zotero-db/storage/Q483EZWA/.zotero-ft-cache

VOLUME 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENTARY LIGHTNING RODS AERIAL BATTERIES VRILLIC DETRITUS

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For Joey~ l(atey _ Stephen

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arxi all the worxierful children

who worder if clocks make time who bJry rocks to watch them grow

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' ~ . who watch snowflakes twinkling in the evergreens and who 1isten to star1ight for messages

SECTION 1--
- COMMENTARY

MANY THANKS TO MY COLLEAGUES SEEKERS OF TRUTH
For countless hours of telephone conversations, conferences, references, book loans and tape loans,
persoDa.I concerns and generous encouragements, cherished friendships, shared adorations, precious dialogues,
secret treasures and endless visions.
With Especial Thanks To My Most Generous and Kind Friends
At The Borderland Sciences Research Foundation
Thomas J. Brown Alison Davidson Linda Luck
Michael Thero1U
Richard J. Reynolds m
Duncan Laurie Dan WJDter
Jim Murray Preston Nichols
Herman Meinke Leroy Chambers Eric Dollard Robert Nelson
To My Dear Wife Aphrodite Maillis For her generous encouragement and genuine patience With Great Love

TO ALL THE LONE FORGOTI'EN DREAMERS VISIONARIES
OF PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Whose Undaunted Hearts Braved The World's Derision And Rejections Most Cruel

Who Surrendered To Divine Revelations Receiving The Glories Of Greater and Deeper Vision

Whose Names Remain Indelibly Written In The Eternal Documents

By Whose Valiant Desires And Great Agonies of Love

THE DEEP DREAMS OF VRIL MATERIALIZE

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ORIGINS OP THE TERM VRIL
The name "woivre" suggests waverings and weavings and is the andent European reference to Vril energies. Vril is the thready, living, glowing, generative energy which projects experiential space and matter. Vril is found strongly densifted in the ground. Vril permeates experiential space. Vril distribution is ordained. Vril threads, cbanneJs, and causeways flood and intermingle freely. Human artiB.ce uses special material configurations to gain Vril contact. Vril gives viscera-eidetic experience. Vril is the living generator of the experiential universe.

CELT. Virol Viria: arm, bracelet, woven

OE. wabem: to waver

ON. vafra:

to hover about

veifa:

to wave

OE. waefre: restless, waver

wefen:

to weave

ME. Virl

Virole Virell Verelle Ferrule

Weven: to move to and fro

OF. Viriola

F. Vrille:

tendril, vine

Viril:

potent, enlivening

Vril does not have a singular appearance. Vril is all eidetic content and vision, experience, and consdousness. Vril filamentary presence is the experiential axis. Vril filamentary presence is the consdous anchor and ground. Vril threads provide the consdous ftrmaments. Vril is the reference structure of the experiential universe. The discovery of true deep eidetic content derives through the glowing black aura. The human organism translates easily through the glowing black aura.
Vril appears in thready channels which completely permeate the inertialized environment of the apparent world. V ril auras impact and dissolve inertial space in concentrated points of the environment.
White ray sheaths mark the inertia-dissolving trails of highly accelerated eidetic transactions. Eidetic transactions combine natural in V ril sheath displays. Ground sourced white ray sheaths are observed. White ray sheaths mark Vril paths. ~ White ray experience is experience of extreme Vril activity. These are dangerous to organismic integrity. Bright raylike eidetic transactions are seen passaging through aerial routes. V ril threads form the core ofeach such sheath. Aerial white ray sheaths mark Vril transactive paths.
The world is flooded with eidetic images. The apparent world is aVril multi-juncture arrangement of eidetic tenninals. Inertial dissolution, fracture, deformation, and distortion, follow V ril eidetic world transactions.
Vril eidetic worlds project the purity ofexperience which have been called "prana, aura, aether, atmosphere, eloptic, orgone". These are viscero-inertial manifestations of a deeper experience. Eidetic imagery and its experience is the fullness which these indirect descriptions represent.
Eidetic contact is the key to comprehending archane knowledge in total context. The mystics knew that universal

intelligence permeated every experiential thing. Things not known orpermitted were relegated to the insensateVril worlds: things forbidden because of our inability to engage them. Alchymywas totally dependent upon eidetics for its source and operative mode. EideUc energies are surging in the Vril · structure. We intersect with them through material contact. Eidetic worlds reveal select axial centres which concentrate distributed awareness across space axes.
Vril penetrates and collimates in organisms to release sudden eidetic experiences. Projective worlds exist independently in absence of projected forms. They may be located through their projected materials which respond to their presence.
All materials respond to some degree with the local Vril channeJs. All materials are viscera-eidetic when touched. Eidetic energies are surging in the Vril space-structure. We intersect with them through material contact. Eidetic worlds revealselect axial centres which concentrate distributed awareness across space axes.
Materials are needed for the interception ofeidetic knowledge. Materials are the detectors by which eideUc knowledge is gleaned. Study ofearth batteries, undersea communications, and aerial batteries, and lightning rods demanded study ofthe foundation of charge generation from a radionic view. To comprehend the differential behavior ofmetals in lightningrod patents one necessarily became engaged in the study from the radionic considerations.
Radionic study alone does notsuffice since lightning rods and various materials exhibit spedftc behaviors not explained through rates. Auric studies also did not explain why magnetically charged lightningrods would shield from lightningstrikes. Convoluted rod forms exhibited shielding ability equivalent to platinum. This equivalencewas determined to be analchymycal one (D.Winter) and necessary study toward that end was engaged.
In testingminerals and metals for their consdous conductivity and content I discovered that consistent permeating viscero-eidetic impressions come both through free space and in direct physical contact Spedal regard for the alignment, orientation, and disposition amid the stratified world revealed that minerals and metals may be Vril activated in excess oftheir native states. Vril junctures and local deep channels effect marked alterations in the viscero-eidetic content transacted through tested minerals and metals.
An arrangement of chemicals, minerals, metals, crystals, massivestones,jewels, predous metals, electrical componentry; stellar, planetary, solar, and lunar light was secured for empirical testing. I began by simply approaching each isolated form in order to sense all and any subjectively received impressions which might be projected from the minerals and metals. While in several instances sensate discharges from object to body provided some degree of impressional reception touch contacts worked best.
Touch contacts provided viscero-eidetic experiences of surprisingly consistent detail and content among tested minerals and metals. Charts were made for each experiment. Each eidetic world is living and active. Each gives differing co-

existent experiences. These are each balanced and kept in withdrawn states by the alien presence of inertial space: unUl released again. The powerful transmelding of every potenUal Vril eideUc world will fulftll and complete the lost essenUal holism of our apparent world.
Ows is a world devoid of vital quality and essence; a
pressured world experience where inertial space separates, dmtorts, binds, quenches, and limits the synaesthesia! free..tlow of eideUc worlds. Merging interpenetrating eidetic Vril worlds co-exist. This is experientially ascertained through the use of various material contacts and material co~tions. Minerals and metals are windows which transact with theh' parent Vril
eideUc worlds. Vril eidetic experience a1texs considerably in various material configuraUons and geometries.
No progress Js made unUl a detailedstudy ofmaterials and
material conftguratious begins. We must touch and handle
materials m order to determine their eideUc contents. EideUc
imagery and absorpUve experiences are never forced: they must proceed from the substance being examined.
Such transacUous expand the mind ouly when expertmentation is made with regard for the Vril clwmehy in one's own district. Alignment ofexperimental work space with these underground Vril clwmels Js absolutely essenUal in making these empirical determina.Uons. One must make provision for ground access.. The use of a ground rod is highly recommended. Testing materials for eideUc content requires Vril contact.
The experimental arrangement must engage materials and material configurations with Vril directly. ExperlmentaUon may also proceed in darkened rooms preferably. The "eyesclosed" method serves Vril sensory system well.
Numerous patents detailed anomalous acUvities when ground connected. These behavims required a concise and thorough explanation. I believed that a mysterious foundational reality was responsible for all these systemological anomalous phenomena.
Rods, poles, and towers interconnectVril concentrations in space and in the ground. Specific spaUal poise is required to locate and connect space-Vril energies. There are aerial Vril points as well as ground V ril points.
Minerals and metals giveVril eideUc transactions. Grounds ~ effect special experiential transactions. Material configurations
give Vril eidetic transaction. Relational material configurations . transact Vril eidetic experience. Relational holisms transact · Vril eidetic experiences.
Vril threads supply special ~ound connectivities. Vril threads supply special aerial connectivities. V ril ground is succession of subterranean material contacts. Vril aerial is succession of auri-celestial Vril thread contacts. Vril thread contact is ground. Vril contact is aerial space contact. Vril worlds transconnect via threadways.
Vril extensions transconnect Vril eidetic worlds. Vril extensions via material contacts engage regional V ril con-' sdousness. Material contacts reveal unsuspected eidetic pres-
ence in local surroundings. Native minerals and metals (mineral, metal, aystallodes) permit first order eidetic experiences.
Vril tufted aurae are experiential.

Kilner observed auric striaUODS but did not engage experienUal translations through those aurae. Inertial glowing
haloes are ncm-dendritic and non-experiential. Vril designed appliances serve seusiUves and ease translatory experiences
among the eideUc worlds. Spedflc Vril thread discharges transact Vril eideUc worlds. Vril thread discharges display
luminatioDS through traveJSed regions. Vril thread discharges )uminate with coloratiODS when impacting inertial space.
White ray groupings are white ray sheaths which surround Vrilthread discharges. Blackraygroupings are blackray sheaths which surround Vril thread discharges. Vril eideUc world experience Js partid.pational sensory communion in
meta-dimensional regions. Vril eidetic experience surpasses 5SeDSOI}' stimulations. Inertial appearance remain primiUve 5-
sensol}' stimulations devoid of eidetic content. Inertial Technologies radiate excess inertia. Inertial tech-
nologies collimate inertial space. Extreme inertial technologies
reveal Vril (Tesla). InertialluminatiODS represent no meaniD.gful signal. Vril
luminations are true hoJisticltght. Vrill..ightgenerationrequires only Vril configurational ampliflen.
True Vril aurae engage meaniD.gful eidetic focus of
consdoumess. Vril Science seeks the dissolution and dmpersal of inertiCMauric detritus.
Vril Science selects and studies ouly eideUc meaningiul experienUal engagements. Careful observation ofinertio-aurae during Vril transactions the contractile response of inertial detritus. Inertial detritus is contractile during Vril transaction. Vril transaction intensifies and extends Vril striated aurae. Vril engagements magnify and expand Vril striations.
Vril threads tunnels through space and ground. Vril threads travel along the ground surface. Vril energy is focussed along spectftc points of the ground surface. Vril threadways appear glowing eidetic when passaging in and through the ground. The eidetic glowing threadways were erroneously equated with subterranean water by dowsers.
V ril threadways are surrounded in eidetic transactions of experience. Vril is the very generative source ofconsdousness. To peer into Vril is to experience translations of mind and experience. Vril eideUc transactions are not merely the articles of sensation. To develop Vril Technology Js to rediscover the connective linkage of the universe. To develop Vril Technology is to redJscover the deepest experiential communion craved by all sentient beings.
Vril phenomena explain eidetic conditions observed in nature. Vril is conducted by all materials which it generates. Substances each manifest a specific eidetic node which surrounds their enclosed eidetic glowing Vril threadline. The enclosed Vril threadline is the generative source and support of the material being studied. Vril pro-aeates upon the basic existential eidetic which it fundamentally generates. Vril inflects, permutes, and surmounts its own foundations. Each such stage is a Vril Template.
Eidetic contents are spontaneously transmitted through Vril articulations. Humanly arranged artistic channels trans-
duce Vril ~adulations directly. With Vril the need for exces-

sive human code is ellminated. Code free channels are found

in singularly sustained ultra-hannonic sounds. Innate eidetic

contents and evidence for space-distributed intelligence is

revealed when monitoring telluric and aerialsounds. The need

for excessive articulations of code is eradicated through Vril

modulations. Vril designs its own hieroglyphs.

Eidetic contents are directly trans~tted to recipients

through Vril articulated designs. Vril culture consists in absorb-

ingand communingwithpureVril eidetic contents. Departures

from the immediacy ofthe apparent world are easily achieved

through Vril articulations.Vril threads guide the human organ-

ism into deepest eideUc contents of the Vril World. The Vril

World is the trueWorld ofeidetic content. Auras are translatory

agencies.

,

Vril power points are sensed throughout the experiential

spaces. FixedVril powerpoints are ordained. FixedVril power

points are found throughout experiential space. Vril points can

be located in aerialspace and ground. Vril powerpoints can be

interpenetrated bymaterial imposition. Tremendous empathic

andunexpectedenergeticmanifestatious are conductedthrough

such material interpositions. Vril reacUons define all mysteries.

Vril presence generates all unexpected conscious activities.

Vril Science explains all scientiftcally observed anomalies.

Vril is self-determinate. Vril expresses the sensate quaJi..

ties of experience. Vril expresses the insensate realities which

exceed our immediate experience. Vril is natural intent. Vril

inflects into new expressions. V ril spontaneously permutes into

unexpected qualities. Vril is self-generative and self~ustaining.

Vril generates and permutes itself from nothingness.

Vril threads generate hieroglyphic connective terminals. Ei-

detic experience translates the human organism by direct

conduction with Vril dendritic threads. Vril threads establish

conductive forms in the human organism. Auras extend

feathery vril inflectional threads.

Ground Vril concentrations provide the most potent

interactions yet known. GroundVril densities achieve dramatic

effects in both human matched conductions and energeUc

displays of power. Regional climate is Vril-resonant. Regional

climate is a complex range of empathic and metaphysical

transformations. Empathic experience includes the unexpected

activities of archane universal worlds. Vril ground concentra-

7 tions represent boundaries between metaphysical and inertial

spaces.

Human involvement with spedftc elements represent the

' civilizing activity of Vril. Vril is most powerfully conveyed

through iron deposits. Vril conduction through carbon repre-

sents another major human resonant axis. The human organ-

ism is largely composed ofboth elements. Carbon and Iron are

the major human resonant elements. Most technological

systemologies employ these very materials at their core.

Iron lines composed all early telegraph systems. V ril

conducting iron lines transmit exceptional degrees of clarifted

eidetic contents alongwith encodedsignals. Powerful empathic

communications through iron telegraph lines continue despite

removal of artificial activations and signal applications.

Ground connected artifice necessarily conducts Vril.

Ground connected artifice and component necessarily be-

comes Vril transactive. Vril threads manifest directionality. Vril threads anive at ground surface from the depths ofground or space.
Ground surface is the major experientialinteractive zone. EideUc manifestations at ground level resemble fountains of sensual experience. Empladng ground plates or aerial plates
forms conductive linkages within the incoming auras. Vril
eideUc transactions may then become suengthened. Strengthened eidetic transactions may become more sensate through time. Space is aVril-glowing black dendritic mass. The ground surface is traversed with horizontal and vertical Vril threads. Sentient experience is derived in and amongtheseVril-gangJial interconnections.
Vril inflection sites release eidetic transactions. Such sites become Vril thread connections through human aid. Vril
technology is participation with Vril itsel£ Human agency
cooperates and co-structures with Vril intent. Vril responds to human need. Vril generates and sustains human consciousness.
Vril points release special permutative and generative
powers. Vril poweris released to human benetltwhen properly detected and joined to appropriate artiftce. Cooperation between human agency and Vril generates civilization.· Vril
activations are achieved through Vril Technology. Vril Technological artifices are driven into Vril active points. Access to Vril points releases Vril to the needs of the surface.
Vril eidetic transactions are experiential spaces. The glowing black Vril eidetic node is the fundamental conscious state. There are endless Vril Eidetics in the black glowing Vril eidetic transactions. Black glowing spaces are the ultimate resonant Vril nodes. Certain arrangement provoke the spontaneous discharge of eidetic transactions. These discharges shudder and pulse into grounded materials. The degree and order of eidetic pulsations depends upon the grounded mate-
rials. Eidetic transactions display differentiations when con-
ducted through material boundaries. These ditferentiations spontaneously blend, pulsate, discharge, and. interact.
The interplay of Vril amid natural transactive cavities,
chambers, vaults, halls, shafts, caverns, ribbings, arches, cellars
and crypts exceed the Vril active potential of free space. Vril labyrinthine arrays are necessary to Vril activations. Eidetic attention must be forever upon the natural spaces: geology and space. Composite conductoiS ditferentiate Vril through each section. Differentiation represents Vril spontaneous self-generation.
Eidetic transactions are glowing spaces. Eidetic transactions are not particulate or gaseous. Sensation and awareness comes from Vril. Vril eidetic is not inertial eidetic. Vril Eidetic projection is experience.
Vril reactions are seen in every material configuration. Vril reaction first alter and influence the mind. Overlands are Vril activated each land is known by the qualities which Vril emanates through their material composition. Ground material determines subterranean Vril differentiations. Vril activates all overlying materials, arrangements, and design composites.
Lamps activate and direct pole eidetic transactions. V ril
differentiation becomes the predominant feature of material

configurations. Vril Js self-suftlcient Vril Js spontaneously selfgenerating. There is no need to supply artificial interruptions in V ril systems. No conelated activities or extra poweris required in Vril Technology.
The eidetic transactions ofgrounded metal reservoiis selt: expand. Vril supplies the self-generative process. Spontaneous accumulation and dJscharge of eidetic transacUons from groundedmetal reservoiis is the result ofVrilpresence. Vril can provide impulses and motance. vril is the natural and pure
energy of the UDiverse. Vril requires no extra applica.Uons to
express qualities.
Certain materials are highly eidetic node ray active. The
chiefjoy os Vril seusitive individuals Js the experiential quality of Vril reactions. EideUc transactions are active experiential space. Vril emanates space. The experiential Vril Eidetics in which sentient beings exist is Vril- generated.
Some transmitter designs projected incoming Vril threadways deep into the ground. These threadways caused response in the deep Vril causeways through which regions are referenced andjoined. The resultingmodulation ofpotentVril
channels produced highly directed transmissions of eideUc intent Baron Karl von Reichenbach studied the spontaneous luminations of all materials in eidetic space condiUons.
Inter-eidetic transactions produce luminations. Tesla studied the spontaneous appearance and disappearance of electrodetrital charges in materials. Such detrltal formation is constant Eidetic transactions transact with the very Vril space in which they are generated. Such pro-creative activities vidence the Vril attribute ofeideticsurmontage. Radionics studies resistive rates and auric interactions.
Geomancy studied the earth-line matrix of saaed spots and leylines. These empirical sciences were both largely conftned to surficial e.vamination of phenomena.
Vril science reveals the deep experiential potentials releases in minerals and metals, material aurae, and local space alignments. Vril science is experiential empirical science. Vril boundaries are impenetrable.
Sentient beings access Vril hegemenous related regions via material windows.
The appearance of material substances and the qualities and attributes ofmaterials derive from Vril eidetic projections. 7 Vril worlds project the elements. Substance attributes are projections ofVril resonant eidetic worlds. Selt:modifying Vril , world permutations alter all elements. Permutations in one Vril · world may alter materials in many Vril worlds.
Neurological sensitivity precedes magneto-electric detrital discovery (Galvani).
V ril eidetic worlds generate speciftc extraordinary minerals. Minerals, metals, jewels, and aystals differ in their degree of eidetic experience. Vril axial contact is required for eidetic transactions. Oft:.angle contacts yield inertially contaminated experiences.
These V ril points suffuse and sustain vitality in the devoid apparent world infra-structure. Vril revelations provide shortcuts through which we achieve futural science. Vril eidetic messaging's direct and re-structure human consciousness into its deepest potentials. V ril eidetic consciousness breaks the

inertial bondage to the 5-seusory degenerate perceptive mode. Vril thread dynamics seem to proceed in deranged and
mysterious expressions. The observation of this strange Vril thread language does not enjoin the examiner with an eidetic experience. Touch contact may quench the activity of certain Vril transactors: gaps are required. Vril energy in gaps often increases with increasing distance from a design.
Conscious reference determines experientialcontentVril Science recognizes only eidetic experience achieved through material contacts as accurate experiential reference. Vril Science gives an experiential world-view which necessarily cWfers
from objective models presented durlng the last 500 yean. The reality of eideUc transactions through material con-
tads annihilates the validity of our excessive reliance upon
open-eyed Jnformation. The deep Structure of experiential reality is eideUc and Vrilllc in nature: differing from the 5seusory experience of the apparent world.
EideUc experiences arewhole world experiences. Spedftc
groups and families of elements reveal spedftc range and
quality of eideUc experience and can be selectively used. Speciftc groupings and families of elements provide needed hardware for Vril Technology.
Vril eidetic transference is achieved through material contact. Vril eideUc experience is entuned through material con.ftgurattons and arrangements. Vril eidetic experience in most material configurations requires contact. Vril ground thread interacUon intensities near speciftc natural materials.
Vril Technology arranges speciflc strong Vril conductoiS for
Vril eidetic experience. Materials are natural Vril World connectors. Spedftc
materials permit Vril eidetic experiential correspondence. Questing for new Vril high-conductive materials brings new
experience. Vril eidetic material conductoiS must be carefully entuned through special designs. Eidetic entuning devices
utillze speciflc human Vril-sensitive matter. Vril directs awareness.
Vril tnsens~te threads are sensed as prickling sensaUons when contact is not well-designed. These actions were called "electrical" because ofcertainphysiologicalsensations encountered when absorbing them. Vril may release inertial detritus (charges} in the flesh because of absorbed inertial space.
Vril eidetic absorption expands consciousness in Vril eidetic worlds. Vril eidetic absorption eradicates simple inertiasensory blocks. Vril Sdence is discovered via Vril eidetic connection. Minerals and metals, material configurations, and configurational alignment must be eidetically experienced, tested, and utilized. Clustred material structures effect inertiasensory constrictions.
Vril Science is not mechanistic. Vril Sdence is empirical and experiential. V ril Sdence discoveiS experiential meanings through eidetic contacts.
V ril Technology designs and arranges experientially derived componentry. Vril ganglial threadways remain in participating organisms. Vril experiences require place-visitation. V ril experience exalt consciousness and virtue. Vril threads are indivisible portions of their parent eidetic worlds. Vril threads give trans-regional experience.

LIGHI'NING RODS Vril active geometryis evidentin LightningRods. The use
of inexpensive metals in geometric configurations equals the use of the more expensive Vril conductive materials. It was suggested that these metals are alchymycally equivalent to the noble metals (D.Winter). Vril reactivities in multiple metal conB.gurations are eidetically equivalent _to those of noble metals through geometric reconfigurations and manifolds.
The purpose ofl.JghtnmgRods is to control consciousness throughout aVril speciftc region. The protection of a building is an ancillary purpose ofthe Rods. Aerial arrays conduct Vril from the ground and permit Vril inflections to be freely expressed in space. Eidetic rea.cUons surge in the system. Certain designs produced super-radiant non-electric eideUc projecUons which escaped from thdr aerials through enormous distances. Other designs relied upon the self-determined arUculations of Vril-threads in the ground to make speciftc contact with intended communicants.
Lightning Rods were once universally accepted as causaUve agents of storms. The use of lightning rods was also attended by freakish phenomena which disturbed the countryside. Lengthy dryspells or excessive rainy seasons provoked villagers to fwy.
Dr. Joseph Priestly desaibes several Vrillic phenomena which preceded and attended a severe electrical storm. He desaibes much more than a regional electrical event and pays especial attention to the inerUo-detrital figures which are developed during a Vril surge.
The historical development of lightning rods came in special stages. The use ofplatinum came fhst as traditional lore. Magnets were then employed as special shields. This was followed by a period where Galvanic systems were used (metal combinations) to service those of modest means. The final development include the use ofground stakes and assemblies to "draw the fluid".
These claims are mocked unless suftldent knowledge of Vril processes is possessed. Vril process involves tremendously powerfulinsensate radiances. A very small quantity ofplatinum is suftldent to guard against a majority of negative weather influences.
Vril stimulates the enlargement of eidetic transactions. ~ Materials do not properly reveal their true identity in the aerial
state. Materials must be grounded in order to reveal their truest identity. There are several patents which illustrate the methods ' of modification used to achieve these results.
Vril surges in certain materials strongly dissolves and agglumerates inertia. The manner in which inertia is attacked, penetrated, scattered, and dissolved is material-specific. Grounded materials strongly conduct Vril. Material conductors of Vril emanate specific eidetic transactions.
Grounded platinum conducts Vril. Vril threads tunnel through platinum and release an inertia-repelling eidetic transaction.materials which are highly eidetic node ray active. Platinum is such a material. Platinum was andently prized for its protective functions. Early LightningRod designs employed Platinum as a rule. Platinum coatings were employed where no Platinum was to be had in quantity.

The worldng class could not afford the protective shielding of Platinum Lightning Rods and relied upon alchymycal applications to produce equivalent protective effects in combinations of Zinc, Copper, and Iron.
When eidetic transactions of· materials combine they interblend and may permute. Permutations are not degenerate products. Permutations are newand unexpectedproportions of qualities. Permutations are generated in spedftc material con-
figurations. Conflgurations involve 2 or more materials in
proximity. Vril stimulates the enlargement of eidetic transactions. Materials do not properly reveal their true identity in the aerial state. Materials must be grounded in order to reveal their truest identity. There are several patents which illustrate the methods of modiflcation used to achieve these results.
Vril swges in certain materials strongly dJssolves and agglumerates inertia. The manner in which inertia is attacked, penetrated, scattered, and dissolved is material-specific. Grounded materials strongly conduct Vril. Material conductors ofVril emanate specific eideUc transactions.
Platinum is such a metal. Grounded platinum conducts Vril. Vril threads tunnel through platinum and release an
inertia-repelling eideUc transaction. Platinum repels inertial
spaces in the natural environmentwhen conductingVril. Such metals are useful as shields because they through outa powerful eidetic extension over large volumes of ground. The mere presence oftheplatinumpole was sufBdentto preventlightning strikes.
Archane context and the knowledge of correspondency are lost when eidetic experiential reality is forgotten. Alchymy relies upon eidetic content and experiential potentials. There were eidetically active materials which could be synthesized
(Mei~).
Lightning rods are Vril eidetic world projectors: magnifters of other worldly presence. Lightning rods do not conduct the detritus at all. Lightning rods are projective dissolvers of inertialpresence. Twistedzinc, copper, and iron composites are alchymycally equivalent and effectively as capable of protecting a house as well as a point of pure platinum.
These remarkable empirically determined truths passed unnoticed by most sdentiftc students. This cannot be explained by simple Galvanic sdence; and is certainly not explained by electricalsdence which is unwilling to discuss the issue. Inertial sdence rejects all possibility that various metals effect special protective qualities from lightning strokes.
Vril Sdence explains the mysterious variation among metals by the empirical discovery that metals project eidetic worlds into our own world. The eidetic transaction dispels inertial conditions and translates portions ofanother world into our own. All minerals and metals are dimensional windows.
The magniftcation oftheir eidetic contents requires skill in magnifying the degree oftranslation. Eidetic translations effect dissolutions of the inertial space which they penetrate and replace apparent conditions with more beneficial ones as designed. World conditions can be transmuted by such means; and alchymysts actively engaged in just such activities on a regular basis.
The use of magnets to provide spedal protection against

lighting was noteworthy (Bryan). Examined from the inertial viewpoint such action camwt realistically occur. Physical science defines the magnet or lodestone according to polarity and symmetry of fteld. Inertial sdence dispenses with the notion that magnets can project suitable protective IDfluence across vast reaches of space. Emerging Vril eidetic worlds generate dramatic effects in inertial space.
Magnets may be buried in material configurations to produce strong eidetic node ray eidetic transactions in the
sWTOunding space. The use of magnets to provide special protection against lighting was a noteworthy chapter in lightDing rod development. Burial of magnets with sulfur blocks increases the eidetic node ray content and briDp the protective condition required (Bryan). These conftguraUous also bring detrital currents. Earth batteries can be designed from these
considerations. Metal dust composites alter eidetic node of magnets
positioned in their midst. Such configurations focus the eidetic node ray extension at the poles considerably. This results in extension of the eidetic node radiant eidetic node and subsequent protective power. Platinum repels inertial spaces in the natural environment when conducting Vril. Such metals are· useful as shields because they through out a powerful eidetic extension over large volumes ofground. The mere presence of the platinum pole was su1Bcient to prevent lightning strikes.
Magnets are also powerfully eidetic. They have been employed as shields against all manner of negative IDfluence including lightning strikes. Empirical e.vamination of such designs (Bryan) reveals thata smallmagnetic chargeis suflldent to counteract the conduction ofVril and its subsequent detrital products during adverse weather conditions.
Magnets effect powerfully focussed eidetic transactions. The use of magnets in lightning rods effected powerful and
sharp vertical eidetic transactions. Such sharp focussing of specific eidetic content proved capable of scattering and
dissolving electro-detrital accumulations. Anomalies and anomalous activities occur in inertial
space because of the activity ofVril eidetic world transactions. Vril technology and Vril activated technological components manifest numerous consistent anomalies in inertial space. Emerging Vril eidetic worlds generate dramatic effects in 7 inertial space."
Vril inflections precede the appearance oflightningwhich , release sudden shockwaves, vorticies, CWTents, waves, and
other inertial patterns well before charges concentrate and lightning flashes.
Aerial batteries do not derive their electrical outputs from "static in the air": most aerial batteries are grounded systems. The use of extreme electrical tensions to produce modifled vril thread discharges was notable in one designer's wonderful schemes (Hettinger).
Lightning rods were designed for the working class who could not afford the expensive protection offered through platinum. Designers twisted and convoluted less expensive metals in curious topological manners to provide remarkably equivalent protective actions {Mitchell). The convolute internal structure ofthese lightningrods may be experimentallyveriftef;l

as vril eidetictransactors ofexceptional effect (Stearns). Twisted metallic composites were empirically tested (Row). Several designs employedgeometrically re-conB.gured common metals to achieve special and powerful protection for modest homes (Martin, Cole).
Designers necessarily tested their configurations on tall lightning rod "blocks". In this arrangement the inventor would counterpoise the test design in order for a "lightning strike" to occur. On mountain ledges or exceptional towers these tests could prove the validity of claim made toward a patent. H a claimed action did notprove to have a validityitwas discarded. American patents are not granted without workmg models or court-examined experimental arrangements. The chiefbeneftt of the COMPENDIUM is its validity as a legal document.
Lightning rods achieved their claimed results. We must also recognize that these results were proven true in spedftc locaticms: special points where geomant1c topography rules results. H platinum does not shield against inertial detritus (lighming) then perhaps regard must be made for place, aligmnent, and position. It seems obvious that lightning rod inventors knew which materials to utilize in each specific location. Whatmaterial configuration would workfor one point might not hold true in another point.
Sulfur offers powerful eidetic transactions with tendencies to spread outward above the immediate ground. Its eidetic world is one which brings images ofbrightsunlight. Experience of these realities will convince that sulfur used in this manner actually dispels storms by translatinga perpetualsunnyweather pattern into an area.
Originally intended as the grounded section of a wondrous lightning rod assembly we see in Bryan's earth batteiy an early predecessor of work done by L.Hendershot. Energies which powerfully emerge from the ground are dealt with in special designs made to absorb and re-direct detrital refuse (Barber). Bryan's amazing use of the sulfur block as grounding medium is signiftcantly Vrillic.
Appreciation for the fact that inerUal detritus emerges both from the ground and from the sky js mentioned in several patents (Lyon). Aerial battery do not simply absorb static electricity from the sky: ·they are grounded systems. The tendency toward heavy reliance on inertial detritus (rather than on Vril transactions) culminates in the designs by Palinscar: which required large networks to develop suflldent energies for usable power.
Grounded elevations prove to be no protection against electnrinertial detritus at all {ground lightning, aerial lightning) when their eidetic transactions are inappropriate. The use of isolated copper, isolated zinc, or isolated iron points does not provide protectively appropriate eidetic transaction to protect against aerial lightning.
Zinc and iron provide protection against the ground detritus; with iron exceeding in ability. Each of these have groundward conespondence and do not effect dissolving power in the volume of inertial space above.
Certain material conflgurations enhanceVril transactivity and depress inertial detritus. Certain material configurations
enhance the,inertial detritus and depress theVrillic transactivity.

their are designs which release greater eidetic transactivity. There are designs which release greater visceral transactivity. There are designs which magnify inertial products of many varieties. This accounts for the "di1Ierent outputs" of each design. This accounts for the "di1Ierent species of electridty" noted among di1Ierent devices.
Designs di1Ier in their ability to "prOduce electridty'': there are those which produce varying proportions of "charge and tensions". Among the aerial and earth batteries we have realized a great many of these species.
Components and systems successfully operate as valuably agendes ofhuman benefit only when acting as strongVril eidetic transactors. Lightning rods operate as protectors because they are powerful eidetic transactors. Platinum proved to be protective in absence of ground assemblies. Vril eidetic transact through platinum explains why lightning and other inertial residues avoid such minerals and metals.
Proper placement and alignment is the essential element ofdesignwhen usingplatinum (Spratt, Cole). The eidetic world projection which emanates from the platinum point gives experience of stellar heights and bright clear night skies.••a journey which elevates the mind above the cloud-tops to view the opened stellar expanse.
It is the quality and content of the eidetic experience transacted through a material configuration which defies the inertial environment. Eidetic transaction dissolves and disperses inertia. Storms are disrupted and scattered by Vril eidetic projectors (Reich). The eidetic content ofthe transactive experience is the essential element as regards lightning rods.
Zinc projects eidetic experience of the subtemmean ground It therefore will not be a good sky-lightning protector. In combination with platinum however, it proves to be an excellent protection against ground lightning. Each material configuration must be experimentally discerned from the eidetic foundation. Designers empirically required that lightning rods be tested Comprehending why they worked as specified was electrodynamically problematic. Differingmetals and foldings do not measurably effect important electrical parameters when dealing with lightning. Therefore a far more significant foundation was required
Stationary placements ofmaterial configurations alter the : entire experiential transaction ofVril in a region. V ril transmu-
tations do occurwith spedftcnatural stations. The eidetic world , which projects "platinum" may be translated via spedftc
common minerals and metals in spedal geometric symmetry. Thesuccess ofcertainlightningrods employed common metals because their eidetic worlds may have matched platinum transactions. Vril technology emplaces material configurations for the magnification of accessible V ril eidetic transactions. Speci.ftcally emplaced material increase V ril eidetic and visceral experience in a region.
Aerial emplacement of material terminals must be carefully delineated: aerial nodes must be reached and linked above grounds. In certain instances aerial and ground junctures may be reached and linked Vril eidetic world experience gives the key to meaning and organism wholeness. NaturalVril junctions and nodes permeate experiential space.

Eidetic transactions dissolve, scatter, distort, shear, twist, whorl, pattern, shape, geometrlze, impel, and fracture inertial space concentrations. Lighting strokes are detrital patterns which are the results ofinertialconcentrations. Detritalaccumulations and concentrations self-discharge.
The cloudbusters ofReich are specialized lightning rods. Theirinclusion ofwaterchaunels projected potent eideticnode rays into sky and space through metal tubes. The enormous power of such devices prove their eifectiveness in extending Vril threads into space while dispersing aerial inertia. Reich's cloud-buster is a spedal Vril projector which requires a spedal kind ofground The use ofiron BX cable as the grounding line into water is signiftcant. Inertial detritus is brought into the ground site in a conical concentration which is dangerous to those who manage them. Care must be taken to avoid the inertial flux which is drawn out of the aerial region being ''worked upon".
Lightning rods operate because of Vril eidetic transactions not because of mec:Jmo.inertial dynamics. We do not make consideration of received inertial detritus. Inertial technology is not our goal. We seek the eradication of inertial technology.
Numerous Galvanic circuits occur between natural configurations (off-shore islands). Noticeable Vrillic correspondendes among bay-enclosed monuments are noteworthy (Governer's Island and Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor). Powerful shocking aerial currents are sensed emanating from the copper plating on the Statue of I.Jberty. These thready radiations are Vrillic but appear whitish because of their dissolving power on surrounding inertial space.
These thready radiations pass to the adjoining island (Governor's Island) and to nearby Robin's Reef (theshell ofan old abandoned lighthouse). Galvanic sdence explained these aerial transactions as auric current exchanges through space. Galvani experimental verification ~t such CWTeDts exist. Volta could not account for the aerial experience of visceralsensations between large dissimilar metal plates.
The effects of weather vanes on district tone are noticeable. The emergence of house-protecting sceptres follows the long tradition of European talismans. Sceptres placed upon homes were numerous instructure and material. These designs began to be used to protect against lightning and weather conditions.
Radionically designed sceptres were originally designed to protect homes from negative entities and influences; and may yet be seen surmounting the towers and parapets of Victorian architecture. These bring vitality into homes and surrounding districts.
Human attention is powerfully drawn to these structures and components. Their effect upon local weather patterns was traditionallyaccepted. Angryvillagers tore downseveralweathervanes when it became apparent that these were bringing anomalous weather patterns. Vril technology must take care never to configure improperly aligned structures.
The truest function and purpose of I.Jghtning Rod forms and rooftop pmamentation is to alter conditions and regional

climates of consciousness. The foremost Vril potential of Lightning Rods is the control of consciousness and the prolif-
eration of positive experiential climates. Weather control is an
andllary effect of these primary functions.
Rooftop omamentation has been historically linked to spiritual warfare. The placement of sceptres and wands upon rooftops has ancient origins. In Tibet these designs are made of wovenorganicmatterwhichgreatlyresembleflat multiple plate pancake antennae. These forms ward off and entrap negative influences which attempt entry from aerial routes. Special design forms have been used in embellishing towers. These forms enhance ground Vril contact outward Into other space.
Gothic Cathedrals feature several variations of rooftop geometries. Cones are frequently surmounted by spheres of stone. These formats may be ribbed. There may be several smaller spheroid forms along each ribbing which lead to the
tower crown. Such forms are extremely Vril active. These are powerful Vril discharge points. Intense Vril threads connect directly into other space from these forms. Ribbed pyramids
are exceptionally potent as bilocators. Space are the experiential fluorescence ofVril channels.
Vril threads define human experience ofspace. Spaces areVril eidetictransactions. Distinctions ofspace derives from Vril. Vril in ground causeways emerges outward in dense dendritic
threads. These define experiential qualities of spect&c direc-
tions and orientations. Space along eachVril threadway differs greatly in quality. Viewing stars and celestial objects is Vril dependent. Vril qualities determine what we experience in space.
Vril interworld communications effect environmental dynamics. IJgbtmng rods, aerial and earth batteries and all technological componentry ofcommunications are Vril eidetic world conductors and transactors: they change our world. An minds are drawn to them because of the conscious generative
potential which they bring. The angelic Mercurius Herald is often pictured as the messenger of these experiences. It is
interesting that the mercurial substance is not a literal metallic
liquid. Vril is the dark, wriggling, generative energy which is
seen passaging through the depths of deepest ground and space.
The incidental operative success of lightning rods aerial : and earth batteries derive from Vril world eidetic transactions
in the apparent world. Inertial nulliftcations and deformations distinguish strong Vril active eidetic world conductors.
AERIAL BATrEIUES Galvani sensed the existence of space stresses between
and among dissimilar metals long before Volta showed it
possible to produce inertial detritus in special material configurations. Aerial batteries and material configurations made by Galvani proved to be vitalizing and beneficial to body and consciousness. Their outputs were not electrical and could not be measured on the mostsensitive gold-leafelectroscopes at all however strongly received in the viscerae.
The designs of Galvani are fundamental Vril active configurations and transact enormous eidetic world experience. Statioruuy placements ofmaterial conftgurations alter the

entire exper transactions ofVril in a region.
Vril transmutations do occur with specific natural stations. Vril
technology emplaces material conftguratious for the magnitlca-
tion ofaccessibleVril eidetic transaction. Speciftcally emplaced material increase Vril eidetic and visceral experience in a region.
Materials are eidetic reservoirs. The intensity of eidetic Jnteractious produce observed accumula.tious of inertial detritus. Such detritus is accumulated in the rigidi1led inertia of matter via msensate Vril tra.Dsactions. This physical manifestation evidences the acquisition of detrital charge from nothingness.
Eidetic transactious of metal reservoirs are Intriguing. These eidetic transactious expand continuously into inertial space (Mesmer, Galvani, Kilner, Reich). Mesmer used the eidetic nodes through moss in transaction with iron slag to produce extremely vivifying visceral currents. Galvaui discov-
ered the visceral reactivities of metals in proximal arrange-
ments. Galvant recognized the visceral reactivity ofthe ground with space. Aerials and ground gave Vril current threads. Vril self:mtlects in spedftc material assemblages; generating and projecting unexpected qualiUes.
Aerial emplacement of material terminals must be ~ fully delineated: aerial nodes must be reached and linked above grounds. In certain mstances aerial and ground junctures may be reached and linked. Vril eideticworld experience gives the key to meaningand organism wholeness. NaturalVril junctures and nodes permeate experiential space.
Aerial nodes are linked via material terminals. Aerial terminals transact eidetic experiences with recipients. Special regional modiftcations are achieved through the use ofspecial aerial-crowning jewels, crystals, and superior meta1s. Axio-
verticalalignments and dbnensions·mustbe carefullysearched. Vertically aligned Vril nodes which·span aerial positions and ground positions are rare and notable sites. Nodal vertical
alignments give exceptional and extraordinary eidetic experi-
ences. Such eidetictransactions are broughtinto a region bythe mere construction of special towers.
Recipients experience eidetic transactions communicated to them directly through the ground as a result of such Vril active towers. Aerial terminals display several eidetic nodes throughout their lengths. Earth and aerial "batteries" were configured in various material geometries to produce speciftc proportions ofinertial detritus. Some of these were configured to transact with inertial vorticies {Dieckmann).
Other designs were biologically configured and having synaptic gaps (aowns) which both ground and surmount them
(Dewey). Most of these aerial towers after Galvani utilize the
inertial detritus resultingfrom Vril thread discharge-impactions from their grounded presence. Such social alignments must cease.
Aerial batteries of Vion, Dewey, Palmscar, and others exclusively employed various degrees ofthe debito-productive aspects engaged through Vril eidetic transactions. These designs produced dangerously heavy electro-detrital charges. The natural process of static manufacture is the result of the natural Vril engagement of inertial space through and among

minerals and metals (Le Bon).Artiftcial elevations produce
spontaneous accumulations of inertial detritUs (Palinscar). Naturally achieved elevations release and transact variet-
ies of eidetic spedes (Vion). Aerial batteries respond to insensate (white raysheath} spacevrilmodulations (Popov, Duaetet). Aerial batteries were later employed as special terminals in middle wireless systems which remained forgotten (Murgas, Shoemaker).
Certain aerial batteries employed the eidetic tuning effects necessary in transacting with Vril worlds and proportioning eidetic impacts with inerUa in an elevated system (Palinscar). Others employed systems which made use of daylight earthinertial fluxions. Remarkable designs defied electrical prindples (Ward). The projection ofVril thread disclwges and absorption of the same caused the aerial batteries ofWard to behave in unheralded manner.
Experiments performed with hollow pipe and rod assemblies proved thatsuch configurations (when properlygrounded and aligned} released powerful visceral eidetic Vril thread beams. These actually inaease with intensity through greater distances. they are accompanied by a thrilling sensation which focusses upon the abdomen. There is definite accompanying heat which floods the beam volume.
The Ward Tower system made use of speciDc Vril placement to obtain excessive Vril transactioDS among Vril groundpoint junctures. A system of such towers (properly placed, configured, and aligned) could provide limitless Vril power for use in eidetic communications and consdous magniftcation. As detrital diffractoiS such devices produced sumdent inertial condensations to drive the code oftelegraph lines. Their more wondrous power is largely left in modern times to the artists for aesthetic appredation. The magick oflighthouses, turrets, towers, aeyries, and other predpices convey vast amounts of information to the recipient. The chief use of the tower was to gain communion with the heavens.
Aerial batteries are inertial detrital reactoiS. Aerial batteries arrange mixtures ofinertial detritus from Vril potentials by design. The manner in which inventors have composed and constructed these severalforms reveals remarkable distinctions in output Output spedes mutually differ considerably among these designs. They are each known for their differences: a 7signiftcant feature among this class of power generators.
The supposed identical manner of "atmospheric charge formation" does not produce identical products in each patent ' Aerial batteries are eidetic tuners when properly constructed in their native state. Aerial batteries are white ray (sheath) conductors.
A fundamental mode of communications floods the universe. Eidetic transaction occUIS along speciDc Vril lines which transact the apparent world. Aerial towers and Vril transactive tenninals alter district and regional realities. There are ray orientations in which the human organism responds most favorably. This alignment occUIS when facing the eidetic node ray axis of aVril Channel. Galvanic aerial batteries can be constructed in a room in order to achieve these results. Care must be taken to align the large area metal plates with local Vril channels.

Positioned amid severalgeometric arrays provides eidetic node ray extension into the swrounding space. The region becomes eidetic node ray loaded. This condition is protective during storm times. Vril extension from ground enteiS buildings. Avalanche detrital process ensues when the energy contained in the Vril penetration of local inertial space is sWB.dently great
Vril projects through space at points to generate, sustain, and build up materials. Certain aerial batteries are the sites of proliftc transaction which lead to transmutations. Early regard for geological and geomantic features were used to great advantage in effecting powerfully collimated transmissions to extremely distant recipients. Investigation ofsuch transmission sites has beenconducted by a few noted researchers (E.DoDard).
Aerial batteries are capadtoiS. Varieties ofaerial batteries have beeninvesUgated throughwhichotherVrilmauifestations are fractioned, selected, and magnified define the patent collection. Certain aerial battery designs extract only the detrital pressures ofVrilinteractions. Electrical components are magnified to exclusion in these designs. There are those aerial batterieswhichfradionandmagnifyeidetictransactions (Ward). These are capable ofserving as wireless transmitting stations of consdous intent Their forms have been repeatedly observed throughout the patent registries of early, middle, and late wireless communications.
Radio aeriaJs are radiatoiS of eidetic transactions and are terminals into space Vril distributions. Metals are eidetic radiatoiS. Metals are potent eidetic radiatoiS when grounded. Galvani measured eidetic radiances through both human and animal organisms. Metals held in the opened mouth emit eidetic radiances which may be felt Meucd discovered the empathic potential of a charged wire. Meucd transmitted eidetic messages without the use of acoustic artifice.
The true purpose and function of every Vril Technological component is to transmit modified consdousness in human operatoiS. Vril Sdence studies Vril and its potentials in order to collate knowledge ofVril reactivities.
The design of aerial capadtoiS has its fust purpose in expanding human awareness through Vril. Parallel plate windows are aligned with V ril threadways to dissolve organically internalized inertia and release special vision. Vril aerial batteries fuse human redpients with ground Vril directly.
Systems through which extended vision may be achieved are specially configured materials which utilized ground and aerial terminals. Special communications are achieved when several individuals use these formats across great distances. Suchvision enhanceiS are interlinked through aerial projection conduits. Natural Vril threadways and channels are their primary ground connections.
White ray sheaths mark the inertia-dissolving trails of highly accelerated eidetic transactions. Eidetic transactions combine natural in Vril sheath displays. Ground sourced white ray sheaths are observed. Aerial towers must not bring excessive inertial detritus into a district. The function of aerial batteries and transactors is to transact eidetic worlds with a district..to raise and unify consdousness.
Rooftop ornaments function as V ril battery-transactoiS.

Their presence atop buildings ofallldnds alteis the experienUal

enviroument of the enclosure. Aerial batteiy-trausactors may

also alter loc:al situation via Vril-acttve groundpoint proximity.

Weathervanes, lightningrods, and radioDic roofornaments are

historically associated with weather control

Vril threadways permit the experiential metging ofwhole

worlds. Vril is the noumenous presence ofplace. Vril reactious

are sustained, extended, and controlled through arraogements

ofspedflc materiaJs. Vril transactors are created when material

arrangements are directly linked with Vril threadways. Vril

reactions traDsmute and modulate cltmacUc conditious in

whole regions of ground. Aerial batteries are Vril transactors

which generate weather patterns.

The studies ofmateriaJs along attribute parameters other

than viscero-eidetic is largely fuUle and UDDeCeSSary. Vril

technology depends on spedal knowledge of eidetic worlds

and eidetic CODteDt of all Vril transactors and Vril reactors

mfluence and alter condttious of climate.

Climate and weather are the results of EideUc transac-

tions. The spurious and tantalizln.g nature of weather is the

result ofmysterious spontaneous eideUcVril world interacUous

in districts and regions.

Lightning rods and aerial batteries and earth batteries

were by legend associated with weather controL The sense that

speciflc ground points (wells, monuments, rocks, cliffs) do

project a vibrant, modulating penetration is familiar to most

sensitives. Vril is the moving pres~ce.

The permeation of eidetic qualities despite inertial detri-

tus (photic illumination) proves the suffusive presence of Vril

threads through the experiential universe. Batteries are eidetic

reactors in which matter in contact engages viscero-eidetic

transactivities with inertial space.

·

Galvani designed Vril battery-capadtors. These were

large metal plates separated by space. Stepping between these

brings strange visceral effects.

Aerial Vril nodes are stationary conscious-radiant points

which provide eidetic transactions through discharge to recep-

tive organisms.

The use of aerial batteries to intercept the discharges

betweenspace-points and ground-points was used withsuccess

. (Dewey). Specific minerals and metals are inertially occluded

· expressions ofVril eidetic worlds: contact with them engages

the partidpant in strong (unforced) eidetic journeys. Aerial

' batteries emplaced in such ground-masses do bring extraordi-

nary effects to a district. Such effects become the substance of

local legend. Minerals and metals are Vril world windows.

Some metals are never "struck" by lightning regardless oftheir

elevated position and theoretically necessary vulnerability.
Clearly geomantic anomalies occur in special grounds.

Wireless experimenters investigated these aerial Vril

points with especial regard for geomantic position (fesla,

Marconi, Rogers, Fessenden). R.AFessenden designed later

systems which entirely eliminated ground connection: engag-

ing galvanic transactions among aerial metallo-forms. Proper

aerial orientations provided the most powerful signal transfer

with respect to ground. The empirical experiences of these

researchers are desaibed in their patents. Each gives the sense

that some extraordinarily personal transaction occurs between device and enviroument.
Certain orientations differed in ability to transfer powerful eidetic CODteDt because Vril distributtoDs are Uregularly oriented throughout experiential space. Such research required facile movement ofhuge arrays. Most researchers abandoned this study. Ward was an experimenter who dealt with the anomalous tracking of "aerial electric currents". His design could be swivelled to "funnel" the aerial charge currents.
This arrangement is entirely non-electrical in prlmary function. Vril threads is the empoweriDg energy. This design deserves close study. Experiments along these parameters has led to several eideUc discoveries. The use of dissimilar metals enhances the strong transaction ofvfscero-eidetic power.
Intuitive guidance led a few seusitive wireless researchers to establish their facdities atop speci&c Vril-acttve mountain peab. Potent reactions and trausfers were achieved at these speci&csites. Extremely potent long:-distance transfer ofsig:aals and eidetic content were achieved by surveying local Vril concentrations and Vril directionalities.
There is danger to the improper placement of aerial termmi. Aerial terminals are sites where inertio-detrital concentrations take place when improperly aligned. Some buildings and points are anomalously struck with lightning throughout history. Aerial terminal conilguratious endraw Vril threads when provided speciftc projections. Aerial projections are posiUon speci&c in every loc:ale.
Vrilsdence examines and locates aerialVrilnode dustres. DistalmagnifyingVril conductions transact enonnous personal fusion in aerial tenninaJs. Distal eidetic groundpomts fod gives enormous experience of stellar and planetary terminals. The sun is enormous and overwhelming when standing on specitic points. Metals and minerals are Vril eidetic world terminals. They each give special eidetic connectivity with spedal worlds. Some Vril nodes connect us powerfully with a speci&c space
world (planets, stars, lunar or solar bodies). On these points the
experience of those worlds overwhelms. The apparent World is a complex ofVril eidetic projec-
tions. Vril projections existin arrangements and conilgurations of eidetic world terminals. Finding these and founding aerial terminals gives potent activities. Meaningful organismic experience is attained via Vril eidetic world contacts.
The study ofInertial dynamics is meaningless and subordinate. Vril eidetic worlds translate organismic experience. IJghtning rods and weather vanes were traditionally perceived as consdous foci and transmuters of local climate. Vrll eidetic world transactions extend organismic consdousness. Eidetic Vrll world transactions release extra-organo-consdousness. Vrll Sdence studies eidetic world transactions in minerals and metals, ground configurations and aerial space. Ground and aerial conditions modify material Vril eidetic transactions.
Vrll Axes meet at Vril junctures. The arrangement of successful aerial batteries required both aerial material forms as well as ground configurations (Bryan). Neurological (visceraeidetic) sensitivity precedes magneto-electric detrital discovery (Galvani). Galvani sensed the existence of space stresses between and among dissimilar metals long before Volta

showed it possible to produce inertial detritus in special
material conB.gurations. Aerial batteries and material configurations made by
Galvani proved to be entirely vitalizing and beneficial to body and consdousness. The designs of Galvani are fundamental Vril active configurations and transact in the visceral domain. Galvani studied auric effects occurring between sepamted metals. Galvani also studied metals in close proximity as well as contact metals. Experiments have replicated these effects. Holding a contact composite of copper {facing the body) and zinc brings tremendous eidetic thrill when facing a Vril transregional channel.
Grounded objects and aerial elevations spontaneously "acquire charge". Aerial nodes are linked via material terminals. Aerials transact according to the materials iD which they project. Rods emplaced inrock are powerful transacton. Aerial terminals transact eidetic experience with local recipients. Lightningrods cannotbe adjusted: they are ftxedmetalloforms. Aerial batteries can be adjusted: they can be used to alter, select, and adjust regional eidetic transactions which selfreference constantly. Use of rheostatic and capadtative modifications had been employed in many of the patent designs. These control features effected drastic local transmutations despite their electrodynamic perspective.
Special regional modifications are achieved through the use of special aerial-crowning jewels, aystals, and superior metals. Axi~vertical alignments and dimensions must be carefully searched. Vertically aligned Vril nodes which span aerial positions and ground positions are rare and notable sites. Nodal vertical alignments gtve exceptional and extraordinary eidetic experiences.
Such eidetic transactions are brought into a region by the mere construction of special toweiS. Redpients experience eidetictransactions communicated to them directly through the ground as a result of such Vril active towem.
Aerial terminals display several eidetic nodes throughout their lengths. Vril eidetic worlds generate spedftc extraordiruuy minerals. Minerals, metals, jewels, and aystals differ in their degree of eidetic experience. Trees extend Vril directly. Trees are natural Vril transaction sites. Poles are Vril transactoiS. SpedftcVril transactoiS operate in spedftcV rilTemplates. 7 Poles and toweiS operate in contact with the ground through the Template of stratified apparent world. Vril entem and emerges through such aerial projections and short-circuits the horizontal stratified world of our experience. This is their chief power.
Aerials are espedally potent with regard for Vril juncture connections between ground and space. Wood is a special organic material having high Vril conductivity. Compact capillary bundles of this vascular kind seem to effect extraordinary Vril conductivity. Stones which are threaded with mineralveins and fine capillaries are also notably Vril conductive. l.aminar deposits of minerals provide special eidetic transactions of strong conductivity.
The toweiS of Ward are similar in form and design and purpose to lighthouses in whichnoteworthy eidetic transactions continually take place (M.Theroux). Aerial batteries mimic the

Vril transactive abilities of trees and mountainpeaks. Some systems project energetic collimations ofVril beacons. Trees
are natural aerial batteries {Squier). Trees are proliftc Vril transactors. The granulararticulation ofwooden poles provides Vril with special conductive paths. Wooden poles maintain
their Vril polarizations and enable strong Vril conductions. Certain neighborhoods and districts lose their vitality
when Vril is bnpeded and disrupted through bnproper placement of buildings and munidpal conB.gurations. When Vril eidetic tr.uJsactions are magoifted and properly engaged these
districts sparkle once again. Such neighborhoods often. retam
some measure ofground-surface Vril transactions. Cathedrals and their attendant aerial terminals are notable eidetic transactors. Earth batteries mimic the organic behaviors ofores, lodes, and mineral striations. Earth batteries resemble mitochondria {ABerkowitz).
Galvanic aurae and space tensions are non-electrical in nature; being electrical immeasurable though strongly visceraL Galvanic aerial batteries provide sensate experiences; felt through the chest and thorax as thrilling frictions.
Aerial batteries and assemblies manifestspontaneous self. directing angulating raysheatbs from their points. Vril aert~ dendritic connections spontaneouslyself-organize whensbnple terminals are provided them; something which early wireless researchem discovered. This phenomenon is evidenced in
Tesla's illustrations ofhis fixed-form terminaJs from which selfdirecting beams are shown assuming collimated paths.
Vril contacts define the terms "ground, and "aerial". There are relative ground and relative aerials. Each much be configured and properly designed to effectively intersect, intercept, intermesh, interblend, and transactwithVriljuncture throughout experiential space. Vril aerial-ground assemblages are mostpowerful inviscer~detic contentwhen both configurations merge with Vril junctures. Special ground-space placements requires the enlistment of old methods {geomantic} for ascertaining favorable locales and station sites (Ward).
Whenever minerals and metals enjoin Vril threads and provide proliftcVrilstriation contacts and intermeshings we call these "grounds" or"aerials". The archane concept ofthe aerial viewed the materially projected elevation as cathodes and anodes in space. Vril provides the communal transaction between worlds and districts. When space provides Vril striations in material contacts we call these aerials. Both ground and aerial assemblages are conductive intermeshings and interlinkages amid the Vril matrix. The absolute need for sensitively surrendered and respectful placement of these systems on speciftcjunctures determines the successful entrainment of Vril potentiaJs.
Aerial batteries alter district consciousness. Aerial batteries alter district eidetic content The primary function of aerial batteries is viscer~detic in nature. The use of rheostats in aerial batteries (Palinscar). Eidetic transactions are adjustable. Rheostats permit adjustments in proportional balances between V ril transactivities and inertial reactivities.
Statioruuy placements ofmaterial configurations alter the
entire exper transaction of V ril in a region. Bilocational expe-
riences thro':lgh matter continually reveal singular truths con-

ceming the Vril environmentalstructure ofa region. Continual bilocational vmitatious to spedftc eidetic points reveals the existence of powerful Vril centexs in fundamental Vril Templates.
Space surrounding such Vril centers Js eidetically projected space. The integrity of the apparent world depends on these points. These Vrilpoints suffuse and sustainvitality in the devoid apparent world infra-structure.
Aerial batteries display transmutatious. Metals and other components which bnpact inertial space at high eidetic potentials become suffused with inertial detritus. Detrital bombardment alters matter. Such materials cease functioning with the resilience which they originally displayed. This factor plays a role in the dysfunction ofcertain radionic devices which have been exposed to a continual barrage in a spedftc alignment. We often find the need to nHldjust such destgus and re-align them. In some occasions we need to replace their "womparts". Examination shows that such materials have become spongey and osseous in nature.
VIULUC DETRITUS Fields, charges, and field-symmetries are the lbnited
rigidifled expressions of inertial technology requires the exchange of inertia as a working substance. Inertial rotoiS concentrateinertial detritus. Inertial technology transforms and exchanges detritus. There are those sensitive persona who are able to see the black waveringl which precede earthquakes.
There are those sensitive individuals who are able to feel the uneasy nervous discomfort produced by these close distanced wavering's manifestations. These are heat-like waves not unlike the N-rays of Blondlot. Inertial spaee are dead space. Their origins are mysterious. Sacred writings have deaaibed their probable inception. Inertial space cannot resist Vril. Inertial space resist the expansion of V ril eidetic transactions. Inertial space exert constrictive pressures. Vril and its primary manifestations are causative.
Inertial sdence studies detrital effects and Vril-effected patterns. Suchinertial patterns also transfer emotional armor to space. extemalJzed emotional armor acts as a rigid mantle in habitations. These must be broken and dissolved through Vril . designs. iron spontaneously dissolves inertial forms. Special · iron shapes (cones, helical cones, pyramidal multi-crystals) dissolve inertial space spontaneously and continuously.
Detrital charges are accumulated in the mass of material reservoils. Detrital charge is the inertial product of eidetic transactions. Such charges have been drained as free-energy (Tesla, Perrigo, Moray, Coler, Hendershot). Detrital formations (electric charges) in materials evidence the continual reactivities of all eidetic transactions among themselves.
Geometric material configurations direct and collimate inertial detritus. Specific minerals, metals, lodes, and grounds dissolve, absorb, shear, and cavitate inertial space in the native states. Iron spontaneously dissolves and eradicates inertial space. Iron poles and towers are excessively viscera-eidetic in transactivity. Human experience is shaped by Vril transactions. We need Vril eidetic transaction. It is Uving nutrient to our being.

Rapid eye movement sleep Js the organismic freeplay which signals deep eidetic transaction. Vril provides free trans1atmy organismic experience. Vril Js self.referendDg and
ever active throughout experiential space. Experientialspace is living and t:raDSactively communicating among its members. By these transactive depths do organisms find freedom from intemalized inertia.
Vril channels are weather alleys. These are natural lanes in whichvril channels effectinertial dissolutious withregulario/. Inhabitants can predict when weather is going to change because they sense the emerging Vril viscera-eidetic transadivities. Altering district relationships between Vril surface radiance and inertial concentrations alters regional climate and mood through eidetic traDSadion. It Js possible to pass through surrounding storm conditions and pass into regions which evince coDSJstent fair weather patterns. Islands often do this.
Geophysical telluric exploration utilizes the inertio-de-
trital components which Vril has inadvertently generated in its
projection of eidetic worlds. Telluro-electrical currents are projected on Vril eidetic transactive axes. The use of design
forms peculiar to those developed by N.Stubblefteld are
apparent. Telluro-electric currents have viscera-eidetic content be-
cause they are Vril generated. These viscero-eidettc contents must be longitudinally enjoined through appropriate materials. Geophysics never entertaiDs the notion that such signals may themselves be richly intelligent. Signals as eidetic information has been rarely discussed (Hieronymous, Lawrence, Bradford). Ore bodies, lodes,mineral deposits, ground aystals (pegmatites), and aystal caverns project powerful eidetic potentials into the surrounding and supported districts.
T elluro-detrital products are not viscera-eidetic: they are inertial in content. Vril projectious are Wlcero-eidettc intelligent transactious. The true telluric currents are not magnetoelectric; they are Vril dendritic. The true telluric currents cannot be directly measured with meters and inertial tools. The true telluric currents are experiential. Experience cannotbe shared, comprehended, or objectifled by measurement. Empirical consortium mutually validates such realities.
The true telluric currents are termed "les Woivres" by the andents who sensed, mapped, and relied upon their lifegenerating qualities. Vril threadways were called "les woivres" by sensitives who saw, felt and experienced their "meny dance". These were the true telluric currents; capable of enjoining viscera-eidetic experience and transmuting consdousness.
WhenV ril ground transactions are intercepted up through mountain ores the crystallography ofground aetas components of a vast System. Sudden V ril surges effect sudden inertial dissolutions. The resultantinertialshockwaves pass through the
deep strata and escape through the surface into the sky. Such
effects have been experienced and recorded by credible persons (mountain resonance). The resultingshockwaves may
be witnessed as quakings and inertial concentrations (lightning
from the ground). The glowinglight which follows these inertial dissolutions ,Js pure Vrillight; and must not be confused with

electrical activity. The true telluric currents are not magnetc>electric. Nei-
ther are they ofwater ormercury...they are notsubstantial. True telluric currents are Vrillic and are capable of communicating meanings to us. They are often found swrounded by products which project and generate. Those who envision Vrillic "currents and underground rivers" often mistake them for subterranean watery rivers of glowing, aackling blackness.
To understand what telluric airrents truly are we must first understand transactions ofVriL Inertial examinations of detritaltlux amongdissimilarminerals and metals (across space or in contact) reveals an experienUal dual-current effect which OCCUIS in opposed permeating direc:Uons (Galvani). TIDs empirical sensation was the origin of the "dual current" theory of electricity. We see that it is emphically detennined and is correct; although electridty is notwhat is being experienced in these cases.
Eyaminations ofthis visceral kind do not equal the degree orexcellenceofeideticexperiences. £yamtnations based upon visceral examinations alone are not sufildent for predicting what one will eidetically experience when contactinga material configuration. These activities are possessed of another Vril Template {the stratitlcation of experience) when considering charge manufacture and movement betweenspace and ground {Loomis).
Vril eidetic transactions can cause weather reversals. Detrital reversals are often observed in elevated terminals. terminals often predpitate weather change. Actions occurring in an aerial terminal drive the region or district by projecting and collimating eidetic transactions into spedftc portions of
space inertia. Reich re-discovered these realities.
Discoveries have been made which strongly correlate the eidetic content of matter with fundamental activities in the physical environment. The transaction of eidetic experiences taken from configurations ofminerals and metals represents a fundamental and primal cause of mechanistic activities.
Eidetic world experiences are pre-inertial and pre-natural Vril eidetic experience permeates matter. Spedftc natural V ril eidetic experiences are exceptional after sunset for several hours. V ril channels transact strongly at ground surface during the night.
Vril district junctures self-transact. Vril regions seU:reference: a mysterious communications process among created worlds. Toward whom are the mystery Vril thread beams arcing into space? From whose operative activities and intentions are Vril threads arcing into the deeps of upper space?
Weather is not the result of air-mass movement. Weather is the result ofmysterious V ril resonance. White rays are highly collimated white fibrils ofinertia. Some have erroneously called these "aether" and have engaged attempts to detect drifts in the same (Lodge, Michelson, Morley). Eidetic worlds project the purity of experience which have been called "aura, aether, atmosphere, eloptic, orgone". Eidetic imagery and its experience is the fullness which these indirect descriptions represent.
White rays (ray sheaths) are projected as radiant emissions when intense Vril activity dissolves and cavitates inerUal space. The resulting inerUal collimations of white fibrils repre-

sent vast shears in the inertial space. These white rays (ray sheaths) glow in the sensate illuminations brought through eidetic magnifications. Something of the whole eidetic transaction is diffracted at the inertial shear-site and the pure colors of eidetic worlds may leak through.
Vril activity may also endraw the black ray sheaths {of space-distant Vril matrides) and the white ray sheaths by so shearing space that distal inertial portions rush into the mtlection sites as rays. Black rays are highly collimated Vril thread bundles: vascularprojections ofeidetic experience. Vril activity ofspecific focussed mtlections project black rays (ray threads) across space as experienUal discharges. They have as their intentthejuncture and proliferation ofnew experiential quality blends.
Vril surges in matter create new inflections. Unexpected Vril permutations represent pan-regional transmutations of consdouaness. The use of Platinum termmals allows lateral
straightline rayic transmissions overground (Ward). Platinum reacts with space directly. Platinum aerial terminals Intensifted
Vril conductivity m platinum dissolves inertia and inertial
detritus. The use ofiron termmals brings excessivetransactiviUes which modify ground Vril threads.
Vril communicates extraordinary holistic knowledge and experience. Vril communicates and permeates through the human organismic Vril conduits. Vril sensation transmits the sensaUon of archetypes. Vril sensations and communications transmit sodally signiflcant dynamyds. Vril messages activate, mutate, and sustain dvilization.
Inertial detritus is material spedftc. Inertia erases emotions and senses. Inertia JJmits, rigidifies, resists, and distorts true experience. Sped.ftc eidetic reactions produce inertial shockwaves of specific sense-distorting and sense-blocking ability.
Careful aiTaJJgements of materials can reduce and eliminate such inertial shockwaves and their detrital products. Careful arrangements of spedftc materials release Vril potentials which overcome the human organism through Vril con-
ductions. Vril technology is the determined effort to create humanly valuable Vril reactions. Vril technology has as its goal the magnification ofVril experience. Vril experience is maximum human experience.
Kilner's study ofaurae and haloes did not include the seU: luminous aurae which Reichenbach examined. Kilner's study required inerUal illuminations of condensations. Itis significant that Kilner did not describe transactional and translational eidetic experiences; although in truth each organismic participant freely engages in such translatory experiences. Inertial sdence refers to these phenomena as "mentalwanderings" and "daydreams".
Self-interacting Vril threadways discharge among Vril juncture points throughout the infra-structure of this apparent world In absence of direct eidetic experience we detect appearance ofvarious ray sheaths across ground, from ground to space, among distal space-points, from space to ground, and among deep subterranean junctures. The black radiance of space is the Vril projected space aura.
The Vril impact ofinerUal space produces detrital expres-

sions. Detrital expressions are resisted Vril expressions: the highly inertial refuse observed as material droplets, charges, parUcles, ftelds, pattems, polarizations, symmetrizations, ponderomotive movements, fluxions, currents, oscillations, impulses... all the effects which inertial sdence collates and erroneously calls primary.
Leylines are inertial white raysheaths. They coindde with Vril natural threadways. The white inertial sheaths themselves are detrital currents. Inertial Science measures, maps, and charts dynamic changes in "telluric currents" on the basis of magneto-electric parameteis alone.
Vril is tme Jiving enezgy.
Vril eidetic inter-communications utilize self-differentiating, self-commatmg, self~onal Vril thread connecUons; whereby spedftc eidetic tra.Dsactioua remain distinct and capable of sell-organization.
Visceral oJDDi.sensatlon occun during spedftc eidetic t:ransact1ons. The sense of "what happens there.•.happens here" typiftes this traDSactive sense.
Vril1ic bilocational experience represents action at a distance where no connectivity orinterstitial travel edits for the parUcipant. Ghostly activities are often caused by such sudden transactions.
Inertia-detrital effects occur when visceral experiences exceed eidetic experiences. Zinc-carbon combinations produce strong visceral sensatioDS in absence of strong eidetic sensations. Strong duo-current visceral experience is noted in certain dJssimilar metallic assemblies.Contact with zinc or carbon brings a sense of"push-pull" activity. This sensation is translated into the electro-detrital activity observed and measured in those systems. It is possible to configure minerals and metals for the strict magniftcation of inertia-detrital alone in absence of eidetic translation.
The presence of Vril threads generate telluric magne~ electric detritus. Magneto-electric detritus is a sustained Vrilgenerated pattern observed throughout special zones of the apparentworld. This is why charge and magnetism is sustained in the world.
Spontaneous Vril eidetic surges are self-examinations in absence of partidpants: Vril self-examines itsel£ Vril eidetic worlds engage in free trans-mergings. Vril self-e:qminations 7 generate magneto-electric manifestations. Such patterns are called "telluric" by inertial sdence. Impacted inertia manifests , detritus in surfidal and visceral experience.Vril thread passage across faultlines releases detritus. This has been observed as "telluro-electrical stresses with charge-transfer".
Faultlines are sites where metals, minerals, and aystals are generated. Vril impacted inertia generates "shudderings", earthquakes, mountain bourdonnements. Lacking willingness to experience viscera-eidetic sensations, Inertial sdence measures mere patterns generated with natural Vril engages in spontaneous eidetic surges. Vril penetrates inertial strata.
Radiant Vril aurae signal spontaneous eidetic world transmerging's.
V ril is eide~radiant in non-inertial spaces. Eidetic transactions do not occur when organismic auric contact is misaligned. Eidetic transactions only occur in ~

ments where the partidpants can be metged dJrectly with the arcingVril discharges emanating from an active site. There are places where eidetic experiences are disturbed and distorted by regional disruptions. These must be nH:Onftgured by Vril Technology.
Natural minerals and metals whose surftdal appearance is white are minerals and metals which release strong concentrations of inertial detritus. Objects which appear dark are minerals and metals which are highly Vril conductive. Black minerals and other such substances (under organismic examinaUcm) release a misty white inertial eftluence. Organismic examinaUous projectVril threads into such mineraJs and metals with the resulting misty white detrital appearance.
Elements and substances may be classifted according to groupings of either black (Vril conductivity) or white (inerUal resistivity). Strong dark minerals and substances strongly conduct Vril each with various proportions of resultant inertioreactive effluence.
Viscera-visual sightmgs of black raysheaths and white raysheatbs are found to be composed of intensely collimated Vril thread wrigglings having spedftc activity on the inerUal spaces which they transpierce. Decisiveexperimentation in the examinationofinertialdetritus (darlrtwhite minerals) must proceed with eyes closed in darkened rooms. Contact with such minerals releases inertial eftluence when contacted organismically. Dark objects are not as inertially productive as white minerals.
Retlective metal surfaces offersome inertial resistances to the probings oforganismically projected Vril threads. Spatially disposed assemblies of dissimilar metals and minerals provide visceral experiences of dual currents. Such currents are simultaneously opposed passages of Vril and inertial. of various proportions. Allsubstances aresimultaneously (proportionally) Vril-conductive and inertial-resistive.
OrganismicVril sensorysystems do not easily partidpate in volumes ofhigh inertial concentration. Dark objects provide easier Vril transaction from organism to object. Organismovisceral responses of reflective metals vary. Iron is highly vril thread absorptive. It is the V ril metal. Inertial detritus is strongly absorbed, and distorted away from the entire organismic presence when near or in contact with Iron. Iron contacts prove to form organismic conical shields.
Light organic minerals and metals conduct Vril and pennit visceral transaction while constantly emanating a mild and resistive white inertial efiluence. Natural minerals and.
metals may be color grouped when studying inertia-detrital reactivities under Vril impact. The natural occurrence of minerals, and geological minerals and metals (aystals, gems, lodes) is a study which requires experience with Vril auric projections.
The eidetic content ofall naturally occurringminerals and metals which are the organismically meaningful and valuable contents. Coloration and surfidal appearance of minerals, lodes, and other naturally occurring minerals and metals provides information of inertial reactivities only.
We m:ust empirically examine natural substances to

discover the true foundations ofinertial reactivities and visceral attributes. White minerals and white stony substances produce proliB.c amounts of inertial detritus which offer organismic resistance. Black minerals and metals provide various increased degrees of viscero-eidetic conducUvtty. Between the two groupings (black and white) we discover Bxed proportions which may be charted.
Eidetic world projections through materials is spontaneous in absence of organismic contact or intent" nature is examining itself. Eidetic world projections release inertial eflluences through inertial space impacts. All minerals and metals are Vril transaction sites.
We gradually acquire knowledge concerning eidetic fundamentals. One learns the viscera-eidetic content of isolated matter, material cooBgurations, and (ulUmately) the holisms of natural settings. The appreciation and wonderment ftnally obtained in eidetically transacting with hoJistic natural settings reveals and demands the astonishing reality of divine ordination and divine plan.
Eidetic transactions prove to be naUve phenomena utilized by Vril technology. Vril technology is simple; requiring knowledge only ofVril natively available transactions. Eidetic worlds projectthe purity ofexperiences which have been called "aura, aether, atmosphere, elopUc, orgone". The inertial mani-
cr festations of eidetic projections are observed as coronae and
haloes esla, Kilner). White rays (ray sheaths) are projected as radiant emis-
sions when intense Vril acUvity dissolves and cavitates inertial space. The resulting inertial collimations of white fibrils represent vast shears in the inertial space. During such intervals regions experience "aurorae...regional magnetic disturbances". These white rays (ray sheaths) glow in the sensate illuminations brought through eidetic magnifications.
Something ofthe whole eidetic transaction is diffracted at the inertial shear-site and the pure coloiS ofeidetic worlds may leak through. Vril activity may also endraw the black ray sheaths (of space-distant Vril matricies) and the white ray sheaths by so shearing space that distal inertial portions rush into the inflection sites as rays.
Black rays are highly collimated Vril thread bundles: ; vascular projections of eidetic experience. Vril activity of
specific focussed inflections project black rays (ray threads) , across space as experiential discharges. They have as their
intent the juncture and proliferation ofnew experiential quality blends.
The deepestVrilTemplategenerates, sustains, and projects the eidetic worlds which are experienced. Vril is the glowing blackness from which emerge experiences. Vril is the black radiance in which eidetic contents are received. Vril black radiances emanate all worlds. Vril transects the inertio-physical complex.
Vril threads affect the nerves of the human organism through synaptic engagements. Vril threads affect the sensory system in absolute blackness. Vril eidetic content is spontaneous and whole. The experience ofVril threads require none of the 5-sensors. Grounded materials manifest powerful Vril

generated qualities. Aerial (disconnected) materials do not manifest strong Vril qualities. Grounded examinations of materials release strong degrees of experiential penetrations. Vril activated materials require speddc orientations along known Vril channels. Choice of deepest Vril channels is demanded.
Vril acUvated materials affect specific viscera-eidetic portions ofthe human organism. The sensory bodywe experience depends upon the eidetic world we experience. Vril activated materials revealVril counecttvities in the human organism. Vril is the glowing blackness from which emerge experiences. Vril is the blackradiance inwhich eidetic contents are received. Vril black radiances emanate all worlds. Vril acUvated materials instantly etJect speddc eidetic transactions which become the experiential space.
Inertial science tracks the passage of "electrical charge" through all "conductive minerals and metals" in reductioDistic fashicm. Inertial science assumes that common conducUvity of a singular essence or influence (charges, ftelds) infers the fundamental reality of such transfer.
Earthquakes are Vril reactions. Earthquakes are inertial responses to eidetic world t:ransmergings. Earthquakes release detrital components. Danger results when Vril reaction geometries and matter is misconftgured.
Lunar eclipses and other celestial conftgu.rations effect speddc misproportional inertial products aaoss vast regions of ground. Vril values are suppressed during such events in speciftc districts. These effects are entirely die to emerging concentrations of inertial detritus in which organismic participations are effectively suppressed.
Viscero-thrombicpulsations have been experienced along regional main Vril channels. Viscero-thrombic processions have been in'egularly observed to follow speciftc tempi MineraJs and metals which are provided with free-mobility demonstrate remarkable spontaneous spatial re-alignment when eidetic transactions surge. This is the cause of"furUve actions" in auric vanes and dialettes.
Vril Sdence studies and focusses upon eidetic world experiences before physical attributes. Vril eidetic world activities impact and cause all observed world-inertial effects. Vril eideticvision extends throughout the Vrillandscape. Sensitives know the axially determined experience-lines through which regions may be consdously examined, experienced, and occupied. Thus regions are aJso remarkably able to present various aspects of the persona from which they derive.
The viscero- eidetic superiority of specific skyscrapers occurs when haphazard ground foundation and aerial projection link naturally occurringVril nodes throughout the building axis (Chrysler Building). Such vertical Vril node distributions· are rare. Vril threads generate, project, sustain, and influence geological forms. Inertial detrital discharges follow Vrillic patterns (lightning). Water channels and courses follow and cooperate with Vril energetic ground patterns.
The metals prove the independent existent oftheir parent eidetic worlds. We can arrange the existence of the projective worlds in eidetic reactions and blends.Metals are inertial agglumeratipns which densify their eidetic world qualities.

Copper is projected from a world which is not copper colored: one which is green, yellow, and full of sunshine and green
an vegetation. Through copper come the visceral sensual
experiences in our world. Interception of eidetic information chaunels requires
speciftc metals and minerals. Special accumulaton, capadton (ground connected), tunmg devices, and contactmediaton are needed for the successful design of eidetic tra.Dsacton.
Apparent reality can be distorted and warped. Eidetic imagery and experience teaches that world-experience is not a fixed rigidity. Eidetic experiences warp meaningful worldexperience. Vril threads and threadways occur on the ground surface. Vril chaunels are found in the ground geology at depths not exceeding several hundred yards. Vril causeways are the vast regional axes which generate and sustain whole
regioDS. Spedftc Vril eidetic worlds release regional memories,
facts, and revelatory knowledge. SpeciflcVril material ~gu­ ratious permit the experience of timeless travel among eidetic worlds. Vril operaton conduct excessive degrees ofrevelatory knowledge. Vril designen and Vril Sdentists take especial regard to vril mergings and blendings within Vril systems. Vril designen must track Vril paths from organismic contacts with minerals and metals, through material masses, and down into the eidetic world foundatious.
Vril mergings are continuous; and may be tracked. Vril focussed awareness on Vril insensate generates perceivable spontaneous activity. OrganismicVril mergings generate spontaneous Vrillic activities. Vril thread dynamics seem to proceed in deranged and mysterious expressious. The observation of this strange Vril thread language does not enjoin the examiner with an eidetic experience. Touch contact may quench the activity of certain Vril transacton: gaps are required. Vril energy in gaps often increases with increasing distance from a design. Vril progressively enten the sensate and impacts the inertial.
The eideticworlds aresetandftxed amongtheirnumben. Though the detrital hills may dissolve yet these Vril World mountains and peaks remain. Archeforms and crystallographic pyramidals are the peaks of vast Vril topographies which are viscera-eidetic and whose foundatious are timelessly ancient. This topography is quasi-material. This topography connects with the stan.
White inertial sheaths bring perceptual congestions, distortions, and organismic difficulties. The enjoinment and

concentration of inertial detritus must be avoided. Inertia is ftbrillic when concentrated. White inertial ftbriJs are daugerous to organismic integrity. White rays are highly collimated white fibrils of inertia. White inertial presence rises through the surface of dayltt earth.
Vril projectious release Vril Light into the inertial space. These have been observed. Vril Light is pure Light. Galvanic metallo-conilguratious are Vril transacton. Vril Light appears in spedftc metal and mineral ccmfiguratious (ground and apparatus). Devices may entune the manifestation ofVril Light.
Special materials are Vril Light stones. Pure Vril Light is organismtcally vitalizing. Vrilltght is formaUve radiance. Vril
light does not destroy its conducton. Vrillight is phosphorescent in deustfted inertia-detrital spaces. Certain diffracton arrange Vril phosphorescence (Plucker, Crookes, Tesla, Mac Farland-Moore).
ChemicalreactioDs areVrilprojected traDsactloos. Chemical detritus appears as compounds of projected maUer chemical reactious are eidetic. Chemtcal detritus contaiDS viscen> eidetic complexes. Projected metals and crystals may not mutually diffuse. Vril eidetic transactions among lodes, crystals, and mineral project eidetic materials among the projective masses.
Vril aurae are tufted strlatious. Speciflc Vril aurae contain pro-generative intlectious during spedftc Umes. InerUally empowered glowing haloes expand Vril aureoles. Electrical activations expand aurae (Reichenbach, StaiT-Whtte,Tesla, Kilner). Forced electro-impulses greatly expand the aura (fesla).
Vrilcanreleaseluminescence(Stubblefteld,Moray,Tesla). Andent legends tell ofspecial glowing stones whose radiance was like blazing sunltght...at midnight. Vril Light is organismically magnitled. Vril Light may not be inertially radiant; affecting organismic partidpants.
Inertiaproduces endlesslymeaningless patterns. Sensitives
follow these patterns in search ofthe causative Vril threadways which provoke their disturbed appearance.
Vril thread contacts envelop partidpants in communious. White radiant displays designate Vril dissolution and radiation of inertial space. Black radiant displays designate Vril dissolution and absorption of inertial space. Vril responds to humanly arranged inertial interruptions for greater purpose. This Vril Law ofsustenance is not mechanistic in action. Vril is penonable. Vril intent matches and surpasses inertial presence to preserve organismic regional integrity. Vril projects generativity and sustains worlds.

SECTION 2
LIGHTNING RODS

--" . ....., ... ~-

, ~·······--. ·

•

•

; ..

•

•

~

•

•

,Je

~

~~ad\r·~aKw~ :~:t:~ h~eS~?1~"o¥J~~s~,?··£4ef.~p·e~~~~-acl!:-fk::ii!i~tm.£!a¥~k.i~Xn~g·thl~e\e~.xp1eri-
1" ent of Leyden, from· the eyes, or even fi·om the

rts near them. -. .

·

Some. ti~e _fincc it' w~.-- imagined, that deafnefs had --=~-.....lll.

been relieve~ ~y· eleCl:ri.Gng the patient, by drawing

the lnaps. from )h~ ~ars~·:and ~y in~king him undergo ~~' ~:=~:.·~~::...

the electrical ··commotion in .the fame manner. If

the here-a~ter this remedy thould be fant.atlically applied
to eyes in this manner to reftore dimnefs of Jight, ~~lllillf..J

I lhould not wonder,. if perfed: blindnefs were the---·--
col'llleQuence of the ex riment.
Iry"a very-ingenious experiment our a

vours to evince the impoffibility of fuccefs, in the ex-

p~iqlents propofed by others of drawing forth the

-..-~~-:-..-effluvia of non-elcctrics, cinamon, for infl:ance, and

~--~~...........~~~~by mixing them \Vith the electrical fluid, to convey

them with that into a per1on eleCtrified : and our au-

thor thinks, that tho' the effluvia of cinamon and

the eleCtrical fluid 01ould n1ix within the globe, they

..................:~--lo:ll..-: would never come out together through the pores of_.._" __

...........-.-:-- the glafs, and thus be conveyed to the priane c.:on-

dud:or; for he thinks, that the eled:rical fluid itfc:lf

~-.~~cannot come through, and that the priane cond~tl:or ..---.-":l~-.:"~~!i}~~

-.-..-..u·~ is al,Nays fupplied from the cufhion, and this laft

_"1

~~~-'-~~frotn the floor. Befides, ~'hen tlu: globe is filled

with cinamon, or other non-elecrrics, ~lo eleCtricity·

. . ~~=.ij~-~~~

can be obtnined fro1n its outer furfitce, for the rc::afons before laid do\vn. He has tried another \vay,~-~~~~ which he thought n1ore likely to obtain a mixture of~~,.-.,~·;~;~
the electrical ;nd other effluvia together, if fuch a

""·~-'1111 mixture had been poffiblc. He placed a glafs plate ~--~liiiUitf'._.,

..:illlllll::.-~:: · under his culhion, to cut ofF the cotntnunication be-

. t\veen the cu!hion and the fluor: he then brought a

1/'f.~-:,r.w~~~'t"--_:.~

"'.,..~-fro:--"the~;fuj;~~ a glaU ofoil of ·

·-

• and carried another chain from the ·oil of 7!·~

~----:------.:a.-----=----~-....::......-
-~--

to the floor, taking care, that the chain~ the cu1hion to the glafs touched no part of the ~ ~

of the machine. Another chain was fixed to ~

prime conductor, and held in the hand of a per- ~w;a··;.~ to be eled:rified. The ends of the two chains in~~
•~--~~~·rfP·'""~._IItlle glafs were near an inch fi·om-each other, the oil ~:l

turpentine between: Now the globe being turned~

dra\Y no fire trom the floor through the n1a- ;

. . . . . the communication that way being ·cut off by.. :·
---_.Ir1-·-·~ thick glafs plate under the cufhion : it muft then-. ~> ·

it through the c · whofe ends were di 'd

n the oil of tur tine.

\JV,r:, · And as the oil o1tu;Fen:.

(~.;\ J

tine . g 1n ...not conduct what

. came

up

an electric perft, would
from the floor, the elec-

f.f,{~tricity was obliged to jump fro~ the end ofonech~n

"'-·~to the ~nd of the other, whJch he could fee Jn ~I:u-ge (parks ;. and tl1us it had a fair opportunity

·" fcizing of d1e fincft particles of the oil in its pa1Tage~

and carrying them off with it : but no fuch effect

· followed, nor could he perceive· the leaft difference in

~-.~the fmell of the electrical cffiuvia thus colled:cd,
~fro1n what it had when colleCl:ed otherwife; nor

~-t-r~~idDoeesd.it

otherwife aff'ed: the body of the perfon elecHe likcwife put into a phial, inftcad ofwa-

-·--

~~~ptcheairfa,el,aevafetnrrydonptgoaortpkiucrlregeion~fgethldiequetihldeo,cctrakinscdaflrtofhlmueindi

charged the t; in which
muft, before

~~·--- -.............

~~~f.it went through his body. have firft gone thro' the

~liquid, when the phial is charging, and returned

~~~through it when difcharging; yet no other effeCl fol-

:~~:..lo\ved than if the

had been charged with water.

• ..

~~ h·~

He has alfo fmelt the gold, filver, copper,

lead,iciar~lnf,irew, ood,

adnrd:twthnethhruo-~''wC_,~.J

~

man body, and could percexvc no difference; the;,:\~

·

odo_ur being al~ays _the fame, where the fpark does -.,·'J..~'

~·

l ! not burn what 1t ftrikes; and therefore he imagines,~-~;(
that it does not take that fmell from any quality of the ~~
bodies it p:aifes through. There was no abridging

this experiment, which I think very well conceived, .·

and as well condud:ed, in a manner to m:tke it intel- • .

ligible; and therefore I have laid tl1c author's words ~

nearly before you.

· ·

~·

As Mr. Franklin, in :tlctter ~o Mr. Collinfon fomc ~

time 1ince, mentioned his intending to try the po\.ver ~"!'
"!"/j ~--·\illlil! of a very ftrong eled:ric:tl lhock upon a turkey, I~ defired Mr. Collinfon to let Mr. Franklin know, that

:... I 1hould be glad to be acquainted \\"ith the refult of~ that experiment. He accordingly has been fo very ~

obliging as to fend an account of it, \vhich is to the fol-

~-...----lowing purpofe. He made firfl: feveral experiments

on fowls, and found, that two large thin glafs jars

gilt, holding each about 6 gallons, and fuch as I

mentioned I had employed in the ]aft paper I laid

'"lllli~~before you upon this fubjefr, were fufficient, when

fully charged, to kill common hens outright ; but

the turkeys, though thrown into violent convul1ions,

~-and then, lying as dead for fome minutes, would re-

~~ cover in lefs than a quarter of an hour. However,

ha~·ing added three other fuch to the former two, Q•~ though. t:JOt fully charged, he killed a turkey of about

-;iF-: ten pounds weight, 'and believes that they would have • J
.~~~~killed a much larger. He conceited, as himfclffays,

~;:~~~!~=~-~he_?irds ~~~'--d_i_n ~his manner eat uncommonly~

.•• ;, ~:J• ~

_··:',.DEAlt SIR

;t,; .: •. ! -~~ . 1 ; .·: ·= t!a~•-· ,,

• J • ,. : . •

1 . ,

,. '

,. I; ..

.

. A~,J4•TI;IE following· ~cco~.~f'_of ~.

•774•

fiorm of lightning w;~s cont-

·municated to me by the obferver Mr. NICHOLsoN

tea~her of mathentatics in Wakefield, who .is a very

ingenious man, and a good elc~rician. I have no

-doubt of his having given proper attention to the
~~r.~~J:~J. __.l!.....lil·-...... ,_,....--......phznomena which he· has n1entioncd, or of his !!!~!!_,It~

~!l.r«~·~~~·-~~~·exad:nefs and fidelity in defcribing the1n. ·Some of ~~~:~.1~~;

·~~~~~~~~~~
~

........-.

...-

........= the circutnfiances appear
:·dinary; and, as far as

to I

n1e to know·,

be very extraor-
quite new, not

'~~~~~~~r-
~!!!!~~a~

:.;.~l•.-a:.~•ltaving been noticed by any writer that I have n1et

~~-1ft~~~ with i I therefore think it very proper that the ac· t..

·count of ·them be communicated to the R.oyal c;

Society.

.la1n, DEAR SIR,
r our very humble fcrvant,

JOSEPii PRIESTLEY. ON

' .tr~~··.·· .:..~
.. ON. dte.:zft_ ~f M~9p,, a:~uflialf. a.n· h9ur pa.~
..• fix in the evening, as 1was returning ·from. pROFT~N;,

· a ;yill~ge. p~a~.w;A.~F~LfD,:~I fa,w~, i.~· t~~:!~o~~~-we&,. a;. ft~tolDtt ~pproa~P.iJ~S ;:.~e_:: ~jnd, .~pich .~ad'' bee.~,
~ .fir.ong ;· ~11 ,th~ pay;,. ~~~t~ng:· fr~m ~ t:h~. fa~e quarte~ ·;,
.r. .... a-nd·~:- q$jjn the, aft~~no9n, of .the fa~e .day,_ there had. becn..f.qme. _vjolent, 0,-lo,yer.s~ o~· hail~ m~de the . be~

~f my way to the turnpike at Agbridg_e. The air was. fa much darkened, before the florin begc1n·,: that'it. ~---:...-:_..,.._
-~was. with. difficulty I found my way..
·~, When I was- about three bu11dred yards fi·om die:
._ turnpike, the florm began ;: when I was agreeably.'
14furprized with obferving.a flame of light, ds1ncing o~
~each ear of the horfe that J. rode, and feveral. oth

~much brighter on the end of n1y. frick,. which was.

('ar_!lled with· a. ferule of bra!S,._ but n.otched \Vi .

~- uilng. Thefe appearances co_~t1nued t1ll l -reachecli. ~·--.1::..61

~:the turnpike-houfe,.. where I took lhelter..

·.

·r _. ...............

~~ Prefently after,. there came up fiNe or fix •

·f. '"'ho111 1 had paffed on the road.. They had all ieen, •::~~ir~~

~~(~tthheetanp, piena.rapnacrtei,c.ulaanrd.,.

were much afl:onilhed.. called for a candle,., to

One of exalnine=-·-··..

Ir hi_s hor1e's head,. laying, " It had. bec:n. all. on. fire,..

" and 1nuft certainly be tinged~'·

·

-:-:-~.,.,.;;.,.

After having continued about twenty. 1ninute~

~:the fiorm abated,· and the clouds,. divided, leaving. ~the northern region. v.ery clear ;. ·excep,t that, ·abou .

~ te~ degrees high,. there w.as a thick cloud,, which.

lt~en1ed. to throw. out large and. exceedingly beautifu

j~~··dtreams of -light, refembling an
wards anc;>ther cloud that was

Aurora paffing

oBvoerreiatli;s: ,antod-,-.,..~

.· ·every no\v and t~en, there aP.P.eared to tall to it ful..;!lli-<JfP'-:..a·

. - lf~·~·_·_~...,_~·~-e:i_.,· *' 4 --~1~1~·f~r-~·o-.J
· ...; /:' •....,. ....

n1etcors
. .. .m~t~~~~.;as .;~~

. ~~ ars• . There a_ppea~r•'

""+''

t·h~u~ensd.e~r~~w~~ans,luj~ed'a.rdt'i::ll•.

·. catn.~ •..JJ t. 'I/

~0 ~akefield;j. burn.~
.:1 l • r:f '_. °,; •, I . : 1 , • , J

.~: .·;:A,:t)Bu.~· :~fn~;' .'9'c16c*.Ja:.'_ldrgC:: balF'or ·nL·~:: paffi:d

~~.._~ .. ~'pbU~fJ~q!r9~..~vf~f~~~~·."~~~1:~~~i~jl~;l!~:Jl~lllatu~~r·,c~~·.1wt4~q~aw.ate~hfpe(.r~l·.~.ctf.~oo~tc~·kcm,·:ef•doo{~f'tthw·henataf:~renflpi~ftull'tgdt·bo:fitj~:1w:itraheae;

~~~~ .~~ ~bout~ 24p Jeet_ ~11gh~ !ail.tl.te tln\e tliat· t~e c.:.~sa

·..·..t.i.n·.u-, .e~d:..r. '

· · . · ·· ·· · · : · · ·. i ~ '

Franklin planned to perform the lightning exa.~~.. periment after the completion of the spire on ..,...,..,............

Christ Church, in Philadelphia. In the mean-

time. his book was published in France and

made a deep impression. A scientist named

D'Aiibard made a secret trial of the sentry box

experiment near Paris on May 10, 1752. There

was a peal of thunder and the iron shaft

sparkled blue with charge pouring into a

Leyden jar, proving that the cloud was electri-

fied. Eight days later, the experiment was

repeated for the King in Paris.
-~!lrt.; ~BIG The King himself wrote to the Royal Society
I~~~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ·fii!!II:~..-Jial' oFfrankLloinn.doEn,arlycominplJimuleyn. tinhgis ·etxhpeeirrimmenetmbwears, ~f1t!.a~!l-~ii:al performed in London. By the time the news
reached him in September, he had been world

famous for months. Instead of waiting for the

~~~~~SE~~ completion of the spire. he had meanwhile

~

performed the kite experiment himself, hut he

_ _ ....,_ ungrudgingly gave D'Aiibard credit for having

been first to ..draw lightning from the skies."

However, the world knew that Franklin had

suggested the experiment; and the awe with

which people looked upon lightning was now

~F8:2i~~~;!~,-~ added to Franklin's name. He became a figure

of

a demigod.

!r~~llt

~~~~~

preceding LETrEllS having /;een translated into French,
and printed at Paris; the Abbe 1\IIazeas, in a Letter to Dr•.
Stephen Hales, dated St. Germain, May 20, 1752. gives
thefo//oUJing.Account·(printed ilz the Philosophical Trans-
actions) of ~he Experiment made at 1\'Iarly, ilt pursuance . of that proposed /;y Mr. Franklin, Page 2.2.2.

.·V:-:..·. .,~,.,. '·'~·":'~
· The Philadelphia11 ex~riments, that Mr. Collinson, a ~Member of the Royal Society, was so kind as to coJnJnuni.~cate to the public, h.aviiJg been universally admired in '/"~Fran.&e, the King desi~e(fto see t~em ~rform~d. Where-
'fore the Duke D'dyen offered h1s Majesty h1s country- ,_........... ~-....,~-..~

house at St. Germain, where M. de Lor, master of Experi-

mental Philosophy, shoUld put those of Phi/adelphia in

execution. His Majesty saw them with great satisfaction,

and greatly applauded Messieurs Franlc/in and Collinson.

These applauses of his 1\llajesty· having excited in Mes-

sieurs de Bu.ff.on, D'A/i/;ard, and de Lor, a desire of-verify-

ing the conjectures of 1\fr. Fra11kiin, upon the analogy of

thunder and electricity, they prepared the1nselves for

making the experiment.

M. D'Aiil/ard chose, for this purpose, a garden situated

at Marly, where he placed upon an electrical body a

pointed bar of iron, of 40 feet high. On the tenth of May,

2.0 Ininutes past two in the afternoon, a stonny cloud having p~sed.over the place where the bar stood, those that

were appointed to observe it, drew near, and attracted

from it sparks of pre, perceiving the same kind of comJno-

tions as in the comrnon electrical Experiments.

M. de Lor, sensible of the good success of this experi-

ment, resolved to repeat it at his house in the Estrapade

at Paris. He raised a bar of iron 99 feet high, placed upon

li;s~~~~~Sa:.·

resJn, two t square, and three

On the I 8th of May, between four and five in the after- J~
O noon! a stormy cloud h'!-ving passed over the bar, where it~
rema1ned half an hour, he drew sparks from the bar, like

those from.· ments, the

the gun gJpbe is

obnalryrerlu,bwbheednb, yinththeecueslehciotrnic, aalnedxptehrie-y· ~~

produced the sam~ noise, the same fire, and the same .~..:.t.

ocrfanciknleinlgi.neTs,hwehyild~retwhethreai.snt,romnignegslet dspwairtkhs aa.tlitthtlee

distance .hail, fe.ll

:~,.,.'

from the cloud, w1thout e1ther thunder or hghtn1ng; th1s ~

cloud being, according to all appearance, only the conse- ~

quence of a storm, which happened elsewhere.

._._:-::

I am,'with a profound r~spect,

~

.Your most hum/;/e and o/;edient servant,

~~
Ia July, 1750,· Fr~ wrote: '1"o determine the~
r question whether the clouds that contain lightning !I
are electrified or not, 1 would propose an experi·
ment. On top.of some high tower ••• place a kind;.· of sentry box. big enough to contain a man and an ~ electrical. stand (a P,lo.tjorm that was insulated)·~· ·. From the middle of the stand let an iron rod rise ,.
and pass ·bending out of the door, and upright twenty or thirty feet pointed very sharp at the end. ~
a. If the electrical stand be kept clean· and dry, ·a ~ ·
r•·-~of:·~~ man standing on it. when such clouds are passing
low, might be elecU'ified and draw sparks, the
a clo"d .....

''r~~ ~- future Aurar;~;

at aaauwaw 1uccec:a

~: thent.; ·and, as I have obferved above, in twenty-

~ three infi:ances, have found them uniform, except

'~in degree: ·;the gale gener~lly commenciug be·

_.;_tween tw:enty-four and thirty hours a~tc:r the firfr ~appearance of the Aurora. More tirne and ob-

~ ferv:uiou will probably difcover, whether the

~~firength, of the ~1c~ec:~ing g~le, is proportionate to.,.....,..."'

~~the fplendor an.d· v1vac1ty ot the :.:1urora, and the

• diftance of time bet\veen them. I only iufpefr,.

~that the !Dare brilliant and aCl:ive the fi_rfi: is, the

Jl!fooner wdl·the later occur, be more vto]enr, but

.\ Jof fhor~er duration, than when the light is lan-

·tguid and dull. Perhaps too, the· colour of the

~~.Aurora may be Come guide, in forming a judgemeilt.

~of the coming gale•. That which prece~ded
~ftorm l have mentioned, \Vas exceedingly fplendid.
~The tempefi: fucceeded it in lefs than tweaty-four

.)hours, \vas violent, but of !hart (about eight hours)

j continuance. In June laft, a little without found-

~-~iancgtsiv,·e

\Ve had Aurorrz;

for two nig(lts following, the confequent gale was

faint innot hard,

~~5~~

~~~\bvuitthlahftaezden, eaanrdthfmreaelldarayisn:

the ; th

firft day attende9 e fecond with haze

~·only, and· the laft day clear.

'-... Th~ ben~fit \vhich. this obfervation, on the Au-

~ rora Borealis, when further confirmed· and known, ~ n1ay be of to feamen, · is obvious, in navigating

~.near coafis, which tend ea!l: anu weft, particularly

~in th~ Briti~ channel_. The! may, when war~ed

.L:

.

. "'

J. ·by t~e A11r~ra Borealu, get tnto p~rt, and. eva~e.ilorm, which might have deftroyed them; for ~.
the 1~pen~u~g .~orm; or,_ by H:r~tchtng over to tneiuo--. '\vinds are fo· dangerous,· in the chaunel, as

fo.u~h.war4, · tacllttate th~1r pafiage, by that ve~y· therly and fouth-\veft. In a \Vord, fince I have

~·~

- --:-:-

···

'

·

. this obfervatiou, I have got ·out. of 'the

r ...--.-a~..::Cbannel. when other men, .as failing iliips, ·but.unapprized o

alert,
f this

.cainrdc~finialf!a-fctee,r

~

·

·

t have not only been· driven back; but w1th d1fij--;·

culty have eicaped fhipw~eck. ·

· _:

.

iiie~~ •· ~ Perhaps, the :obfervat1on, that foutherly gales~:;

confiantly fucceed thefe pha:nomena,. may h~lp ~

to account for the na.ture of the Aurora Borealu·; ~

i'. my own thoughts on that fubjeCl:, I .lhall fame~

time beg leave to lay before y~u.

·:

.....~~~
~~IIII!.Jtl

I

a. m,

\Vith great refpeel,
..

R~ S 1 Your obliged, . :.

. ,·· .~.·~':.

l1umble fervanr;
'· .

~~-• Mr. Haukabee, whoea ··--r~:---- ~~s;:_~~ writings are dated 1709, distinguished himself by experiments and discove-
~r.-..~•.. ries in electrical J.ttrac;:tion, and repulsion, and electric light. He constructed

an electrical machine, adopting the glass, instead of the sulphur globe. He

~xperimented upon the subtilty and copiousness of the electric light, and

likewise upon the. sound and shocks produced by the duid. After the death •

of Mr. Hauksbee, the science of electricity made but slow progress, and few

experiments were made for twenty years. In the year 1728, Mr. Stephen -=~ ·Grey, a pensioner at the Charter House, commenced hia experiments with ___.__ ·~

.an excited glass tube. He and his· friend, :&Ir. "'heeler, made a great ;;z~~~~~~

'lftriety of experiments in which they demonstrated, that electricity may be

eommunicated from one body to another, even without being in contact,

.and in this way, may be conducted to a great distance. Mr. Grey after-

wards found, that, by suspending rods of iron by silk or h~ir lines, and bring-

ing an excited tube under them, sparks might be drawn, and a light per-

·eeived at the extremities in the dark. He electrified a boy suspended by

hair lines; and communicated electricity to a soap bubble blown from a

tobacco pipe. He electrified \\·ater, contained in a dish, placed upon a cake

·Of rosin, and o.Jso a tube of '~ater. He made some curious e1-periment.

11pon a small cup of "rater, over which, at the distance of an inch, lie held

the excited tube. He obser\"ed the water to rise in a conical shape, from

..:~~:r·• which proceeded a light; small particles of water were thrown otf from the

cone, and the tube moistened.

l\Ir. Du Fay, imendant of the French king's gardens, repeated the experi-

ments of }lr. Grey in 1733. He found that by waning the paclc-thread he

·succeeded better with the e~periment of communicating the electric \'irtue

through 3. line 1256 feet in length. He made the discovery of two kinds

of electricity, which he called 'tl-itreous and resinous ; the fonner produced

·"•~~~-:~·~~ by rubbiug glass, and the latter from excite4 sulphur, sealing wax, &c.

tr··~R::;--"'~

But this he afterw·ards ga,·e up as erroneous. Mr. Grey, in 1i34, experi-

mented upon iron rods and ga,·e rise to the tenn metallic conductors. He

P''e the name pencil of electric ligllt to the stream of electricity, such as

is seen to issue from an electric point. He suggested the idea that the elec-

tric vinue of the excited tube was similar to that of thunder and lightning,

and that it could be accumulated.

Dr. Desaguliers commenced his experiments in li39. He introdur~tl

the tenn ctmductor to that body to which the excited tube com·eys its~~~~~~i

.:'~ltri1city. He called bodies in which electricity may be excited by 1'111i•hir~•a"lllllt.,.

~~~~i;ciJir:;,i ;j~pj~

heating, electric JHII" • and lose it at once upon

i the

and rum-electric when they receive electricity, approach of another non-electric. In the yeaz

1142, several Germans engaged in this subject. Mr. Boze, a professor at~~~~~,~~~~~~;..;:~~
P.JiilB•• Wiu.emburg, revives the use of Hauksbee'a globe, inatead of using Grey's
glaas tube, and added to it a pritM Cti'IUlut:tor. Mr. W"mclder substituted .a

cushion instead of the hand, which had before been employed to excite the

globe. Mr. P. Gordon, a Benedic&iue monk and professor o( phil010phy

Erford, was the fint. who used ·a C1Jlindsr instead of a globe. With

electrical macbine he conveyed the 4uid through wires 200 ells in length

and killed small birds. Dr. Ludolf of Berlin, in the year 1744, kindled ~.....~~..:•

electricity the ethereal spirit of Frobenius, by the excited glaa tube; W&llifW~~~ spark proceeding from an iron conductor. Mr. Boze fired gunpowder electricity. Mr. Gordon contrived the electrical star. Mr. Winckler ......L~r....~~;rv

trived a \Vheel to move by the agency of the same 4uid. Mr. Boze

conveyed electricity frolli one man to another by a jet of water, \Vhen both~·~~.'-~":'~~~~~
were placed upon cakes o( rosin, six paces apart. Mr. Gordon tired spirits, :·~~~".:~~;.~~~~
by a jet of water; and the Germans invented the electrical bells.

Mr. Collinson in 1745 sent to the Library Company of Philadelphia, an

account of these experiments, togetber with a tube, and directions how to

use iL Franklin, with some of his friends, immediately engaged in a course

of experiments, the results of which are well knowu. He was enabled to

make a number of important discoveries, and to propose theories to account.

for \"arious phenomena, which have been universally adopted, and \Vhich
~...,~
bid fair to endure for ages.

In the year 1745, such was the attention given to the subject of electricity,

that experiments upon it were publicly advertised and exhibited for money

in Germany and Holiand. Dr. Miles, of England, in the same year fired

phosphorus by the application of the excited tube itself without the interven-

tion of a conductor. It \Vas at this period that Dr. 'Vatson's attention was .-...a-:-..~_..........-.. -. given to this subject. He fired o.ir, made inflammable by a chemical process,

and discharged a musket by the electric fluid. He made many experiments, ~~~!!~~ some of which \Vill be described as we proceed.

The year 174.5 was made famous by the discovery of lhe Leyden Phial ~:l:iiiiO~ by Mr. Cuneus a native of Leyden. It appears also to have been discovered

by Mr. Von Kleist, dean of the Cathedral in Crunin about the same time.

By this discovery, electricity could be accumulated and severe shocks given.

Mr. Gralath,in li46,ga,·eashocktotwentypersons at once, and at a consid-

erable distance from the mnchine. He constructed the electrical battery by

charging se\·eral pbials at once. 1\lr. \Vinckler, and also 1\L Monnier, in

Frnuce, transmitted the electric fluid through se\·eral feet of water as a part

circuit.

the Leyden jars. Improvements were made by Dr. Watson, and others,
l~~~~~~~~~~~thi;e Leyden phial, by coating the inside and outside of it with tin foiL Nollet gave a shock to 180 or the guards in the king's presence; and
the grand convent of the Carthusians in PBris, the whole community

lfOiftll4Ml a line of 3600 feet in length, by means of wires between them.

whole company upon the discharge of the phial, gave a sudden spring

the same instant. The French philosophers tried the same experiment

•tbll'O~I«h a circuit of persons, holding wires between them, two and a halt

miles in length. In another experiment the water of the basin in the

Tuilleries was made a part of the circuit.

M. Monnier, the younger, to discover the velocity of electricity, discharg· ~-~~IJ~~­ the Leyden phial through an iron wire 4000 feet in length, and another

1319 feet, but could not discover the time required for its passage. Dr. Franklin communicated his observations, in a series of letters, to his friend

~1'-1-l

Collinson, the tint of which is dated March 28, 1747. In these he shows

the power of pointsin dmwing and throwing off the electrical matter. He

alao made the grand discovery of a plus and minw, or·of a positive and

mgati'IHJ state of electricity. Shortly after Franklin, from his principles of

plus and minus state, explo.ined, in a satisfactory manner, the phenomena

-of the Leyden phial. Dr. Watson and others in July 1S, 1747, conveyed

the electric duid across the Thames at 'Vestminster bridge ; the width of

the river making a part of the circuit. On the 24th of July, he tried the

~~riment of forcing the electric tluid to make a circuit \Vith the bend of

the river, at the New Rh•er at Stoke, Newington. He supposed that the ~lectric fiuid would follo\v the river alone, through its circuitous windings,

and retum by the \Vire. He suspected from the result of this experiment,
..:::.~.;..•&~::_.::;:~:J;;~..::- that the ground also conducted the tluid. On the 2Sth, he proved the fact

by supporting a wire 150 feet in length upon baked sticks, using the ground ·4illll~•4~il as half of the circuit. On the 5th, of August, he tried another experiment

of maL.;ng the dry ground a purt of the circuit for a mile in extent, and found

it to conduct equally as well as water. The last e:xperiment \\~as tried at

Shooter's Hill, on the 14th of August of the same year. But one shower of

rain had fallen for the fh·e preceding weeks. The \Vires, two miles in

length, were supported hpon baked sticks, and the dry ground was used for

the return two miles of the circuit. They found the transmission of the ;~N:~~~tj~~~~ electric fiuid to be instantaneous. Dr. 'Vatson made many other experi-

ments which we must pass over.

~. _._..~lllt"W-.

Mr. Ellicott constructed an electricity. Mr. Maimbury, at

electrometer for tllerumring the Edinburg, electrified t\\;o myrtle

trqeueasn, tdiutyrionfg·~!::!!!~~

the month of October, 1746, when they put forth emnll braucl1es and ~:...~rlil

shrubs of the mme kind, which had not beem

mc~'ZJ~~~

electrified. The same experiment was tried upon seeds, sowed in
pots with the same success. llr. Jallabert, 1rlr. Boze and the Abbe

garden Menon

principal of the College of Buell, nt Angen, tried the same experiments ~~'f~~~S~~~~~ upon plants, by electrifying bottles in which they were growing. He prov- :. ~i)1B.j. . ed that electrified plants always grew faster, o.nd had finer items, leaves and

ftowers than those which were not electrified.

In the year 1148, Dr. Franklin, and his friends, held an electricalfeut•

on the banks of the Schuylkill near Philadelphia, md as the account is

amusing, as well as scientific, we will gh·e an a(1count of it as related by

Franklin, in a letter to his friend Collinson, dnted Philadelphia, 1748.

(1 vol. of Fmnklin~s \Yorks, p. 202.)

"Chagrined a little Lbat we hnve been hitherto able to produce nothing

in this way of use to mankind ; and the hot weather coming on, when electrical experimeuts are not so agreeable, it is proposed to put an end to them --~~

for this season, somewllat humc;>rously, in a pn11y of plensure, on the banks

........:::~... ·~- of the Skuy!..-il."

"Spirits, at the snme time, .are to be fired by a spark sent from side to side

through the rh·er, \\"ithout any other conductor than the water, an experi-

ment which we some time since performed, to the amazement of many.

A turkey. is to be killed for our dinner by the electrical shock, and roasted

by the electrical jack, before a fire kindled by the electrified bottle : when

the healths of RH the famous electricians of England, Holland, France, and

Germnny nre to be dmnk in electrified bwnpers,t under a discharge of guns

f.rom the electric(d battery."

"In the year 1749, rmnklin first sugge!ted his iden of e~"}llaining the phe-

nomena of thunder gusts, and of the aurora borealis, upon electrical princi-

ples. He points out many particulars in which lightning and electricity

agree ; in the same year he coucei\·ed the bold idea of ascertaining Lha

• ••As the pussibility of this experiment bas not been easily conceived, I shall here describe it.

Two iron rods, about three feet long, were planted just within the margin of the river, on the

=ilift~~~~:; opposite sidet. A thick piece of wire, with a smaU round knob at its end, wu 6zed on the top

•

of one of the rods, bending downwards, 110 as to deliver commodiously the spark upon the aur-

face- of the spirit. A small wire, fastened by one end to the handle oC the spoon containing tbe

spirit, was carried acro~s tbe river, and supported in the air by the rope commonly used to bold

by, in drawing ferry boats over. The other end of this wire wu tied round the coating of the
bottle; which being cha~Jed, the spark was delivered from the hook to the top of the rod •taad·

ing in the water on that side. At the t~ame instant the rod on the other side delivered a spark into

the spoon and fired the spirit; the electric fire returning to tbe coating of the bottle, tluougb tbe

haadle of the spoon and the supported '"ire conn•cted with them."

t "An electrified bumper is a small thin glass tumbler, nearly filled with wine, ud electrified :~~~~~~~~~~~

as the bottle. This, wheD brought to the Ups, gives a sboek, it the party be close shaved, uad. 1111

tloa not breathe on the

"

Dtt. :::__]':"4'~;,y..

lliiiii:.J~ truth of his doctrine, by actually drawing down the lightning, by means of
'~s.~~~~~~~ sharp pointed iron rods,'raised into the region of the clouds. Admitting the identity of electricity and lightning, and knowing the power of points in repelling bodies charged with electricity, and in conducting the ftuid silently and imperceptibly, he suggested the idea of securing houses, ships, &c. from being damaged by lightning, by raising pointed rods several feet above the most. elevated part of the building to be protected, and the other end descending some feet into the ground. It was not until the summer of 1752, that he was enabled to complete his grand discovery by experiments." "While he was \vaiting for the erection of a spire, it occurred to him that !=~~~~,!i:-~~~~ . he ~ight have more ready access to the region of clouds, by means of a ~ common kite. He prepared one by fastening t\vo cross sticks to a silk hand- -~~--", Sll•a kerchief, which would not suffer so much from the rain as paper. To the upright stick was affixed nn iron point. The string was, as usual, of hemp, except the lower end, which was silk. Where the hempen string terminated, a key \Vas fastened. With this apparatus, on the appearance of a thunder gust approaching, he went .out into the commons, accompanied by his son, to whom alone-he communicated his intentions, well knowing the ·ridicule which, too genernlly for the interests of science, awaits unsuccessful experilnents in philosophy. He placed himself under a shade, to avoid the rain; his kite was rai:!ed-a thunder cloud passed over it-no sign of electricity nppenred. He almost despaired of success, when, suddenly, he IIIIID'l~!'..... observed the loose fibres of his string to move towards nn erect position. He no\v presented his knuckle to the key, nnd received n strong spark ; repeated spnrks were drawn from the key; a phial was charged, a shock given, and nil the experiments made which are usually performed with electricity." "Franklin constntcted rods so as to bring the lightning into his house, for the purpose of ascertnining if it was of the positive or negative kind. He succeeded in the experiment for the first time in April, I i53, when it appeared that the electricity was negative. On the 6th of June he met with a cloud electrified positively. The discoveries of Franklin roused the atten· tion of all Europe, and many distinguished electricians repeated them with success. Professor Richman, of St. Petersburg, while making some experiments upon the electrical state of the atmosphere, was killed by the electric ftuid, August, l753. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, electricity was assiduously cultivnted by a great number of eminent individuals, who extended the boundaries of the science by numerous experiments, and by the invention of ingeniolll and useful instruments. Experiments were r!a1~~-~~ made upon air, water and ice; and in relation to the surf3.ces of electric-......-..-.. bodies; in relation to the two electrical stntes; upon the detlagration of the 111111..~~·~11!1 i§il~~~~~~~ dec:omi'POIIitictn of solids and liquids," &c. &c.

:-· ~ ,...,..... •r L ..ll•••ac

·

.~•

1
'

lfEMRI'. Eorrulll'
ber rnr Stort. Atla

:-A Mf8.

correepondnt in :lour nam•• lc iJt a comlllD+ '"""to

I& IIIO.w 'bel..... to dut btdLllac .., ... .,... ...
be iUulatucl IIOQJ &h.- b1 c,Uuden o1 ..... (lclua't, CIDIIIida tbe la&tur of madl lmpedalaat). JdlllbeUl he ciMUieCtllll wltll &M eulla Ia tbo ...a
,a,., ~ .,-ble. ..a JtGt1a1Dc Ia be&&er tor dUa pv..
tbaa ~a p1Mtt it la JDII&alllc . ...a witb dut ....
W&d. tbo wa&er·Pit..- of &lut citr. Tla1e euaacaoa ...,
aaado bT a ribboa ot copper ow liDD •lducucl to &lao eild ot JO;l a& oao ol iu u&ruait~ ucl wnps-l .uuud &be
a& tho udaur. U acoaaectioA ol t.laia klllllt. imp:actica.

..,1.,.- that lisclttninst rudA llhould be l..ulated." tl-.1 Jw ...U.! ronaaaon Wi'/. Jae would *ve beea

n...rt"r riatht; but wh..tb..r t•rrur or lM!Iitl, lt '"an

anclllnf!ftt auain..& him, under tla.. uld znasbn that

what ....,.,~budv lJP.ll.,..... muat hl" true.'t In fad,

tht'lll"lief.et~e,.;r, if 1nueh••-,la &IJDflllt ftl\"PI'Mi.

!!~~~;~~~,~~~~ t.-..\.1tbmtv•P• aaUndmtrnvhwilta,oanJaralt,.h,.enrawadt e11rl•llhl!1Ct twrtcolC~,d. abealtiuedvye

*' it lten.t~~~e tau~ht. .-\If mar elf'C'trtc telrgrapb

•1• mp.t."Wft ebenltiP, Y'"It!h'"a"nUd~aJ•t.rnai.-ntiscrr•

imt. rt

But, ouarltt

J'Oar corre. ~~,~~=~~~~~~~<
rather to.be 10

cnntri'""l "" to facililah.• r~ .......sre t.rom u,......lllllllll...~"lr.!.llllll..

lod alaoulcl be ODDdlalll.-.1 boriaoa&aliT &o d&tt DUU'Citl
aacl tlld tiUIIMil nnleallr cloWD'IRI'Il utU &be ..a aa.
&Jae wa&er .. dowp M l&a lvw.t.& luYOJ. ·Tiae laorbDDt.al
id t1ut lod mar w bllrit.<d l• • l&ralWD ql poudud cLar.

hnildinar tra th~ n•l and tlu~nno to the atmnepherv,
~·.-.~·· art·l ""'·rt';..,l." rr Jl'', "'' ,.. have: our lhrhcniaJC
J"'~l& Jaicl with uur t."OUr.ot.,. of brick llr cfapbu.J"'lll,
an•llltil"ltincz th"'nr.ch mar rnof.ot wtth one tSad ia tit«'

uulub...., Tlw IUtl .W.t&lcl bu piMud, iD prwlereaae, ua ..

bttiltlinr.c llllll thr• utlll'r llltt ; for, in that Jneiunn,

W4ll& lide or. Uw INaildbalf. A rocl of d&la kla.l mar bat

tht•V ~ouhl ••••rlllinh· nuarh ln•:lt•r fao•ilhat•• tht." fl"''t"

up br aa ...uaar, blackamitb. Tlut lOll Ia '1.-lua 1e ia WI.•~~ J~Jte fruna thf' . lmiJeliiiJC tn the ntiiiOIIJiftt•J"'", and

ac$::Gitluce wilb o11r laaUtllluaowJwp ol aU tbe f'acta ol "'Atllellll~nl imt•roftllll'a&a oa i& aN wurtbh-. ud. .. an t•IQPOIIIICI bJ dwle wbo uu ha& •ligla&IJ
•ctltllalla&4MI witll tho ahjt.-ct.

ft,o .._ , . , . . , ,
lt i>' tnat• tfuat ''t'lll'l"'•nr,. nf ••lt-.•tririty aN oonthlualh· ri"~ul~ttinsr rhrmtJ:h ma_.,. nf mllttf!r In a rare·
fir·.'l !Ot&tP.,." awl "~ "'' eloin~ot r•·rf'nrm a ,.....,. uaetw

nlftrl', an•l '"'' llt.,.,J nn lir.chtninr.c J"'MIII tn rid Ita o(

,,r tho· frir•nrl, hut wlu-n it cnmr!l in l••lt.l', nn ftbo out- 1.,.,M-.;,,;a>II:'"••LMI~~~"''Il'
11i•l•• nnr '""·llin&..,., thrn """ l•n•ft•r tn "'tCrJM"'l' """'" "nll!ltrtu·tinn" In itM lllltlflftfoCI! inrn th~ dwell·

inr.c. ·

\

f t•Annnt I'IIIIC't•i\'o• II( Rn~· llJI\IIII'I'tea-lQCOM('t'r•

lnll "lhthtnin:: rud '"'' .-rcty •·ah·... \Ve !:enainlr

~:l:li~~£;1.' do nnt ~n··mtr• t•lt.,·trit'itv In nur tlwrDinga In

,.,...;:;;l~iiiiiiiiil-.:~·~-=dan&e"'V"" •tuantitit'!',"" a l~•ilrr clrM.,. et~arn. and lC

, .....r....:::;;r..:z.~O!.

W'l' tiltl I 14hnulol \\'Rnt tho• Mfl't\' \'1\h'l' nn cmductora

te..tinsr It nut ... lliiO\'t• tlUiliCf'!ltl'll. and nntAGapled on liiiii'<O-'"............

th•~ nulf'i•lt• mt•n·lr. It .-mal•l ""''"' that a~htning

mrt "hunld l~t• narhrr a Mlth•ht than a vai\'P utl to

not luulatP it i~ tn h•\"1! it ,.., thiat the tA maY

it. Jlt'D"tratl' it 1\n•J ,,,, olalltl\lf1' IM-,rnnd

I~ l~t tru~.

.. u hr tPll" ttfl, that tlw mel 11hnultl 1,e hroaght in Iii::~~.·~=--~~-.-~.,.,.. .,,-~

· "nlt'tallir ~nntart" •rith llll intpnrtant metaOic aub-

tttanl'M nn th~ nut.ooi•l•! nf thl' btftt'lllnsr. But wbr f

1~~~~~,r ~imf'IY IIO'I'IIttlll' th•· rntl will ho!'rr.IIP.\"00 thtreby of

•

''" 'lllal'h ........,ri,.itr "" will ,... "'"tnirrrl '" rharJ:e

..._,,.,. "'"~•1. ·'""' - llltt·ntl l'"i"~" ,..n..~.. t~·t ~ by

til~lutri-'1Rll ""~· ,.,...rt, ...t fmm tt ; bnt •f lntt tht"Or.r

ill ,..,rr...·t. whv n"t o·nnn•..·t thl' ""' with • i t !tin till' h;m,... au& Wt•IIIUI otlt..idt!'!

1tn~ m~tala
~

l'ru(. """'~"" ~fltnn, lalt• ur Antioch t'olll' c.o, than

whom tlaP"• i~ Rll hir.clf'' 1\uthority nn thie ubj~t.l!!!~'!::l~~

-!8, "Th" ultl rnt•tltt•iluf rutPninl( tht' to the

lttJUIIfl by an lJ"')n lt&f'IP, i11 a clil'l'et invita\ion. or

w.- rather a dii'I'Ct. ~mamand, to the lir.chtnin'gt ~omo

in; artd whr.n it dnt'tt come in.

all kno what

~~~~ll)ditliltwrtit.'R it taake~~. Eleetrir.ity, lndl"ed, is v luable,

j il• intlill~nMhJn·tn all our th..l'llingt~~, but nn~ln the
form uf bolr.t."

Boat, ~tr. 1-:0iitnr, whilr~ f tlu111 ~trgu,. fur in..olatlon,

"".! I Wlltthl

nti!•lt'lul, llnd, th•"''"~· Mf I ~o not

n4 mt..n J:la""' rin~"· l•ln nut I'Ainllidl'r ~tny lUI in·

141llatt,.l whirh run.. thl'fonah J:IIIMfl, for, wlala.•n the
ek..-tril"it~· '''"'~~'"Y~ rh•• lliiUIII, ""it itt'"'" tnt if in
tl1P ftJrm of '"'h". tlll'n tho~ "'"I immf'fliAtl'l\' 111 in rllDtact with till' "'""'" whi•·h lu~lct the gl-"", and bftonmt'ft, in fu•·t. a Ml&J•I~l J"'xl, anel th., nt"nld" are

fttll O( diMIIMtt!rlo nUJ..,lfl loy 1111rh 1'<11111: indeoo,1Jtt.'Orle

Neiag tlacir failuJ"'''I, and hnll..vin&( them t1 he, "" they aM frCI&erally r.allrd, li~rhtnin&( ,.,..,,,., haVP. mme
to be ekeptlt'&l to( the vahaP. or all rory.

••r• Dr. llelaeJia.

ef LlaiiiDIDire tb• JI«At~nk•' Jl~•~. b:&JP.D~

note to tbe Academy ot Selenc:e•.t on the falmlnatlnc

ro•~r ol bo Ilea receotlr atraek by llgbtalag. and ot

aear whicb be a.J.lu(ft t • nawt:lhL! inlt&aeel. .0. ''• o(JCUMIS.S&. a IUD WU tiZkd bJ' lia-ta&IIJac Ganlea oa Pbau at Paril; tbe bodJ' I"88UUII•J

tor fiOme lime e%pOMd to a pouriag rabl. Alter the

atorm two IOidierl.la atlalptiag to wt ap Uae bodr,

rec:el"td two liolelltlhocb. .Ia Uaeotlaer~ nkta

I

•at ~~-D~malla,!lWO ~··

bsd bela oNfted to lei. ap! agaiD Ia tbelr fonDe

n• .~~~~~~~!~dopwla"fts

two telegraphic J'OI(a ibst bad •luring a .llorm; toOk hold

bMa tlarowa
ot · dMt cere.

~....,..~

,s"tTorampb,.lcthweriree.wuA~ltbmoaa,e;bb let.ted.ridtwtJolebtot tnbnat:atfMtermtb.tae==;;::~j- -l=~;~-i.!,-j...~~,;.,~o~~--~~

fint. tspf'rint:N a rew alight iboeU. :aa•l tbft a,.

hoth thi'OW11 to tbe ground. :The f.landa or both·wmt'

•bo• •lgn.• acorebed. Uti ooe ot tbecn did: not eftS tor '~i',tiiiM'

aar

or Uf~ .. '!'be' oaber, ia alt4'111pdft!r ••, ·

J!:el 11p,· ant tlowa a;;atn. an~l.lft 10 doing

.

comrade. who was eomlng to.h;l:J uslst:an~, witlt·hi:J·.
elbOw•. ·no third ma was th•n throwtt.tlown Ia hli
tum, experieace.l .YUIO.. nen-ous eft'&.tetl, and bi.4 0'411~~~...ai~~~~-4~

I!'II"'..A. .~·arm ,.... marke.t witb a hard at the fpot, wbeftl be

ha..t IH!en tonche.l br the ntbqr maR'• elbow.

\V ,,_•._,.,..

.....r······- Xle~ eart- eal M-a...-rl•••••

,\,.tmal:olaiea.: u i~t tint flh·t uf tbu L'ttttCt•aaU'IUlnta ut alae, t•nwer ul a li,:lotuhat;-lla..la ihln a auhuatu latt•n•l, V1•t u wuiule~rlul
'" at. ••·'-h·a & u uf ll~~t •·utla'at ""'''"'" •llt·ctud la7 h, wall loU· i~~=~~:~~;:~~~~~i;i~i~~~,..···aa ' "'" fur•• a•uloht..llu..·..lu: UnAwh~a·tht·It'Ulultlf"&'arlie'hu·"r"'•l'Uufihotbi•ut• wurfiha·r.aalut··lvit....rhI·•l·y· ,~._• •,
"U"l"'"'''"' au•tt•u•lic uo•t'lllt• 10urruauadl.d li7 a'"'" "' ''"1'1"''
~ wirt•, thrma.:-1• ~hie·la a e·urr•·ul uf a•lt•o·Uil'l!yt·•• ,,..... ; wlaua. 1:!"1111... •~"•""' ,.,.,., thi.. ,,.,..,..:•· ,.a,.,.,. a••••·•• the• llt'o·•ll•• r•t•iolly tuna• anauu•l

if,. I"'"'' "' ,...,.,.......i•tta. ·nai• l•·iutt aua•l•·r:-i•..•l. I a·uuaao·e·tt..l

j!~~~~~l;~~:r~~~i~~;~~;~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~ '""'"' "''"'"~''"' tlol' "ito• ul aa ~·h·ououattt·h·r wiah alu• wah·r t•itot':t uf IS.hiauurt•, ·~ 'llsji{c;JTiilt\:cmae~:ti;~li!~(1:htiP.i~l~b~iii;fy~[imid~2~ ...., 11"' "'1"'' ,.,,,, "' 11••· ··uil ~··"' .iuitu·•l "' • t;ll:t t•it"' ,., • ..:~a.--.;.••!11"'..:-.

lio· p~ahi·utaatluu· f

o·lo·t•Hio•

llIl''f'\"'t'llulPltth•o·U• 'dIIlI·\;·l.

11
I&TWl.oayut"lo"ro\·'ea·u•tlutial•·••taallu

ala.. uur&la ,..,.,.,, I•• ala.. ,,..,..,\'l,ir, lllt<l llllltiU "" lllllll1 l!t tlaat
.,,.., ••••I ••••Uiu·a•lto\'t•r tlu• •·ity.•\ llauaoole·r aoturua ~·•• raichal(

&I tlat• lt111r, Ill lilt Jfft'lll lA oliaottAIII'II ill ll111 bllftla lb&t ulll)' llll!
I 1 ". . . .,.,.,. . . . . . " '·. . . . ,. ""· illumhaaduaa ul '"" o·luaa•l• tut.l wl...a a dll»la ·-·,·~arred. Yo:l,
I~:J:~:::~~=~~~~~:.:~~~~ :::~=~~!~~~~rn~~~~~-~~ de·r&o·d tlaruu.:la '"" ur lwt•uty tlo•gro:...l.l.i'U•'II'lul•-tw·o..tt.e.t.".u.r.r.a.•,a..-..u.1.1 wt•ru aluu&hauuuua, •t•tt~~ro·utly, f••r I ecal&lll d ..tect au• ali

t.·aacu laa tb11 ha:ttaaat ul &laa:lr llallllilu~talittu.

..r-w qaoee from LfOJlla bla

rod ehould nua

dae wbole

'l~J•Iillllll~' ridp." -~ich.lf dut rldp Ia l.wel.

pi-......._ dae lanJa&oN wbere

will haYe to•nua ap JaUL •No lliitou
COllie IJOra data. prDYidbl« dae rod ....

tWrr to

&U cbatp. lna& 11.-, It wW l1111lD e11tr' .,...J

,lll'ek ...._ o&Jaer rn.d to &be ..........

'lt&aDcelt nf &hla tlH haYe eiome ud~

~ &IOD. Thtt 1DIM& tieqlll'll& ue thOII8 on ...........-.d~
ua.,. ba all otlltw bnweeD &be maio

Une, &be wire I• bJOatrftt Ia at &be

Y~~~~~~··r.~~ ....-. -.- ..A ...-~.

.

ID'f, and.
ICitlla •f

I'IIDaUa,r tral fee

l

alonw aev wheN the

&be lutNDIIPftt;.,,.....:~o.l.ll.: eat-oft:

Wled to detach the lllii&I"UUIl•& dartarr a

. . _ Ucl thea rotuaa. Unally the wif1t! in th•·

odlce 18 OIWI'PW aad lllllall~ &baa .th.. bon rl.,.. .......

side.

.

•

.

Now the et"eet of a hea.y e&roke on th~ Jiltt" ,,. •·-~ uually thie: If it autk• a pole &nt. thr top aiiO\·..
aad below the iuulator. Ia brokn, pert It( thoo
. ell.arlp goN dowa &be pole, the rNt. srot..l .,. th,.
.~~~o."'r....-::l~.~ wire. and if i& doe. aoc mel& the "Wift' bet.....,.. thtpolN aad jump mr, it wtll break• thf' aest J•ll" ,_

- J low tho hwulator. llbowiag thac &lao wire multi nut ---~ I earrr all th~ eftarge Whell thent Wq &ftyt.'hinl( tn
jump to. &m~tfma half a doztoa pnl.-. will 11huw
the eft'eet of thla lingle RI'Oke, aad 11till titc• wirw•
wi.U have all i& C'&ll carry. The fim ,ftln• tiai11 _.,.,. ~·~nllll:ll'•~~o..., lato i& wiU jump from the coprer wire to th~ l.'!'fmnd
l'""""'"d wile. aomeUma. a couple ol feet. OJ~ratcn ha\'oo
• teamed thia IIIICI'e& and ·a.aaally haTe the
~. .·~.~ ~~-'~~~ wiYreodvOcH:otnowthpefteduftt.tortfrt..a·--:0:-:h-:-lo.--:-la~!'-o.-1-J,.;..ij•-n-·,-ht. ~~

.~~~~~--iii!
. _ 1 " ....-..-;::;·

hi~ Ia -r-aldag about lanlatloa, u l beUe,-e It 'dflf'll

gDo~oldnrbrutt~reatrhoedr

lajary; to the

bat I gatte

df!i!r with n, apoata,

in mn. «-tr.jl.illhl·

rt~~"-iC:oDdDI:C

._.._..-•

DID~ dna t M'ID to care how far It ~ in ~l'ttin.:

to &he earth pro'ridlng it hu a good road til tra\"ool.

Lu& 111111liDer our school houe wu etrut"l. n... ~~~ liiaoe,

rod wu ia·coatact witb tlae jfUtter, J•rt u( h w•·nt •.-:..o...-.::::~~~ ....

oa thu c:oaduetor to &be O.tt•m aad bam it. j

To aecuro a hoWIO apiut dCflt'l'ndinK ancl 1111
eendfarr atrokre_ I would ran lltri(lll of mtiJ--r
l'"mli. ~ov:;4._._ HCb mraer of the building, under the •icllaff, the roo( boarda aad Wider the abialfiN. and nate them with a poiat at ~he •ode of thP riel!~\'. Theae, iu good coancctioa with tbn ground. ''"ill ,.... care the hoWM> ~DB all ue.adiarr "'"'k•~: "'ill I would baTe a aood rod, the btoet and c:ht•&~-' uf · which ie a 11111alliroa •ble. half or th,.....•Jn•rt~l'll"'
an loeb ia diameter, with a ate.tl rolar. all

black aad •piked to the bulldlnll with ..rart.... an•

de.eendlall all the way from thu )JOint In tl•• grouad.

h would bo a good plan to Jaa,·o the tin

or c:oaaeeted with the ground with a to •Te &he c:IR8ra.

1.-eoa, Ill., Sept. 10, 1868.

Philadelphia. Aug.

P. S.. After finishlA$t thla paper, I found &D

c!.ol &A at"ri&l TOJ'&~ am'da_cr the doada 4a.ri.ag thtm_. s101'::2, made iD Ohio.lD 1&2. by llr. \\-... lD

whlcli !:&e b.i·cXaace \0 Ol.erT-e the ~ bY elec1r..ci~y•.Or.~~ whirlwiA4 or comafp.. sed

a!Jo of h&if·noa& A. bail .torm is acbo.,edged.

·~~~~~~;:~~'-i~~~~~~~
.,.11(\,.,.._~-11!!._'.•~~

lou~
Ding

argood,sioh.ba,e·o

ube

eelneestruigc gpehstt'e1dlomt oenbooli.

raani8~edUoguh~a.,f_f.5..:...1_1,..1_1...... ~

•r~O::..::!oif.··:"'':i~~"' kind oC tclegr.ph poles, at regular dlatances:'·in

districta subjected to destruc:tiT"e hail .tormsJ Tb.....

are Wd to be ~'1· ud lD eomo loc:all

fec1.11 IUttee~fuL

-

P. H. . \V.

"I" J~~,.~~~'T~H-O-U~G~tH~T~S-O·:N ~CO~SM~.I:C;~lA- L·~ELECTR1CITY.1

,

BY PBOF. BLDilJ TBOIISON.

. . . . PBoF. TBOJISOlf pref&eed his remarks by statiDg that it wu not
his iutention to g!ve an illustrated popular lecture, but rather to

--.~-..

. . .iiiliJ!

reeent to 'the Electrical Section of the lnetitute a number of lhoughta which had come to him, and which mut be regarded

----=~·-

u ill the nature of aoeculationa or guHBeL He bad attempled to

apply knoWD prillciples to conditions of the heavenly bpdies, and

he thought there was much to learn in thia fteld. Beginnillg with the cOnaideration that u we riae from the

earth's surface to dUferent altidudes there appears to be a gradual ,..•. _,_., increue of potentlal .~th respect .to the ground, such thal at a
thou.&Uld feet. u at the top of the Ei1fel tower, there may be 10,-

000 volta di.lterence between the air at the top and the surface, he

1tu18d1eUa.i,Daedntdhtalt}at~hiast d2i01foerre3n0cemmileige htthiencpreoatseeana~wdei1refearcehncheigmhiagl~tit· ···~~!C~-":

amount to a lnillion vola. mora or leu. ThiS would seem to iudi- ~.-.- .......,lr

. -- cate the poiilealiion of .a poei~•e ·charge ~y the higher layen of the

atmoa that a

pher par

ee.:.p1 .sRceoUs~ldtecda;tr,r)aewceh~a.rgte.hoaft

1t had.D~tyet ~n proved electnmty, and Qlltanced

the cue of a drop of water 8Uipended iD the air lmd charged to a ~ pc)fielltial ; if the air were dry and the drop evaporated, the

i:ise potential would gradually until, when it was entirely evapora

ated, the potential would be infinite. This COIISideradon would be baaed on the fact, if iti be a fact. that llquida in evaporating do Dot part with their electricity. The increued pofielltial of the drop, however, might have other e1fecta, such u the repulaioll of its particles and ita di'rilion illto an utremely comminuted state. ~:~n evaporation to pure vapor the electricity must go some-

liD I1u.t:~ltbulteen. cl'tlaodf aa1r.eai)teucreeadaebUeYr eun.dtbaefore tbe E1eccrica1 Sea&.lOD ot tbe Fr&Dk·.

~ter s~tiag the nature of the electrical charge u dependent

~utpyoina

capac1ty and potential, be showed that dimiuiahed, the potential with a given

whenever amount of

the capacelectricity

·rises. and vice vel'l&; but weDt on to state that attraction and

t
E.\..~ ,.~,1,,
~~ ~I ·

repulaioD, and other phenomena could be explained by the gen·l' eriU tendency of all bodies to iDcreaaed capacity. He adduced

CODaideratioDa going to show that there waa a relative repulsion

betwef>n liquid charges of electricity besides the attraction be.

tween opposite charges, aDd that therefore, the lines of electro. static stress would agree with those of ~etism ill their tend· ~ ency to shorten and also to spread laterally.

He then took up the questioD aa to whether a perfect vacuum

ia, or is not, a conductor of electricity and brought forward the

results of recent iuvestiptioDs as showing that an ucellent

vacuum ia Dot a conductor. but on the otlier band ill the DlOit

perfect iaaulator. TaldDg thill in connection with the fact that deDse air ia a good insulator. that rarefied gaa ill a fair conductr,

and that the earth

the to a

solid huge

cboooddyeollfllethr e~ea~rth~iaa ·a c

onductor, poeitift c

he compared harge in the

outer I!Yen. while the earth itself might be leu positive or nega-

tive. UsiDg the results of Prot. Rowland's works on the movement of a charged body ~iviDg rise to magnetism, and the priD· ciple of an air condenser, he pu' forward the idea that the ~. being a huge rotatillg condenser wi&.h a positive ~ in the

. - .:
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~
.,

upper layers of the atmosphere and negative charge at the ground, it would neceuarily follow that the magnetism could be

• ~~

developed in the region between this upper layer and the earth ~.,.:

by the rotation of these charges. He then traced the actual direction of the magnetism which

-~_A~,

would be produced, findiDg that the direction was the proper one to accord with facts and that the compass Deedle indicates the

.-,-~,:~:

direction. He reverted to the idea which had come to him that lill":~w

r '-' po11ibly thunder storms were in a measure due to 1Jawa in the

deDse air as thoughts on

a th

dielectric is subject.

anHd eedxrpelwainaettdenitniodnettaoilt,hesocmoe~wuheant,cehiaa

,~~ ...t.!t-·~'

which would follow the poSBeSSion by a mass of nebulous gaa of

~

a charge of electricity; th~ if insulated in apace, would, u ita ~.~...;,

volumes dimillished by the radiation of heat and condenaation, ~~"·~....•

gradually iucrease in potential. however amall the charge origi· '-

nally possessed. The sun might, therefore, be a charged body

having a relatively high potential, which potential would uDdergo elevation on further condensation. He put forward, u a thought

~ .,

on this subject, a possible explanation of the solar periods as due ~

to Alectrical states, the san reaching a certain potential and then ~

by the repulsion of small electrified particles losiDg that potential ~

by the passing of the coronal stream, and not only a part of the ,...•.)c charge which it possessed, but also a coDaiderable amount of the ~ charged material which might be encountered by the earth in ita · •

movement around the sun, and so gave rise to an auroral display. ~ .... He showed that the action woald necessarily be the periodic one. ~ ,

He showed the tendency of electrified bedies to lose their charge, especially in the presence of rays of light aud the higher rays of

~ ~­•. ·

the spectrum, and thought that .this action might possibly have

aome relation to the possession of and disposition of charges by

~

the heavenly bodies.

·

He conciaded the lecture by stating that it was possible, in I> ~

his opinion, that temporary stars. that is, stars becoming visible ;

aad then farling away, might therefore be explained on an elec-

. .·'.j trical hypothesis, viz., that charged bodies possessing a di1ference

of electrical potential when they approach near enough might

gexivcihnagnrgieseetleocatruicniitfyorbmeittwyeoefncthhaermgeseolnvetsheoinr lethaevignrgaenadcehstostchaeler;,

~,J~~~~:~
•ollf w

that this would naturc~.lly be done in a vast display which would

only last for a moment of time. He stated in' conclusion that

these were only thoughts after all, bat such as he believed would ~

~ be of interest to the members of the Section.

,_~_)1

-I~II~TAI
No. 1.096.

J. S. BARBER. Lightning Rod.

Patented March 5, 1839.

- - --------·'
. 11~111-r~tllll-------illr~~ll~l

- ·- I ~11~11-------III~TAJI 1~1 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOS. S. BARBER, OF GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE LIGHTNING-RODS FOR PROTECTING BUILDINGS, &c., FROM THE EFFECTS OF ,- LIGHTNING.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 1,098, dated Xarch 5, 1~39.

To a.lZ wluma tt may concern:

sta1f is to be applied to some suitable part of

Be it known that I, J OSEPB: S. BAB.BEB, of the top of a house or other building, as repre-

Gloucester, Essex county, State of Massachu- sented in Fig. 2. Between the top of the staft"

setts, have invented new and useful impro,·e- C and the shoulder D (through which the rod

ments on the modes generally practiced of passes) there may be interposed a quantity

protecting buildingsor other property from the of resin, through which the rod B also passes

destructive effects of lightning, of which the into the staff, the resin being a more perfect

following is a specification.

non-conductor, and thereby more e1lectual1y

liyimprovements, the principles thereof, the protecting the building to which the apparatus

manner in which I have coutemplated the ap- is attached. The electricity being attracted

•plicationof those principles by which the same from a cloud by the points B will be dispersed

may be distinguished from other inventions, or disseminated through the atmosphere by

together with those parts, improvements, or the points of the metallic lea\"'es b b b b, the

combinations I claim as-my inventions and stn.ff or non-conductor C preventing the fluid

discoveries, I have hereinafter Setforth and de- from injuri11g the building.

scribed, which description, taken in connection Should one of the above apparatus not be

with the accompanying dra\vings herein re- deemellsufficient to protectany house on which

ferred to, forms my specification.

the same may be erected, two or more may be

Figure 1 represents a view of my invention. used, which, in order to diffuse the lightning

Fig. !! will serve to show its application to a more etfectually should it strike either, may be

bualtling and its mode of operation. ·

connected by a wire or wires extending from

A is ~• hollow paraboloid or othe1· suitable the metallic body of one to that of the other.

shaped body, constructed of copper or any Having thus described my improvements, I

good conducting metal, having attached to its shall claim as my invention as follO\vs, viz:

10\l"Cr side any desirable number of lea\"'ed, A paraboloill, constntcted as above described,

notched, or pointetl pieces of metal, b b b b, and its combination with a set of branching

shaped and ·arranged as seen iu the drawings, wire points in the manner abo\"'e <le~cribed, and

or otherwise properly formed to answer their for the purpose abo\~e set forth.

iutentlet.l purposes.

In testimony that the abo,·e is a true de-

To the tot> of the body A. a set of branching scription of my said in\"'eotion and impro,·e·

\fire points (of any conduct.ing metal) is fb:ed, ments I have hereto set my band this 14th day

as seen at B, Fig. 1, constructed as there rep- of July, in the year 1838.

resented, or in any other suitable manner.

JOS. S. BA.RBER. [L. s.]

The whole of the above apparatus is to be Witnesses:

mounted on a long staff of wood, C, or other

R. H. EDDY,

proper non-conductorofthe electric tloid, wbich

EZRA LINCOLN, Jr.

- - ll~llr;r~~~·----------11 r;r~~,.,.,.

-1~11~1
No. 4,807.

R. L'ANGLAIS. Lightning-Rod Insulator.

· - I~TL!lll~

--
Patented Oct. 7, 1846.

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ll~llrrr~tll-1------•lrr~~ll,.l

- ·- I ~~~~~ll--------111~~~~~ UNITED STATES PATENT 0FFJCEo

RtN:S L'AYGL.AIS, 0~, ASSUMPTION COUNTY, LOUISIANA. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING·CONOUCTO.RS.

Specification forming p~ of Letters Paten"i No. 4,801', dated October 3, 1~6.

To aU r.cl,mn it may concern:

C represents the conductor. This conductor

Be it known that I, RENE L'ANGLAIS, of is made of seYeral kinds of metals. 'rhe upper

Paincourt\"ille, Assumt)tiou county, State or part, c', is matte of platina, to resist the shock

Loaisiaua, lun·e in,·eutetl a ne\V aud Useful of the electric 1luid when struck on the point.

Electrical Conductor, which is described as C1 is composed of copper, to lessen the shock

follows, rcfet-ence being bad to the annexed on the iron rod.

·

drawings of the $am.-, making part of this C3 is the iron rod or conductor for condact-

speciftcation:

ing the ft.aill to the chain leading to tbe earth.

Figure 1 i:i au ele,·ation of the conductor. C4 is the chain or conductor.

·

Fig. 2 is a plan of one of the ghtss isolators. The sections c' tP lfl are united by dowel-pins

I Fig. 3 is a vertical section of ditto.

P, Jet ioto corresponding boles borell in Lhe

I A represents the frame for supporting the entlsoffhesectiousret)reseuted by dotted lines.

conductor and isolators. This frame ~s made D are the arms that (>ass at right aogles

of metal in the form revreseoted in Fig. 1 or through the conductor, and which rest in the

of any suitable and con\'"enient form, and is recesses of the isolators aforesaid, for support-

secured to the top or the roorby screws, bolts, ing the rod or conductor in the centers of the

or other fastenings.

openings in the isolators.

B· are the cylindrical glass i~olators placed j ll4 is an isolator for sustaining the lower

in the frame for sustaining the conductor in section of the conductor and pre,·euting it from

its proper position. Each isolator is made 1 touching the roof.

with a cylindrical opening in the center of 1 What I claim as my invention, and desire

greater diameter than the conductor, which to secare by Letters Patent, is-

passes through said opening ''"ithout touching The manner of constructing tbe glass isola-

any part of the isolator. A recess, B', is tors with sboultlers aod cylindrical recesses, in

formed in the upper end of the isolator tore· themanuerandforth~purposeabo\'"etlescribed,

ceh·e a pin or arm, D, of a oon·conducting in combination with tbe frame and rod con·

material, that passes through the rod or con· strnc~ed as above set forth.

doctor at t•ight angles thereto, and which sus- 1

taios the upper sections of the conductor in a 'I .

R£:8f: L'.ANG LAIS.

I \'"ertical position and pre,·ents the conductor

from touching the isolator. The lower end of the isolator is reduced in diameter to form

1

~Vituesses:
w~. P. ELLIOT,

shoulders B3, to rest upon the horizontal bars

A. E. H. JOHNSON.

A2 of the frame.

- - .. ~-~llr:r~~~~ ---------11 rY~~II,.I

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No. 8,930.

J. SPRATT. Lightning Rod.

1£ ~ ,

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-. . Patented May 4, 1852.

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~~--============~

I~ ~~==========~~=~

~

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UNITED STATES pATENT OFFICE.

JAMES SPRATT, OF OINCINNATI, OHIO. IMPROVEMENT IN LIQHTNINQ·RODS.

S1•ecifieation forming part of Letters Patent No. 8,930, dated lfay4, 1@52.

fo all 1r/wtl& it may cmaceru:

is left unscathed and J>erfect. Thus, by meaoa

Be it known tbat I, J~HES ~PRATT, of Cin- ora sufficient uumberoflayers-say from three

tt'(rn,•)·thtii~

in the hn\"e

county of invented

Harutlton and State new and useful Irn-

to four-a point may be made capable of aor,·h·ing as many extraordinary shocks as any

010n!lll~Uts in the Points of Lightning-Rods, one point is likely to encounter, at least during

~(which the followi~g is a •eciftca~ion.

tlae existence of any kind of rcxl such as now

The ol~je,~t of my 1mpr?vement.s rs ~o pa·o- in use.

tide against the destructiOn of hghtnmg-rod The number of laye1·s way ''ary from two

roiuts by melting, as they not unfrequently do, to three, or upward, according to the desired

(nlm the suclden ovPrcharge of tbe electric completeness of the instrument, but the fol-

rurIrJe:nn·ti.n~, iu the course of Heveral):ears' ex-

lowing I hal·e found suitable: Tile innermost point may be of steel, which may be incased

.1.,rieru~e Ill the '!launfllcture and set~mg tlJl or in brass, the brass in zinc, and, lastly, the zinc

•Jhtning-rods, frequently obsen•etl mstances may be coated with the alloy of platinum, sil-

of tle~trnction of the points by lightning, and ver, &c., formerly 1>atented by me, which is a

....-ollecting that .some time p_rel"ious a J)oint sopea·ior conducting mec.liunt, and capable of

(onurtl of ~mccesst\"e layen of •ron, bras~, and receiving and preser,·ing a higb finish. Each

ror'tia wl.Jich I bud set np in an isolated position layer should be about from one-sixteenth to e~periment, being soon after struck b.v one-eighth of au inch thick, ancl way be cast

lightning, the outer co,..ering of tin melted o.tf', onto the preceding one.

lfariug -the brass entirely unaft"ected ; and In the annexed drawings the rod is shown

10~qucntly, during the same sea\son, receh·- in section, manufactured as abol"e described.

iatt ;auother shock, the brass wa.~ melted off Having thus fully tlescribed the nature of

from the il·on, which, in its turn, was also left my improvement, what I claim therein as new,

•ntir(>, [ was led to the plan of forming my and desire to sec01·e by Letters Patent, is-

pointg uf a unauber of metals incased one The formation of the point of a lightning-

within another, the most fusible to the out. .rod, of three or more metals, incased one \vithin

aidc.a. 'fhe etfect of this arrangement is that another, the most fusible to the outside, in or-

&be fusing action of an excessh·e shock oflight- der to (,re\•ent the destruction of the eutire

aillg is confined to the outer metallic layer or point by melting from an overcharge of the

ru:ating, which iu tfowing may be saifl to carry electric tluid.

cbe electric tluid with it, or rather perhaps it In testimony \vhereof I ha\"e hereunto set

l'f'Ct'in•s in the act of melting au accession to my ball(l before two subscribing witnesses.

alA comlucting powers; but whate,·er may be

J Al\fES SPRATT.

Cb@ true scientific solution of the phenomenon, \Vitnesses:

tbe fact iK demonstratecl by experience that at'-

GEO. H. KNIGHT,

tfr the melting of oue lay(>r t.he next below it

EDWARD H. KNIGH'l'.

~

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~~====~~---------4

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No. 11,261.

A. 'LYON. Lightning Rod.

~ ~

~

I

Patented July 11. 1854.

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~=·~~============~

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

AMOS LYON, OF WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS. IMPROVEMENT IN LIQHTNINO·RODS.

Specification t"ormiug part of Letters Patent No. J J,~SI, dated July 11, 1854.

To allt.CkOt~& it 'fiUl,'J em&eerA:

·

entire length of this rod I cut in upon its edges,

Be it known that, I, Alios LYON, of Wor- with shears, in such manner that needle-like

cester, in the county of Worcester and State points are presented in di1ferent directions, as

of Massachnsetta, hal"'e invented a new an im- may be seen in drawing No. 1, from letters H

proved mode of constructing lightning-rods to C. The ·points are intended to receive or

and of attaching the same tO buildings; and I break up the force of a current of electricity

do hereby declare the following to be a full and in its passage to or from the enrtb.

e~act description thereof, reference being had In adjusting this rod to buildings where the

to the accompanying drawings, and the let- case requires it to be bent, I cot in upon op-

ters of reference marked .thereon.

posite sides aatJlcientJy near each other aml

The nature of my invention consista, mainly, deep enough to enable me to bend as I please.

in the nse of sheet-copper (on other metals to (See drawing No.1 at letter F.} I attach this

t>rodnce the same result) made in such a form rod to buildings by the use of blocks of Iig-

for a lightning-rod as to present to the electri- nnmvitm wood as non -conducting mediums,

cal atmosphere a proportionally large amount made in the following manner: I turn them

of surface with bot a smaller amount of metal out in a bell form about one and three-fourths

than is ordinarily used for the same purpose. inch in length, leaving the base about one

To enable others to make use of my inven- and a half inch and the other end about

tion, I will proceed to describe its construction one inch. Near each end I cat a groove of

and the manner of adjusting the rod to build· suitable size to admit of a wire fastening once

ings.

or more around. (See drawing No.2, as also

I take sheet-copper about the thickness of No.1 at letter D.} In winding on this wire I

sheathing or wash-boiler copper, 1lve feet long, have a pin upon opposite sides of the block,

more or less, and cut it into strips three~onrths around which I form the eye for a nail or screw

of an inch wide, or according to the size rod with which to fasten it to the building. At

I wish to make, one of which I leave in a fiat the smallest end of the block I wind a double

form, as may be seen in the accompanying wire and twist it on opposite sides, then pass

drawing No. 6. The other two I bend (in a the two wires around the rod and twist .ftrmly

machine for the purpose) at their center length· to the same. (See drawing No.1 at letter E.)

wise to an angle of sixty degrees, au end view These blocks I place about .ftve feet apart, or

of which may be seen at No.5. The two, when as often as may be reqnired to sustain the rod.

bent, I solder, the one upon one side of the 1lat What I clailn as my invention, nnd desire

piece, in spots about six inches apart, and the to secure by Letters Patent, is-

other upon the other side thereof, in the same The metallic surface lightning.-rod made in

manner as represented in drawing NQ. 7 at the form herein described, or in any and every

letter C. When tbns pot together six contin- form where sheet-copper, sheet brass or iron,

uous edges are presented eqoiclistant from (either of which may be coated with metal or

ench other.

not,} and where the surface is all or nearly all

This rod is made continuous throughout its exposed to the electrical atmosphere, and is

entire length, when adjusted npon a building, adapted to present points upon its edges

· by letting the ends lap in the manner repre- throughout its entire length, accoruiog to the

sented in drawings Nos. 3 and 4 and letters mode herein described.

B B. An opening being left in No.3 and a

A:liOS LYON.

tongue upon ;the end of No. 4, when pot to- Witnesses:

gether may be fastened by a wire, as is seen

DARING A. Woon,

in drawing No. 1 at letter B. Throughout the

LEWIS C. MUNN.

~
~-----------------

No. 25,077.

- ------·~~~~~~~ BALDWIN & PARKS~ Lightning Rod. Patented Aug. 9, 1859.

nr.
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- · - 11~11_~11----------llf¥•~11~

-11~11~~~1

- ~~~~~~~

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

L. S. BALDWUf AND LUCIUS PARKS, Ob, LEROY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNORS TO L. S. B.!.LDWIY.
IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF LIGHTNING-RODS.

Spec~tica.tion forming part of Letters Patent Yo. 23,01'1', dated August !>, 15'i0.

1'u all tdon& it may concern:

dart, E, the edges of which d tl, Fig. 4, are

Be it known that we, L. S. BALDWIN and made prominent by 1luting the sides. It is com-

LrciUS P.•uucs, of Le Roy, in the county of posed of copper, the surfaces being plated with

Li\'"ingston and State of Ye'v York, ha\"'e in- siln~r,and that part constituting the point with

,·ented certain new and useful Impro\·ements gold. Below the dart, near its place of con-

in the Construction of Lightning-Rods; and nection with the rod, a bulb, G, is provided,

we do hereby declare that the following is a which is hollow, and filled ''"ith a powerful

full and exact description thereof, reference loadstone magnet.

ueing bud to the accompanying t.lra,vings, in In the upper surface of the bulb are inserted

'""hich-

I the auxiliary points H, three in number, their

Figure 1 represents a \"'ertical elt!\"atiou of direction di\"'erging from tlw main pllint E,

a portion of our rod; Fig. 2, a cross-section aml their position relath·e to it equidistant be-

thereof; Fig. 3, au ele\·ation of points and sec· tween the angles d, so as to bring their line of

tion of the bulb K; Fig. 4, a plan ,~iew of the attraction to act intermediately, or upon a dif-

same.

fereut fiehl from that of the edges d. They

Similar letters refer to corresponding parts are made of steel, and become magnetized from

iu all of the figures.

being in contact at their lower ends with the

. To con~trnct our rotl we take a piece of sheet- magnet K, thus combining the intluence of

copper of suitable dimensions, and shape it by magnetism \vith the arrangement of the trip-

pa:;siug it through a machine for the purpose ple-edge pointed dart E anll auxiliary darts

into a quadrangular tube of the required ~ize, H, for presenting the most complete range of

~ny, about one-half or .fi\"'e-eightbs of au inch. attraction to the electl'ical atmosphere. Ex-

A :5econd operation by machinery con,·erts ib periment pro\·es that a greatly-increased pO\ver

plane faces into couca\·e or tluted sides ..-. \, Fig. of attraction is attained by these rneaus.

:!. It is then twistetl till it assumes the spiral The interior rod, B, is inserted iu the socket

torm sho'"'n in Fig. 1. It is then slipped o\·er li, which is made sufficiently long to afford a

au iron rod, B, of 11 .size just sufficient to till secure fastening, by which it is brought in con-

the aperture, which may be seen througb its met with the copper conducting-tube A.

center, aud which is apparently round, as the The whole combined forms a remarkably

eye foJio,vs into its depths, the interior or cou- strong nml efficient rod, and is cheaply made,

\·ex surfaces of tlle .fluted sides forming a. con· and cun be put togetller with unusual facility.

tiuuous spiru.l bearing on the surface of the \Ye am a'vare that a patent '"'a.s granted

rod. Thi~:~ secures great strength and stiffness liarch 30, lS:iS, on the in\·en tion of Oren White,

. i:;l.l': il!

to the couabinet.l rod, the four angles c of the consisting of iron wires enwrapped by sheettulle, together with its conca,·e side~:~, which copper, aml this we do uot claim; but we be-

bear against the iron, acting as braces to the lie\·e our method herein described is au im-

iutl·rior roc.J, the two mutually strengthening provement on said plan, both as regards the

each other.

gr~ater stiffness, as \\"ell as unobstructed con-

The space uetwedl the rml audits shank at ducting-surface in the space formed by. the

t>acla of the angles ser\·es to gh·e a greater su- angles c c, \t'ith a less amount of material.

perticial arc<L to the conducting capacity of the Therefore

copper, while, should that pro\"'e insufficient We claim-

for the amount of electricity present, the iron, The employment of a quadrangular tube of

as the nPxt best conductor, \fill receive the sur- sheet metal with spiral-fluted sides A, in com·

pins.

biuatiou with the straight central S'lpportiug-

1u joiuiug the pieces of the copper tubing, rod B, substantially in the manner and for the

one eml is slightly enlarged to receiYe that of purposes herein set forth.

ttuhl.eronuegxhtbpoiethc,e,prwe\h·ielne ttshtehreotp!oB.m,tb.l"y1. roemxtCb'eDcdoimng-

LL•UsU.IUll)S.:.\.LpADRn''rKlN.S;.; ..

ing disconnected. If joints are required in the

inner rod they should occur at points interme- Witnesses:

-ll~llr?Z..~II---------IIJY&~ll-l~ diate between those of the copper. Our principal·point consists of a triangular

E. C. ALLE~, I. ~I. FORE)IA.~.

-·I~II~VhJI
No. 47,310.

I. JOHNSON. Lightning Rod.

- I~VAIII~I
Patented April 18, 1865•

. i
I;
d

I
Jr~~s:se~ 4 . : "'
L//lu-· I~
~~.'W~- :;
'I
- - 11~11~111---------IIJ¥•~111~

-l~lliAYhJI

- 1~%111~1

uNITED ST.i\TES pATENT OFFICE.

ISAAC JOH~SOY, OF I~ODI ST....\TIO~, ILLI~OIS.

IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING·CONDUCTORS.

~pt-citi,·atiou forming part uf Lcttus Patent Xo. 4.1',310, tlnt£>cl Aprill~, l~tiiJ.

I 1;,H(e,I/

1rlwm it uw it known t

y concel"n: hat I, Isuc

JoHNSON,

of

The _use of ~opper fo~metl iu to. au an.gular tube w1th an Iron rocl m the mtddle 1s not

,;f1,uIlliliSntoaitsi,ohna,,i·ne

the county in,·ented a

of Kane ne'v and

antl State Itnpro,·ed

I

new in the selperal different prel"ious

pllrticulars inventions

here mentioned, showing one or

1i·•htnin~-Comluctor; antl I do hereby declare more of them; but the triangular torm, es.

1 j1~t
.11,11

the t'ullowing is a full and esact descripthereof, reference being bad to the accom·

1 pecially · merated

when including there,l'ith the~e enufeatures before separately known, pro-

;,auyiug drawings, making part of this ~tleci- duces aco~bined resul~ of con~tr~ctiou and ef-

rit'ation-

feet not before accomplished wtthm my knowl-

Fi;.:ure 1 l.>eing a. side·ele\"'ation of the upper edge; and I will proceed to point ont wherein

,1.11111r1imopfroa\""leitg.lhtmniaungn-ceor;ncFluigc.to2r,

constructed in a longitudinal

I propose to ba,·e produced no\"'elty of in,·eution and snperior usefulness of purpose tbere-

....;~tiun of th~ conductor through the joint of by in all respects consistent with one another.

rwu of the contiguous lengths of which the As shown in the drawings, I construct the ··nndnctor is composed; Fig. 3, ~• cross-section J tube A of strips of sheet-copper, folded by a,

of the eontlnctor through one of the joints. suitable machine or otherwise into a triangn-

I...il\t.' letters designate corresponding purts Jar tube, and the tube may be made of i.\ sin-

111 allnf the figures.

gle thickness of the sheet of copper, going

In the construction and application of light- once around, or of two thicknesses, the sccoud niu~·conc.luctors there are se\"'eral important toldecl in succession o\"'er tlle first or inner rt'(ll-tisites, of '"bich the most essential are, thickness, as shown in Fig~. !.! and 3, or of a. _,urlicient .-ouductiug capacity, the utmost dis- greater number, if desired. The angl~~ a a a

persin! capability, continuity of proper shape are made as sharp as practicable, unc.l to in-

t!Jroughont the entire length, the most sur- crease the acuteness thereof I beud or arch the fac~ an'I lei.l~t "·eight consistent with compact- sides c c c of the tube inwnr'-1 toward the cenne~s and conducting power, the necessary ter, as shown in Fig. 3. This arched or cou-

:ttreugth, rigidity, and durauilit.y, chea1mess ca,·e form also renders the ca,·ity of the tube

:aml readiness of construction, portability and much smaller, so thata small '"ire, C, is passed

conrenience in putting up. The best con- , through it aud fills it to the middle of the sides.

•luctor is one \Vhich best fulfills all of these and althoughitfttslooselyin the tni.Je,so as to

requisites without etfecting either ro the tletri· be readilyinsertedaml withdrawn, the inward-

ment of any other. The object of my iu,·entiou ly-archetl sides, whene,·crtllel'C is a tendency to

1stoattaiu these tent practicable.

n,h·antages

to

the

fnll<'st

ex·

I

bend or thereby

crush the rod, l.>ear a~ainst ~ustaining the shape and

the wire, securing

For the conducto1· I eruplos copper, wllich co~paratl\"ely great strength ami rigidity.

ts the best practical.>le material, iu sheet form, Tlu.s effect is much greater with the triaugn~~~ as to obttlin the required snrfaee, sufficient lar than with any other possible form, for not 111 size or qna11tity of rnetal to secure the full oul~· is the effect due to the arching as great ro~~tluctiug <!apacity, triangular in fi>rm or ~sIll any other form, bnt one angle is always

cross· sectiou, wberei.Jy the best tlispersi\'e 111 tlle direction of the straiu aml resists it by

po\\"t!t is attained and the greatest rigidity and a triangular brace, the strongest possible. A

strength are produced of which sheet metal spiral twist is generally gi,·en to the tube..:\., as ft)rming a tube is capaul~. The side:i arc also indicated in the drawings.

nmde more or less conca,·e or arching inward, The angles a a a of the triangle are more ~o as to render the angles wore acute and in- acut~ than those of any other polygonal forw, crea~~ the strength; an«< to complete the req- and 1t is well known that the sharper or more

nisite of strength, as '"ell as to furui.sh tbc acute the edges of a conductor the greater the l~st means of uniting the whole together, I power or facility to disperse or dissipate the ~xtend an iron wire through the entire length, electricity, and consequently the more effecto~ throug-h such portions as may require it, in-j ual to discharge it without injurious eft'ect to the

s1tle of the triangular tube.

building; but there is another principle arising

- - II~III!AVII--1-----IIJYAL~II,.I

-II~IJ~VhJI

- 11~v4111~1

.,,110

from and peculiar to the triangularform ofmach Thus all rivets, screws, and soldering ara lli~

~aloe in incrPasing the dispersive power of the pensed with and the joints are connect~J ail

conductor, and, besides, it is believed, increas· the more rapidly and with slight expense. LcS:a

ing the conducting capacity of the rod. This is obstruction to the currents of electricity is alSv

the greatly-increased etf'ect of induction pro- off'ered in this way. The conductors, likewiSt.

duced by tLe triangular form, or, by wbate~er are readily taken do,vn again and mo\·ed wlJetJ

theory tbe induction ofelectricity is explained, ever necessary, the method of uniting the sec

whether ofpositi~e and negati~e states orqoan- tionsaod the use of wire rendering them \"e~­

tities of one finid or of two kinds of electricity, easy to be again separated by band.

the fact is the same, that whenever there is au Another advantage of the triangular forUJ

excess or tension of electricity in anything or of conductor arises from its coon~ction \fith

part of anything there is always the opposite the point B. The triangular is obliously tll"

electric state produced in neighboring or op- best angular form which can be gh·en to tll"

posite things or parts of the same thing; point, fulfilling all the requisites of the Ue~t

hence, with the triangular form, since each qaietJy-receiringqoality. The triangular form

angle is opposite to the middle of a side, the of the conductor A enables the point B to lJt'

full indocth·e etf'ect is produced without di· inserted in or joined to it and ha\·e the edg~~

minishing or neutralizing the tension at the 4 a 4 of the conductor exactly continuous with

other angles of the conductor, whereas, with the edges b b b of the point, and the side~ t" r

the quadrangular or any other angular form c of the conductor continuous with the sitl~s J

II'

of conductor except the triangular, one angle il d of the point. This secures another ,·ery

is always e~actly or more nearly opposite to goo<l result, since it is known that a conductor

another angle, so that one more or less neutral· which has no breaks, ben<ls, nor obstruction~

izes the action of the other and a less tension in its surface is better and surer to concluct

orquantityoftheelectricityis possible. This electricity than those having such defects. increased tension in the angles of the trian- The socket-shank of the point B i~ in8ert~l

gular form increases the dispersh·e action of into the npper end of the tube .!., and ruuy lJe

the electricity, and there appears reason to be- secured therein by a rilet, f, Fig. 1, or in an.'

lieve that the whole conductor is th.ereby ren- other suitable manner.

dered capable of conducting a greater amount The triangular form of the coruluctor. tht'

ofelectricity, understmilarcircnmstances,than best in itself. and the triangular form of t~t·

other forms of conductor of equal quantity of point, the best in itself, are thus combiuetlm

metal and extent of surface. Then, the triao- this conductor, and in their onion a third fea·

galarinwardly-arched form, by giving a smaller ture of perfection is secured-that of the cou·

internal cavity and requiring a smaller rod or tinuousangles and sides. No othereouductor. wire, C, than the quadrangular or any other within my knowledge, has e\·er so perfe~tly

form of a greater number of sides, c.beapens combined the best qnalitiel-4 of a snfe liglJtmn::·

l'l

the constroc~ioo and facilitates the portability of the conductor in a peculiar manner, for,

conHad.u~citnogr. thus folly <lescribec.l my impron!tl

using only a simple wire of moderate size gives lightning- conductor, I wish it to be uutler·

iit
II'

sufficient strength, by binding the lengths or stood that I do not claim an angular no~ a sections of the tubular portion A ot' the con- tabular conc.luctor in itself, nor arcbiu:; 1t.s

ductor together, which are sufficiently rigid in sides, nor extending a rod through its cent~r.

Iii

themseh·es, owing to their triangular torm. separately considered; butsincelshowtlJa~ tbt This wire is not only cheaper in itself than a triangular form enhances the good effects ot tfb~

rod, bot it can be carried about in any length, other features, thus rendering the angles ? j

coiled up or wound on a reel, and then it is tubular conductor more acute and disperstnJ

readily straightened again with the bands iu and the tube stronger and more rigid, "11

putting up the conc.luctor; \vhereas a rod of since the central iron rod is thereb\ eual>Ietl tt• iron of sufficient size to fit other angular forms be much smaller-in fact, a mere~ wire-th~'

of conductor practically cannot be coiled up, rendering it cheaper, lighter, ami more porta

but must be carried _in lengths or dilisions, ble, and in one piece-

.. .

and the joints of rods in sections are lery apt \\hat I claim as ru\· in\·eution. ami tle!-1 ~

to break, which renders the rods much infe- to secure by Letters Patent, is- ·

.

rior to a continuous wire, the latter being\·ery A lightning-conductor composell of~ tna~•·

~eldom liable to break.

gular tube, _-\, with inwardly-archeu s1de~. 1~

The lengths or sections of the copper tube combination with a continuous central uvll

A are made a little smaller or contracted at the upper ends, as at g, so as to enter the

wire, C, extending partly or wholly tbrou~r the length of the tube, substantially a:; antl 1

lowerends of the lengths above an inch or two, the purposes berein set forth.

J

and thus couple the sections together. · ""hen The abo\·e specification of my impr~~~h

the rod is pat up the lengths or sections are lightning - conductor signed by me tJus ..t

slipped or strung successively upon the wire C, their ends connected by inserting one in an-

day of

December,

1864. · ISAAC

JOfn~S

0

~
· ·

-11~11~~11------------IIJ¥'•~111~ other, as above,and thensimplyindentingthe '\Yitnesses:

lapped joints in one or two places, as indicated

J.S. Bnows,

at h h, Fig. 2, with pincher3 or their equivalent•.

s.w..wooD.

-

No. 47,846.

S. J. MITCH ELL. Lightning Rod.
I

- ~~~11~1
Patented May 23, 1865.

t

J

JYitJZe$S~S:
-l~ltJV..~. I

Inventor·
'<(/: .lJt d-~t
:/~h~~
~/(~AI
-~
tJ¥.~11~1

- - II~II~Vh.JI--1-------·~~~11~1

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

S. J. ~I I 'f C H E L L, 0 F S T. L 0 U I S, li IS S 0 U R I. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•ROOS.

Spccifie~tion forming part of Letter3 Patent :s-o• .S7,S.&G, <lated liay ".l:!, l~w.

1"·· ,,/! ;ritum it may concern:

. point A. of the head A.'. The main 1Joiut-.\. is

n'"· iL known that I, S. J. )liTCHELL, of St. continued a little tlistance to the height indi-

I.••IIi~. in the connty of St. Louis and State of cated by 2, where it is di\"it.led into l>ranches

'li:":;onri, !Ja,·e inn~·nte£1 a new &HHl useful Im- 1 of unequal heights, which c.li\"erge so as to

i'lIl
''IIIIi!' !!I:

:~,.rr11.·I;lc'ellloll.u'H·et

in Lightning-Rod~; thnt tuc following

a.nd is a.

I do herefuJI, clear,

•1i1d
•1t.itthl'

L'~act rho~e ~aruc,

description ~thereof, 'l'hich will ·en:skillet! iu the art to make and usc reference being had to th~ accom-

giYe the best attracting-surface to the point. It will be observed that the stP.m B an'l the
other parts of the bead A' arc rhomboidal in cross-section, and that the ·main point A., l>et\veeu the points marked 4 and ~' is sligbtly

Ii,I,i.!,

pauyiug tlrawings, forming part of this specifi- twisted. The space inclosed within the l>rnnches

catton.

and bars d d' is also rhomboidal in shape.

•I.
:l~iI'•!·'

Tlle t.lr.~wing, consisting of one figurl•, rep- The tignre represents the head A' of tho

rc:o>cuts a lightning-rod constructed a.fter my lightning-rod iu perspectin~ at an angle of

inn~ution.

about tbrty-fh·e degrees with tbe plane of ol>·

'flae object of my fan·eutiou is to produce a II ser\·atiou, in order to sho'v at the same ,·iew

Ji;:iatuing-·rotl wllich will conduct the tlnid with the moue of connecting the stem B with the

I more certainty to tbc conductor or main rod, main point .A and the tli\·ergence of tile upper
while it also presents ~"L great numb~r of at· branches 1. If seen iu front ele\·ation, the

trading-poiuts or a lar;.:e attructiug-surfacc upper l>ranches 1 would form one liue to the

,,itllout euhauciug the •litlic11lties of construe- 1 eye, for the reason that the lesser and outer

tiun or the cost.

urancbes 1 di\·erge from the inner and ,-erti-

.\.' repl'cseuts tue ll~ad of a lightuing-rou, cal branch 1 iu a plane \vhicll is at right an-

tilted iu it.s hollow l>ase D' with a screw-threau, gles with tl1c plane of the branches cl and bars

by which it is to be secured to the main con- tl'. Tue result of this construction is to pre·

.tucring- ro•l. (Sot shown.) The ba~e B' is seut the attracting- points 3 and the le~ser

..howu in section in the tigurc.

l>rancucs 1 ou opposite sides of the beau A',

Tucstem Bestends for~\ littletlistance auo,·e m· in plaues at right angles to eaciJ other.

,~,.,.base~ wllen it (livides into two branches, d, Ha,·iug thus dc.scriued my irn·ention, I claim

·,\ hicll •li\·erg·e on ,.posite sides of tlte axis of as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent-

;be :-;teru Bat au au;:lc tllcrewith of about forty- Tuc separation or divisiou of the wain point

1ir•~ degrees, terrninatiug in attracting-points 3. _-\. iuto two uars, connecting uy means of

rwo uars, d', spring from the upper sides of urauches tl 'rith the stem B of the rou, sub-

rhc:o::e branches at puiuts whose distance a bon' stantially as dcscribetl.

tl!c stem n is cqnal to about one-third of their
leu~tu. The l>ars d' extend in Hues at right

~- J. JUTCHELL.

aug-le:s with tuc branches ti·om whose :sides thev \\.itnesses:

•priug, respccth·ely, until they meet at a poiu"t

D.!.VID P. HULL,

ruarketl J, where they unite with the main

"f:'<r. F. CozzE~s.

- - 11~111~~11----------IIJ¥•~11~

No. 52,329.

- ~~~11~1

A. S. SHERWOOD. Lightning Rod.

Patented Jan. 30, 1866.

I

fl!'

I

I

i

i

I

F~.L

r r I· I

c
Jlitn..r_ss~s
~t;:-" fi,i__..;.«L. .0
/1~7~

-Ftj:~ .

c

c·

? c

-II~IIIV'.VII

LJl.t.'t-.n t o r
a . . /.Pu.;u~--.­ /? /f~u;/u.._ ~~·.-....
. ~4,.~-
- IIV..a..~ll~l

- - I~II~TAJII--------II~·AJII~I

UNITED STATES pATENT OFFICE•

•\.. S. SHERWOOD, OF DETROIT, :\IICHIGA:N.

IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING-RODS.

:-'pl!cirication forming part of Letters Patent ~o. 3~,3~9. elated J:muary 30, lf!G().

•• ,,::' 1rhum it may concern:

. 1 ~nrfa~e auc.lmass ~f the rod \vi.thout increasing

· I'. ir lwown that I, A. S. SHERWOOD, ot 11ts width. By this I accomplish these se\"'eral

I ..1:: :1·,·!1
. .i
1::.1

.11 ,. of
:-'iate

Detroit, of )Iichi

in gan

the c , h~\·e

ounty of \Va.yne ~n\"'eu.ted a new

11.,t'ful Impt·o,·ement 111 Ltghtumg-Rotl~;

1 dv hcrcl>y declare that the following is

1
:

desirable results-,·iz., first, the use of the thin .sheet-met~l pos~essing the greatest condolu>cttal\i"nein~c atphaecgt trye,a t(estsht ·epto· sseixbclee pa mt eodu; )n tsoecfosnuur-,

I . rull. clear. aml exact tlescriptiou ot' the con- ! t~1ce to the ltaast. possil>le amount of metal;
... nll'tiou anti operation of the same, reference third, increasing the strength ancl stitt'ness of

~·. 111 :! laa•l tn tho aunexetl drawings, making 1 the ribbon without diminisi.Jiug the sm·fi1ee or

A.. part nt' this speciticatiou, iu \\"hich-

1 matet·ially increasing its weight; fourth, at·

· Fi::nre 1 shows the top aml point of a light· 1 taining a finish and symmetry iu its coustruc·

,1111 :::roll hrol;:en, l>ut e.xhil>iting its connection ,, 1ri1 my im}H'o\·ement. Fig. :.! represents a \ ~~"""· iu cro:-;~-~ection, of thP- corrugated circu-

I , I

tion which can l>e obtaineel Taking thin sheet-copper,
\'ride euongh to rcceh·e the

iu no other way. I corrugate a strip
top or platinum

r:.1 portion ut' the rod. Fig. 3 shows a. part of ' point A. when tormetl into a tube, B, aml this ·:w nul in ele,·atiou, aml Fig. 4 i:; a cross- I make as long as the rotlts to pr~ject al>o\·e

.,.,·riun t!JI·oug-h the same.

the building to which the rotl is to be attached.

It i:-' helien!tl to l>e conceded l>y electricians 1 fasten the point .-\. securely within the top

r!wt eo111ln•·tiou is in proportion to mass and of the corrugated tube B, antl at the l>ottorn I

.;artiaet•. ami that none bnt the pt·ecious met- tlatteu the tube aut! attach it securely, by ri\"'-

.ds are ht•ttet· emuluctors of electricity than ets or otbe1·wise, to the portion of the rou C

,.,,I'Jiel'. To use with proper economy copper which is to enter the gt·ouml. Thus I make

,-.,rulnl'toi·:s it is desimble to make them as my rocl of a single length ot' narrow copper

l!:.:ht as nHa~· l>e t'Unntl consistent with proper ril>l>on aaul fasten it in place iu any appro\·ed

,rrcu~tll and clural>ility, and narrow strips of uumner. But to stiften the ril>l>ou and in-

···•ppt•r made in the shape ot' plain ribbon, crease its mass without nsing hea.\='y sheet-cop-

11.1rc therefore l>cen used as li~lltning-rotls, per o1· wakin~ the eontluctot· any witler thau

:iu·rl'lJy :-;ecuriug the largest surtace pmpor· is uecessm·.r~ 1 turn tile ec.lges c anti c' O\"Cr

:Hme•l to mass; l>nt this plain ril>l>ou is ol>- upon the ril>l>uu, or o\·er and around a copper

···eriouaulc hccanse fragile, aud it is the ol>- wire, D, so as to eml>race the whole circuw-

,.,.r of m\· iu,·eutiou to remedY this uetect tereuce of the wire amlllohl it tirrnh·. ·.r ruakin';; liglltuiug-rous o1· c~onductors of \\·hat I claim as my iun~ntion, aiatl desire

.-lt•ctt·icity of slleet-copper with a. corrugated to secure l>y Letters Patent, il'l-

··ircnlat· top! aml to stitl'en ancl strengthen the Tile coml>iuatiouof the turuetl or wiretl cop·

:1arrow ril>oon portion of ti.Je rotl without in· per riul>on witll the corru:;atetl. tubular top,

iTCa.siug· its width; antl my iu \'ention consists snl>stanLially as autl for the purpose tlescril>etl.

I ill corru~ating thin sheet-copper aml fot·wing lu te:stirnouy \'\"hereof I !.Hn·e het·eunto sub-
:he portion of the lightning-rot! that recei\·es scril>e(lmy name.

till' point anti projects al>o,·e the l>uiltliug into

s n -o

·' tnbP, which is securely attached to the re- .

.A. S. HE ·"n OD.

I !llaillller of a lightning-rod wade oftllin sheet- I \Yitnesses:

•·nppet· ril>l>ou turnetl o\·er ou a. copper wire at

R..U.PH (J. SJIITH,

a., edges, or on itself, and thus augment the

\V'. S. PE:'iFIELD.

- - 11~11~1--1---IIIV~II~I

No. 52,411.

- -------II~W'~II~I

L J. HAWLEY. lightning Rod.

Patented Feb. 6, 1866.

fl!!

- - II~IIW..a.~l---1------IIJY•~lll~

- - II~IIINhll-1----•I~V'AIII~I

UNITED STATES PATENT 0FFJCEo

L 0 U IS J . H A \V L E Y , 0 F B.A. L T I :\1 0 R E, :li .ARYL A Y D .

IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING-RODS.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 32,.JtJ, clnted Febrnary 6, 1866.

To nll rrlwm, it ;na.lJ ccmcern:

I Between the iron. and the copper is inter-

Be it known that I, LOUIS J. HA.WLEY, of posed a layer of zinc at all the places where

tht• dty and county of Baltimore, antl State of I by rh·et Cor wireD the p~uts are joined, the

~lar~·lantl, lun·em:ulenewaod useful Iwpro,·e· I intention of \Vhich is to separate and expose

mcnts 1h·ciare

in th

Lig e tol

htning·Rods lowing to be

~; •

ancl full,

I tlo clear,

ahnecrleeb~y-

I
1

the surfaces action in the

orofdthbeybpalrascinnu~clthmellbnecsetacognadhu·acotoicr

act ,lescri ption of t!Je nature, construction, and in the een ter sn pported by side conductors.

uperation of the same, sufficient to enable one By this arrangement the central strip may

~killetl in t!Je :u~ to which it appertains to conduct a posith·e char~l', while the shle strips

··ou.struct and use the same, reference being may discharge a. negatin., or a~sist in uitfusing

h;ul to the accompanying drawings. \Vhich a1·e a bea'\"y charge of eit!Jer, the combined rod

111 ~ule part of t!Jis specification~ and in \V!Jich- ~lffortling :L ,·ery large amount ot' conducting-

Figure 1 is an ele\·ation. Fig. 2 is a \·ertical surface within the limited cliameter ancl equal

central section.

at the splices to any other part, while the zinc

TlJe in,·ention eonsists in the nrrangemeut at the connections presern~s the rml iu goocl

and mode of attaehment of the metalli of contlitiun hy the ~ah·anic action irulnced.

which the rod is cotupO!-ied. nucl in utilizing T!Je point E. of platetl copper, is lapped b~·

tlw emls of the wires whereby the metals ar~ its shanl~ upon the upper ~cctiou of the rocl

tied together as supplementary conductors and attncht>tl thereto, and the rod is secured

•li:o>tribntetl along the length of t!Je rocl.

in any suitable m~umer to the building.

The rotl is uuu.Je in sections of an.'· suitable Ha'\"ing tlescribed my irl\·entiou, what I

lcugth-say ten feet-and consists ot' a central claim thl•rein as new, a.ml desire to secure by

ropper strip, .A., of that length inclosed he· Letters Patent, is-

tWt!~ll two pieces of half-ronnel or halt'·on\1 1. The lightning· rotl constructed as de-

iron, B B'. The inclosing iron rmls B B' are scribecl arul represented, consisting of a cen-

.so prolonged. one at each end, as to make ~L tral copp<'r strip inclosed between lap-joint

.splice-joint. (slJO\vn at b b',) \f'here one section irora side pieces, tlw points of connectiuu be-

is attached b~· :l. lap-joint to the next section. ing pm\'itletl with iratcrposetlzinc plates.

whetlJer it ue the point or another section of :.!. The snpplcmentary coruluctor formed by

the same charnctc1· as itself. This lap may the points uf the prolong-ed wire baud D D,

c:\teml about three ilwlles, mm·c or less.

as descril.Jecl aml represented.

The two ironlmrsantl tlleiriuclosed strip are The aho,·e specification of my impro\'ement

r:tstened together by riYets C C, and by wires in lightning-rods signed this ~StlJ day of .-\.n-

U D, which are passefl througlt holes in the I L;Ust, lSu;;,

metal rods aml strips, auu, being twisted, are afterward prolonged and poiuted, projecting

I 1

\Vitnesses:

L. J. HA WI·~Y.

from the rocl so as to net as conductors to in- I

crease the protectiYe power of the rod.

I

ALEX. A. C. .KL.A.UCKE,
OcTA..YIUS KsiGHT.

- - 1l~llf~~~~---------IIJ!I'~~II~I

~

,
~

~· No. 96,194.

J. F. BOYNTON. Lightning~Rod. Point.

11! ~

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·~
Patented Oct 26, 1869.

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~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~~~--~

~~==========~~~

~

~

,JOHN F. BOYNTON, OF SYRACUSE, NEW YORK.
Lltiw• Ptr"nt No. 00,194, uted Oetob~r 26, 186U•. DIPROVEJI!lll'l' !B' LIQB'lKJXQ..ROD PODn'S.

To all 1oltOII& it 111411 cu"'""":

plate, the whole p~nting much the appearauce of

Re it kno\Vn thnt J, Jomr It,. Bon~Tos, ut" tbe city o( SnilCtt!'e, oonnty o( Onuuclni(R, in tht• Rtat" of New

tbe vert.sbM and ribe.oC 3 flala. A lA tb6 r~mlle, tube or hUt uf the oorrugatN apuar-

York, lm,·e in\'tmtcocl n ne\Y :md hntta,n·t"d point t()r a. point ot' a lightning-rod. · .

liJfhluinJt-I"CM.I, desi,pu,ltttl us Uuyntun'11 IJlghtning-Uod 11, the point caf the &pt'nr-hc."Kd.

)"..dgt•tl Point; nnd 1 clu ht•a-eby d~·lun• that th.s followlug i~ a fnll :'ntl ex;w:t dtt~telilttiou theJ't.'Of, n•fenmen

0n,0l,onedggiteuLdinal comlgntiUihl.

being Jmcl to thfl RC\.'ttltltNmying thmvingll, nnd to thfl lrtters uf rc•fea-enet• m:u·ketl thttn>ttn,

R E. Jatttml altenaatblf( wmtgutiuniC. tl h• the rin~r which boldll the lmlves .or the a&pdl'~·:

1'hc' n:Ltm-e of m~· hl\'entiou Cttnt~b•t~ uf :t lightnin~t­ ff'n1lleA together, by being milled ur liOidered•.

rntl tit•, :su consta·uctc!tl th:at it cua; he stmck lvith 3 1 am iuvare lightning-rod pointa Ita\·~ been tna.lu hi

tlie from n piel'O of J•lnte ur shtaet-mc.'t:al, :uul RO conn . \':trhmM ways nnd toi"IIllf; but

J.,-ated :1.'4 to iaaca·tt~ its ~urtial't", and give lltnmgth ~uad

\VIaat I claim ~my ian·entiun, anc.l clttsire tu Keeun~.

•titlilf'N-.. tn the nuaterinl. It il4 RIULiteUIJOnte\Yimt n:c a by JA.-ttel"a Patent, is-

111~eaa·-lae:LCI, willa 1111 etlgt•, whit>h nct~ :tM an estentlc~l
puiut, and iM l'Onthmt'd :mnmd fa·om tlt.s point unto

1. A lightning-rod point, •·itb ('urnpouncl euaTngatiunac,· and oona~trunted as above described.

the hilt, tribt~, ur tcra1tlt.•, ,riJida c:um•~·bl it with th6 :!. The compound com•g:ated point-, combined wlna

1"011. It is pa·o,·itled with oMe ur rum,. t•oaTug:,tion~C, 3 &\\'oLged female nt' tnlw, thr t>tmnecting it with the

••lt•\·att-tl or tlttlll't'IIM.-tl, whicb nmy run lon~titnclinall~·, rod. and with othei"K tlh·ea·ginf( nt cliH't•a·ent :Lngles tuwan.l Witne8St'!l':

.JOHN Jt\ HOYNTO~.

ur nntu the edge, thereby ~th·in~ to the t!'lge a phdn

T. C. CmnmLL,.,

or ziJfza" comlitinn, and inct1'~&Hing thtt surf.Y.e of the

H. HARRRTT.

~

~

~-----------------------~

No. 96,268,

REYBURN & MARTIN. Lightning Rod. '

Patented Oct. 26, 1869.

~

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~~--~==========~

~I

.et ~~============~~

~

~

~uittd ~tatts ~Jattnt o&.ffitt.

\\"ILLIAM H. U}~YBrHN AND F.•J. MAR'flN, Olt, I,HILAUEIJPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

Letttra Patnat .So. !HJ,268, uud OctoiMr 26, 1869.

IMPRO"V:JlMEK'l' Df LIGBUDfG-RODS.

'l'Jle SC:ariale refenecl to Ia tbeH Letten Pataat aa4 aaakbll put of tJae aame.

fo n/1 1rl10111 it 11UrY COIICI'·'J& :

or Jtu it known tlmt we, )\"'u.a.r.\lr S. U~Ynt'n:s anti
••••J. )J AltTI:S, of tho c·it.r and c•unnty Philrul~fphin,

1u11:W1t1 fnSltnItmc pu•f·ol,·'cemnltlms~t·h·i;nmi:lt.,,hhdntlnu•inh~-nl·ft-,m..tc~'t;l

3 lll"\V nnd anti we do

Jwtt•b,· tll'chu-e tlmt. th~ tollnwin~ i,. :1- titll, c·l•·ur, :md e•X:Ict• rlt•SCI'i)ttion nf the t'UIItlti'IICthm Ullf~ nttemtittll

uf thl" s:um•, n•tl-11•11N tM~inJ,t h:ul to the nt'c~umrt:my­

lnJ,t •h•"'·inr:.~, umkin~ a 1•:u-t uf Ihi14 KJ~itic:,lion, in

•·ltit-h tlu~ fiJ,tm·•~ i2l a t•lnn ,:i..w uf th., t•ud uf th6

""'·Tlti~ iu,·c·ntiuu il4 :m huprm·..mc~nt llfMtll the }t:\tt'nt
,_rr.mtc•rl tu. \\•1111il~·:•, Ue·~·hnm, ancl Jhmtcr, .JuJy 1:J, umH. That JN&tt•nt wn" ftn· a. '""' titrutf"fl nf a t'UJlJlt"r
.,,n•rin;r llJMUI a. ntllecl imu ·c.·c.•ntl·t•. Tltil4 inn•utiun cnn~o~i~o~t~ in cnmhiniug :' ,;h•~·t-('U(l(Jer
rc•,·•·ritt;!, •·mt:o~ta·twtc.•d in n. JH•enli:n· na:mnc•t·, with a Khc·•·t-1.im~ c.oenta·.., Himil:n·ly t·uuta·in'll, whl'UC't~ c't'l'taiu :ul\":tutagc•l4 e·c•Knlt, :aK llt'n•itmllc•r fully ~·t t;•a1h.
In the th":"\"ill~"'.\ i:o a liJ,Chtuing-a·cttl, uf tht• kind ftrodnc.od b.\· Ueybn111 and )l:u·tiu'l'l l'tttl-tt.muing m:lt'hine. pnt..ut~•l •\n-
gul4t 1·, 184m. Tim l'Utl A i~ m:ule np nf a Kltt'f't-7.inc· t:t.'ttll't', n, :md
;&liht't't·f'ttfl(lt'l' l'U\'l'l'illg, b. 'fht• ~ntterinl"it~· uf :a. shl'et-zitu: <.'t•lltl"t! un•a· :t rniJf'fl
irun ttllt• Jil!K iu tlai11: tlmt tht• 1.hlf', whilt• it afti•nl~, in
cunm•t·tinu with a t·uppea· c·un•rill;!. sntlidt•ut srn·nJ,tth lit!' a Jirl't·•·lass I"IMI, t•usf!" al•uul lil(r pt.·a· t'1~ttt.lt•sM than iruu; that. it lml-4 twit'l.' tlu~ puwt•J' ut' t'tttuluctin;r dt'l'·
trit·it ,. ; that. it is uun·•·utTIIl'in·; awl that, wlwu t'Hitl· ·l,iu•·•i with cnpJH'I' as a t•m•·riuj!, 1111 tl1t' inta·cHill'~tiun uf :-ullil'it~llt auuil't m·e· ·fmm Ilw atmnl'Jtht•t·••, t he• t•arth, ut· raiu. :' du•mic:~tl •·•·tiuu is JII"IM'n•·•~•l, wltit·h goes tuwarcl tht! pr~sc•n·atiuu uf tlw t'UJIJH'I", ami increases tlu., r·u~tcludh·ity uf tim rut!, h~· pruch•ciug u t·unstant rur-
•·~;•t of t•lt•t·trif.'il\'. Tilt~ c~utt·c a :i.uc.l tht! CU\"t!rillg b :li"C uuth furmetl of

·ah~t-met:\1, duubletl tl(tOll it~~elf iu rit..., :1M described in the said lleybuna and )(artln ltAtent, the centre lwiug nm thnmgh thn rnnchin•~ fi~t, :uul tht~ •~m·eriug then allJJiit!f.l. 'l'be Kll'tmgth ~iven to th~ natl hy thi"
or ft.tnnulioo ia such that sheet-zinc~'\ mt-tnl uatnr"c\11>:
weak, Btt far a" ifll J,.•wer t-nelming strninM i~ conceruetl-niaty ~ mmmJactn~l iut•• :' reutr411 l"~SN­ ing, \Yith the cntltN•r oo\·r.rin,z, :nuplt'! l(titfi•~~~ fcar all pa-acticnl pnrpc~.
'rh.. centre, in the Venuilyn, Ueyhnrn, "'ul llmatc•r rod. iM made ut' n•lled intn, and tlli~ cmmut be mnnufht'tnred iutn 3 li~htniu)(-rod c~~ntru l'ft deeat>ly n" sh~~t-?.inr, :uc ;my mnnnthl't nrer kunw='; anti, if Hlttaetiwn \Vel't' lll'lt'tl tu fi•rm t h.- JQtnte kilul uf cc~ntl-c :t:4 th.Uc.•yhnm ;\Ud llnrtin l"tMI n~, it. wouhl Itt• nt.'t.'t'ICA:li'Y tn ~ah·aniz.. it, to Jll't.'\"t~llt uxiclntiuu, nwin~ to tlu~ tlac.·li that thf' c.•ntlltt~t· t'tt\'t•ring t~ould nut he :applic•tl to :& Mhet.•t-intn t~lltl"8 in MUCh :l IIUIIIItt•r :11' to Uutkt• it W:\• h·r-tight, UM the l't~tllil'litt~ )JI'I!It"llll' wnnlcl injlll't' tlw
ribs.
Onh·unized l'heet-imn wonltl be 1t1nt1• Mt:-4tl.r tluan sbP.et-1.inc, and in nu re~pect RllJM!tinr.
Jl:n·iug thus cll'~riht~l om· inn•ntion, What we t~ll'im :1M new, anti df~l4il't! tu ~w.c·ut-e hy Lt·t· ters l,ateut, i~ As :111 article nf umnnllactm't•, a Kt.'t·tiun uf lil!hl nin~­ r•ttl, ~ollltKJ:q_•rl uf '' l4hc~t-.7.inc t•t-ntn•, lecnt npun itl'l'lt' in wt·h~, a111l a rnt,IM'I' cm·t·riuJ(, similal"l.r tiu·nll'cl, ~uh­ stautiall~· in the» m:tmll'r :uul Ji•l' tlw pnrpn~~ot• •l•·srrihccl. To the ahm·e SJH~cifit-aLiuu of um· imtn·m·••mPIIt, we haw ~·t mer h:uul14, this lith cln.'· uf Allj!llst, lKfi!).
\VIIJLfAM S. Hgl"BUHX. Jt'. J. MAH'I'IN.
\Vihtt'RiieK: 0UAS. A. PETTIT,
s. c. KE310S.

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~~====~~~--------4

- - l~llli\.VhJII-------IIIA.%JII~I

~

G. ROW.

Lightning Rod.

No. 109,455.

Patented ~ov. 22, 1870.

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- - II~IIIVAVII---1-----IIW.~II,.I

- - II~II~Vhlll---------·I~VAIII~I

~fates ~atent ~ffi.ct.
G E 0 n G E R 0 '\V~ 0 F I N D I A X A, P E ~ N S Y IJ Y .A N I A

Letters Patent No. 109,455, dated November 22. 18i0.
c
IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS.

'rb.e Schedule refen'ed to il1 tla. . l:.t:ten Patct aDd makiuc pat of tlae same.

:. , ; ~:·.•!:.-; ~ Uo,,·, of Iutl!aua, in the county of Iu- necting S«!ctiuu, a substantial joiut is e1rectetl, "'bich·

:.•::;t .t:;d :~tatt: uf l,enm:ylntuia, have in\·entetl cer- ~~ thns fnl1y securetl by a. common copper rivet.

. :"t lw·i_..-o\·em•·ut.s iu Lightning-Ro«ls, of whid1 thP.
:..,;;,,., :n:.: is a ~[leciticatiou.

Descri1JI.ion 1Jf Drau:illg.

.\"ftfiU"t.' 1tml Ol~jects of tile Im:entio11.

.l!'ignre 1 represents a .:Sectional part of the rotl, showing the SC\'eral folds -~ the width of the foid::~ ll, and

Tiw iir "'[parr. ut' my in\·cution relates to collstruct- ri\·et-hole~ fo1· filStcniug joiut.s C.

.1:.:
,1

a
.,

;i:;i:tniu~-ro•l l>f shcl!t·•~opper of ,,.: :t·s t,f. plicatiuns ttl' iunmsc

cou\·euicnt size ! tiJitl~ ur pi&Litsl

Figure~ illnstmtes the .sections juiueti, the trnnsverse litH! ~xi.Jii>iting th~ pnint of junction with the

:rt!!!li:l!,! l•mgitntliuaJiy otllll ligiJtJy preSSt!tl uown, le:n·- l'i\'«!t-tll::;t~ning C.

.:r:.: .. w•• !l ·~·acttnms or spact:s intcn·cuing ti.J~ fuitl~,

Figure 3 t·cpr~sctJt:s the iu:atl uf :s~ction with t.IJe

., !ww:,_,. t!Jt! emulnctiou snrfitce of tho rod is lan.;cly ua•:k~ o1· fulds cnt •lttwn, tiwming a shonltler :nul sepa-

;uctt···"'t·d. the extl·nt ot' such .:;nrtiu:c IJcing Jimit~u unly ratiug the !~an:~.

it; ;i!•.: l:illllher auu ureadtlJ of the tuhls. The roll is

1.-'tgtm~ 4 illusu·atc~ tltc 1uot uf St!Ctiou, sbowing

.:b•J ;·.d:-~•:•l .-;pimlly, adtlin:; to it~ symmetry antl pre- spaces lret\it:cu tulds, into \\"hich the sep~rnted leaves,

n·utiu:; rile ri,ldli IJeing O[)ctlctl, tlacreuy stl'cugtueuiug as shown in fig. ~J, are iuscrccd~ ti1rming the connections

;r. TiH.~ point section, o1· th~}t pm·t which may extcntl hetwt•t•n the :o~c\"crai ;;cction:;.

.du,\'•! ~IJt! lmilliing o1· other :>bjl•ct upon which it may i1•! ··rcctt:ti, 111a~· IJc furtlu~r strcngthcuetl by i11:;crtiu;;

Cluim.tt.

:,..twt·cn rhc ourcl' fultls ot· lean•s a.s mam· wires as .:1ail he :tcecssa1·y to iu.sm·c the «lcsil'ctl restilt.

l•·laim as Ill\' iun·utiou1. A lightning-rod, coustmctetl of ~\ s~ries of pli-

Tlic 5eevnd n~u·t of mv im·entiou relates to tl1c man- catiuus o1· folds of mctaJ, substantially a.s and fc>r the ad·~ as ~lHlWII, ;Jf juiuiug to:;~thc1· the n•spccti\·c picecs purposes I.JcreiuiJcfore set turth.

"r .:wet ions of rod, make as ahore tlescrib~tl, saitl joints :!. The manner of count!cting the sc,·eral sectional

lll'!"lllllll'diuus udn~ fumu~tl uy cuttin~ away a portion parts, subsrautial!y ;1s anrl tiw the purposes h~J·cinbe­

·r' tire i_~aek ,_,f t iw rcspecti n: fiJids at ouc c1ul •Jf each ti•re ;o;er ti•1·rlr.
·• .-;irmat part •Jf tile ru•l, separating the lcan:s. ~uul

(iEOH(iE HO\V.

··:··.tri:l!! a slwultlcr to JUt·et tlw cuds of tlw counect-

I 11:.! ::.etil•>ll; thcu, uy takiug tJac ClltiS uf rltc :it!\'tl':l{
... L·:iuu.~ or' rut! tuns prepareu, and iuscrtin~ tiJc sepa1;:kd lean:s ut· ti•lds iuto th~ intct"iiticcs of the con-

\\'iruL·:s~~:):
:'EL.\.R )f. l'L.\RK.
Cu.\.~. H. Row.

- IWA~lll~ll

-~~~~~~hJI

0. PRESTON.

- 1~¥.111~1

Improvement in Lightning Rods.

No. 120,457.

Patented Oct. 31, 1871.

Fe'u.I. •./ .r i i

Ft.-"u. 2. t.

J?&-4-.
..!T~.. ~
-4' .. r :~.-\1. .. J
~~
- - II~IIIV.VIII---------IIW'AVIII~]

-I~II~TAfl

- ~~~AJII~I

12·::.-.!37
[TN!TED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING·CONDUCTCRS.

J1t;.,l1l:,c.1:·ofiro1rkrilf.l1nt·o.umiwunltfhthlelau~tt!u1fn,lC0lftTl)ll·nl'tu.ix'fUn::::5Ltf>PUIU:tE>ns.

Tns, ancl

•
nf~ourh S~atP ui'

1:-;m·ract· has mnda tu clo wirla ! li~htuin;.r-rmb. Ccuuln..tua·:-;
:--Hilps -~~~ uwt::ll&;n·iu~ ~rt•at

tlw c·vnclneth·ity uf cuuapu:-;c•cl uf hmacl :-;upt~t·tic·ial art'a aucl

, ·" Yurl~~ han-. 111\'l'llh•tl a new uncllll'\l•tnl Im- hut :-;IJ~!lr erol'~·:-oc•t·tJtmal at'Pa nan• ht•t·n Pill-

',,,
;''., •.

• 1

11

,.,.

wut iu clc·c.·hart•

Li;.rl..atning--t'uncluctua·~:
that the fulluwiu~ is a

autl [ clu full. c·h.·ar.

pluyc-tl with ~.u.cll'P:->lllt;-;. I <llll awaa·t~ tlmt, with a dc·w uf iw·n•a ...;iug- tht• snpc·rtic-ial art•a, t•omlnc·t-

_,, ,Jc·x•wr clt•:o;cl·iptiou thl•l't•ot; whid1 will I"Uahlt• •»l's han~ ut•ell 111acit· ut' won·u wirt•, awl all"o of
:;'h•·rs sld11'-'•l in t_he art tu auakt• aJHl n~t· !111' lm:icl~··i u1: phtitt·tl wirt· iu tlw tuhnl:u· tc•t·n.t.

j';.;,,,,111

•• l'l'lt•rt.·ut·t• hemg in~ furmin~ part

bml tu ut' tllil'<

tlua at·t·-umpau;nu;.:spt•d.:katiou.

' Thi:o> iun·utiou rl'lutt•s tu uew ;uul_u:-ot·!'nl ilu-

··run•uu•HTS in lightniug--t·untlucturs, wht·r,·hy
i~11•. ,. an• malic• mure ctl't.·t·th·t· than tltc·y !ann•
,:~;u-'11'.11..f1i.:urw-:1ro1cro1·••telutltruhnmlt:m,•:te:•Plrlmlat;hll·li'acl'ut!,·cuatlmnuihtpdtoe•us.ctui•tstthilh:t-t•>u·rttsc' uwiHlnli:t-mhs>tat·ortk·tn•iict'IswiIi{u;i'unihi:fhout•uwftti'lnlia'tlltlu's-•

,.,.,-1r1i,hJta·twl.tur \)l•iug- as lwreiuafter mut·t• t'nlly tho·

1 •lt;-;c·luuu a!l c•umhwrm·:oo t·ou:ootrtu:tt-cl hy c.•ttht•r \n.•aYiu~-. hr.dtliu;.:. nt· phlitiug· tlw wire•.
3iy li~latuiu;.:·-,·ouchu-rot· is mutlt• of wirc·s twi:-~t•·tl w~··rlwr an.nwl a eort• or tnht·~ all•l i:-; iu ontwartl t'o:111 th<' ."':tlllt' aa.s a win• rupt• illlllc·ourinn,,. L' !'rnut •·nc.l tn eucl. &! uc 1 illil~- ht· of ;auy 1'4'1f nirc·tl Jeu;..:·tla. 1u twi.sti:r:,! tlw wirt s arunutl u solitl
t·otc·, till' eun· i;-; wirlulrawu, which h.·u\·es the c·or~tiut·tur tuhu:;a·. Ir twi:o;tecl carouncl n Jllt•tallit~ tnb•· tiH' tnht• i~ alluwc.·tl to rt•uwiu. wltil'la ah;u lc•a\·t·s llll' c·uucln..tm· tu!tnlaa·. lu t•itlwr ea:-;t.•

lu tlw ac(·umpau~·iugc.lrawiug, Fig-m·e 1 rt-pl'l'· ....11r s a :·w•·tiora uf a t•uJJe.lnl'tut· cuustrtWtl'cl CJI' " in·:-o twi!"tetl tn~t·tlll'r tc•rmiu:.; a tnhe. Fi;:. :! b ·• luu;.dtwliual s.-diun uf Fi;:. l un tht• liut• J' J'. ,h..will:,! rlw wirPs sm·ronucliu:.:- a lllt'taliie tnht•. F!::. :~ j:o; a t·ru:o;s-sc!c·tiou ot' Fi;:. 1 takt•ll ou tllf'

till' c:owlttt't"l' i:-o 01 taht• cuUI(His••cl of wh·c•l'\ twistpt{ to~Pt lwr a :u1 ha \'iu;..:- the· strt·u:.:-t h a llC l th~xi­ hility oi' u \ril'l~ wpc· w lac·u ruatlt• withuur rlw iutc·riol' tnlw. l•nr whic·h i~, uf t•om·sc•. llWl'l' stitl' and li~i,l '.\ hl'!l Uliltle with t ht· tnl~t·.
lladu~ tlnt:-o ck=--•·t·ihcotl ua.\· iun·utiuu, I daim

Iiiii' !I.'!· Fig·. 4 i~ a t·ru:.s·l'il'C(icm ur .Fi;:. :! Ull as Ht'\\" ;1!111 elc•:,irt• to :-.c•c·m·t· uy L..ttc·rs Palt·llt-

1111' Iiaw .: :.

1. T!u· tnhlllai' H~iltni:rg-c·ouduc·tut· A. con-

:-\iuailar lPtters of l'l'fcn•uc.·t• iru lit·a t t' c·ut'l't•:-.powl- :srru..rt·tl uf win·s B t \d:-Ott:tl tog-c·tht'a·. su h:->tau-

:.!: .\.. 111;: paa·t!".

tiall.- a:-o :o;huwu awl clt•:-oc·a·ihecl.

.\ t·eprt•:-;cuts the c·uutlnetm·: B, tht• win•.s; t'.

li~hnriu~-c·otuluc·tut· cumpus«·tl of win·s ll

:lu· iuteriut· llll'tallic· tnht•. Till' wia·t·s B an· twi....tt·cl t;•g'C'Ilat·r iu tltc· tnlcnlar t\mu inc·lu;-;ing a

:wi:4Pcl tu;,.:"t•tht•r l'itlwr m·omHI a :->ulitl c·un• whic·h lllt'taliic· tnlw. l'. :oitthsrcaur ialh· a:-; :-olauwu awl tic-

:.. n·Uatl\'t'tl. or a uwtallic~ tnht'. t ·~ \\·hic·l1 Jartc·r i:o' St'rihl.'tl.

· ·

·

.odllltllc'wttltl·'tlistoftH·t·'ltl•l!tl•ltal in,\:-laiiuc·ht·i:t!lll'tt''li'ltch·:·asitl•la~n·tausbt·us

lar •·uutill' t•'\·

~··ur of snrt;wt• of the t:t~aulnc·tua·.

I :am aware that it i:-; t·nutc·uc(t••l tlc:tl claP c·ull·

::.•\ t11hu!ar li:.:-Jaruillg·-c·oJilllll'tol'. c·uu:->tl'llt·tt·cl uf win·s t\dstt>tl ro~c·tla ..•t' t•itJu•t' Witia Ol' witltullt all iue·!n:-ot·cl uu·talii;· tuh•··
The· a!,nn~ .spc c·ilil·ariuu of Ill,\· iun·utiou :-;ig·Jwcl

·lu..ti\"it~· of a Jig-hnaiug·-rml b .m·a of its cro:o;s-st•ctiun. li,Y

m;un·c1·urctl·i.ux;p.•.:··l'tiu••Htt·!I•C·~'

U\' .

uac·

rlai ...;

:.:d

da\" .

of .c\lni~;lJl.I:-~'t.lEISL71P. HE~TUS.

•\ laic·h has uut ht•cll \"('1'\' limitt.•tl ill tlat' uu:-;iut•s.s ,.f m:mntac::tnl'iug- aml J;ltrtin;.:· np li;..dtruiu~-c·on­

•lut"tul's. lt•atls Jilt' to tluul>t tlw eutin• eol'l't't'tllt'=-'S

(iEuwa: \\·. .:\1.\DE.E.

uf that tht~ory. lu pml'tit•t• I ha\'C t(mml tlwt

T. B. .\lu:::ll.ER.

(.10)

-11~11~1

- IIV1NIII~II

D. F. WELSH. Improvement in Lightning Rods.·
Patented Feb. 20,.1872.

lJJl

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1.23,938
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE-.
I
DWIGHT F. WELSH, OF NEV.A.D.A, OHIO. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING-RODS.

Specidc:1tion fom1ing part of Letters Patent Yo. 123,958, dated Febrnary 20, 18i2.

SPECIFIC~TIO:'r.

I1 manner the seYernl sections are united to form a continnous rod. To secure theru togetht'r, a

I, DWIGHT F. -n·ELsu, of ~e\:uln, in the wire rod, U. is pussetl throu~h boles near where

county of \\·~·auclot and State of Ohio. ha\e the sections are unitt..tl, auc.l is brought togeth-

iln·ented a c~rtain ne,,· and Impro'\"'ed Light- er and twisted; tl.H~ enc.lsof the \Vire are passed

ning-rod, of which the following is a specitica- around on the opposite sitle and are twisted

tiou:

togetherse,·ernl times, securing all firmly. The

This in,pention relates to the const.ntction of sheets mny al~o be cnt with slots at either

a lightuing-rotl of sheet metal, bent in u. cor- end so as to form, alternately, a socket on

a rugated lorm, and then uniting the edges so as one end and a shoulder on tue other. The
to toa'ln corrugated or tlutetf colnmu or rod, sections might also be cast in molds, to forut

in wbicb a greater amount of surface is gained II comtgn.ted or fin ted rods similar to the beut

for conducting the electric ttuicl. It also re- sheets, ba,·iug sockets auu shonltlt-rs nltt'r-

lates to the method of uniting the sections of natel,\·, if tle!"ired; but the method of torming

the roo, whereiJy the same may IJe made con- the ruds of sheet metal I cOI:s:tler the simplest

tinnous to an unlimited e.xteut.

mad most economical method, my principal

The tollowiug description fully sets forth the object being to produce a tinteel rod ha ,·iug a

construction and objects of my invention.

large amount of snrthce in the smallest com-

In the tlruwing, l•'ignre 1 is au ele\ation or pass, for conducting electricity from buildings.

side ,·je,v, and Fig. 2 is an end ,-jew of the rod. 1 am aware that hollow tinted lightning-rods

l•,ig 3 is an end view of a comtgnted sheet. of thin metal ha\e bt>eu mmmt~~etured IJet'Ore

Fig. 4: represents the manner of slottin~ tht- the date of my iu,·ention; but the sections of

ends of the sheets tor the purpose of uniting the same are formed of three or more di~tinct

the sections.

pieces, the connecting of which, to torm such

~-\. in the se\emlfignr~s represents sheets of section, in,·oh·es mnch labor and e~pense. I

metal, (copper is pt·efernble, but any suitable pret~r umnuthcturing the sections of my rod

metal may be used,) \vhich are passed through each of a ~ingle strip of metal, as described, as

a tormiug-machine, and bent in a corrugated the rotl is ~troug~r aud more cheaply made;

form, as ~een in Fig. 3, the ends of the sheets but t\vo strips could be used in the constrne-

ba,·ing- been pre,·iously cnt with slot~, as seen tion of each section with but slight increast' in

in Fig. 4:. The oluectof said slots will be here- labor and cost.

iuafter shown. 'l'he sheets arethen turned so \Vhat I claim is-

as to bring their sitle edges b b together, and 1. .A li~htning-rod each seetion of which is

are then united with solder or any other suit- formed, re~pectively, f1·orn one or two sheets of

able means, the end appearnnce of the said metal, so bent or tinted that when the side

sheet beiug that of a star, as seen in Fig 2. edges of such sheet o1· sheets are brought to-

By cutting the ends of the sheets into slots, as gether and connected a hollow section of rod

at(>resaid~ and folding the shet-ts so as to makA of stellate form is produced, us described.

the folds at the slots and between the slots al- 2. The strips of metal so slotted at their ends

ternately, the ends of the rod, when tolded, that when formed into sections of rod the slots

w~U h&n-e a shoulder all arouucl, as seen at B, produce upon each ellfl of the section ~L tongue, F1g. 1. To form a socket nt each end of the or a socket, or a tongue and socket, re~pect.i\·e­

r?tl7 the sheets are fohled in the opposite direc- ly, as described, tor the purpose set torth.

tum, so as to bring the slots at the inside of

D\VlGHT 1•'. \VELSH.

therotl. Theshoultlertheu being on the inside, Witnesses:

the socket will receh·e the end of the section

J. N. GooDBREAD,

ha¥iug the shoulder on the outside. Iu this

E. F. ELLIOTT•.

~

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~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.....--~

- ~~~~~~~

J. W. HANKENSON.

Improvement in Lightning Rods.

No. 128,617.

Patented July 2,1872.

fig.J.

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II
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I I !
I: ! I !l.,.. i ... i
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I I
!I
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- - ll~lltr~~I--1------III'AVIII,.I

-I~II~~Atl

- ~~~JII~I

128,811
'UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

.J.\'IE:-5 \\". IIASKEYSOY, .OF ~OLIS, ML.~SOT.!., ASSIGSOR TO HiliSELF ..t.L"'ID MOHOLA. BRA.WLEY, OF SAliE PLACE.
IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 12S,Gli, dated July 2, 1672.

SPECIFICil'ION.

two strips B B form an oval inner shell, as

f,, flllzritam it may concern:

shown, its edges being held in two opposite

l3e it known that I, J. W. HA..."iKE~SON, of flnnges, a, of the outer shell. These pieces B

'liuueapolis, in the county of Hennepin and B add to the conducti'\'"e surface of the rod,

~1 :1 rc of )Iinnesota, ha'r'e in'rented certain uew and still in a compact form. Through tbe in-

.11111nset'hl Impro'r'ements in Lightning-Rods; ner shell B is passed a center or core, C, of :,1111 I do hereby declare that the following is zinc, forming with the copper a. combination ;a full~ dear, and exact description thereot~ ref- which produces galvanic action! thereby pro-

··r•·nce being bad to the accompanying draw- tecting the inside of the rod from verdigris or

111::anu to the letters ot' reference marked there- corrosion, which destroys the metal and con-

"'~ which form a pu.rt of this specification.

ducti\e power of the rod. ...-\.. center or core of

The nature of my in'\'"tmtion consists in a zinc may be used with any copper lightning-

··oppcr lightning-rod made of four strips, form- rod for the same purpose.

in;: au inner and an outer shell, and the inner Hal"ing thus f!lllY described my inYention,

:o-lwll pro'\'"ided with a center or core of zinc, as wbat I claim as new, and desire to secure by

will be hereinafter more fully set for.th.

Letters Patent, is-

In order to enable othet'S skilled in the art A lightning-rod, made of an interior and an

I•» which my in\ention appertains to make and exterior copper shell, and provided with a zinc

usc the same, I will now proceed to describe center or core, substantially as and for the

u:-; construction and operation, referring to the purposes herein set forth.

;anne~ed drawing, in which-

.

• In testimony that I claim the foregoing as

Figure 1 represents a side elevation, anti my own I affi:s: my signature in presence of

Fi~. :! a cross-section of my lightning-rod.

t\T"O witnesses.

)fy lightning-rod is composed of four strips,

J _-\.)IES "~- II.A.~~{E.SSOS.

.\ j_ and B B, of copper, the two strips A A

f••rmiug an outer shell, pressed or otherwise Witnesses:

nnited together so as to form projecting :tlanges

H. ,V. )fcX..un,

,, ''~running- longitudinally with the rod. The

)UB.TI~ V. PRA.TT.

- - 11~11~11-----11~11~1!

- -------11~%.111~1

0. MUN SO.N.

Improvement in Lightning-Rods.

No. 129,676.

Patented July 23,1872.

_.Ft;yr. 2.
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t}li:-&,.e,d_.r'es .
cf'ct!· a;~d-:
~~~!
-li~II~VII

- IWA~II~I

- - I~~~~Thj 11---------II~'YAJII~

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

D.AVID ~SO:N, OF O'DLUl..!.POLIS, Di''D~..!.. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS. ·

Speciflc:~.tlon !ornling p:~.rt of Letters Patent .No. 1~9~61'G, <l:~oted July 23: 18:"2.

1'o all zclwm, it may concent:

a plurality of these wires laid or twisted iJ.ito

Be it known that I, DAVID liUNSON, of In- a rope, b. A suitable number of such ropes

dianapolis, iu the county of ~arion anti State hal"ing thus been prepared, they are spirally

uf Indi~1na, ha,·e inl"ented a new and useful luid or t'visted around a core, a, so as to en-

lrnprol"emeut in Lightning-Rods, of which the tirely co\·er and hide the core, and so that the

tollowing is a specitication: .

complete rod presents on its entire surtace-

Iu the accompanying drawing, Figure 1 an infinitesimal number of broken surtaces,

represents a Yie"· of a piece of my improl"ed sharp edges~ and angles.\'fhich l"ery materially

li~htuing-rotl, and Fig. !! is a sectional view increase the capacit~· of the rod to attract am.l

!l!!

uf the same. Figs. 3 and 4 r..-present a. single conduct the electric tiuid. angular copper wire, stl:aight. antl twistl'd The use of au iron core. while it increases

around its own a:s.is, trom the latter of which the gall"anic activity of tlie rod, also giYes it

the rope is formed.

a. larger bulk at a reduced expense, the entire

l!y in\'"entiou consists of a lightning- rotl outer surface being copper, while the strength-

formed of any suitable number of angular ening core a is of the cheaper iron.

copper-"·ire ropes, each rope consisting of a A. rod formed according to myimpro\·ement

plurality of angular copper wires, each of presents a \'"ery hantlsom~ appearance, while

which angular wires is first twisted around its it is a reliable and certain lightuing-conductor.

own a:s.is and a number of them lnid or twist- Ha\"ing described my invention, I claim-

ell together to form such rope, when com- A: lightning-rod consisting ot' a plurality of

hined \\"ith an iron core by lnyiug or twisting nugulnr copper-wire ropes, constructed essen-

them around such core.

tially as described, when cornbinetl with and

In c~trrying out my in\·ention, I dra"· out laid around au iron core, esseuti~llly iu the

:; ' . 1111

or roll out a number of copper wires of any manner set forth. angular shape in contrJ.<listinction to a round

D.\YID .:\IC'~SOS.

IdII.~.
·!i·

or rlat shape, so as to present three or more sharp edges ami faces. Each one of these
wires is then twisted around its own axis, ami

'Yituesses:

,Y. THOS. H. :UOWLES,

CH~RLES

'f~YLOR.

- - 11~11~11-----IIIV•VIII,.I

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No. 160,151

J. C. BRYAN.
bightning-Rods.
Patented Feb. 23,1875.

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. .~I~ I-·U~NITED STATES PATENT

-~""""

J.AliES C. BRYAN, Oh"' I>HIL.A.DELPTIIA; PENSSi."LYANI.A. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS.

Stlecificatiou forming pal't of Lettcre Patent No. I GO, 131, dated February 23, 1875; application filed January 21, 1875.

To all zcltom it may concern:

or poles of the horseshoe-magnets E, one wire

Ueit knO\vn tlmt I,JA.JIESCHA.Pl\I.A.NBn.rAN, aromul each )lole. I then unite the two wires

of l>hilmlelphia, State of l,ennsylnuaia, h~n·e pnssing around the limbs of each magnet, as

irn·entetl a. certain Impro\'"emeut in Lightning-,shown a.t l\I, so tbnt the wires act u.s the

Uods autl Fixtures of the same; I c.lo hereu.r 1\eeper tor the magnets. The se,~eutb or cen·

declare the following to be a fnll and correct te1· H aml the protector I pa.~s into u.nu attach

tlcscription of the same, retcrem~e lming hacl to tbe copper point ~"'. The entit·e rot.l His then

to the accomtmnJing drawings fo1·wing a. IUU't pn.ssell through the support B, which is pro-

of this speciticn.tiou.

Yitled wit.h cavities for the large wires to pas~

'l'he ol>ject of my inl"t'ntion is to prmlnce a through B a1Hl m·ound G, null theu throngb

lightning-rod capable ofcoJieeting, cou,·ering, statl' <J. This staff is snppm-ted by a sta.ntl-

aucl tlischarging the hmwicst churgc of elec- ard, D, whose construction is fully descril>etl

tricity.

atlcl claimed in nnother application for patent

ap.p1l\liyedin\t·oenthtieontocponmsuisl tlsJootftommagont'{t'thice

batteries roll, aic.l-

made by me. At the ground eml I untwist the rod antl tnldug the central or seventh \fire

iug to collect ancl c.lispm·se the elect.1·icity 0 and protector I pass them to one sitle uutl

through Sc\·eral point~ in the atmospJwre arul away from the earth magnetic ua.ttt~r)", uctoro

earth. 'fhey are councctctl uy n rod cupuble de~criuecl. The other six wires I wind uronrul

of conn~ying the bca,·iest charge of lightning. the polc~s of the eartll-nmgnets 1\: nen.r the

'l'he rotl being Slll'l'omulet.l by n protector, I {'ntls thereof. 'fhis earth- uattery is buriet.l

call this the "l\lagnet.ie Lightning-Hotl."

se\'el·a1 feet below the surface and in a tlirec-

lu describing this I'Ot.l I will 1irst explain tiou coincit.leut with wngnetic poles of the

the construction of the magnetic batteries. earth-battery. In this a1·raugement the U}l·

Ji'or tlae top I take tlu·ee nickel-plated steel per magnetic battery ser,·es to collect nntl

magnets, E, bent, as shown in .lfigm·c 2, uy aml disperse any atmospheric current of electric-

upon a machine in\"eutet.l ami patentet.ll>y me, ity, while tho eartb magnetic battery per-

n.ut.l a central copper ]>Oint, It', sih·er plated, forms the same otllce for any earth-current,

mul solit.l platinum at the tip l\ arul, placing thus causing ancl maintaining an equilibrium

them in a suitable mold, I cast ·a.rountl their of clcctricu.l conditions.

jn~action a. tla.ttenetl ball, H, ot' chemically-pm·c As the points of rods often become encnm-

zinc. 'l'he untlt.•r side of this ball is formctl bm·ml with tlags, streamers, kites, &c., 1 h~wc

with a cu.\"ity, tho sides or flanges of which tle\'iset.l the screen shown in Fig. 3 ami dotted

}11'oject 0\"Cr aiHl down upon tho SOCket ll of lines, lf'ig. 17 to protect the poiuts from the the hollo\V stamlu.r£1 or staff 0, as shown u.t sume. I take iron or bra.ss wh·e arul form it

N, thus preYeuting the access of ,,·a.tet· to the into the shnpe shown o\·er a wetlge-block rnatle

interior of tho stun: This I call a magnetic for tho 1mrpose. The wires m·e securetl to-

battery, and I find that. from its construction the getber at their })Oints of intersection in any

}mrts thereof will not oxidize. For the bot- suitable way. This screen or frame is tlaeu

tom I take three straight double-pointed and placed over the upper magnetic battery ant.l

nickel-plated steel magnets, KKK, autl, plac- fastened at the base of the zinc ball G to the

iug them in a suitable mold, unite them by large copper wires of II, aml at the top to the

casting around them a ring or circle, L, of magnets at the junction l\I l\I l\I of tho wires.

chemically- pure zinc. This I designate the 'Vhat I claim, and desire to secure by Let-

magnetic earth-battery. The rod H I make ters Patent, is-

o~ seven large copper wires, Nos. 9 amt 10 1. The combination of the cnrvetl horse-

WJ_re-g~l.ge. These may be twisted together or shoe steel zqagnets E, the wires \VOtmd aroun«l

luul straight. .Around them I wrap se\·eral them and couuectetl at l\I, the ball of chemi-

small copper wires t.o cover the surface of the cally-pure zinc, having ca,·ity N, anti the con-

large wires, designated as protector I. I take uectiou of copper 1>oiut }\ substantially as

six of the large wires of the rod H nnd wrap antl for the purpose as set forth.

them in alternate directions arountl the arms 2. The straight steel magnets K, in combi-

nation with the ring or circle L of chemically- 4. The point.<lefender,consistingoftbewire-

pure zinc, substantially as and for the pur- net, constructed as set forth, and attached to

pose set fox·tb.

the upper group of magnetic points, substan-

3. The combination, with the series of tially a.s aml for the purpose set forth.

magnets K K K aml E E E, of the rod II,

JA}illS CHAPliAN BUY.AN.

constntcted as described, and provided with 'Vitnesses:

the protector I, substantially as and for the

Jos. T. K. PLANT,

purpose set forth.

THEOPlllLUS S. KIID.tELL.

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·No. 160,154.

1£ ~

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J. C·. BRYAN.
·Lightning-Rod.
·Patented Feb. 23, 1875'.

,~

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~'Y UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 'Y~

J.A.llES CHA.Pliil BRYAN, OF PIIILADELPHIA, PEN~SYLV.\.YI.d. IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS.

Specification forming part of Lettera Patent No. 100,134, date February23, 18i5; application filed January 27, 1875.

To all zclwm it m~y coucern:

Fig. 3, consists of six: ln.rge insulated copper

Be it known that 1, JAli£S CIIAPlU.N BRY· wh·es ot' different nmniJcrs, (say, Nos. U ancl

AN, of Philadelphia, State of Pennsyln1.nin, 10,) F and H, arranged iu alternate numbers

have itn·entell a new anc.l mmful1mpt·o,·ement to surround a center copper wire, II. These

in Lightning-Hods nnclli"ixtnres pet·taining to wires ~., ti-, ~., G, ~, G, :uulll may he twisted to-

the same, that I style '''l'he .i.\Iagnctic Elec· gether or straight, u..~. desire1l. They nre sm·-

trical Lightning. Uou ;" mul I do hereby de- roumletl or protectetl on the outside by small

clare the follO\ving to be a full aml correct de- ropeR, composed of small copper wires (se,·en

sci'itltion of the same, reference being had to of ~o. 2~ wire-gage) twisted at·onnd b., U F G

the accompanying dt-awing~, aucl to the let- ~., G at the angle of forty-th·e degrees, so as

ters of reference marked thereon, making a to iuclost~ the surface, thus mukiug tbe com-

part of this specification, in \T'hich-

plete rocl E. I use two sizes or numbers of

Jfigure 1 represents a side elenJ.tion of the wire for rml E, so that tlJe ditle1·ent connec-

magnetic electrical lightuing·rOtl with its ar- tions to the batteries usetl may be reatlily

l'angements nml devices, as lll~reirmt'ter de- tral!l'd and followed. At the other enc.l ot' the

sct·iuetl; lfig. ~,the center metaJlic casting for rod I plant in the earth \T'hat. I call my mag·

stanclard, without the leml tlJat supports the netic em'th ·battery, l\1, t!onsistiug of tlu·ee

statl'; lfig. 3, the rotl in detail; Fig.~, the wire straight douiJlH-pnintecl nickel-platetl steel

roof-fastening tor supporting the I'Otl; Fig. 5, magnets, placcclnorth antl south to IJe a.trectetl

metallic fastening for snppmting the rotl; Fig. by the earth's magnetic currents, to u.ttract arul

6, the lend insulator surrounding the rofl; Fig. tlisperse the electricit\·.

7, the poin t-exteusiou o\·er the statl' tot· pro- In erecting, I place "'the magnetic battery L

tecting the rotl.

on statl' D d, resting on socket C, which is pm·t

The oiJject of my inv·ention is to produce a of D tl. I pass rod E through staff D d, which

lightning-rod tlJat will attract fi·om the atmos- is made of tubing; then lap the copper in:m-

phere or the earth, and disperse the heaviest lated wires F F b, al·ouml the positive poles of

charge of electricity tlJrough several channels, the magnets ..A., to near tlle end of poles or

thereby causing an equiliiJrium between the points, without iusulu.tion. The same way ln.p

posith·e aml uegatin~ powers of that element; lt G G aroullll tlu.~ negative poles of the mag-

further, to so erect and fasten a rod in posi- nets A •. - In socket C, apertures being made

tion that, while firm aml substantial, no stains for wil·es ~, F b., and G G G to pass from staff

on builc.ling, leakage, or iujury to roofs may be D d at J J, take the other end of roll E, antl

caused.

connect it with the magnetic earth-l>n.ttery l\[;

:My invention consists of those features lap F F F arourul tlJe uegati\·e poles of tlJe

more particularly hereinafter described and magnets I, to near the enu of poles or points,

claimed.

without insulu.tion, anti iu the same wa.y lu.p

I take three straight tlouble-pointetl nic1cel- G G G arouutl the positive poles of the mag-

plated steel magnets, A, Fig. 1, aml arountl nets I, to ncar the end of poles ot· points with-

their centers I cast, by ai(l of any suitaiJle out insulat.ion.

mold, a fhtttish ball of chemically-}mre zinc, B, Tile large copper insulated wires F F F and

"\\'hich creates a galvanic action in tlJe steel G G G act as the kePper of a horseshoe·mag-

maguets A. This arrangement I call the mag- .net, between the mu.gnets A and I of the bat-

netic IJattery, L, the magnets of t.he battery L being placetl north anti south on top of the

teries ing a

L amll\I, connecting tlJem aml cm·reut of electricity tht·ougu

Gco,nrv,eIy•,-,

l'ou, according to the magnetie poles, for the auc.l A.

purpose ofcollectiug and dispersing electricity. The largo copper wire H, with the protector

'flJe zinc ball B has a mwity in the lower part of rotl E, pn.sses to one side of tlte magnetic

thn.t allows it to extend over socket 0, as rep- earth· bu.tte1·y l\I, aiding as a discharger. I

reset! ted in Fig. 7, tlJns keeping the water designate this arrangement as the" l\Iagnetic

U'OIP entering the lJollow statl' D. Tlle roll E, Electrical Lightning-Hod," as the electricit.y is

~

~

~==~~~-------------·~

- t~~~====~~~ .......

~ , . . coltocted anti cllatterRetl tbroiiiJb magnetlo ptlaer to bold 1011 B In px~ltlon., anti/'AMWfft

Ill..T ...., poiaata of batteriee plaoed ba the "tDIOKfthere, for aJJOlot to collect and dJsobarge eleatriclt7.

~and earth current trom tlao raoptlvo JtOiuta of 'fhn ,.bingle or alate f•Mtellhtg g Ia comJMleetl

or tbe atmosphere thro!llfh Mn·enll chataan~l~~ tn of irma or hrMI whwa, bent or formed over a
the poeith·e point. the nutgnetic ba,ttery ot• nmld, so tb1't tho1 will be three ancl a half

the eart.h-eurrent; al110, the nepth·e electric· inches nr•art at the hue, ancl ·crofts eaacla

ity of the eartll ia collectecl by the t'NJIIIth·e other at a laefrht or three hacbea, an•l Ia a

points of tbe magnetic ba\ttery of tho enrtb, tlan.-o·••••arter-of.an-fnol' MJUare,.aa. at..A. i

and con\·eyetl through several cbamu~lat to tho rer•rcs~nta a wire that cros~~eat at Ia, for tying,

ma~t~Jetio baattory on tort, where it 111 tliat»ersed BS shown in li"'J". '· Tho t.op Ia, with wire i, ia

by the negath·e Jtninta in canadng an equilibrium.

toher

ot.htme oaataa•,hnedroa,ntllmya,t

incl0118tl ha leRtl by a Jnold Dlft{le ror the pur-
JMJMt~, \Yitla a lend or hollow cal"ity, 11, to,. the

nIn

Fig.
(~

1, that auttt)()rta ataft' ]) tl, center J•iooo Fig. 2) h1 mndo of mallcllblo iron or

rod J~ to lie In, arul witla an extension of leawl,
I, to h•r• o\·er rod H wbon the enfla oft are

bi'BM. Its center 0 htu\ ca\·itica ou tho imd•lo, clntKttl tor..rbther, u atm. At tlao baee extend.

ba which leatl 1• (see l~IJC. 1) bt nm, adlowinJ,t two wirett, ta "' to be Jtlaced untlor the layer of

n, atal' D cl to pass tlamugla tho nt•Jter amd to abingio.~ ur sla'tea abo\·e wbero it Is placecl on
acrew in tho lower block which tH Mnm•nrul· tho nte•r, amino «loai~uato t.wo bent wires rroo1

eel on the inside by 1•, an M to holcl n d Jlrmly tho Oft()()Mito aiclo • a, to be Jtlaced under the

or ancl not nlluw tlao lend 1• to get lcM•~e. 1'ho
block I& IaRS cbaranol Q on ttncll ibJ aldeM,

tthinglctt or Hla,tos it sits nt•on, all beluc ftnnly
Jnitmcl togotlat!r. By removing tbe wires n"

with bolta S, t~xtuncling ont fru111 center or <~, "uti o o 1 havo a tha or Jrra\•el roof raatPniug,

t••· eacla holding a l••t.:, T, lYbicb ia comtmsed uf aa "t p, llig. 1. Tlae ar•J•Iication of tltoee rwtt·
two piecoa ot" wmuJ(ht·lmn nr br1UtR rh·c!tt'd mah1gM dooat llot injure tho roor, and the rod Jtl

gother, witla~eruw.holua in tlut ltnvur cnr\'O 11t ha'" ., c:lu"•co to oontrnct n.ucl oXJtAnd, winter

U l'ilr ~~eruwa tn enter to hold It In itH JmHitiun aaud Hnrmner, and no rnbhiMia r.nlleotll on tho
on tho building, nud with " hnlt, In Umt JHtr· rtHtf'. n t•"IJ:. roJU'Otw.nt.~tn r•iot~cnr flatlead uaotl.

tion that )JIUCHtllM tlarongla t!hiUUit•l (1, nr blm'k llM lUI humlaltor ror Z, with a rrouvo thmnf,(b

It, fitting tho bolt auul Ht-eun~l t.ht•rntu hy uutM. tim c~·utnr, on 0110 Mid.,, "" at q, to Rt oan·lr.y e,

Uy tho ubctvournm.:NmmtH I J•r•Hmn•" Urm J••IJ.C. li, wlah!la ltun·e" " Hhonhlnr, r, 1•"'1". 1, on

or pUal.lo Ata\ntlanl tlmt caua ho taekma llJt:art. lc•r mu~h Mitln ur ~~ WhOII tl10 fllfJOfiatg J~intll/ Rro

tranaportaltiou.

dntet~d. It IM UHOCI on Mtxmnt itH tJIIaability'

Tile 8Jtire·r•rutMtnr v r.nnMiMht or nuall••nhln k•·•~t•ing lht\ waatt-r fro111 onh!rhtJ& ht•tween tho

or Jmn or hntMM CllHthtJC, with " ltulo thnml'h t lm rcHl 1•: auul fnHtouhaJC Z, and niHtt bOC'.aUIO it IM
centtar, ha \\'lllc~la 'hr~aldH ''"' mat in, No thalt emtMirlen!d tho IJOMt IIUII·CtnllhiC:tnr all ~iao tbe tnbing U nuay bn Mcnn\'t"l tlac•n•ln fnnn IUUhtbt.

alMJ\"e
J•art o

auul tnhiuat
r v IM lnaulo

tl frum MC\"c•nd

lH\Inw. l•whttH

'l'latt lu\\'t'r \flth•r tlum

It iMmiNfnmury to ,,...... fhn ro.l t.hron"b a r•lreo
nt t uhlnJ( IH•(uro It tmtnn t.ltn •~•arth, tbon ata,ttle

the tc•J•, ami Into a tint. Murtiu!.,, nM nt. \\'. tie~• luhiu.r firmly to tim bnUdha~r, 10 tlu•t the

or .. . Thnml(h tho tnt•

IIJtlre ur Jthnuu~l.. " huln rrHit~aumut lHt d1Mherht1tl. h1 wlntor, tho WRh!r

fn,.,.""• Ill '"'"''.1' tho lo\\·er ,...rt ur Ml.atlf ,, JtUMHIIIJ,C ••nlnnt elm tuhhtJC',

auul bunbl tho tub·

down Into t.lttt huh,, "' tlltt \V rt•MIM ma lnJ•, ht•· ln.r. 'J'u t•nwmat UaiM rruen or.marrht.r I lun·o

htJf J~tdd firmly Ju liM \"'"Ilion hy Mt!MtWM. mneln i' umlcl to run Jc•aul, 1uul umko" attM~kt•tl TbrouJ(h V tht•nt IM " 11lc n hnh•, X, htc!linln~: "• l•'la,r. 1, t.n tit nrnnnd rcHI I•: lllld tu t•xtt'IU

UJtWllI'd lliH)\"0 \ V for thn rcHI I•~ to JtUNN I hrHU J:h tluwn un t.hn cmtNicln nt' tuhinll t, ttrttMHhta( tht'
111• tho Mtntr H. 'J'ht, UJtJmr Juart. ur X u~· lc••ul t la,:ht llnlllnd rtHI J~, 11n nn \\'l'tur t!l\lll'nh•r

h·nt!a n\'t•r ,.., no WRtA•r t!I'U c•ntt•r Htnfr U ''· llu' tuhhtJ.C t, 1uul thu" au·uh•c•tha~r rml I•~ fa·um Tlao Mt~ruw Y holdM V lllld 1, tnJ.C••tlu•r, Mn tlmt, hc•inJ,C cliNt lll'ht'tl.

It Vl"lt'" ho ort'C,hHI nu Nlldf I J ''· hult•xe•H will \\'hill. I dnhn UM Ill\' ht\'l'ftllnn IH-

not J(t•t nut or l"'"ltlnn. Jly t hnNtt m••niiM I

oonv..y thtt nHI I•, cmhehln nr tht' hnllclhtJC, llml

Jm waat~r m•n tmhtr thtt WtMHI nruuaul t hu Nhall',

while tho
their truo

JntentnNlihtlumaai•. JHctlJnrtAt.hnhutih&••N•h•"ml"n"J('

kt•J•t In ~, ••mn-

*'""'"'' 1"•*"1 or llllllltttlhlt9 lrcm ur hriUtN, " IN tim Nt't'·

Uuu tlu•t I•

nr drh·c•n halo t.lan hulltl·

1. 'l'ltn r•mnhlu"rlmi, wllh Clan npaaur h•rml·
"""'I ur nul ul' •• ll~:htnhtJ.C·I·ncl, ut' tlan Mt•rh•M m
IIIUtctu•fM 4\ IUICI tim luall r.inn Jtatrtlaally ....
h•• t!lm•h•JC t ttantrne•tH lltul •·~ h•nclhiJ.C n\•t,r Rttuke•t nr C~, HUhNIIlllfillJI.Y liM ht•l'l''ll Mt•t rm•fh.
:!. 'l'hn 11HI C!UIUitttMt'd Clan ......~.... or IIIMtl• lnle•cl \\·lrt•M 1•', 1•', 1•', CJ, Cl, Cl, a&ncl 11, \Ynund

har. b I• "" hmlluod Rhnnhlttr lH•hv••••n '' aanrl nH clt•Nt!t'IIH••I, 1Uul \\'rnt•Jtt'fl with " ltl'utootur,, r.Hl 1~. tJ IN a ella• ur c-xltmNiun ma tltu lu\vt•r HUhNhUtllnll)' liM hN·oln MC't fttrth,

J•nrt of ~. ht!low ''• to t!l&rry tlttt \Yillt•r ,.,. ,... :&. 'l'h" t!nmhlnnUnn, with " llghtnlr•.r·rml

tho bulldhalf, 110 tlmt nu "'''haM htt t!11Ut4t'41 un

~ i~.AIi ~ ~~~ ~

tlao IIRIUO. , 111 a lmlluw ,,,n·lty with t wu •·~· tefn•lntal or tatNtrha.r JH•Int.-.,f, "" Mhuwn In l··l.r.
tl••• G, and •urruunclt..l on tho htMitht hy aan haNU·
l"tnr, }~Jr. fl. \Vhftta rtHI I~ 111 J•h..!•ttl In
oavlty ,, .,..ct Rttrromulrd by lnMnllltcar I•'IJC. fl,
tnpPriiiJ JHiilltul'/am 1'"'"••••1

t!nlllftrtMt••l ut' t lm Nt•rh•M nl' wln•H, lut dMtn·lhc,.l, uf t au h•rmlnul 1111\JCIIt'ltC, haattnrln" J, a'nd 1\1, ••n•~h Nln.cln mn.rm~t. ul' e•ltiiC'r hntt••r1 bt•h•te t!UUIIC't~lt'tl fn Olin IIII'Jllll't n( thn ntht•r hRU4•ry h)· htMnhah•cl wlre•H t•unnr•e•tlnJ,C thulr OJtiHNdtn
1mlc•R, MllhHtnnthally llH auacl fur tho a•ur1w•o Itt' ...... h.

~~========~=====~

~

~

160,1:54

4. The combination, with a lightning-rod, of nncl tie wire i, secured together by the lea(l

the series of magnets placed at the lower enc.l fillet or baucl '" l, cast thereon, aml extensions

thereof, arul forming a magnetic etuth-bnttery, n a, substantially as and for thepurpose herein

substantially as and torthe purpose herein set set forth.

forth.

U. Theinsulatingstripoflenc.lha'ringa grool"e

z, 5. The snpporting-Rtamlarcl N, consisting of along its center to fit \Vithin tile arms I of sup-
the ceo tra.l portion 0 ancllenc.l P, providecl wi tb port and the side flanges for extension Ot"er

ca,·ities Q, bolts S, and groo\"es, constructed the arms f, substantially as all(l for the pur-

ns shown, the parts being arrnnged aml com- pose herein set forth.

bined substantially as and for the purpose 10. The combination, with the rocl and the

herein set tort11.

protecting-tube t, of the leacl socket or pro-

6. The spire-protector, consisting of the tube tector a, extending over the top of the tube
pro,·ic.lctl with tlange ,V, ot·ifice X, and fasten- and grasping the rod, substantially as anti for

ing-scre\V' Y, substantially as anc.l for the pur- the purpose specifioc.l.

pose herein set forth.

po7in. tTs Iheoifnctlhineecm.letsahlloiuclfdaesrte7nJ,inclgipzc,,

ta as

pering herein

J..:l:llES CITAPli.AN BRYAN. 'Vitnesse.,:

set forth.

Jos. T. K. PLA..~T,

8. 'file roof-fastenings consisting oCtile frame

TIIEOPHILUS S. KnnmLL.

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~~============~~

~

~

.• J. A. KLECKNER.

Lightning-Rod.

No. 162,828 .. ..Fi&.1.

Patented May 4, 1875.

Pi_g.,8. .

~~

7T£l71A!JStJ.
~ ~~ ltto.~o""

1

~ ~ ~

Invtblrihr.
~.A. Jr1u&wv..
fir I1Dr .A;t31~ .

~~

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~

~========~~==~~
~
NITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOUS ..:\. KLECK~J~n, OF CANTON, OHIO, ASSIGNOR TO HlliSELF AND IIENHY F. SliOL'fY, OF S.A~IE PLACE.
IMPROVEMENT IN LIGHTNING•RODS.

~ ttcifil'ation forming part of Letters Patent No. 10~,8~8, dated Mar 4, 1875; 1opplicath o filed

··I

J aonary 26, 1"14.

.

nil 1.,10 i

t1rkltnomo"·iut

may tlmt

concern:
1, JouN

A.

KLECKNER,

of

the exterior conducting-surfaces. The bnlcepoints 1>, after being united, as at f, to the

A; 0 ~.~J;1!.to~n1r1~e,im-neenththsne·eicnnotueLdnitgycheotrnftian.iSgnt-nHnrkeowdnsuolalund8dtuatstbeePfou.irlf

outer series U. then extend to and into tile. main point tbeir tangs btaing dh·idcd, as and for the purpose above mentioned, in rela-

Aataachuu.•nts; au~ I do hereby dech,re t.be tion to those d. Openings are made through

followin"' to be a full, clear, and exact desc11p· the nutiu rod at various lloints or distances

. n of ttae same, reference being had to the throughout its length, so that the fiuicl may :..mrm~yin~ draw:_ings waking u ll~'rt of this equalize itself by passing from the exterior to

M"CiticnUoo, m wb1ch-

the interior, or vice \"ersa, os the case may be.

•1 fi~ure 1 represents, in per~pecth·ta, the The ground end of the rod is also furni::shell

pointlf and npper portion of the rod, togethe\' with holes or optanings, so that the fluid may

...
1

uh 3 por~ion. ?f means of mutm

t g

he body. or coudnctor, ;,~ncl the sect.aons t.he1·eof. 14tgs.

.. ·s ~nul 4 represent details of the construe-

(j.,~1' of tho ro4l, which will be more particu-

Jarly referred to hereufter. }f'jg, 5 I"CpreSelltN

pass tberethrough from the interior of t.he hollow rOll into the eartb. Tbe main rod A is best when made of copper, an<l to make it light, strong, and inexpensh·e tbe copper may Ue tbiu, Ullt fortued Of a Sel•ies Of Spina.l raised

1t'ni~!tCt.m2l

,·ie\r o nnd 3.

f

the

coupling

utn·ice

shown

at

ribs, g, \\"ith plain, or slightly-n.rched or corrng~Ued, hmds h between them, ancl across the

)(\·in,·entiou relates to a lightning-rod umcle interior of the so made hollow rod is a corru-

tuluilur or hollow, and ribbed or corrugntcu gatecl \va.U or partition, i, which adds not only

ro iucrl':t~e the extent of condneting-stufact,, to the extent of interior conductiug-surfnce,

both inside uud outside of the rod, aud braced but materially strengthens the rod itself. Tile

in8idc tor a similar purpose. us also to gi \"e in- main rod B, being made of slleet metal, ribbetl rnmsed sti·eugth, and t'uruisbetl with a series and corrugated as described, will be in sec-

of pnints so uuule as to recei\·e ancl conduct tions, wbich must be unitecl when the rod is to

tl•o ttuicl partially on the exterior ancl Jhll'· be put up. 'fo make a cou \"euient aml ready

tinily on the interior conducting· sm·fuces, splice, I ~boulder and receNs the adjacent ends

ami with openings or boles, through which the of tbe sections, as at j, Fig. 4, forming, us it

duitl may pass from the exterior to the inte- were, alternating tongues aucl groo\•es; and

riur of the roll, a.ml ,·icc Yersa, all of whieh these being nmtcbed and slipped one into the

,. ill he more particularly tlcscriuetl in con nee- other, a wire, k, is passed thmngh the lappeel

tinn with the c.Jrawiug~.

ends, ancl urought arouucl tbe exterior aml

'fh•~ main central iloiut .A i~ umcle coni<ml thstenetl, as seen in Fig. 4. Such a splice

a1ul hullow, anc.l tipped with plutiua. a, or other will answer iu most cases; but if the rocl ue

tuaitablc metal. 'l'his point has thruugh it a. hetn·y aJHl much exposed, theu a slee,·e, 1~,

~~t•l'it•s of hole~, b, for allowiug- tho tlnitl to di- as in Fig. I, may he first pnssccl o\·cr this

,·i·l~ a1ul pnss oil' pnrt.ia.lly on the iutel'inr :mel ton~uo :uul g-mo\·e or lapped joint j, anc.l the

I Jl:&rtially on the t~xh•rim· surtiwt>!i thereot: wire k run thmugh around the joint mad
The puint .A is connectetl to the main rml B slec\"'e, which will greatly sh't.!ngthen the splice.
at c uy ri\·ets or otherwise. .Aronml the ceu- If it be desira.ule to couuect the point nntl por-

tral point A :u·e arraugt•t.l a series of bmcc- tion of t.his special rod to auy other kiuc.l of <l

}Joints, U C, &c. 1.'he tangs d of thf'se b1·a.ce- lightning roll or conductor, a coupling-pin, as

JN,iuts 0 nre split or tlh·itletl, one umuch ex- at li', .Figs.!!, 3, 5 may be used, wlJerciu B rep-

tending tlnwu outside of the maiu point A, resents my form of rotl, ant.l G represents au-

erc!Nliing the joint c, and ri \'etec.L to uotll the other form of roc.l to be uuited thereto. The

l"~lllt A nml tile main rotlll. 1.'1Je other branch coupling-piece .If is mac.le in two parts, wllich ..A.. ..A..""'llll

ut the tang passes tllrough an opening, c, in screw togetber, as at m, anll it is, moreo\·er, ~ ~

the main poiut. into the interior thereot; so as hollow, for a purpose to be hereinafter men-

lu diritle tile fluid O\"'er the interior as well as tioned. 1.'l..te rod .B is set o\"er a shoulder on

~

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~====~~======~~4

~~==========~~~

~

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162,828

the upper end of the coupling, aml rh·etec.l to it. ln the lower end of the coupling is a nut, .,,, with openings o around it, which connect with the OJ,en tipace through the conpling, so
that a hollow rod, B, may be connected witb a solid one, G," and both the exterior and in-
tt-rior couclnctiug-surfuces ot· the holiO\v rod lend onto the exterior ot' tbe solid rod. To unite the two kinds of rods, the coupling F and its connected section and points is sc1·ewetl onto a screw-shank on the rod G, as seen at
Fig. 3. Ha\"ing thus fully described my invention,

2. In combination with the hollow an4 pierced point and rod, the brace-point~, wir~ branched tangs, so as to cond net the tluid hoc~ onto and into the holiO\v Jloiut or rod, or I.Mb, substantially as dettcribed.
3. The tongued and groo~ed joint anti \fil't'tl spJicej k, \vith or wit.hont the slee\·e E, all :uul
tor the 1mrpose described. 4. In combination with the l101low, riuht..l.
corrugated, and piercetl main rod B, the coiiJ• ling-~,iece F, for the purpose of joining ,;;•i•l rod B to a solid rod of any kintl, as tle~crilJt-.1
and represented.

what I claim is1. In combination with a hollow, ribbed, or

JOllY .A. KLECK:SEU.

corrugated main rod, the hollow conical mniu ]loiut A, \Vhen both the rod and point are pierced to adrnit the passage of the tluid iut.o the interior of the point all(l rod, as and tor

s. ' V i tnesst-s: SLANA.-mR, \V. \V. CLA.RK.

the purpose described.

~

~

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im

~
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~....,

No. 65,775.

C. STEARNS. lightning Rod.

~ ~
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....,~
Patented June 11. 1867.

I I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I

~·

zt!~:
.?.~.~

~

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4~6!u~
d9:; tat:; ,;fI)}!/~
~
4

··~
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CIIAUJ,ES STE.r\llNS, OF LO' WELL, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO JACOB A. KISSELL, OF CIIICAGO, II~LINOIS, WHO ASSIGNS ltAtF OF IUS RIGHT TO NA'fHAN BLICKENSDERFER, OF ERIE COUN'fY, PENNSYLVANIA.
Letter~ Pt&tellt No. 65,775, dated JuJU 11, 1867.

IMPROVEKEBT IN LIGHTNING-BODS.
f~r !r~rbulr ttfttttb t.o ht t~rse ].'rttrrs fJattnt anb ntaking Jatt of t'e samt.

~·
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TO ALL· 'fO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME:
ur Be it known that I, CIIARr.£8 S·rsARl'CS, LI)\YCJI, in the county of Midcllesex, ancl CommonweAlth of }fu-
111chusetts, h11vc inventccl a new and nsefut .Jniutlcss "'" S!tliclly Cn'ltinuous Sheet-~letul Lightning-Rod; anri I

hereby cleclaru that the fullowing !!pt'cification, in cnfanttction with the ac.-compmnying drawings, constitutes. a

lucid. clcftr, ancl exact clesf!ription of tho Sl\tne. In refening tel saicl clrawingtt-

Figuro 1 denote! a sirle view of the coil of sheet metal re:acly for being formed.

Figure 2, au eclgc view of the sZLmu.

Figure 3. an ex tl!l"ior Yicw of o1y rocl nfter being sh:apcd.

Figure 4, an end view or it.

Invention: 1'he ruaturo of my invention ccnsists in a soliclly C!Qntirneons sheet-metal or copper lightuing-rod,

having gre:at inherent strength, oncl which is Cl)rrugatecl ancl twiste•l, or otherwi!le fnrmecl or shaped, to rendily e:atcb the electric fluid ~y its vnrying anrl projecting edges, atul to embn•ly suOi~iont stability and strength (or

erection arul pe1·mnnent 11upport, and :1t the snme time be susceptible or being hPnt. to conform to the inequali-

ties ancl shnpes of tho structure withm1t ilnpniring the appellrJ,nco, sta·engt!l, or eff'e;:t of the rorl, an•l "' the

nme time not requiring a single joint in it for the whole 11tructure. •
Construction: ·ro enable others llkillorl in the 11rt to which u•y invention a.ppertniras to Cl)nstruct and carry

out the same, I wilt clescribe it M roll•>lYS: I prefer ~tbeet cnpper tn other me.tltl, by rc:~-sou of its cncapnel!s, gri!ILt tltlctility, mn<l density, an•l its great
:o~usceptibility ,r readily rceaivi:•g ;':acl snfely cn:n·eying aw••Y large volum" of the electric ftui•l or current.
'fhe object ~&ttained by the soli•l continnity of tho rocl is;' perfect conductor, by Ju,ving no brer~ka or joints in

which the eleeta·icity will be liable to jump in traversing it, ancl Rlso in its grent strength and convenience or ea·ection. 'J'he shnpe muKt be givl'rLthe rod ~t the pluce of e:-eetion, as it C1'nnot be transported artl'r being shap«!d. Tho sheet copper is first rollctl nf great length; ILncl of the clesirecl thickness ancl \\·itlth, ~ntl coilc•l into

rolls, Sl'en at figs. 1 and 2 of tho drBwing, which Bre easy toltransport to any phLcc fur erecting my rorl, as ulso

the machine which I have invorttetl llnri no" use for corrugating and twisting the rocl,"which consists of corru-

gating oncl iwisting rolll'rR sn combined thu.t by entering the outer encl of the Cl)il of strip copper and turning a ernnk, the strip mct1'l is passed through and uniformly oorrug1tteri 1u:ul twisted, as seen Rt fi~. 3 ancl 4 of the clralving. When a sufficient length of it bas been shnped, it is cut ofT with ~thean, ancl is then ren•ly for erection

on the structt.re in one continuons piece from end to end·, an•l may be securc!l thcrttt•l by n.ny goo•l insulators,

the top, of courl!e, projecting above the highest point of' tho huilcling, llncl the luwer enci rea.ching to clampncss in tbe earth below the building. Uy giving the within-described sh:~pc to th<' ro•l, it is impos~tiule for the light-

ning to stl·ike the a·ncl without coming dil·ectly in cout11ct with the edges of the sheet metal, which a.re doubly

continuous tho entire length of the! rod. Various curves or shapes m~ty be given the rod, bu·t the corru;ate1l and twistefl shape I deem preferabltt to

"ny otlt<'r.

'l'he cheapness of my rocl a.tul of its applicn.tion is obvious, from avoicling all joints and splices and con-

triv:mces for thn.t put·pose in the old ro•ls. But the most prominent fe:,ture iii in the great conducting power of

the rod, llntl the acltlitional sn.fety thereby guaranteed to lire u.ml property, a.nd without a.tlditionul expense.

Whnt I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letten P;,tcnt, isA lightning-roll or conductoa·, consisting of a solitlly continuous stdp of sheet metal, suhst~ntially as described.

Witnesses: E. W. ScoTT, l\1. A. ScoTT.

CIIA.S. STEARNS.

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~· No. 6,835.

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H. W. SPANG.

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LIGBTNI:N' G-RO D.

Reissued Jan. 4, 1876.

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UNITED

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STATES

PATENT

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OFFICE~

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HENBY VI. SPANG, OF READING, PENNSYLVANIA. ..
IMPROVEMENT IN. LIGHTNING•ROD,S.;

speailcaUon forming pari of Letters Patenfi No. 167,415, dafiecl September '1, 18'15; reita11e No. 8,83~, date~

JaaDK7 4, 18'16; appllcatioa tUecl December 14, 18'15.

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~0 all whom.- U tna,y otmcen~:

fully explained in the following specification, ·

Be it known that I, HDBY W. SPANG, of with reference totbeac~aompanyingdrawings,

Reading, iu the county of Berks and State of in which-

Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and Figure 1 is a view in elevation of my inveu-

u~ful Improvements. iu Lightning-Conduct· tion. Fig. 2 is a plan view of a metallic drain· ors ; and I do hereby declare that the follo\V· or gutter. Fig. 3 shows a moditi~tion of my

ing is a full, clear, and exact description invention.

thereof, that will enable others skilled in the A is an ordinary metallic rain-pipe, con-

art to wbich it appertains to make and use nected with, and leading from, 'the metallic-

the same, referepce being had to the adcom- roof a of a house at the gutter or trough ol

panying drawings, a~d to the letters of refer· thereof. B is a metallic draiu or gutter, the

ence marked thei'OOn, which form a part of basin b of which receives the rain o1· waste

this specification. ·.

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water 1lowiug through and from pipe A. This

This inTention consists in connecting au or- drain or gutter is connected to pipe A by a ·

dinary metallic raiD·J•ipe of a hoqse or other metallic rod, C, pipe, or othflr suital>le metal· '

structure with a metallic roof or other light· lie conductor, and near the month of the gut-

ning attractor or conductor at its top, aml with ter, and in the bottom thereof, is au aperture,
a perforated metallic pipe l)laced in the earth b', at which a metallic pipe, D, having an

near its bottom or foot, anll a suitable dis- OJ)ening at its top and bottom, and any suit·

tance from the foundation-walls of the house, able number of Ol)enings or perforations, E,

and arranged so as to form a perfect line of of any desired form or .size, along its entire

electrical conductors, anti keep the eartb sur- length or sides, is conilected to tbe draiu or

rounding the said perforated pipe, and auy gutter B, and extends downward into the

other terminal metullic conductor connected earth. The aperture 11 in the bottmn of the

therewith, moist by means of rain or \Vasta w~... gutter B CUIJ be co\·eretl by a perforatell disk

ter, and thereby secure a good ~artb-connectiou in sumu1er, said llerfor-c1ted didk l\llowing the

therefor, and also aff"ord means by \vhich a passage' of \vnter into pipe D, but preventing

portion of the attracted elect1·icity will be dif- the passage of trash, by \Vhich t.he pipe uiight

fused, during a thunder-storm, over the ftow- become clogged. ~u the winter the 1,erfo1·at-

ing rain·Wl\ter, and into the moist surface of ed disk may be replacetl by a solid one, so as·

the earth;. the said metallic nlin-pipe being to pre\·ent the water entering pipe· ··D and·

connected \Vith the perforated pipe by means freezing, as at that season the earth is usually

of a metallic drain or gutter, pipe, rod, or sutliciently moist, and there is seldom any

other suitable conductor, or directly there· thunder and lightning. '\Vheu the house has

with. ItaJsoconsists inanimprQvedearth-ter- a· metallic roof, as shown at a in the drawing,"

minal for lightning conductors or rods, con· and pipe A is coni1ected therewith, au attract-

sisting of a metallic pipe with perforations or ing-rod, F, which extenlls al>ove the top· of
I openings along its entire length or sides, so j the chimney or other elevated projection of
that the rain or waste water \Vhich enters the the bouse, should be erectec.l directly upon pipe will not only ~ow into tbe earth at the tb.e roof, a~d be metallically connected there- '

bottom, but also· mto the earth along the wtth ; but 10 case the bouse has a wootlen,-

whole length of the pipe, the1·eby causing a slate, or other.roof of poor conducting mate·.

large1· amount of earth to be readily saturu.ted rial, the lightning attractor or· conductor F7

with water, and enabling lightning or atmos- which ~hould4also ext.eml along the ridge or

pheric· electricity to be more readily diffused said roof in e,·ery direction, ·ancl along the·

than by any other method, device, or devices edge of said roof at each gable, must be con~

heretofore employed for moistening the earth nected with rain-pipe A, or with the met~llic

, A surrounding the terminal conductor and dit:. eave trough ·or gutter, to which said pipe A.

fusing lightning.

is connected.

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The details of construction involved in my . The drain or gutter B, or the pive which

jnvention, and the operatio~ thereof, will IJe ~ay be used for conveyi~g the water from

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nr · rain-pipe A into the perforate({ pipe D, may · oughly saturated with water. It is also

be of any desired length, and muy, if desired, extend into the street-gutter, or into a se\ver,

visable to make have the upper

use of a p01tion

gutter or drain B of perforated l;i(J~·

D

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and the perforated pipeD may he extended or the connecting conductor placed so as to be

from any portion of the said drain or gutter, in contact with the tlO\l"ing rain-,vater dnring

or drain-pipe.

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a thunder-storm, so that a portion of the at.

The perforated pipe D can be connecte<l tracted lightning \l"ill be diffused through the

with rain-pipe A by means of a solid rod or said flowiug rain-water over the moist su1-tace bar placed on the top of the earth, or beneath of the earth. ·

the surface thereof, instead of by a gutter or It is well known that in order to diffuse

pipe, as hereinbefore desc1·ibed, ~uti may·also lightning readily into tbe earth and secure the

be placed and armuged so that the wa~te- proper action oflightning-conductors, it is nee-

water from a pump or hydrimt, or water from . essury that the said conductors must terminate··

a gutter or stream; will also flow into the said in, or at least come in contact with, a large.

1)erfora.ted pipe D, aud keep the earth about and well-moist portion of the earth. Dry earth

said pipe well moistened during the summer. is a poo~ conductor, into which the atmospheric

The pipeD can be round, squart~, triangu- electricity does not rea,lily flow from th3 ter-

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lar, or ·or any desired form, and may also lun·e minal comtuctor ora metallic rod, pipe, or other.

any number or perforated branches; also, an lightning-conductor erected upon a house, and

enlargement at its bottom or top, so as to hold when said com.luctor does not have a suitable

a large quantity or water during a thunder· reser\"oir of well-moist earth into which to

storm; aud it can also hav~ any oth~r metal- quickly and readily discharge its attracted·

lie terminal conductors connected therewith. electricity it becomes worthless as a protee-

. It is, however, preterable to use a· straight tioo, us the electricity is then apt to leave the:

pipe without branches, so that it can be conductor, pass into the building, and damage·

drhyen downward into the earth, and the earth or destroy it, and endanger the inma~es. The·

iusicle thereof be afterward taken out by means object, therefore, or employing the perforated

of a small auger or shovel, or be well packed pipe D and e~tendiug it downward into the

in a hole made by a rod with a sharp point earth is in order that a portion of the rain or

drit"en into the earth, or a hole made by an waste water may flow into the pipe D and

earth auger or eical"ator.

moisten the earth surrounding and beneath

Instead of employing a solid iron pipe, D, said pit>~, and thereby provide a suitable res~·

round, square, or of any otber suitable form, er\"oir of moist ~artb, and particularly during

perforated with openiugs or holes, several a thunder-storm, for the diffusion of lightning

cur\"ed or flat pieces or bars of il'On can be into the earth. I carry the pipe D to a dis-

used, and be fitted and held together at the tance below the surface of the earth where

top and bottom by means of metal hoops, or there is approximntely permanent moisture;

other suitable fastenings, so that there will hut as the depth to which the heat of the sun

be a suitable space or opening between each uries the earth \"aries during the summer; I

pair of said pieces or bars, which will allow a.im to have my pipe or terminal conductor so

the water to pass through and moisten the placed that, if not actually within the line of

earth surrounding and beneath them, ancl permanentmoisturt',communication tbere\vith

thereby answer the same purpose as a .solid will be \?ery soon established after the cow·

iron perforated pipe, and also be convenient mencement of a thunder-storm, bt·means of

for causing a good contact to be made with the rain-water dowing through the IO\ver open·

the earth, by spreading the said pieces and ing aD<l pex·forations of pipe D.

pressing them tightly against the sides of a \Vater is a conductor of electricity, and dur·

holft mad~ by a driving-rod, an earth-auger, ing a thunder-storm the greater portion ofrain-'

or excavator.

water flowing from rain-pipe A passes over

In the modification shown in Fig. 3 the per· the drain or gutter B, or the top of perforated

forated pipeD' connects above ground directly pipe D or connecting conductor, and spreads

with the metallic rain-pipe A, which is sntl· over the surface of the earth, or a brick or stone

posed to be in metallic conuectiou with a light- gutter or pavement, and reaches the eartll

ning attractor or conduc_tor at its top, and it through the interstices of the pavement, or

,has a perforated funnel or enlargement, d, con- flows into a running gutter or se\v-er, and the

nectetl therewith by an elbow-joint at the foot said rain-waterassists in diffusing the attracted

th~reof, so as to bold~ large quantity of water, electricity from said drain or gutter B, or pipe
aud a terminal metallic plate, d', is connecte(l D, or connecting conductor, over tbe moist sur·

to and extends vertically downward from tbe face of the earth, along the gutters, pavements,

perforated funnel or enlargemelit d, as show~:~. sewers, &c.

In this arrangement the perforated piJ?e D' is The gas-pipes in a building, or any other me·

sut,plied with water directly from rain-pipe A, tallic conductor, may be used as part of the

and the said perforated pipe is near the foun- lightning-conductors, in connection with per·

,.dation-wall of the house. I prefer, however, forated pipeD, and care should be taken that
to have the perforated pipe placed at least six a good electrical connection is made between feet from the foundation-walls of the house, thejointsofthegas-pipes bysolderingorbraz-
so as to prevent them from· becoming thor- .mg them tog~ther,or by an additional con·
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doctor, as the red lead uSed at the joints of ning and make a bet.ter earth-connection from

such pipes is a poor conductor of electricity; the fact that a large amount ofwell-~oist earth

and the meter must also be shunted by means offers leas resistance to the pa~~sage ofelectricity

of a copper sheet or wire, or other good con- than a small amount of moist earth.

ductor having greater conductivity than the Having uow fuiJy described the construction

material of the meter and the lead joints thtsre- and operation of my invention, I claim- ·

of, so as to prevent the meter from bein~dam­ 1. The com~ination of metallic rain-pipe A

aged and the gas set on 1lre by the meltmg of with perforated metallic pipeD, said pipes be-

the lead joints.

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ing electrically COQ.nected, as described, and

The pipeD, with perforations or openings E, forming a lightning-conductor, substantially

as hereinbefore described, constitutes a much as set forth. •

better medium for saturating the earth with 2. Metallic pipe D, having perforations or

water than au ordinary pipe, with the usual openings E, as described, and for the purpose

openings at ita opposite ends, or any of the ttet forth.

devices heretofore employed for that purpose, In testimony that I claim the foregoing I

for the r~ason-that the said pipeD not only have hereunto set oiy hand this lOth day of

saturates the earth at the bottom of the pipe, December, 18i5.

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but also saturates the earth aloug its entire'

HENRY W. SP.A.NG.

Jeugth. which is not accomplished by the ordi- Witnesses:

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nary pipe, or any other de,·ices heretofore used~

DA.NL. SPANG,

The ·said pille D will more readily di1f11se light-

J. WA.BREN.TRYON.

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- J. J. COLE.

~Sheets-Sheet 1.

No. 185,430.

LIG ETll' I I G-ltO DS.
P a. t. en ted Dec. 19, 1a7·6·.

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