569 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
569 lines
22 KiB
Plaintext
Vittorio B. Goretti
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Research on Red Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue
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Goretti, Vittorio ISBN 978-88-904675-7-8 All rights reserved
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Printed in Italy by Stampare s.r.l. Via Terni, 433 - S. Carlo - 47522 - Cesena (FC) www.stamparesrl.it Published in January 2013
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PART I
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REMARKS AND QUESTIONS ON THE HIPPARCOS CATALOGUE
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1. Preliminary remark
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Some years ago J. Kovalevsky wrote an interesting article on the scientific results of the Hipparcos Mission, which was published in “Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana”, Volume 64 - No. 1-1993, p. 28.
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Here is part of Kovalevsky’s original text:
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« 6. ASTROMETRY
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During the first year of mission, stars have been observed, in the mean, nine times. But in many cases, they were observed several times in consecutive days on almost identical RGC’s so that astrometric information has not enough variety and is strongly correlated so that astrometric parameters cannot be separated. Several different sphere reconstitutions were made. The most significant results have been obtained with 19000 best observed stars keeping only positions and parallaxes as astrometric unknowns. The coordinates were determined with a precision generally comprised between 1.5 and 3 mas (fig. 4). The corrections to the positions given in the Input Catalogue present an rms of about 0".3 a number that confirms the excellent quality of this catalogue. The results for the parallaxes present similar standard errors (fig. 5). The number of negative parallaxes is consistent with the distribution of errors, having in mind that most of the stars of the observing program are quite distant, generally more than 200 parsecs away. To the level of precision of Earth-based parallax determinations, it appears that there is no visible bias between them and the HIPPARCOS results (fig.6). However, evidently the precision of the latter are much better. Let us also note that comparisons made with similar results obtained by NDAC show an excellent statistical agreement with our results. »
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There was a particularly striking fact emerging from the observation work carried out by the satellite regarding the distribution of stars around the Sun, especially concerning their distance, which measures for the majority of them more than 200 parsecs.
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It is interesting to point out that based on “stellar statistics” in astrophysics, the stars of the main sequence, the “Dwarfs”, are predicated to be much more numerous than the “Giants” and “Supergiants”. The “Dwarfs” number about 50 billion, while the “Giants” are about one million, with an approximate ratio of 50,000 to 1. That ratio is noticeably lowered by the selection effect when observation work is done through a telescope, both from the ground and in orbit. This is caused by the fact that the Giants are visible from great distances, while the Dwarfs, due to their lower intrinsic luminosity, are less easily perceived.
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All the above having been said, the purpose of this study is to find the true approximate ratio between “Dwarfs” and “Giants” among the red stars examined by the Hipparcos Mission.
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3
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2. The research 2.1 Methods
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To start with, a careful choice was made of a fairly wide zone of the vault of heaven including about 2400 stars all provided with a Hipparcos Catalogue number and no other stars. This zone is comprised between 00 h and 01h Right Ascension and between 0° and + 90° Declination. The zone is represented in Figure 1.
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______________ Figure 1 4
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For each star I copied from the Hipparcos Catalogue the values of absolute magnitude M and of colour index B-V (Johnson). I used all those data to draw a HertzsprungRussell diagram taking the precaution of employing different colours to show the different typologies of stars: Blue for the stars with large proper motion, therefore already well known and studied for a long time (before the Hipparcos Mission); Red for red stars (those with a B-V colour index > 1.25); Green for the rest. Figure 2 shows the diagram thus obtained.
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Figure 2 5
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In the following Figure 3 the same diagram was repeated drawing only the blue and the red stars. The stars with large proper motion (the blue ones) plot the main sequence, while the other stars (the red ones) analyzed by the Hipparcos Mission turn out to be nearly all “Giants”.
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Figure 3 These diagrams (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) offer a clear, unequivocal picture of the number and distribution of the celestial bodies in the space examined according to the Hipparcos Catalogue. 6
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2.2 Remarks and Questions By comparing Fig. 3 with Fig. 4, the latter showing an H-R diagram with about the
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same number of stars (see Kenneth R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, Volume II p.88), you can notice a clear discrepancy.
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Figure 4 7
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Some questions arise spontaneously after a first consideration of what emerges from the present investigation.
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How comes that over three hundred red stars contained in the sky zone examined turn out to be all “Giants” and not even one is a “Dwarf”?
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It does not seem credible that in so small a sky zone (1/48th of the heaven vault) there could be such a concentration of Red Giants.
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2.3 Possible explanation
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Since the Hipparcos astrometric measurements had been meticulously checked, it would be of great interest to have an explanation to the questions that instinctively arise from this discrepancy.
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How can all that be explained? A clear answer is to be hoped for. My guess is that probably the researchers’ computer program did not specify that,
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when calculating the average of all parallax angles referring to each star, any negative values of parallax angles had to be considered only in their absolute value. As a matter of fact, about half the average values of the parallax angles in the Tycho Catalogue turn out to be negative!
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Hence, it is useful to specify that: 1. The parallax angle, which is one of the angles of a triangle, is positive by definition. When we average a number of parallax angles, it is even more necessary to keep this in mind or the average value containing negative addends will almost always be low, at times positive and at times negative. This may happen even when all the absolute values of the single parallax angles of a star are much higher than the average thus calculated. 2. The closer to zero the parallax angle of a star turns out to be, the farther away that star is. 3. The Hipparcos Catalogue stars, about 118,000 stars, are a choice from the over 2,000,000 stars of the Tycho Catalogue. As regards the data concerning the same stars, the main difference between the two catalogues lies in the measurement errors, which in the Hipparcos Catalogue are smaller by about fifty times. I cannot understand how it was possible to have such small errors (i. e. uncertainties of the order of one milliarcsecond) when the typical error of a telescope with a diameter of 20 ÷25 cm is comprised between 20 and 80 milliarcseconds (see the Tycho Catalogue). When averaging many parallax angles of a star, the measurement error of the average (root-mean-square error) cannot be smaller than the average of the errors (absolute values) of the single angles.
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It would be important for the Hipparcos researchers to confirm their catalogue measurements with new ones performed from the ground, especially in the case of stars whose parallaxes were not known before the 1991÷1994 Hipparcos Mission.
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Regarding my research, to further support the reductio ad absurdum on the lack of reliability of the Hipparcos Catalogue, I provided more evidence by following the same procedure three more times. The sky zones studied were, with Dec from 0° to 90°, respectively RA from h 6 to h 7; RA from h 12 to h 13; and RA from h 18 to h 19. The result was similar to what is shown in the previous pages.
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8
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PART II
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RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT LOIANO OBSERVATORY (Bologna, Italy) with the purpose of finding an experimental answer to the questions previously posed.
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1. Preliminary remark
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From 2008 to 2010 I carried out research work on a large number of red stars with a (B-V) colour index comprised between 1.0 and 2.0 and the majority of the stars examined had turned out to be very close to the Sun. That was the result of parallax measurements performed on the basis of pictures taken from Observatory 610 at Pianoro (Bologna, Italy).
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On the contrary, the distances of the same stars reported in the Tycho and Hipparcos Catalogues are on average longer respectively by one and by two orders of magnitude.
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2. Description of the proposed programme
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I chose 20 stars that would be visible in the period August-December 2011 from about 200 stars which I had observed over a span of two years. The sky zone concerned went from h 20:30 to h 21:00 Right Ascension and from +21° to +60° Declination.
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I drew the H-R diagram of this zone with the 2,668 stars reported in the Hipparcos Catalogue (Figure 5), but this time: the colour yellow shows the stars with a (B-V) colour index < 1; the colour red shows the stars with a (B-V) colour index > 1; the colour green shows the stars with a proper motion > 0.100 arcseconds. The last ones constitute the main sequence and only few of them are Giants or Supergiants while the other stars examined by the satellite turn out to be nearly all “Giants” or “Supergiants”. The ‘colour’ black shows the stars that later would be studied at Loiano.
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From an exam of that initial diagram we can infer that: 1. If we leave out the stars (green in Figure 5) having proper motions greater than 0.100 arcseconds (most of which had been measured with great precision from the ground before the Hipparcos Mission), we can notice that the remaining stars are generally at distances greater than 200 parsecs, i.e. they are Giants (in some cases even Supergiants), like Prof. Kovalevsky had pointed out. 2. The stars (red in Figure 5) with a (B-V) colour index >1 have absolute magnitude variable from -4 to +3 (Red Giants) and there are no Red Dwarfs with absolute magnitude between +5 and +15. 3. In the Hipparcos Catalogue the total number of the stars examined in the sky zone observed is 2,668 and the absolute magnitude of the stars with a negative parallax angle or with an angle narrower than the measurement error is not reported. Among them there are 724 red stars with (B-V) >1, in their turn subdivided into 66 with parallaxes smaller than the measurement error, 32 with negative parallaxes and the rest with positive parallaxes but with values lower than about 10 mas. 4. The fact that 724 Red Giants and Red Supergiants are present but there are no Red Dwarfs shows an enormously disproportionate selection effect.
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9
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3. Implementation
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Thanks to Prof. Alberto Buzzoni, the University of Bologna gave permission to use its telescope at Loiano to conduct research on some red stars visible from August to December 2011.
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The following list of the selected stars is the very same as sent to Ms Silvia Galleti, who was to capture the first images with the telescope. Then she was to capture the second set of images of the same stars three months later (at about h 19:00 UT so that to have the stars again at meridian).
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List of Objects
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1st group (10 images of each star around August 5th, 2011) (at meridian h 1:00 UT)
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Catalogue No. Coordinates (2000.0) (B-V) J. Absolute M Apparent m Notes
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RA
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Dec
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HIP 101198 20 30 46 +27 57 31 1.133 1.2
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8.10
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" 101978 20 39 59 +58 53 39 1.807 -0.6
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8.45
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" 102788 20 49 29 +42 38 21 1.803 -6.0 ?
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8.49
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" 103961 21 03 51 +57 53 30 1.972 0.70
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8.69
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" 104217 21 06 51 +38 44 29 1.069 7.490 5.20 61Cyg A (verification)
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" 104214 21 06 52 +38 44 04 1.309 8.327 6.05 61Cyg B ( " )
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" 104039 21 04 40 +30 55 05 1.078 0.96
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8.62
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" 104763 21 13 25 +38 24 08 1.329 -0.64
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7.74
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2nd group (10 images of each star around August 20th, 2011) (at meridian h 1:00 UT)
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Catalogue No. Coordinates (2000.0) (B-V) J. Absolute M Apparent m Notes
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RA
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Dec
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HIP 105471 21 21 47 +30 47 05 1.614 -6.0 ?
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8.45
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" 105812 21 25 47 +52 51 43 1.542 0.38
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7.66
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" 107076 21 41 16 +48 20 03 1.179 0.78
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8.25
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GSC 3976 637 21 54 51 +57 19 46 2.1 ? 4.6
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8.72
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" 3980 1234 21 53 42 +58 10 10 2.2 ?
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?
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9.54
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3rd group (10 images of each star around August 25th, 2011) (at meridian h 1:00 UT)
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Catalogue No. Coordinates (2000.0) (B-V) J. Absolute M Apparent m Notes
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RA
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Dec
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HIP 108981 22 04 42 +46 25 38 0.157 -6.0 ? 10.1 SS Lac (Algoltype eclips.
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GSC 3605 2627 22 05 45 +46 17 31 1.9 ? 4.3
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8.78
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var. star)
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" 3605 2721 22 05 59 +46 27 17 2.2 ? -6.0 ? 8.99
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HIP 110 893 22 28 00 +57 41 49 1.613 11.576 9.74 Kruger 60 (verification)
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" 113414 22 58 09 +30 21 55 1.616 -8.0 ?
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8.46
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4th group (10 images of each star around September 21st, 2011) (at meridian h 1:00 UT)
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Catalogue No. Coordinates (2000.0) (B-V) J. Absolute M Apparent m Notes
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RA
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Dec
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HIP 117972 23 55 41 +25 08 38 0.924 5.54
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9.03
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GSC 1728 1298 23 58 21 +21 47 27 2.0 ? -6.0 ?
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9.60
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Double?
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" 1728 345 23 58 36 +21 45 05 0.546 3.1
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8.33
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"?
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10
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HIPPARCOS STARS
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Figure 5 11
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RESEARCH ON RED DWARF STARS CONDUCTED AT THE BOLOGNA UNIVERSITY OBSERVATORY OF LOIANO (August-December 2011)
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TABLE HIPPARCOS STARS (Data from the catalogue except for the absolute
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magnitude M of the four stars written in green)
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│ RESULTS OF │THIS RESEARCH
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Catalogue m M
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B-V
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No.
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Trig. Parallax mas
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Distance Spectr. │ M B-V Parallax
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parsec
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│
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mas
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61 Cyg (a) and 61 Cyg (b)
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104214 5.20 7.49 1.069 ± 0.015 285.13 ± 1.51 3.483 ± 0.018 K5 V ½ 8.5 1.1 451 ± 120
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104217 6.05 8.33 1.309 ± 0.012 285.42 ± 0.72 3.504 ± 0.009 K7 V ½ 8.8 1.3 351 ± 60
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101198 8.09 1.2 1.133 ± 0.014 4.18 ±1.08
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239 ± 62 K2 III½11.3 1.8 414 ± 32
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101978 8.45 -0.6 1.807 ± 0.035 0.98 ± 0.65 1020 ± 680 K7 │13.5 1.8 909 ± 70
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102788 8.50 -0.6 1.803 ± 0.036 1.52 ± 0.87
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660 ± 380 M0 │11.2 1.7 313 ± 47
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104039 8.61 0.96 1.078 ± 0.020 2.95 ± 1.15
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340 ± 130 K0 │11.6 1.8 374 ± 50
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104763 7.77 -0.64 1.329 ± 0.012 2.08 ± 0.77
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480 ± 180 K5 ½12.4 1.6 804 ± 38
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105471 8.45 -6.00 1.614 ± 0.026 0.84 ± 1.12
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?
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K5 ½11.9 1.6 451 ± 43
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105812 7.68 0.38 1.542 ± 0.018 3.47 ± 0.70
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288 ± 58 K5 ½10.0 1.5 270 ± 50
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107076 8.27 0.78 1.179 ± 0.017 3.17 ± 0.84
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315 ± 84 K0 ½13.9 1.8 937 ± 70
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Kruger 60
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110893 9.95 11.58 1.613 ± 0.003 249.52 ± 3.03 4.008 ± 0.049 M2 V │12.1 1.6 262 ± 21
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SS Lac (eclipsing binary)
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108981 10.1 -6.00 0.157 ± 0.055 1.13 ± 1.39
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?
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B7 ½12.4 0.1 226 ± 17
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é113414 9.6 -8.00 1.616 ± 0.143 -0.44 ± 1.48
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?
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M0 │11.3 1.6 208 ± 30ù
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ë113420 8.5 -8.00 1.616 ± 0.143 -0.09 ± 1.10
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?
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M0 │13.9 1.6 234 ± 42û
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-
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GSC STARS (Data from the Tycho Catalogue)
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│ RESULTS OF │THIS RESEARCH
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3976 637 8.72 4.6 3980 68 8.94 5.55 3980 1234 9.54 ? 3605 2627 8.78 4.3 3605 2721 8.99 ?
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2.2 ? 1.374 2.2 ? 1.9 ? 2.2 ?
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15 ± 11 21 ± 9 15 ± 15 13 ± 12 3 ± 15
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67 ± 49 48 ± 20
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? 77 ± 71
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?
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From a first exam of the table we can notice that:
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? │ 8.8 ? 93 ± 32 ? │ 13.1 1.4 618 ± 87 ? │ 10.1 1.6 115 ± 35 ? │ 12.7 1.9 624 ± 42 ? │ 12.0 1.8 325 ± 39
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1. 61 Cyg (a), 61 Cyg (b) and Kruger 60 have been used for verification purposes. 2. The four stars written in green have parallax angles narrower than the measurement
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error. Their absolute magnitude M is not given in the Hipparcos Catalogue and they are supposed to be very far away. I assumed the value M = -6.00 for the first two stars and the value M = -8.00 for the other two with negative parallaxes (the multiple star formed by HIP 113414 and HIP 113420), so as to make it possible to show them in the H-R diagram.
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12
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3. From the calculations done, the three underlined stars HIP 101978, HIP 104763 and HIP 107076 turn out to be closer to the Sun than a Centauri as they have parallax angles > 750 mas. Of course, those stars must be carefully studied in order to verify this preliminary result.
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4. The parallax angles calculated in this research turn out to be @ > by two orders of magnitude than the parallax angles of the stars of the Hipparcos Catalogue, while for the five stars of the Tycho Catalogue they are nearly all @ > by one order. The questions that arise and a possible explanation are dealt with at the end of Part I.
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But I wish to make clear that “if” the star distances are proved to be in the average ten times or more shorter than those given in the official catalogues “then” the star density of this part of our galaxy must be at least a thousand times greater than believed till now.
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The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram on the following page (Figure 6) shows the results of the research conducted at Loiano Observatory. The positions of the ten stars under observation (nine Red and one White, SS Lac 108981) are astoundingly different from the positions given in the catalogue.
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13
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H-R DIAGRAM SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE STARS OF THE HIPPARCOS CATALOGUE OBJECT OF THIS RESEARCH
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Figure 6 The above H-R diagram shows that the stars given as Red Giants in the Hipparcos Catalogue are Red Dwarfs according to these measurements. Also SS Lac 108981 is a White Dwarf, not a Giant. 14
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APPENDIX
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The following table draws up a list of some Dwarfs of the northern hemisphere (except for one) whose distances, as measured by Observatory 610 in the period 2008-2011, are shorter than 6 ly.
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GSC
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HIP
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No.
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No.
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2259 803
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2259 741
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1729 911
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2267 310
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3247 499 995
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3276 733
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715 1539
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136 42006
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1894 1040
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3064 855 78741
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3064 424
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967 811 80332
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967 1049
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2056 506 80882
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2056 1479
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3063 1149 81260
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5642 496
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425 2502 87937
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?
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?
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?
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?
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4229 1025 94162
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?
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?
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394 1291
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3937 155
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3941 1203
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?
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?
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?
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?
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3573 301 100870
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3573 129
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4233 528
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2168 138
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3587 432
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?
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?
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?
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?
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?
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?
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RA J2000.0 hm s 00 00 00.74 00 01 12.77 00 02 54.56 00 03 09.61 00 12 26.38 01 13 13.31 05 51 39.40 06 20 02.50 06 53 21.98 16 04 29.27 16 04 27.60 16 23 59.97 16 23 58.38 16 30 54.74 16 31 15.19 16 35 49.90 16 53 07.28 17 57 48.97 17 57 11.03 18 51 42.18 19 10 02.33 19 14 44.70 20 08 44.93 20 19 05.89 20 21 37.08 20 24 25.86 20 23 31.68 20 27 09.41 20 26 48.51 20 28 04.07 20 27 47.71 20 52 42.15 21 26 14.77 21 56 10.48 21 52 52.56
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Dec
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Parallax Parallax (610) Distance (610)
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°
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mas mas
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l y
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+ 31 31 55.6 3 16 1122 100 2.9 0.3
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+ 31 29 48.1 47 39 767 90
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4.3 0.6
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+ 24 48 55.3 62 38 757 100 4.3 1.0
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+ 35 29 58.5 - 10 27 725 100 4.5 1.0
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+ 45 57 34.6 3.99 1.02 605 50
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5.4 1.0
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+ 51 05 42.6 32 17 1426 150 2.3 0.3
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+ 07 32 30.4 - 24 18 979 150 3.3 0.6
|
||
|
||
+ 02 52 29.9 5 16 1093 100 3.0 0.3
|
||
|
||
+ 23 01 31.6 53 29 781 70
|
||
|
||
4.2 0.4
|
||
|
||
+ 41 22 02.1 - 0.05 1.10 1209 100 2.7 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 41 09 57.5 -9 16 586 100 5.6 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 12 51 57.7 4.04 1.48 703 80
|
||
|
||
4.6 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 12 52 59.5 29 36 602 80
|
||
|
||
5.4 0.8
|
||
|
||
+ 29 12 15.5 1.90 1.11 617 80
|
||
|
||
5.3 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 29 12 34.5 91 35 618 80
|
||
|
||
5.3 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 39 32 35.5 4.18 0.98 605 80
|
||
|
||
5.4 0.5
|
||
|
||
- 08 23 30.6 -26 21 635 80
|
||
|
||
5.1 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 04 40 05.8 549 1.61 558 80
|
||
|
||
5.8 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 14 42 08.6
|
||
|
||
? 1465 180 2.2 0.2
|
||
|
||
+ 20 47 55.2
|
||
|
||
? 700 150 4.7 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 66 06 09.7 3.13 0.76 754 90
|
||
|
||
4.3 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 00 00 44.6
|
||
|
||
? 821 190 4.0 0.8
|
||
|
||
+ 58 10 10.2
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
|
||
682 90
|
||
|
||
4.8 0.6
|
||
|
||
+ 54 11 00.7
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
|
||
946 90
|
||
|
||
3.5 0.3
|
||
|
||
+ 55 22 18.2 13 9 1188 150 2.7 0.4
|
||
|
||
+ 29 42 02.2
|
||
|
||
? 1133 300 2.9 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 29 25 45.8
|
||
|
||
? 1969 180 1.7 0.2
|
||
|
||
+ 45 41 02.5 2.60 0.74 580 90
|
||
|
||
5.6 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 45 37 16.3
|
||
|
||
? 3105 200 1.05 0.10
|
||
|
||
+ 60 52 40.7 14 13 733 80
|
||
|
||
4.5 0.5
|
||
|
||
+ 29 57 09.3 21 9 647 80
|
||
|
||
5.0 0.6
|
||
|
||
+ 51 14 55.6
|
||
|
||
? 1088 200 3.0 0.6
|
||
|
||
+ 52 47 10.9
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
|
||
559 80
|
||
|
||
5.8 1.0
|
||
|
||
+ 57 16 17.3
|
||
|
||
? 1049 150 3.1 0.4
|
||
|
||
+ 58 03 07.5
|
||
|
||
?
|
||
|
||
949 50
|
||
|
||
3.4 0.2
|
||
|
||
Observe that only in the case of Barnard’s Star (GSC 425 2502 in bold type) the parallax angle of the official catalogues coincides with that of Observatory 610. Moreover, the second star in bold type (GSC 3573 129), one of the stars whose parallax angles had not yet been measured
|
||
by anyone, stands out with a distance from the Sun of (1.05 0.10) light years. The last measurement, if confirmed by other observatories, makes us think that GSC 3573 129
|
||
must be a companion of our Sun.
|
||
|
||
15
|
||
|
||
Curriculum Vitae
|
||
Vittorio B. Goretti graduated in Physics from Bologna University in 1965.
|
||
Besides working as a teacher in secondary education, he devoted his time to research work on asteroids over a period of 25 years. He worked at S. Vittore Observatory in Bologna and, for a while, at Asiago Observatory. Since 1995 his research work has continued from his private Observatory 610 at Pianoro. His research effort resulted in measurements for thousands of asteroids, among which a great number of NEA (Near Earth Asteroids). He discovered over 32 new asteroids. He is currently focusing on stars near the Sun employing the Trigonometric Parallax method.
|
||
References
|
||
M.G. Fracastoro, I dintorni del Sole, l’astronomia, n°29, 1984 Joachim Herrmann, Atlante di astronomia, Oscar Studio Mondadori, 1978 M. Hack, Diagrammi H-R, l’astronomia, n°11 e n°12, 1981 M. Inglis, L’astrofisica è facile, Springer, 2009 James B. Kaler, Stars and their spectra, Cambridge University Press, 1989 J. Kovalevsky, Modern astrometry, Mem. S.A. It., 1993 - Vol 64° - N°1 K.R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, Springer, 1999 C.R. Kitchin, Astrophysical Techniques, University of Hertfordshire Observatory, 1998 Alberto Masani, Astrofisica, Editori Riuniti, 1984 Jean Meeus, Astronomia con il computer, HOEPLI, 1994 G. Romano, Evoluzione delle stelle, Canova, 1977 C.D. Rossi, Program GUIDE 8, 2002 Tycho Catalogue Hipparcos Catalogue
|
||
Acknowledgements I would like to thank: my wife Giuliana for her great patience and for encouraging me; Prof. Alberto Buzzoni for his valuable advice; Ms Silvia Galleti for her excellent photos at the telescope of Loiano; my friend Barbara Drews Spadolini for the translation into English and the page layout.
|
||
|