpeeltee.dsnTcooaowuntapbvflreoaoicimdseotltthahheteeecdgsotlflorlraubotcmuetlrueatsrhleeoenasnpeadcht,essr,pienrtibhnayegddaaiinittrsihoicidnnae,nvttebhhseeestpeoela.trh,eNaMonwda,cthihfepwrgienlocsbippuillnee,sutwpheiltlchemenotsrvpiehfueagrpeaa,lrfttohroecfne,esahacochcuolodrtdhaienprg-.

In this case the centrifugal force must be the same, as though the globules themselves would rotate. It seems quite obvious, that this is impossible, since such an effect would be noticed still long ago. Thus, we return to absolute notions of acceleration, mass, space and time dpeerinmedentstcilolubldyaNppeweatronto. bHeouwseefvuelr,fotrhdeetdeersmcriinbiendg tehxecorrections to the static Newton's law of gravitation. In this case the globules should have sucient freedom to move and to rotate, since the direction of action of correcting forces and moments of forces is unknown a priori.
The gravitational constant is not a mathematical constant at all, but it can undergo some variations [9]. Therefore, this value can account corrections to Newton's static law of gravitation (for example, these in
pulaecnecmesendtoofntohtetpakereinheilniotno ocfonthsiedeMraetricounryf)o.r Gtheenedraisl-ly speaking, the theory of short range for gravitation cthoeulgdrabveituasteifounl t(rbauntsmitiscsainonbreanteo)tfuosretfhuel denpiteennduinmgboenr o(tfhceassaesmoenolryd:efro)rbtohdeiersacpliodse(vto!eacch) motohteiro.nTohfemaaustshivoer does not know such practical examples.
The GRT approach to gravitation is unique: to be shut in the lift (to take pleasure from the fall) and to be not aware that the end (hurt oneself) will be after a moment. Of course, the real state is quite dierent one: we see always where and how we move relative to the attractive centre (contrary to Taylor and Wheeler, it is the second \particle," together with the rst \parttihcelep"u|re gweiothmethtreicoabpseprrvoearc)h. iTshaatteims pthoerarlezaisgoznagthfaotr physics (although it could ever be useful as a auxiliary technique). And two travelers from the parable [10] have need for \very little": for the wish to move from the equator just along meridians (on the spheric earth surface), but the rest of ve billion mans can not have such the wish. Contrary to traveler's wish, the wish \to do not attract to the Earth (or the Sun) and to 
y away to space" is inadequate. The notion force (the force of gravity in this case) re
ects this fact. Geometry cannot ailttntnyhhhna,teeestewrwurpgeraherhecryray,etvstiataoiiohlntcnieaazdtsrtelheimeo(eteexhnaxxfieaonsiplstlyseltpforioolnwieortmcchicinneeaeagnrlcittsmqquvauuprala)eeelrsu,sossptteepwriissooeo,hrnonrycotfsshig:.optaanhhThrtagyeiohvlresweeeisjcs.,ueamepslxptaaicrrsntoottoynibcstlltrtheey2amespn,,yestwwssoahhnironyye-f
3. Conclusions
The paper is devoted to the GRT criticism. A set of spatnhrcaikes,iinzbegadsd,eobluienbgetinfpunhliynpsgoiciwnatlitsnhforgtoiemonnetsrh,aeal ncGodRncTneiptsethxsitnobgfotwohkietshciosmveaomrrie--

On the Basis for General Relativity Theory

233

saTphreeocitgarctoinougnnedcslo.eosTsrndheienssaptraeonosdfysiontfecmtohnesiisgsteceoanmrcryeietdroyfoitunhtveairpniraidnneccteiapiilnle. ooiasffnddeteqhsmueimiovnnuaoslltettiarnoancnteeeoodiufn.stTGimmhReeeaTsmauinserdetdhmiiostedcsnustssyosonfefdctlhei.mnrTogenthhsiezysaniatncirhcoeornoinnnsidniiszitcaGeatntRioceTydn fsaaoprrrieaetcsehemiesgpmeaohlosmaossteidztiiernsydtceuirbssesodsettedhimnigfnoonsrtpshtteerhcapeiataelmpdceeaarts.nhedoTs.dhtsTheehadnerooduilnbefvtooafrufrilbnapuonoumciennedotrs-fooeprufrisG\ncbcRoilpaTrolceklclaoahnrrooidellseliasto,sr"fipeGsooRsfasrTSiebc.lhceTowvhnaeesrriziidnsecccrhaoeitndlidsoii'nsnstaesdnroeecltuyaatiliolso.ofntTdhaihesnecnduMosotsaietocdhnh.nteisemtcaeTebshsaliinesthydueloodtffimbcraoeastntiuessrt.cnrouinncgtcilnutgosiotchnlaeossgfirctahavleintpaoattpiioeonrnscthoonefossirspytasocinenatthnhides

References

[1] Sor.Ny,."Atortbeheap,u\bOlinshtehde iBnaGsisalfioleraSnpEecleiacltrRodeylantaivmitiycsT. he-

[2] S.N. Arteha, \On Frequency-Dependent Light Speed," to be published in Galilean Electrodynamics.

[3] S.N. Arteha, \On Relativistic Kinematic Notions," to be published in Galilean Electrodynamics.

[4] Lof.DF.ieLldasn,d"aNuaaunkda,EM.Mos.cLoiwfs,h1it9z8,8\(TinheRculasssisaicna)l. Theory

[5] P.G. Bergmann, \Introduction to the Theory of RelaRtuivsistiya,n").Inostrannaya Literatura, Moscow, 1947 (in

[6] EM.osSccohwm,u1t9z8e1r,(i\nRReluastsiivaint)a.tstheorie - Aktuell," Mir,

[7] V. Fock, \The Theory of Space, Time and Gravitation," Pergamon Press, London, 1959.

[8] Ary.Aof. LGorgauvintoavti,oMn,."AN. Maueksatv, iMrisohsvciolwi,,\1R9e8l9at(iivnisRtiucsTsihaeno)-.

[9] V.P. Ismailov, O.V. Karagios, A.G. Parkhanov, \The

Investigation of variations of experimental data for the

gravitational constant," 1/2, 20{26 (1999).

Physical

Thought

of

Russia

[10] EW.F.H.. FTraeyelmora,n Ja.nAd. CWomhpeealneyr,, Sa\nSpFarcaentcimisceo,P1h9y6s6i.cs,"

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 234{234 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

ANOMALIES IN MOVEMENT OF \PIONEER 10/11"

AND THEIR EXPLANATION
N.A. Zhuck1
Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC Box 589, 3 Kolomenskaya St., Kharkov 61166, Ukraine

August 17, 2002
The author has oered the version of an explanation of anomalies of the Pioneer 10/11 motion on the basis of the Universe gravitational viscosity.

Pioneer 10 was launched on 2 March 1972 and it functions till now.
Pioneer 10 distance from Sun: 80.68 AU Speed relative to the Sun: 12.24 km/sec (27,380 mph) Distance from Earth: 12.21 billion kilometers (7.59 billion miles) Round-trip Light Time: 22 hours 38 minutes
Launched on 5 April 1973, Pioneer 11 followed its swishteenr tshheipl.asIttstramnissmsioisnsioenndferdomonth3e0spSaecpetcermafbterwa1s99re5-, ceived.
Pioneer 10/11 have anomalies in the motion. A discussion of this phenomenon appears in the 4 October 1999 issue of Newsweek magazine. The mystery of the tiny unexplained acceleration towards the Sun in the motion of the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and Ulysses spacecraft remains unexplained.
A team of planetary scientists and physicists led by John Anderson has identied a tiny unexplained accele1lt(dohr00euae:t,7tsaAiaP6ioalciencv1codcae0netlraeleoieeer1nwrart0aayatlmt1iryiood1os/nfs,ensspewta|ochones2fedsfairieSbnabUeuldolrelniueyfocrptsiaosodn1umera0sstttehEba[ss1eipa]flw)alrrmioteco|hrmeone'ctsrwtictaoighoamfnrntsea.esoivssdifpdiesTtaetmnarhchtteeaeeiidcolrlnPeaeiadannrifoltcoatn.lpmhfuetuadeeanlrr--l ing: perturbations from the gravitational attraction of planets and smaller bodies in the Solar system; radiation pressure, the tiny transfer of momentum when photons impact the spacecraft; general relativity; interactions between the Solar wind and the spacecraft; possible corruption to the radio Doppler data; wobbles and other changes in Earth's rotation; outgassing or thermal radiation from the spacecraft; and the possible in
uence of non-ordinary or dark matter. mosAt fptelaruesixbhlae,utshtienrgestehaerchliesrts oefxaemxpinlaendaptioosnssibdleeemmoeddication to the force of gravity as explained by New-
1e-mail: zhuck@ttr.com.ua

tftoohrnec'Hesn.oleawwwevfwoeirrtmihnut1lha9e8oS4futnahebfreaeiunetghmothroetoifdotonhmiosifnwaaonrmtkgahrtaaevsriidatealdtbiuoocndeadyl instead of the Newton's rst law [2]

d2X dt2

+

H

dX dt

=

0;

(1)

where the label is entered

H = r4G3 0 ;

(2)

wevooreffhrepisncheehe;lydrscXgsio.cyrarTialesthssapeeanocHsmnoeduoos(brthdbitoeiolnrneeatchotoefen0)mH.situaIsattbnmebntrleoieaidwslciavborleneord
sdyteeianecsnstsmsitat,ayanbldloudaftiasntthshdiaspepseaUrqoteuitnaohaidn--l approximately 10 18 1/sec.
Medial density of a substance is equal approximately 4 10 21 kg/m3 in region of Solar system (one star per 10 cubic kiloparsecs). Then the Hubble parameter will be equal 1:1 10 15 1/sec. And the acceleration of Pioneer 10 equal ( 1:3) 10 11 m/sec2 for the present time. Earlier acceleration was more.
Thus, the gravitational viscosity is the most probablelaesrtegarsaovnitoaftmionoatilovnisacnoosmityalsyhoofultdhebPe isotnuedeired1.0/11. At

References

[1] N.I. Kolosnitsyn. \Relativistic orbit form and anomalIinetserinna\tPioinoanleeCro1n0f/er1e1n"cedy\nTahmeoicrse.t"icAalbastnrdacetxspoefri1m1e-tnhtal problems of General Relativity and gravitation," 2002, pp. 68-69.
[2] Nv7a1.t{Au7.r7eZ(ho2uf0c0tk0h.)e.\UhGtntripavv:e/irt/sasetp.i"aocnSeptviamicseceot.insmiatreyo&da.nrSudu.bgsetaotnectei,c1c,u2r-,

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 235{237 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

AGAIN ON THE GUALA-VALVERDE HOMOPOLAR-INDUCTION
EXPERIMENTS
Ricardo Achilles1
Con
uencia Tech University, Rosas y Soufal - P. Huincul Neuquen, ARG Q8318EFG

Received December 21, 2002

GaApupfatlleiacra-Vibnaldelvetpeorednmedeaenctthainrlee[psAepftoietuiironondne,odf8o,thn4e1thr(ea2ct0e0np1tr)liy]ncsroiepmpleoe.rtceoTdnhsbeidsreeearcakot-tinohsnridsoeuargarhetioednxrspawearnrimeoebnnattsahetdeiotnoonroqntuhehe-op\mraoocdptuiooclntai-roantin-amd-udecicsthtiaoannnicsbem"y Ampre-Weber-Assis rationale.
1. Introduction

TstmBhisoiooh-almlvnegoienorcnlGeaepdgsttoutret[lsaehd1avlue]ra,e-ip-ormn[Vo2slidnao]to,tlhnctv[oe3ho.er]ner,Tsdeuis[xehn4ninp]egd,(geurGm[ruul5ial-mm]oarVspirett)irknytosnyt:atvsorniiiwndwdkotinhicnrnccoigalgoudesawrufsehtolcahooerwtcekdmuaheiroflren,respnesaooehsn-fltuoathtcorurhetc-nieernriposafdGsrtonoaur-gbitmcVneeeprobe denotes the presence of forces in correspondence with the eld reversion observed in that region, the statmioanganreyt csiinrcguuilta-rciltoys.inIgt bweihreavreesmaasinifs tihnesreenswiteirvee ntoo stihnegularity at all! This experimental fact enabled G-V to locate the seat of electromotive and ponderomotive actions in homopolar machines [1] conrming besides the symmetry of both, generator and motor congurations. The aforementioned, quiet a trivial fact for ordinary 
alumx-ovsatrtywinogcemnatuchriiensesin, wthaes haomraothpeorlaorbdsecvuirceesi'sscuaese.for
Energy conversion by a machine is made possible by the relative motion of two of its constitutive parts; in the specic case of electrical machines these two parts are an active conductor -the probe or the closing wire in G-V's nomenclature- and a magnet (or a second active cmoangdnuecttowri)l.l nAonyloenlgeecrtrpiclaayl-cainrcaucittivpearetnaenrgcyh-ocroendvteorstiohne role; it will be just a current-path closing means. The remaining electrical circuit -with motion relative to the magnet enabled- takes over energy conversion (mechanical to electrical for a generator or vice versa for a motor). Fig. 1 sketches a homopolar motor where a centripetal direct current is applied to the probe attached tinottehraecutipownairndtBhi-scealdsefaccaenobfeasdpilsikt imnatgwnoet[.1]T, h[6e]:main
1e-mail: achilles@ieee.org

Fcloigsuinrge w1i:reTorques on the homopolar-motor magnet and colpopc|okswitiMseeattogornrqequtu-epeoroonnbteht:heemTpharegonbmeet,a.tghneetpreoxbeertasnaeqcuoualntbeurtweqiuse|altboMurqatugoenpepot-oncsliotthseientogcrlwqousiriene:gonTwhtihereem,mathaggnenectelteo.xsienrtgs waicrleocaknrmseioleancTth.ihavOenenipsmmrtohobetaiemocnoaontnttaagrncadhbryeo,dtthhttheopeaatchrclttoesisomiinnna-ghrgeiwnbaeiicrtttesido-eonwneeisctrhangnyoectleecplcoletanrrtvimiceoarin-tl ccttoeoornlltteihnicnettueormirtaycraitgniwnogienstt-hisepnttohahsebseelimspnsregaosibnerenereelaarsgtpttiyovaneicnsomiebndlvoeetvirfoisoanironttwhh.ieethTombhreesiserscprlvueaerctdytmtinhgaegdcnureasttg-opgmleudas-rbpyyroatbbheseolrpuorttoiasbtteioa[nr1g.],umtIhreeonntmicoaafgllntyhe,te aimsndathgeangedtaribangest--

236

Ricardo Achilles

Figure 2: Ampre-law current elements

gcdscuiunrreigrbeteanodgt)emintitsne.tcnehTreahagnceliitsgaimoidbnd.leiwtiaeosneadclitscmlionissisnceogdmwipniraetrh-ipseoronGb-teVo(catunhraerleydnseti-siptshrtoissdAciussacsmtuaienoenhaIelEmroeEne.gEchaamsnkieismnmgb. emrI,ealmoanstitnmhteeonnhdtoihnmsgosptooomlaaenr sstwpoeerrqciuaoeln--

2. AElmecptrreodvyenrsaumsiScstandard

Ampre force law [7], [8], draws the expression for the magnitude of the mechanical forces applied on two curr2e)natse:lements Idl, I'dl' separated a distance r (see Fig.

d2F = (o=4)(I I0=r2)[(2(dl dl0)

3(r dl)(r dl0)=r2]:

(1)

This formulation supplies a quite suitable tool to

bfoertcteesr oubnedyerNsteawntdont'hsethhoirmdolpawolabreipnhgenitosmdeirneac:titohnecdo2inF-

cttAtcTsaihhiaodhmnneoneewcAphn)beenrstoeoqebamcuiidletnceitoewvuqwipFasruineostliieegwhlevafnn.daoerttll3r-thaelcmh,ensaukeitornanoprtcnomeoocucwenyrsoraitrlnnoutige,injfInnnvu'daitteenfohrtoceimf(ierctzlnsmeaiiaseuonmleggcnggBanahemzntwe-cyiattuveimstencemr.hlri)tudleRdaitarnny2chedtdacFpasebesrlueniemcc[l,nt9suamriit]alrnoi,hpgromngeene[dn1t(atimetata0hglult]eeans.tddhgcerdeontea.biInlcesilnys-t--.

dquuactnitointactuivrerecnotnIsicdierrcautliaotninsgbtahsreodugohn

the probe. A equation (1)

few can

be applied to the above described conguration to un-

derstand the homopolar torque-production mechanism:

tthhee mAamgpnreetifco-srhmeulllacutirornendteepleenmdeenntcseloocnat(e1d/rm2o)redcelonsees-

ly to the probe as the ones producing the main inter-

aeIfdfoodlclerr'ltmccilo(eeoessncend.awet2tsLiFeFlIled'i'tgi2dna.lu)cb'slw3ouac)vnid:oledeln,a(asabinipndeppelatroerthoawtbetrr)haegoectencthnaoieocentnthrdpiaeourlfonocmcbtraoiceaosefgneentd-lwiecen2mutodF-rseirs'hcneu1aentc(ltthlrededeelcp.llueeuinmmrSlrsuetieeohcnnnnhettt

Figure 3: Magnetizing shell-probe Ampre interaction in the
uniform eld motor

gure, radial and azymuthal components acting on the

bulk of the magnet. These latter components are the

main responsibles for the observed clockwise rotation.

This dominant interaction can be eliminated simply by

attaching the probe to the magnet. In such case, the

only interaction left is the counterclockwise torque ap-

plied on the magnet by the closing-wire current.

Standard Electrodynamics (SE) considerations based

omnatghneetLizaipnlgacceu'rsreexnpt reelsesmioenntdsFfa=ilIt(odelxxBpl)aianphpolimedoptooltahre-

devices torque production since -by vector product

pealbreolmepeetrnottigseesan-reearalrltaedthtiaoelrqftouorecte(hIset

amctaignngetonantdh,ethshereellfocrue,rruennthas to be kept in mind that

dofurtihneg AthmeprlaesatncdenStEurfyortmheulautniorensstrwicatsedcoenqurmivaeldenfcoer

closed circuits [7]). Moreover, a closed circuit in the vicinity of an arbitrary current element will apply on

it forces perpendicular to its length (a fact manifestly

observed in the probe). In the G-V experiments the

interaction to look at is the one existing between a

nite current element (the probe or the closing wire)

ainngdcaurcrleonste)d. cAirncudith(etrhe,e aBcc-oredldinegqutoivaSlEen,tthmeacglnoestinizg-

wire is unable to produce any torque on the magnet:

a fact quite in opposition to experience! Conversely,

the interaction of the magnet with the mechanically

asattmaechoeudtcpormobeef-orpleuitsh-celrosfionrgm-wuliaretiocnir:cuaitnullelatdosrqtuoetohne

both, closed circuit and magnet [7], [11]. At last, it is

also interesting to have a look of the current interaction

taking place in the magnet's singularity shown in Fig.

4. The currents interacting here are the centripetal

Again on the Guala-Valverge Homopolar-Induction Experiments

237

Figure 4: Magnetizing shell-probe Ampre interaction in the
G-V dynamotor magnet singularity

conduction current through the probe and the equivalent magnetizing-shell current along the singularity's edges. While the upper-edge magnetizing current repehdiegglshe-tmhateatgrpanrcoittbusedtewhceitlohpcrekolwebmieseewnttoiatrhrqyufeofororccneessitd.d22FF21r,etshueltilnogwear

3. Final Remarks

A conclusive statement on the superiority of the Ampre fcdoouferrrmrrieveluenaldtta-itcvfiareoornrmmyfoiontrthgitoehnweGiaar-menVsaolaenynxgsdpisbeuoroifntmhitfheopneratmisrn.ttsmeTrhaahegcrenteie,ortensiqsbhuieainresetsmwbtreeeieencnntt c[tts1ihyoo0mren]r.memusCapneogtoirlnnnayvedt.teee-rrnsafcealelliyylswGtiiontrhartsehstcemhoegpanrnsoiinzmbeeSihlEwaormi-rafeootptrerovigbleeanunrteimirfnaagatctimhotanionctheaosec'rdtfiauotclno-l

The Ampre-formulation inclusion in electromag-

netism programs at both intermediate and graduate

levels seems a necessary outcome of this article.

AmTprheisexepssraeyssiiosn:en\dTehde

with Maxwell's
whole theory .

quote on the
. . is summed

utMDhpoeavxicenwarre(dal1li,n9f5oaA4rl m)f.oTur[rlSmaeeauet.liaaselo.sofoenr.elefceEwtrlreheoncidcctyrheniscami7mtyuaiscntasdn"ad.8lw]J.MaaymasgensreeCmtilsaemrink.

\We are to admit no more causes of natural things

tahpapneasruacnhceass."ar(eNbeowthtotnru).e and sucient to explain their

tVhaelivArecrhdkeenlpowfwuhloletddeecghmnniietcniavtlesl:ayssTirsoetdanNmcoeyr.piantTtaeogrnesJictoarignReW&GeDubaeflroa'srEMlaecztzroondiyfnoarmhiiscsmaansdteroynintheexpAemrimpreentfoarlcpeh. ysTicos.Pedro

References

[1] J(1.99G9u)a. la-Valverde & P. Mazzoni, Apeiron, 6, 202

[2]

J. Guala-Valverde, P. Journal, 12, N 4, 785

Mazzoni, (1999).

Spacetime

&

Substance

[3]

J. Guala Valverde, P. Mazzoni & R. Achilles, Journal of Physics, 70, N 10, 1052 (2002).

American

[4] J. Guala Valverde, Physica Scripta. 66, 252, (2002).

[5] J. Guala-Valverde, Spacetime & Substance, 3, 94 (2002)

[6] J(D. Gecu.a2l0a0-V2)alverde, \Innite Energy." To be published

[7] A.K.T. Assis, \Weber's Electrodynamics." Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994.

[8] Atr.eKal.,T1.9A99ss.is, \Relational Mechanics." Apeiron, Mon-

[9] Kan.dK.MHa. gPnaentoisfsmk.y"aAndddMis.soPnhiWllipessl,ey\,CNlaeswsicYalorEkl,ec1t9r5ic5i.ty

[10]

T.E. Phipps Jr. & J. Guala-Valverde, Science & Technology, 11, 55 (1998).

21 st

Century

[11] M. Bueno & A.K.T. Assis, \Inductance and Force Calceursl,atHiounntiinngEhlteocntr,icNaelwCiYrcourkit,s.2"00N1o.va Science Publish-

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 238{240 Spacetime Substance,

c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

Spacetime & Substance Contents of issues for 2002 year

Vol. 3 (2002), No. 1 (11)

ViktoCrUARlResEhNinTsEkyL.EEMLEENCTTSR, OADMYONVAIMNIGCSC:HTAHREGCEOS NASNIDSTNEENWT

FORMULAS OF EFFECTS (1).

INTERACTION

FOR

A

MichHelABMoIuLTniOaNs.IAONN CSOPMACPEOTNIEMNETSD(IF15F)E. RENTIAL ELEMENTS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIO-

P.

A.LVAWarSenOikF

aNnEdWYTuO. NPI.AVNaDreYnNikA.MTIHCES

NEW (20).

VIEW

ON

THE

NATURE

OF

BODYS

INERTIA

AND

V.V.(D28v)o. eglazov. GENERALIZED NEUTRINO EQUATIONS BY THE SAKURAI-GERSTEN METHOD]

MirosPlHavYSSIuCkSe,nCikOSaMndOLJOozGeYf SAimNDa.CTHHEEMIHSYTDRYRO(3G1E).N ATOM | A COMMON POINT OF PARTICLE

Miroslav Sukenik and Jozef Sima. NEUTRON STAR PROPERTIES VIEVED BY THE ENU MODEL (35).

L.C. DGIaLrAcTiaOdNeSAAnNdDraDdYeN. AOMNISCTARLINTGORCSOIOSMNO(3L8O).GY AND DE SITTER INFLATION WITH MASSLESS

C.A. IdNeNSEoWuzTaOLNimIAaNJCrO. SaMndOLLO.CG.YG: aSrPcIiNa EdFeFAEnCdTrSad(3e9.)G. ROWTH AND DECAY OF INGOMOGENEITIES

L.C. Garcia de Andrade and C. Sivaram. TORSION GRAVITATION AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT (42).

L.C. IGNaTrEcRiaFdEeROAMndErTaEdRe.ST(4O5R).SION GRAVITY EFFECTS ON CHARGED-PARTICLE AND NEUTRON

RasuClkHhAoRzhGaES(.4S7)h.araddinov. ON THE COMPOUND STRUCTURES OF THE NEUTRINO MASS AND

Vol. 3 (2002), No. 2 (12)
L.P. FToIVmIiTnYsk(i4y9.)T. O CONCEPT OF AN INTERVAL OR BASIC MISTAKE OF THE THEORY OF RELAN.A. Zhuck. THE NEW STATIONARY MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE. COMPARISON TO THE FACTS (55). N.A. Zhuck. THE EARTH AS THE GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE RESONATOR (67). L.V. OGFruEnLsEkCayTaR,OVM.VA.GINsaEkTeIvSiMtcOh,FVT.HAE. SEURmFoAvC, EI.LNO. VGEaRvrLiAloYvE, RMW.SI.TGHeGraEsOimPHovY.SIINCTAELRACNODMAMSUTNROIC-ATION
PHYSICAL PROCESSIS (69). AniruPdRhESPErNadChEanOFanZdERHOa-rMeARSaSmSCPAaLnAdRey.FIPELLADNSE(7S6Y).MMETRIC COSMOLOGICAL MODELS IN THE

Spacetime & Substance, Vol. 3, No. 5 (15), 2002

239

V.L. TKHaElaOshRnYikOoFv.GCROANVSITTARTAIIONNTS(8O1)N. THE COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE RELATIVISTIC Valer(i8V4).. Dvoeglazov. SOME MATHEMATICAL BASES FOR NON-COMMYTATIVE FIELD THEORIES RasuClkUhRoRzhEaNST.SS(h8a6)r.addinov. ON THE ANOMALOUS STRUCTURES OF THE VECTOR LEPTONIC SutapTaHGE hCoOshREanOdFSAomCeOnMaPthACCThaNkErWabBaOrtRy.NCNAENWTTHREORNESBTEAR-EWQIUTHILIMBORDATEERDATQEULAYRSKTRMOANTGTEMRAAGT-
NETIC FIELD? (88). Jorge Guala-Valverde. FEYNMAN LECTURES, A-FIELD AND RELATIVITY IN ROTATIONS (94).

Vol. 3 (2002), No. 3 (13)
Scott M. Hitchcock. THE CREATION OF TIME FROM SUBSTANCE AND SPACE (97). Vasile Mioc. SYMMETRIES OF THE GRAVITATIONAL N-BODY PROBLEM (104). AlexOMF. ACNheEpMic-kW.ATVHEE'SCEANLECRUGLYAT(1I0O8N). OF THE INDISPENSABLE ACCURACY OF THE MEASURING Valery P. Dmitriyev. GRAVITATION AND ELECTROMAGNETISM (114). MirosTlHavEOSuRkYe,nEiXkPaEnRdIJMoEzNefTSSimANa.DEMLEECCHTARONIMSMAGONFETTIHCEISNOFLLAURENCCOEROONNAGHREAAVTITINAGTIO(1N18A)L. MASS { A.M. Chepick. SUPREMUM OF THE INTERACTION SPEED OF THE MATTER (122). Valer(i1V25.).Dvoeglazov. SOME MATHEMATICAL BASES FOR NON-COMMYTATIVE FIELD THEORIES Afsar Abbas. TO QUANTIZE OR NOT TO QUANTIZE GRAVITY? (127). Angelo Loinger. RELATIVISTIC MOTIONS (129). AntoCniRoEAAlSfIoNnGsoS-FPaEuEsD. QOUFALNIGTUHMT AGNRDAVMITAYCHA'NSDPRGIENNCEIPRLAEL(R1E30L)A. TIVITY CONSISTENT WITH A DERasuMlkAhoGzNhEaTSI.CSNhAaTraURdEdi(n1o3v2)..THE UNITED THEORY OF THE TWO FIELDS OF THE ELECTRIC AND RasuNlkEhUoTzhRaINSO. SMhAarSaSAdNdiDnoCvH. AORNGTEH(E13T4)Y. PE OF THE SPIN POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF THE Jorge Guala-Valverde. ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SPINNING MAGNETS (140).

Vol. 3 (2002), No. 4 (14)
Angelo Loinger. GRAVITY AND MOTION (145). Savita Gehlaut, A. Mukherjee, S. Mahajan and D. Lohiya. A \FREELY COASTING" UNIVERSE (152). FangpEeXiPCEhReInM.ETNHTEALRETSETSUTDSY(16O1N). THE DEBATE BETWEEN EINSTEIN AND LEVI-CIVITA AND THE

240

Contents of issues for 2002 year

A. PrCaAdLhaMnOaDnEdLOS-.RPE. VPIaSnIdTeEyDc.(1C6O9)N. FORMALLY FLAT SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC COSMOLOGIR. RuNEUnTi,RMIN.OLSatItNanAzNi, ECX.PSAigNiDsmINoGndUiNaInVdEGRS.EV(e1r7e4s)h.chagin. CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF MASSIVE D.L. QKUhAokNhTlUovM. MSPEACCHEA-TNIIMCES (I1N79T).HE CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF A.M. Chepick. MEASUREMENTS WILL SHOW DECREASING OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT (181). A.M. Chepick. WHY THE HUBBLE PARAMETER GROWS UP? (183). Fabio R. Fernandez. MORE ON FEYNMAN LECTURES BY J. GUALA-VALVERDE (184). JorgeNGOTuaBlaE-VAaDlvDeIrTdIeV,EP?e(d1r8o6)M. azzoni and Cristina N. Gagliardo. WHY HOMOPOLAR DEVICES CANDISCUSSION (188). 2ND GRAVITATION CONFERENCE IN KHARKIV (190).

Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15)
TroitTskIOij,NVF.OI.RAMleAsThIiOnN. ETXHPREORUIMGHENTTHAELTEHVEIRDMENACLERAODFIATTHIEONMOICFRMOWETAAVGEABLAACXKYGSRTOAURNSD(1R93A).DIAYu.MW. IGTaHlaINevO. PTTHIECAMLEWASAUVREISNBGAONFDE(T2H07E)R. -DRIFT VELOCITY AND KINEMATIC ETHER VISCOSITY S.N. Arteha. ON THE BASIS FOR GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY (225). N.A. Zhuck. ANOMALIES IN MOVEMENT OF \PIONEER 10/11" AND THEIR EXPLANATION (234). Ricar(d23o5A).chilles. AGAIN ON THE GUALA-VALVERDE HOMOPOLAR-INDUCTION EXPERIMENTS Spacetime & Substance. Contents of issues for 2002 year (238).

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References

[1] F.W. Stecker, K.J. Frost, Nature, 245, 270 (1973).

[2] V.A. Brumberg, \Relativistic Celestial Mechanics", Nauka, Moskow, 1972 (in Russian).

[3]

S.W. Hawking, in: \General Relativity. Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1979.

An

Einstein

Centenary

Sutvey",

eds.

S.W.

Hawking

and

W.

Israel,

Cambr.

Read the Journal before sending a manuscript!

Spacetime & Substance

Volume 3, No. 5 (15), 2002

CONTENTS

V.S. Troitskij, V.I. Aleshin. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE MICROWAVE

. . BACKGROUND RADIATION
OF METAGALAXY STARS

.F.O. .R.M. .A.T. .I.O.N. .

.T.H.R. .O.U. .G.H. .

.T.H. .E.

.T.H. .E.R. .M. .A.L.

.R. .A.D. .IA. .T.I.O.N193

Yu.M. Galaev. THE MEASURING OF
ETHER VISCOSITY WITHIN OPTICAL

EWTAHVEERS-DBARNIFDT.V. .E.L.O. .C.I.T. Y. .

.A.N. .D.

.K. I.N. .E.M. .A.T. .IC207

S.N. Arteha. ON THE BASIS FOR GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

N.A. Zhuck.
PLANATION

.

.A. N. .O. M. .A. .L.I.E.S.

.I.N.

.M. .O.V. .E.M. .E.N. .T.

.O. .F.

.\.P.I.O.N. .E.E. .R.

.1.0./.1.1.".

.A.N. .D.

.T.H. .E.I.R. .

E. .X2-34

REXicPaErdRoIMAEcNhTilSle.s.. . .A.G. .A.I.N. .O. .N. .T. .H.E. .G. .U.A. .L.A. .-V. .A.L.V. .E.R.D. .E. .H. .O.M. .O.P. .O.L. .A.R. -.I.N.D. .U.C. .T.I.O. N235

Spacetime & Substance. Contents of issues for 2002 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238