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VOLUME 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENTARY LEAKAGE TELEGRAPHY.
DOUBLE GROUND SYSTEMS
DOUBLE GROUND WITH
AERIAL CAPACITY·
· VRIL AND
SUBTERRANEAN ELECTRICITY ·

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SECTION 1
.COMMENTARY

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VOLUME 8 VRIL AND GROUND RADIO
8.1 VRIL AND WORLD The study of modern communications requires famili~rity with
a broad base of supportive topics. One must exam1ne these fundamental thoughts in order to recognize the true reasons which determine how radioelectric communications systems actually operate. Contrary to the belief that electrical functions are wholly responsible for the transaction of radiosignals, the thesis is advanced concerning eidetic VRIL currents and their indispensable central role in facilitating all communications irregardless of technical systemology.
Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless do not operate in a space which exists apart from the environment in which they are rooted. Technologies are not autonomic. They do not occupy spaces which are alienated or isolated from the world in which they exist. Technologies blossom into a pre-existent world whose foundations are not physical. It is critical that we first examine the primary foundations upon which these systems were found to have profound effect. Not wishing to reiterate the dogmas of electrical science once again, we must discern the real foundations on which communications systems are actually established.
We must first begin with an examination of sentient experience. Technological systems exist in a world, suffused by consciousness. Sentient experience is not simply an encounter with inertial matter. It is never adequately described by mere vector analysis, the science of Qur time. Experience is a complex composite of both conscious and physical encounters. Experience is a suffusion, a communion with the world. The sensuo-conscious portions of our world-experience far outproportion the phy$ical expressions, evidencing the far greater conscious content of the world.
Quantitative science denies, filters, invalidates, and eradicates all conscious portions of the experiential world. Collectively reduced to this demoted rank, subjective impression is thus invalidated by quantitative analysts. When considering this marvelous truth, one marvels that quantitative science managed to swindle humanity out of the richest part of its experiential thesaurus. ·
Experience is composed of succinctly blended projections. Experience is completely suffused by sense and consciousness, not 'by objective forces or their analysis. Only by taking real hold of the fact that experience is first and fundamentally a conscious suffusion can we begin to reconstruct the lost science; the qualitative science through which we recognize the "true matter" of which the world is made.
The ancients recognized that consciousness is the deepest means for making world examinations. When subjectively interpreting natural phenomena, the opinions "in consortium" of ancient philosophers, constituted the validating evidence. It is imagined by quantitative science that subjective impressions always give widely varied assessments of world reality. Evidence of a supposed subjective "discontinuity 11 have caused them to relegate

subjectivity as "invalid".

Experiential events are treated very well by human subjective

impressions. In such instances, wide samples of human impressions

reach remarkable agreements. The large resultant central agreements

show that subjective impressions are far more penetrating and

revealing of experiential events than the modern quantitative dogma

wishes to admit. "Fringe" impressions always manage to appear among

such population samples. Among the sampled population, these

evidence both the refined sensitivities, and the insensitivities of

certain few individuals, on each side of a distribution.

The consortium of assembled examiners, those philosophers who

viewed the world directly through the tool of their consciousness,

always reached general agreement when assessing these phenomena

through the tool of consciousness. Both dull and sharp awarenesses,

evidencing the "fringe" individuals, always marked these

philosophical assessments of nature. Nevertheless, the accuracy and

value of these qualitative inquiries cannot be equalled. Granting

experiential continuity with natural expression, such assessment

does not interfere with experience; as do quantitative experimental

arrangements.

Mind experiments begin our qualitative science. We first must

realize the world-permeating nature of our supposed individual

consciousness by simple personal experiment. In the absence of

academic derision or invasive opinion, we must begin again to

exercise our own immediate awareness and subjective perception.

Only through this personal re-evaluation of world reality can we

hope to reach deeper personal communion with the world in its most

fundamental nature. The primary consciousness and intelligence, so

evidently distributed throughout the pre-existent world, remain the

wondrous mystery which permeates and haunts the world throughout

adulthood.

.

Few ever imagine that subjective perception, so often derided

and rejected, represents an immediate access with the world in its

DEEPEST foundation. Consciousness does not have the boundaries so

evidently distribut~d in the inertial-physical part of our world-

experience. Consciousness reveals a strange "distribution". Its

mysterious external sources are revealed when we begin to test the

environment with our own experience; with our minds.

There are space-permeating axes, along which thoughts seem to

,.flow with great frequency. These axes may be mapped with great

precision. Contrary to opinion, they remain fixed in time. They are

not fabrications or "suggestions". Artists and scholars know the

'difficulty they experience when working in specific locations.

Those whose occupations require excessive familiarity with

cognitive process also know that certain positions in a given place

allow a greater degree of intellectual freedom than others. Indeed,

there are those space-permeating axes in which ease of thought, of

ideational flow, is impossible.

Ancient philosophers conducted these very basic and personal

experiments with primary consciousness. They tested whether their

minds could be drawn along these space currents. Soon they realized

that space, conscious space, is not an internal and autonomic

effulgence. Conscious streams and currents, which cross and recross

the world-ground in defined axes, were mapped and studied with

great intent. Some realized that their thoughts and visionary sense could be
traced to specific places, to groundpoints from which ideas seemed to emanate, even as water comes from underground springs. Numerous individuals resorted to _these sacred spots in search of magnified awareness. It was then recognized that such locations emanated the axes which flowed through neighboring spaces. The knowledge of this psychotopography became codified in geomancy. For the first time in human awareness, there were connections between the world of consciousness and the physical world. A whole experiential domain.
Ancient science placed the source of consciousness in specific loci. Physical place was equated with consciousness. The next astounding pieces of information came when inquiring individuals actually frequented these spots. Poised in such locations, one could receive astounding revelations, ideations, and visionary images with great frequency. Closer study indicates the ancient understanding that such loci were divinely ordained intersection points; where ground energies were met by space-derived energies. Individuals who intersected these energy currents obtained a new and intensified consciousness.
It was in these locations that the most extraordinary transformations of mind, person, and technology became fixed in society. It was in these sacred spots that ornamentation became technology, where mountain platforms or cavern depths were architecturally proportioned by human agents to facilitate the mind transformations. Thus arranged and equipped with strange new kinds of technological artifice, the greatest possible intercepted consciousness was thereafter obtained.
These were the "built" sacred places, where magnified awareness permitted extraordinary revelations on behalf of sensitive societies. What they later became, as degenerate and idolatrous societies abused them, is a matter of historic reference. What the sacred spots were in their original inception is where we place our emphasis. These were the geographic "oracles", the points where consciousness spoke its language of expressive imagery into devoted recipients.
It was discovered that consciousness flowed in succinct currents, surging and resurging. There were those who recognized the vectorial characteristic of conscious currents: ascending from 7SUbterranean depths and descending from space worlds above. Where these dual streams blended became known as the exceptional sacred ,spots, places of "extraterrestrial" experiences. It was here that special structures were arranged, often identifying metals with the place where particular stars or planets joined with the groundemanating energies of mind.
Others mapped the currents which flowed between such sacred spots, traversing the world in a dendritic pattern. It was found that the energies of these places, some very distant, could be summoned by appropriate "sympathetic" metals and minerals. One could thus experience a portion of the elevating conscious energies which manifested miles away.
As these "sympathetic" methods became improved, it seemed as though one did not have to travel to the energetic spot to receive its magnified consciousness. Now the energy flowed toward the

sympathetic structure. Knowledge of these methods constituted

primary technology. Mind elevating technologies became the hallmark

of contact with the conscious energies which sustain the world.

One may yet intercept these currents. They breath new

consciousness, the fruits of such receptions being unimaginable.

Ancient recipients of these energies were distinguished from the

common people. These became the priests and priestesses, the

savants of their world.

The ancients recognized that magnified consciousness permits

exceptional perceptions of the world, by which equally exceptional

survival may be obtained on behalf of a society. By such receptions

of conscious currents, societies became cultures, and cultures

became civilizations. Those whose consciousness became permanently

raised manifested special visionary abilities. There were those who

could know the changes and conditions of distant lands through the

receptive mind directly. They became privy also to the sensations

and glories which suffuse stellar space, savoring the air of

strange space worlds {Pythagoras). World realities being

interpreted directly through conscious absorption, these

individuals were the ancient seers and visionaries.

The mind of such individuals, trained in the conscious

observation of space-permeating qualities, turned their eyes to a

study of the interrelationship of consciousness and matter.

Peering deeply into matter, allowing their minds to be

absorbed or repelled by matter, ancient seers collated an amazing

science. This scientific collation persisted through the centuries

as Alchymy. By such conscious penetrations, the world foundations

were discovered. The world was clearly seen to be an ephemeral

composite, made up of solid visions {Platen) • Progressive conscious

penetration revealed that these visions existed in layers which

could be could be unravelled and dissolved, the mind peering.ever

deeper in its distinct vision.

To them, each layer seemed to hold a world of collected

qualities: forms, colors, moods, tones. These whole collections,

each in their own layer, were termed ARCHETYPES. Conscious

penetration of world objects reveals archetypes in a multilayered

interpermeation {Platon, Pythagoras, Jung). Each layer of

archetypes is obviously held in the tensions of a resistant space.

The mind experiences great inertia when attempting the dissolution

pf certain world-boundaries. Despite the inertial presence, it is

in the qualities and archetypes that sensitives realize the true

and ideal nature of the world (Platen).

'

We may pursue these personal experiments today, performing

each test on the world through the agency of our minds alone. Such

world-penetrating examinations reveal the truth of each ancient

tenet in these regards. The world becomes progressively more

transparent when the mind peers into matter. These visionary layers

reach their ultimate foundation, the Kraton ... the "all-holding". It

is a black radiant space of wonderful noumenous presence.

Not devoid of consciousness, not a vacuum, sensitives look

into this black radiance. The noumenous Kraton generates qualities

in pulsations. Once located, one may watch as images aperiodically

emerge from this deep radiant blackness. The emerging images expand

outward, connectively travelling along strange translative paths

toward their material targets. This strange imaginal flow is the projective supply, by which archetypes become materialities. When the material targets are permeated by these emerging qualities, the perception of them noticeably intensifies. The imaginal procession prod~ces a strange and defined radiance in the represented material items throughout the environment.
Thus, emerging images of the Kraton find real connectivity with our experiential dioramas. The world qualities are each maintained by this magnificent black radiant source. What compelled the ancients to examine the world is found, not in objective, but in such subjective methods. It is through such personal assessments that we reach states of absolute communion with the world, the agency of that communion being found in consciousness itself.
Coupled with awareness, such experiential perceptions become the first faltering steps which lead into a new revival of qualitative science. Here we actively utilize our own consciousness as an energy with which to probe the world directly. No inert instrument can replace this ability or grant this experience. Experience is self-defining. Experience rules observation. Experience requires no "autonomic" explanation; no alienating, self-subsistent existence. Experience suffuses the percipient in world-permeating consciousness and sensations. Experience is a conscious space which oversees the physical world.
Using consciousness and then sight as the "tool of inspection", remarkable facts may be learned concerning the world in which we live. The thought process causes visible objects to vanish in some degree. The process ultimately reaches the black radiance, the Kraton, from which all images and material forms actually emerge. The blackened space, which marks the vanishing point of matter during thought, is a radiant blackness. Nigredo. This is what we have termed "Vril". Taken from the medieval.term used by Anglo-Saxon geomancers for black radiance, Vril is the same energy as was described in ancient legends and myths as the clear black light.
Subjective experimentation is revealing, the very essence of ancient qualitative science. Here, the first faint glimmers of an ancient science are reawakened; whose worldview differed completely from those of our own time, even as the method by which they examined the world differs from the method of our own time.
These are world-realities with which we are not all are familiar. Quantitative science disdains this form of world,examination as "invalid". Nevertheless, such conscious examinations of the environment form the very basis of the most valid scientific collation of facts, through which we commune with the world in its most fundamental reality.
Learn to look into the world around you. Peering along various directions, absorbed in thought, you will notice that the world in your vision dims and fades to a radiant blackness. When we apply thought toward an object, our consciousness projects forth into that object. The effect of projected consciousness is not kinetic. Few exercise this ability to move objects. But this is not the greatest gift of consciousness. Perceptive clarity is.
Projected thoughts permeate objects and environments, having strong and noticeable effects. Matter dims and fades under the

projective and permeating power of thought. We realize that the experiential world, so often believed to be solid, succumbs to thought process. Ordinary gazing produces this phenomenon, the world fading as if in a powerfully dissolving liquid. The primary
Aqua Fortis. This visual fading·reaction is no internal effect, not the
result of ocular chemistry. The phenomenon teaches us about the role of mind and sense, the· manner in which they interrelate and differ. Ocular vision causes a temporary withdrawal of mind, dominating the experience for a time. Concentrated thought causes the ocular sense to retreat, darkening the world while we examine it through the mind directly. The .interchange is a complete shift in sensation, among sense-complements. One shifts from "mindvision" to "eyevision", observing the withdrawal of the complement.
The ocular vision retreats with greater ease and rapidity than do the other senses. Touch, for example, does not easily retreat so that consciousness may consider what has been touched. The sense of touch exhibits far more dominance over the consciousness than any other sense. More highly inertialized, ·the sensation of touch has dominated the methodologies of quantitative science for centuries.
One experiences a permanent retreat of mindvision, of metacognition, when touching or pressing an object. For this reason, ancient philosophy chose primary reliance on ocular sight rather than on touch. The reliance reveals a revival of worldexperience which infants know: the absence of other senses before a world of mindvision and eyevision.
Through the application of conscious focus alone, axial directions are thus detected and revealed throughout the immediate environment. This is especially evident among immediate materials. one discerns alignments, conscious vectors in experiential space, in which objects manifest rarely noticed qualities. When so examined, the environmental objects become either radiantly noumenous or persistently opaque. These visual intensification effects are experientially found to increase along specific directions in space.
Evidenced in the stubborn persistence of sight against all applications of thought, these visual intensifications represent inertial pressures. One recognizes in this persistence the pressure of inertia, acting as physical touch in an ocular path. The noumenous visual radiance is perceived in the objective environment when we accurately locate the local Vril axis. The radiant beauty of objects along this alignment quickly dissolves into a lovely 'black radiance when we merely peer into the vector. It is a morethan-ocular phenomenon.
The indication that world-space is anisotropic is truly sublime. Thus under the focus of conscious energy one recognlzes that the world, according to the DIRECTION in which one stares visibly, intensifies in various qualities and degrees. This intensified ability to watch things dissolve into radiant blackness during thought process is found to occur along the special, singular Vril line which courses through each locale. It is along this Vril line that deepest sleep is always induced, dream images always being the most profound.
The exercise is simple, yet profound. It requires no costly

equipment, save the exercise of the most precious potential which humanity has been granted. We have seen that conscious dynamic, the projection of our thought into the environment, has pronounced resultant effects. Experiential space has defined axes and preferred alignments. These scarcely noticed and rarely mentioned phenomena are the fundamental structures in which we have our being. One would expect enlightened individuals to possess at least the smallest part of this fund of wisdom. The phenomena themselves indicate the complete fusion of mind and world, a world hierarchy where physical topographies are subservient to conscious structure.
The fact that a mysterious space-permeating structure does influence our conscious process, either by intensifying or weakening it, arouses strange questions. The question concerning the location of consciousness is asked. Where is the consciousness ..• inside or outside of the percipient? If external perceptual axes can modify our internal perceptions, then consciousness is a space-suffusing domain and is external to us. consciousness becomes internal when absorbed from the outside.
The ease or difficulty with which objects are consciously penetrated reveals that the world is not devoid of a resistance; of an inertia which blocks thought, sense, will, and consciousness. This resistance is also an obvious stranger in the hierarchy of intended ordinations. Careful personal examinations of various world-materials reveals that they each differ in this resistive characteristic. Materials differ in their absorptivity of this inertial space, blocking consciousness and breaking conscious continuity across perceptual space.
Consciousness permeates certain materials with great ease, others with greatest difficulty. One finds that easily permeated materials evidence defined symmetries. Such detailed inspections of matter by thought process reveals that materials do not powerfully act as autonomous units. Objects act in response to larger conscious environmental structures.
When poised on specific groundpoints, or aligned in the mindmodifying space axes, materials become especially radiant. This phenomena teaches us that matter is naturally radiant, the lesson communicated to us through the Alchymysts.
While conscious examinations of the world form the basis of ancient natural philosophy, the exploration of matter through the projection of consciousness, they also comprise the qualitative 'science through which Radionics was developed. Scientific study is accurate only when the most foundational base is established. It is from this base that observations are then made in order to learn of the world, identify its behaviors, and assimilate more of its deepest nature.
8.2 EIDETIC VISION Sensations of touch may cause sudden and momentary focus away
from the vastness of mind, but the experience of space and its vast conscious depths returns and persists. Familiarity with this phenomenon precludes all work in qualitative science. One realizes then that the inertia in familiar world experience dissolves away

when touched by the mind; and the mind MUST lead all such inquiry.

Breaks in that purity of conscious connectivity, so crucial to

qualitative investigation, occur only when additional senses are

suddenly added to the process.

In this respect, the qualitative researcher regresses to an

infantile experiential state in order to eliminate the perceptual

complications which arise through other sense additions. This

discipline permits the qualitative examiner to return into the

primary consciousness in which the world condition first appears.

The role and attributes of each sense-gate may thus be assessed

against the most primary human foundation of experience.

This primary experiential foundation expresses the world

directly to the infant. The infant becomes suffused in primarily

visual world-absorptions. The gradual development of physiological

communications, however, forcibly removes the infant from remaining

in the primary conscious foundation for very long periods.

Successive physiological explorations drive the infant

progressively away from center, adding complicated varieties to

world-experience. With no means of realizing each sense-exploratory

tool as a gate through which primary consciousness must flow, the

infantile experience becomes homogenized into a confused

complexity.

Philosophical inquiry exceeds the mere quantitative inspection

of the world because it first requires that we withdraw from all

pre-conceived judgements which have been gained through the

confused sensual analysis of the world. Philosophy is actually much

more than mere data acquisition. It is a deeper visual examination

of the world, employing a visual sense rarely mentioned as distinct

and different.

·

Metacognitive examinations employ a special, and very real

light. The metaphoric "imagination", by which academicians

erroneously differentiate mind from sense, remains a very real

visual gate. Metacognitive penetration of natural phenomena often

discerns the very nature of ocular vision itself, showing that

metacognitive discernments exceed the merely visual examination of

the world. Metacognitive vision pronounces deeply penetrating

assessments of world phenomena, of experience.

Called "enlightenment" (fotisin) and "vision" (orasin) by

ancient Greek philosophers, a very real distinction once separated

the light by which the mind sees from that by which the eyes see.

The ancients believed that each organ sees by a succinct realm of

light: the "mind's eye" actually perceiving in a domain of light,

'too rare for the eyes to receive.

Platen referred to the total visual process, a combined effort

between mindvision and eyevision. His description, probably learned

from ancient Egyptian sources, describes the rays which are

projected out through the mind and eyes. When these rays, these

"eidola", meet with the rays which objects naturally project, there

is experience. Natural communion.

During this process of rayic blending, perceived objects

modify the percipient, while the percipient modifies the perceived

object. Platon did not believe that ocular vision or ocular light

formed the fundamental basis of consciousness. Although very

closely allied from infancy, conscious light is primary to ocular

light. The conscious light to which the special mindvision is responsive permeates the whole world of experiential reality. Conscious light was identified with the radiant blackness.
This is the most fundamental consciousness. This is the most fundamental "light of reason". If this light was anciently known, why is it not widely known and pursued today by those who claim to be enlightened? The fundamental light of consciousness is found in the deepest black radiance, which every ancient culture described. Light emerged from blackness, from radiant blackness. It therefore made sense that the blackness itself was the mystery, the generator of light. Was it a natural coincidence that intense suffusions of a special black radiance emanated from the most ancient sacred grounds, the "places of power"?
The sensory tool which a science employs, then determines the depth and fundamental validity of its world-examinations. Qualitative science uses consciousness and conscious light to make world-examinations. Conscious light remains our most fundamental tool of access into the world structure. Quantitative science does not admit conscious examinations of the world. Its mandates exclude the validity of consciousness. Quantitative science arbitrarily places its "boundary of validity" on certain external aspects of sensation.
While the mind is mildly inhibited and resisted by inertial space, the physical body is completely ruled by inertial space. The beautiful and orderly perceptual states, realized through conscious world-examinations, become especially confused and deranged whenever the sense of touch is applied. Conscious worldexaminations lose their pristine frame when touch is applied. The world does not behave as consciousness informs, when touch is applied. The context of ideal and ideal-causality is lost whenever consciousness is forced to retreat from our experience.
Quantitative science assumed that this contradiction indicated the "invalidation of mind and ideal", of subjective perception and consciousness. But the philosophers had become experiential experts. Relying on their own conscious processes as the primary world-examining tool, they observed and recalled the sequences in which perceptual phenomena such as this occur with special detail. The obvious contradiction between the mentally perceived world and the touch-perceived world was explained in an elegant manner.
Sense, they declared, brought the mind into a direct contact with inertial space. Inertial space, focussed by touch-contact, ,flowed into the body. This flow resists thought, occluding perception. Touch actually distorts and reduces consciousness for a time, forcing consciousness to retreat from the contact site. This refined awareness caused philosophers to disdain "experiment by touch" for centuries. In touch experimentation, these philosophers demonstrated rare and refined appreciation for.the manner in which inertiality warps and changes perception.
During that instant, sense and consciousness were effectively separated. In the absence of conscious potential, sense alone gave incomplete experience. For them, the act of sense observation alone did not constitute the complete conscious attention which the mind alone facilitated.
The ancients knew that the outer world is suffused with

consciousness. Any examination of the world without conscious depth

remains incomplete. Incomplete experience is a distortion, giving

distorted information. Because of this inertial phenomenon, we are

each "sitting in a cave ... watching the shadows on the wall ..• and

imagining that what we perceived is the world" (Platen).

It is therefore only a lack of personal discipline which

prevents conscious suffusions during sense contact with the world.

Without the requisite conscious potential, all sense observation

alone gives inaccurate information concerning the world; the very

axiom on which quantitative science is based.

In time, a growing quantitative science replaced consciousness

with the replies which physical experiment provided. The collected

assortment of such experimentally-derived ideal-destroying replies,

was supposed to comprise world reality. The simple collation of all

these experimentally derived facts was hoped to provide a complete

and truthful understanding of the world. This quantitative approach

to the world and its phenomena denied the very foundation in which

the world exists, preventing communion with the world.

Irregardless of these grievous errors, the words of the

ancients maintain their haunting mystery. They remain legendary,

being unaffected by the ravings of the insensitive. Suffused by an

eternal and penetrating clarity, one cannot achieve ancient

consciousness without a direct experience with the energy through

which their science was developed.

Some foolishly attempt to "learn the ancient wisdom". But, if

we are ·astute, we soon realize that ancient knowledge is not a

lexicon of facts which can be learned and internalized by rote.

Neither does excessive meditation of ancient myths or poems grant

such epiphanies of rationale. The ancient worldview so obviously

contradicts every sense-informed observation, in what manner then

can it be rationalized?

.

.

Furthermore, the persistent question considers whether ancient

worldviews can be rationalized at all. The questions multiply as

soon as we assault the topic. There is obviously a hidden and

permeating mystery which has been codified in the ancient writings.

It is obvious that the ancient dogma asserted that the world

structure was a fixed one ... an absolute reference. But physical

inspection proved that there is no such "structure" (Michelson) .

The search for an absolute reference was done away by the

7academicians, replaced by the alienating theory concerning fixed light velocities (Lorentz, Fitzgerald, Einstein). The "fixed light

velocity" represented the last vestige of an absolute world-

,structure, an inert numerical value replacing the Kraton, the

eternal Grail in which the world flows.

But now, by what means then can we realize the knowledge of

the ancients? It is not by taking thought that we arrive at the

ancient knowledge. It is by an experiential contact that we

perceive the world structure directly. If such an experience is

first required, where then must we go in order to receive it? What

will comprise the experience, so obviously lacking in modern minds?

It is in a special and magnified consciousness that we will find our answer. The magnified consciousness is found in a primary and fundamental space, a black radiant space. The power of the

black radiant current imparts the ancient worldview. Suffusing the whole of the world, where are the places where it may be touched and enjoined?
Was it not in special groundpoints, rightly termed sacred, that ancient mystics received their transcendent and magnified consciousness. The ancients recognized that a special and deepened consciousness emanates from the ground. Whether in deepest cavern or elevated mountain scarp, was not the essential factor a proper connection with a special groundpoint? The ancient worldview was the result of a special energetic engagement, a personal absorption of a concentrated conscious energy which was obtained only in special groundpoints. such focussed locales emanated the strange and permeating conscious energy.
One finds the primitive contact terminals, from which this energy was drawn out of the ground, in ancient oracular spots. Misunderstood by archaeologists, the stone pillars and stone driven iron rods which are found in ancient sacred spots are the terminals through which the energy is drawn by personal contact. They are the poles of power, through which ground densified conscious energy may be absorbed.
The magnified conscious state, gained through such energetic absorptions, empowers the deepest worldvision. It is in this black radiant current that we envision the true world-structure and the manner in which it relates to the inertialized physical world. Such knowledge permits contact with the most fundamental and potent world power.
It is in this energy that the consciousness, which the ancients preserved in poems and myths, is actually obtained. One identifies this ground derived energy with the generative consciousness which sustains experience. Ultimately, one finds that this energy suffuses the very world. The world appears to .be a layered topography of wonderful detail, through which the consciousness energy travels in rivulets.
The energy which emanates from these poles is identical to the visual radiant black which one experiences on focussed gazing along specific orientation lines. The difference in the intensity of black radiance is sizeable. Ground derived black radiant current requires no application of mind. No exercise is required when contacting black radiant energy of this intensity. One is overwhelmed by its wondrous clarity and soothing permeations. One sees with the mind effortlessly.
In this intensified black radiance, one sees through the 'inertial occlusions which normally block us from recognizing the truth about our world and its structure. Intense black radiance is mind altering. It was through this energetic agency that ancient societies were transformed into true civilizations. Those societies which did not engage the Vril strata did not achieve civilized prominence. It was connection with the ground that sensitives intercepted their special consciousness. The ground became the focus of ancient philosophical and scientific inquiry.
Manifesting their special mind-elevating technologies, we may thus comprehend the devotions of ancient cultures. Contact with this wonderful black radiance permanently transforms the mind. Contact with this black radiance stimulates the lost visionary

sense. This is the means through which philosophers gained transcendent knowledge of the world and its nature.
Whole images, received in Vril currents, evidence the most profound and delicate beauty. Vril is the true world-dynamic, the "vital process", the "intelligence" of which the legendaries spoke (Platon, Pythagoras, Goethe). The World-Structure is composed of the whole imagery which is experienced and directly represented in
visions. The Vril Domain is seething with consciousness, imagery,
wonders. It is the source of the Archetypes with which numerous significant writers of the Twentieth Century have been fascinated (Jung) . It is the source by which children perceive and comprehend the world {Piaget). More like the world-experience known in our childhood, perceptions in Vril black radiance gives experience which is both expansive and unfettered by inertial occlusions. Rigidifications which we assume are actually part of our "selves", and in which we frame our "identity" absolutely vanish as ephemerals.
8.3 VRIL TELLURIC CURRENTS That the world is suffused in consciousness, submitting to and
dissolving under conscious inspection, has great implications when technological artifice is structured in space. Telegraphy, Telephony, and early Wireless were technologies whose operation absolutely depended on Vril dynamics.
Space topography permeates the mind and technological artifice. Vril ground both modifies and is modified by grounded technologies. Abundant varieties of anomalies manifested with the inception of grounded communication systems. These deeply interrelated anomalies share common features with geomantic dynamics. These strange energy anomalies, consistently manifesting their presence in grounded telegraphic systems, require answer. Each of these energetic anomalies is possessed of similar features, conforming to a singular and overwhelming pattern. The mysterious tide of energy, welling up in the systems, had detailed characteristics exceeding those of inert energies. These manifestations showed defined ... behaviors and responses.
Reduced to the term "electrostatic", as are most such electrical anomalies to this day, convention was at a loss to :explain such detailed activities. Anomalies, which appeared in concert, evidenced definite signs of biodynamic activity. While the overt signs included line charging in the absence of wind or storm, 'blue sky day charging, loud "singing line" vibrations, there were other features which seemed not to match those characteristics normally expected for inert energies. By a number of defined indications, a strange intelligence seemed to be entering the grounded systems of Telegraphy, Telephony, and Early Wireless.
It was noticed that the groundplates of telegraph and telephone stations required special adaptations. Signal strength varied with "local conduction characteristics", a phrase in which lay a technological revolution. Signals were greatly magnified when carbon potentiometers were added to the groundlines ... and "tune" the signals to maxim1,1m strength. These carbon rheostats were employed to "tune the line". Connected just after the telegraphic

apparatus and the buried groundplate, each rheostatic setting varied with season and locale.
In fact, the true a fundamental activity of these grounded electrical systems remained that in which Vril was most capably absorbed. Only then would the electrical functions become efficient. Witness the sudden and dramatic emergence of single-wire telegraphy as the dependable communication system, when once the Radionic features of variable carbon resistors were incorporated at groundplate terminals. In hindsight, we realize that the entire Telegraphic System can be seen as a massive Radionic instrument of incredible potential and power; bringing far more signal species to station operators than clattering code.
Inactive electrical systems absorb ground emanated energies with great proficiency. Discharge gaps, oil baths, carbon rods, low pressure gaseous tubes, carbon potentiometers, nichrome solenoids, variable capacitors, mica capacitors; all these become flooded with the strange and mysterious black Vril radiance. In this immersive presence operators often experienced the inexplicable. Telegraphic stations became suffused in the black radiance, photographs of the period giving strong testimony to the remarkable phenomenon.
Sensitive experimenters recognized that their grounded equipment was being actively suffused by an energy whose characteristics differed from electrostatic charge in several ways. Notable among the discharge effects were the experiential ones in which exceptional perceptual modifications occurred with regularity. Eidetic visions of exceptional strength were reported by a number of tel·egraphic operators. Individuals involved in the early gigantic VLF transmitters also reported similar experience, called "hauntings" by some.
Impossible to rationalize as the result of electrical actions in system components alone, empirical researchers of both the Telegraphic and Telephonic Age reached back toward the much older theories of Athanasius Kircher in order to explain the numerous "electrostatic" anomalies. The spontaneous rise of electrostatic energy in long lines evidenced the "telluric currents" which were being drawn in by Telegraph System ground plates.
These initial observations, their first focus on the more objective "electrical" characteristics of the manifested energy, could not be made to conform with the conventions of electrical science. With increased numbers of anomalous observations being made, electrical science required a new definition of electricity.
The Victorian Epoch was a marvelous time period, where numerous parallel energies, all collectively termed "electricity" were openly discussed. It was a magickal time, devoid of academic dogma and strictly enforced convention. In this truly enlightened atmosphere, it is yet possible to read of the "electrical" anomalies without the academic derision which is common for the Twentieth Century.
As focussed attentions were collecting and collating ground systems-related anomalies, new qualitative characteristics were being reported. This sudden shift in study, from the mere quantitative to the more qualitative, evidenced a new recognition concerning the ground-derived energies. A more startling and unexpected domain was opened for the student of science, whereby

ancient themes were again rekindled. Now viewed as relevant and vital to scientific knowledge, notable personages engaged the "psychic effects" inherent in such energies without fear or shame of academic disdain (Crookes, Lodge).
Telluric currents, of the kind observed by these empirical engineers, were behaving more like those powerfully surging energies described by Fr. Athanasius Kircher in previous centuries. The telluric currents of Kircher were not the weak strains induced in the ground by auroral energies. They were f.iery and potent, world-connective energies of mysterious content. Direct representatives of divine creativity, the real earth power held secrets rarely mentioned beyond the cloistered walls.
The Telluric Energy of Kircher far exceeded the frail power of electrical currents. His inference was that these energies were the awesome creative secrets from which world reality was both generated and sustained. Those who drew their power from Telluric Current would find themselves engaged in surpassing technologies, empowered by the world-generative source.
Fr. Kircher echoed the medieval alchemists who implied that Telluric Current contained the necessary power to transform and transmute the world. Spiritual in content and being efficacious in both generating or transmuting matter, these currents were available only in specific groundpoints. From ancient to medieval times, it was well known that these energies could only be summoned through direct connection with the ground.
Deep locations were often more highly prized in this aspect than others, the numerous archane grottoes and magick caverns attesting to this practice. Through a mysterious lost "masonic" architectural science, one could effectively engage the Vril currents for conscious-transmuting disciplines. Truly originating with the Templars, not the servant-masons, Vril architectural science employed very specific ground placements and alignments, while selecting special "harmonic" geometries and mathematically proportioned chamber volumes.
The Cathedral System had little to do with the mere military government of European regions. It furthermore exceeded the function of simplistic mirrored-light communications, or calendar observations. It was not a kabalistic system whose structured were designed to remind of mystical codifications. The Cathedral System . was a potent device for the employment of Vril currents, the ·transmutation of mind and earth being the ultimate goal.
Once secured, the Vril currents were conducted in stonework, 'being allowed to expand and process through large stone chambers.
There, the continually entwining currents would densify, magnify, bifurcate, and transact with human agents. All this energy was secured specifically for the function of magnifying consciousness among a chosen few.
True Telluric currents, Vril currents, span the gap between metaphysical and physical energies. The lost Cathedral Science was mysteriously extending its permuted form into an unexpected realm of discovery. Once confined to the stone architecture, a renewal and permuted extension of more ancient geomancy, Vril was enunciating a new development.
In order to best comprehend the real origin of modern grounded

radio systems, we must reach back through the centuries. We must pass the developments which telegraphy and telephony brought in the latter century, reaching back before the science of electrostatics brought its strange tidings to humanity. We must peer into the Eighteenth Century in order to find the empirical discovery from which the earliest grounded electrical experiments drew their power.
8.4 MESMER The real trail of Vril revolution begins with an historical
moment. It surrounds a figure of critical historic importance, an individual through whom Vril manifested a new permutation. This personage has been alternately applauded and reviled throughout the scientific texts. However misunderstood and slandered, it is with him that we begin the thesis contained in this Eighth Volume of the VRIL COMPENDIUM.
Maximilian Hel (1750), a Viennese court astronomer, experimented with astrological "magnetic" healing methods. Employing specially shaped plates of both soft iron and lodestone, therapeutic methods we would now call "Radionic", he fitted these to specific body areas with great medical success. These empirically designed anatomical magnets and alloy plates stimulated great vital responses in the most infirm patients, having proven effectiveness in countless cases.
Maximilian Hel had, through his excessive exposure to stellar energies, rediscovered the forgotten archane science which dealt with auric currents and vital states. Clearly, any derangement of the auric currents and their normal patterns would result in the development of disease states. Redirecting these currents, impacting certain rigidified sites in physiology, would enable auric reconstruction.
This art persisted throughout the Nineteenth Century in the form of small, handheld probes through which "foul humours" could be aurically extracted. These small solid probes, fashioned from special alloys, were termed "retractors" or simply "tractors" by practitioners. The forgotten art of retracting or removing "humours" was thus preserved for a long time. Internalized inertial currents were effortlessly drawn from diseased physiology by focussed contact.
Most useful and successful when discomfort was first sensed, these tractors required excessive application when once illness had ,rigidified in physiology. Their continued use after this disease phase periods was questionable. Medical adherents to the "humours" model helplessly awaited the inspiration by which new modifications could bring their method into the future.
Franz Anton Mesmer sought a deeper understanding of the energies involved in the contact healings manifested through·the magnets of Hel. It was believed that the application of magnets and special alloys brought healing energy to the patient.
The view considered that the healing virtue contained all vital cures within itself. Should medicine wish the complete liberation of patients from their diseases, the mysterious healing virtue would necessarily be secured and magnified. While the archane understanding of auric currents and disease fascinated

Mesmer, he wished to secure and amplify the "vis medicatrix" •.• the

healing energy itself. But where to find it?

A frequenter of the numerous ancient spas and sacred spots of

his region, Mesmer questioned whether their special healing power

might not be a result of geology; emanating toward the surface at

these places because of the surrounding and undergirding geological

structure alone.

·

Modelling the geological features of sacred spots in a large

barrel, Mesmer (1780) layered green moss or germinating seeds with

iron slag. Try as he would, no healing force could be elicited from

this assembly. Left to the elements, the barrel soon became soaked

through by rain. Eventually, in the course of weeks, the forgotten

assembly finally rotted out at the bottom. A mixed slurry of iron

and vegetation spilled out to the surrounding soil. Mesmer noticed

a wonderful clarity which surrounded the barrel now.

on occasion, Mesmer touched the center iron terminal. He was

immediately flooded with a wondrous current which overcame his

consciousness and senses. He collapsed to the ground in a light,

semi-lucid sleep. On awakening more . fully, he found himself

experiencing a new and persistent experiential state. Recognizing

that several unsuspected "internal occlusions" had been eradicated,

Mesmer sought deeper understanding of the phenomenon to which he

had exposed.

Several repetitious contacts with the barrel brought a

compelling healing flow, ridding him of negative emotions and

physiological conditions. Franz Mesmer thus learned that the source

of healing was mysteriously emanating from the ground. But he now

knew that his layered barrel assembly was not the generator of this

power; it was a conductor of an upwelling ground energy of yet-

mysterious origin.

Mesmer experimented with placement of his device. It would not

work when placed in the wrong locations. Specific holy spots were

the key to the successful operation of his "bacquet". It was the

holy spot which gave the force. He thereafter found that he was

able to confer the very same energy to others by touch contact.

Mesmer simply contacted and absorbed somewhat of the vital energy

which was conducted through the barrel.

Whereas sacred spot energies arrived at the surface through

special rock outcroppings and trees, the bacquet was realized as

_the most efficient conductor of the energy. The bacquet provided a

·remarkable new kind of conductive path, resulting in powerful

healings of infirm persons. The bottom of the assembly was now

'placed in direct contact with the earth of the chosen sacred spot.

This strange conductive battery was pierced through with a single

iron rod, which served as the contact terminal.

Grounded and moistened with local spring water, this iron

monopole yielded highly vivifying "thrill shocks". These exposures

first always relieved the infirm of emotional occlusions.

Spontaneous physiological healings arrived after this first phase

was complete.

The effect can be re-examined today. When ground-emplaced iron

poles are properly poised, they will project their remarkable black

radiance into the local surrounding space. This radiance is Vril

space. Vril black radiance extends outward from such iron poles,

filling the surroundings out to a fixed distance. Beyond a certain volume, a violet luminosity is encountered.
Several successive luminous shells are observed in sequence, the outermost aura being of bright bluish white. Thus, the projected energy affects many cubic feet of space surrounding the ground pole. In approaching the black radiant core, one discovers each layer of energies discovered in sequence throughout the Victorian Epoch. Each layer in the sequence was thought to be the "ultimate" vital energy.
Researchers, forgetting that each grounded material projects a specific auric discharge, assumed their own discovery of a new luminous projection to be universal (Reich) . Greatly expanded aureoles from properly grounded iron poles permit an entire spectrum to be observed in these regards. Most fundamental is the black radiance which is found only at the very center of such a space discharge. It is in the black radiance where one begins to recognize the true and absolute experiential axis.
With Mesmer we see the literal ground-emergence of old archetypes in their permuted form. Producing the new technology of a more radiant and divinely oriented future, these archetypes continued permuting and magnifying themselves throughout the centuries until they reached our present world. Here, they became the early Radionics evidenced in lightning rod design, earth batteries, earth-energy therapy devices, telegraphy, telephony, and radio.
Vril Technology would become a fabrication in metalloids; potent, portable, and accessible. Now, connected with the more recent developments of telegraphy, Vril systems could extend their primary gift of magnified consciousness to all humanity. No longer requiring gigantic structures, the recently permuted Vril Technology would be comprehended as a "virtual structure";. one whose walls, halls, and resonant geometries existed wholly in the projective space surrounding the station components and lines.
8.5 RETURN CIRCUITS Numerous contributors to the ground radio arts first appeared
with the early Nineteenth Century. The work of Michael Faraday in this regard is notable. In a series of simple experiments, Faraday placed copper plates in the Thames, where he measured the fluctuating water currents with an astatic galvanometer.
Noticing how wildly the needle fluctuated with each wavelet and ripple of the throbbing river, he later wrote that this method ~ight be used in a more practical way to automatically determine river volumes and tides. But the concept of signalling with such natural energies, directly through the waters, had not yet emerged.
The gradual discovery of wireless possibilities certainly came with the Telegraphic Arts. First in order of development was the systemology by which a single line could replace the more costly and cumbersome double lines with which Samuel Morse first experimented. When Gauss suggested the notion of single wire telegraphy he was disregarded. But, while testing the possibility of utilizing railroad tracks as "return circuits", it was found by Steinheil that properly end-grounded telegraphic lines could powerfully pass electrical signals.

Morse adopted the curious "one-wire" method because it saved

considerable money and time. Lines operated in this mode behaved as

completed circuits. He did not question the reason for its success.

Most considered that this activity was more due to electrostatic

impulse effects, noted in the previous century by Stephen Grey,

than with "current- electricity". But many disagreed with these

preliminary and flawed assessments, seeing a far deeper mystery at

work.

The anomalous circuit behavior of single-wire Telegraph lines

were by no means isolated in its developmental history. From the

moment that the telegraphic "double wire" method was abandoned in

favor of "single wire" telegraphy, multiple anomalies appeared

together in clustres. Anomalies appeared because single-wire

telegraphy required double grounding •.• and contact with the GROUND

brought long forgotten, now unrecognized fundamental Vril into

play.

.

Curious because it seemingly defied all theoretical rules

governing "return electrical currents", telegraphic developers were

far more intrigued with establishing the business of a telegraph

system than comprehending why single wire systems worked at all. It

was later, when troubles arose because of these anomalies, that

telegraph companies employed numerous researchers to unravel their

problems in these regards.

Telegraph Engineering now meant good finance to system owners.

Nevertheless, a curious waste and redundance among inventors

betrayed the lost path, originally enunciated by Vril directives.

Telegraph designers re-discovered early principles which had been

lost through the decades. Telegraph development moved forward in

several slow epochs, each new discovery being claimed in ignorance

of the true originators. As with subsequent such periods, the

patent history of this time reveals the redundant trend.

When short single lines were first established, it was assumed

that the "return circuit" occurred within the ground between

distant end-plates. Telegraph patents of Moses Farmer and Ader show

a remarkable dowser's "aqua-video" map of probable subterranean

return currents among distant telegraph stations.

The "problem" and theoretical impact of this "return circuit"

view became pronounced when hundred mile long lines were

successfully operated on the principle. Just how did earth

:traversing "return currents" travel so far without loss?

Furthermore, how did they travel so unerringly back to their mark?

Did earth electricity make up the surplus despite the distance? Was

:there a natural "electrical balancing effect" which, though

hundreds of miles separate, managed to balance expended charge with

exacting accuracy?

Dissimilar metal plates were first employed in single-wire

telegraphy. Zinc-carbon or zinc-copper combinations formed ·the

distant earth batteries of early single-wire systems. The obvious

generation of ground-conducted "return currents" was their concern,

maintenance of the theoretical poise being the chief preoccupation

of system engineers.

Dissimilar endplates would bias the line, forming a

preferential signal strength along a specific direction. Signals

would powerfully be sent from copper to zinc, but not in reverse.

Any adequate system designer would have rejected the dissimilar "battery plate" scheme immediately because of the biasing effect. In directions opposed to the natural ground bias of such a system, a powerful electrical field would be maintained. Thus established through the endplates, signals would be blocked from zinc to copper.
Nevertheless, signals were empirically found to "travel" in both directions along such lines with equal strength. The dissimilar plates were eventually replaced by standard copper. Plates were later replaced by deeply driven copper pipe or rods. In certain systems the use of copper screening served the purpose with equal merit. The essential feature was the grounding itself, much written work having been devoted to these matters in Volumes 2, 3, and 5 of the COMPENDIUM.
But other objectively measured mysteries continued to make themselves manifest when once Telegraphic longlines were established. Those who foolishly preferred the study of purely electrical effects in grounded telegraph systems were at once struck by the phenomenon of "self-charging".
8.6 VRIL IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS From the very first discovery of this effect, theorists who
insisted on the dogmatic application of academic maxims were absolutely baffled. First to find this effect was Samuel Morse, whose unsuccessful attempt to bury his earliest telegraph lines proved to be a dismal failure. Unable to "unlock" his receivers from their continual paralysis, Morse discovered the true cause.
Static, provoked by the instant application of signal impulses, had somehow flooded the buried lines. This growing charge blocked all signalling attempts thereafter. Morse's unfailing fortitude prevented him from abandoning the project at this first impasse.
While recognizing the commercial advantage of simply burying wires, Morse preferred the expense of elevating and insulating his lines to defeat. Thereafter, Morse established his elevated telegraph lines; the trademark accompanist of railroads and towns throughout the American Golden Age.
Electrical engineers of the time measured the automatic electrostatic charging of both buried and elevated lines which were end-grounded. An anomaly on all counts, the mechanism explaining this mysterious self-charging activity did not bother telegraph 'station managers. These gentlemen secretly used the free earth power to maintain efficient operation of their systems for decades without cost! Numerous accounts have been given in previous COMPENDIUM Volumes.
In these regards, Thomas Edison had once been called to solve a problem which telegraphic longlines had suddenly encountered. Because longer and longer lines exhibited greatly increased natural capacitance, signals would be unduly time-stretched. Impulses, applied to the longlines, would quickly charge but not quickly discharge. Coded signals would be stretched out until dots lasted for several seconds, and dashes continued for nearly a minute. In certain instances, the dot-and-dash of Morse Code signals would

often cause the receivers to "seize". The problem was especially irritating when the more sensitive
chemical telegraphs were employed. These lines, often several hundred miles in length, transmitted only "smears". Here, dots would smear their marks to a foot or more in length, while dashes would cover several feet. The problem was solved when Edison added an inductive shunt across the line, empirically discovering that the component greatly shortened the incoming impulses. In this discovery, Edison invented high-speed telegraphy.
The Edison solution, after a legendary long period of study, was empirically derived. The empirical solution did not offer an electrical reason why the inductor worked so well. It was only after engineers associated the inductor with electrical functions that the "electrical explanation" was consolidated. Engineers approached every telegraph system problem as an "autonomic" one: treating the "internal system" as the only causative factor. Few imagined that a systems-invasive energy, from the ground itself, was at fault.
While the first spectacle of anomalous systems behavior was observed in grounded Telegraphy, Telephony compounded the anomalous systems responses. Engaged in yet-misunderstood Vril ground dynamics, it was impossible for most engineers to explain or understand why their simple electrical components were being so mysteriously affected.
It is in this awareness that we must comprehend all of the revolution which brought forth Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless. The topics concerning Telegraphy, Telephony, and their groundsourced mysteries have been previously treated in several preceding COMPENDIUM Volumes.
Telegraphy fortuitously used specific impulses which successfully engaged the Vril currents, enabling continuous operations without batteries (Vail). The first few signals which both Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail engaged on their elevated longline required 80 wetcell batteries. Within a short time however, this number had to be reduced to 4 because the signal strengths were so strong as that they caused the magnetic receivers
to "seize". This reduction of wetcells eventually brought forth a most
anomalous condition; where Vail could remove ALL the batteries at :times, while continuously signalling with equally great signal ~trength. Certain experimenters envisioned the use of natural earth currents for telegraphic power, patenting their working systems '(see COMPENDIUM V.4). Several telegraphic lines had continuously been operated through this phenomenon. It was recounted that, in recent times, a telegraphic system in Kansas continued operating despite the dried out wetcell (W.Lehr).
The spontaneous appearance of charge became the bane of early telegraphers. In addition, several investigators discovered that groundline charging was possessed of strange "signal-like" qualities all their own. These natural signals continually impulsed and wavered like ocean waves.
Numerous such anomalies became the alarming phenomena which haunted chemical telegraph systems. These more highly sensitive telegraph systems required scarce amounts of electrical current

utilizing wet photochemical paper to receive coded transmissions

(Bain) • Such chemical telegraphs required good carbon potentiometer

entunement at the ground plate. The proper adjustment of the carbon

ground potentiometer insured the very strongest incoming and

outgoing signals.

The Chemical Telegraphy of Alexander Bain and George Little

was a wonderful development in ground telegraphy, one whose

fortunate example permitted the observation of one of the most

intriguing phenomena ever to cross the annals of electrical science

(COMPENDIUM V.3). Edison appropriated the ideas and added his own

unique circuitry, anomalous in every aspect. The development of

discrete quasi-intelligible signals became the mystery for chemical

telegraphers. Later, as systems became more extensive and

interconnected, perceptual phenomena of the most intriguing variety

began manifesting their strange and alarming presence.

These impressions first appeared as photochemical images,

impressions which were formed at odd evening hours when the

chemical telegraphs were left idle. The images were smeared and

shadowy, emanations from the ground energy. At times these

impressions included coded transmissions, but were so completely

irregular and incoherent in composition that several inquiries were

at once made.

The first inference was that operators were playing practical

jokes on one another. When it was ascertained that this was not the

case, it was then imagined that interlopers were tapping into the

line from some woodland position in order to wreak havoc with the

system integrity. When this was excluded, there were no longer any

rational explanations. Several of these images were the shadowy

smears produced by ground energy itself.

In the cases however,

where coded transmissions came through, there was far more to

explain. These coded transmissions contained fragments of previous

transmissions, fragments of thoughts and code exchanges which had

long been converted to writing and passed along to their respective

parties. Who or what was producing these lagging signals ... these

"strays"?

Black radiant articulate discharges had been observed forming

between ground and suspended components; telegraph lines being the

first such instance. Black radiant Vril is not noticed by most

persons. When entering longlines, Vril brings an unmistakable

7noumenous presence, by which all connected components become

exceptionally clarified.

The pulsating Vril presence projects a beautiful radiant

~black, like polished black glass, which extends from every portion

of the grounded apparatus. stations, of both the Telegraphic and

Telephonic Exchanges, became exceptionally brilliant, beautiful,

and radiant black. Beyond this outward description of the Vril

noumenous presence in grounded systems, there were other more

personal aspects with which some night operators grew familiar.

In certain rarely reported, though well-known instances, these

throbbing impulses seemed directly connected with conscious

process. It was easy for operators to know who was going to

signal ... and why. It became easy to predict the ideational flow of

a distant station operator, when once in the flow of code or vocal

conversation had commenced.

In addition, remote viewing experiences comprised a most common, seldom mentioned phenomenon. Remote viewing became a powerful, often disturbing, experience in the stations. But this was all too much for the practical engineers to endorse. They were very content in relegating all such rumors to "night madness" of their station operators. Nevertheless, ordinary telegraph sounders produced phrase-fragments, while chemical telegraphy systems produced anomalous images; both in the absence of human operators or explainable natural cause.
Most researchers ceased thinking of the telegraphic signal current as a true flowing current at all, relying on the former electrostatic science for explanations. In this latter view, a sudden impulse along the line was seen as an electrostatic impulse, not a current. This satisfied several researchers for a short
while. By now, the unexplained electrical and perceptual phenomena of
Telegraphic Systems could not be explained by conventional electrical models. Though these first electrical models were modified to meet the empirical data, it quickly became clear that the consideration of grounded Telegraphic Systems as autonomous identities was also thoroughly inadequate.

8.7 LEAKAGE TELEGRAPHY

Using the early knowledge of conductivity learned by

electrostatics researchers of the Eighteenth Century, several

famous names grace the pages of now-forgotten science history texts

in these regards. Steinheil, Highton, Morse, Meucci, Trowbridge,

Preece, and others are a few of the inventive developers of

subaqueous telegraphy.

It was known that water bodies were easily traversed by

submerging large metal plates. Samuel Morse and Edward Highton

(1852) first established conduction telegraphy across short bodies

of water. Nevertheless, true wireless communications began with the

subaqueous conduction telephony of Antonio Meucci.

si gnor

Meucci, true father of telephony, established vocal communications

between beaches along New York Harbor (1856). Meucci was first to

suggest the notion of establishing trans-Atlantic vocal

communications (COMPENDIUM V.5). The means of communications which

he pioneered was termed "conduction wireless". His dream was to

interlink Europe and North America through the conductive medium

·afforded by the Atlantic Ocean.

Experiments demonstrate that

seawater offers many amplification characteristics, whereby signals

'actually reach magnifications in excess of those applied. Those who

derided his scheme on the basis that signal strength would be lost,

failed to recognize this anomalous feature of his empirically

developed plan.

Meucci envisioned the scheme with remarkable detail, ·his

previous experiments having best instructed the proper design of

such a system. Large dissimilar metal plates were to be submerged

at a distance of less than a mile on either side of the Atlantic.

The later bent-L antennas of Marconi visibly employed the design

features originally inspired by Meucci himself.

Deeply submerged copper screens were found to shadow the mile-

long Marconi antennas, both ending as conductive terminals abruptly

in the sea. Marconi employed both conduction and wave-radiant means to ford the Atlantic; the probable strength of his signals being due to Meucci conduction effects.
The first design change after single wire telegraphic systems was a movement toward the elimination of wire at specific points along a line. It had been observed that broken telegraphic wires often continued to transceive signals with strength. Until these lines were inspected, the breaks being discovered, operators did not suspect that breaks existed in the lines at all. Several of these multiple break lines operated with great success for decades.
8.8 CONDUCTION WIRELESS This brought the notion that signals could deliberately be
made to ford through bodies of water and swamplands without wires at all. Conduction-telegraphy now included attempts to interlink distant sites without completely continuous wires; it having been discovered that certain systems had maintained their contact despite multiple broken lines.
Such systems were designed and tested, in which deliberate breaks were established among grounded plates. Both lake and riversides were appropriately chosen, direct current being the first power sources to be tested. Longlines were now drawn down to the ground, where they were made to plunge into conductive rock through metal plates.
Across such a conductive deposit the receiving groundplates were buried. From this site, the longline would again be established, traversing elevated lines to yet another distant station. In time, swamps, rivers, lakes, and ocean shores were utilized to advantage by these clever designers, replacing costly post-and-line with natural conductive paths wherever possible.
These strange continuous line and ground-plate systems continued functioning as if good conductive wire were securely in place. How current maintained continuity through broken wires was an absolute mystery to those who maintained the theoretical rigors of the day. Furthermore, despite the multiple breaks in line continuity, these signals often came through with tremendous power.
Several questions now challenged the theoretician. How were the weak ground entrant signals of leakage telegraphy often so powerfully amplified and magnified after traversing miles through ,the ground and through water? In the light of contemporary knowledge, how was the degree of signal clarity to be explained after so long a distance?
Finding that the existing method failed with long aqueous and ground paths, a means was gradually developed in which rapidly interrupted currents managed these "submerged" distances with greater power. Numerous repeaters and "relays" were installed at specific "break points". The longlines were not continuous wires any longer. Many of the relays and repeaters employed "earth batteries" (see COMPENDIUM V.6).
Throughout this time, a few perceptive individuals managed to recognize that electricity alone was not the fundamental power at work in "leakage telegraphy". Preece, Trowbridge, and others had

already developed and implemented conduction wireless schemes with which impulsed communication was established among offshore English islands. The system as used by Preece did not operate effectively at greater distances.
several telegraph and telephone designs appeared which required no input power. Using high voltage induction coils, it was discovered that such impulses and modulations carried an uncommon clarity and sharpness. certain telegraphic systems were devised which electrostatic high voltage shocks, interested more in delivering the "quick shock" to the ground than "continuous current electricity". These discoveries made the development of new wireless electric ground systems possible.
A new series of discoveries included the use of rapidly pulsating currents, used to carry much slower telegraphic code pulses. The rapid and continuous interruption of direct current sources seemed to hold a secret which others would later employ in both complete ground-conduction and aerial wireless systems. Impulsing the electricity, then directly applied to the earth, was the art which a few pre-radio inventors pursued to perfection. The continued observation was that specific pulsation tempi actually resulted in greatly magnified receptions of signals ... far in excess of energies actually delivered to the ground at their transmitter sites.
In order to preserve their convention, some attempted explanations for the effect, hoping by this to design more efficient systems along the same lines of thought. Believing that electrostatic impulse alone was at work in the ground, many sought the application of older theoretical knowledge to this new field of study (Heaviside). Such pulsed leakage systems, while initially conforming to theoretic maxims of efficiency, failed to develop their promised degree of transmissive power.
The failure of theoretically designed systems did not cause the cessation of empirical discovery, which revealed the optimum pulsation rates for obtaining greatly magnified signals at a distance. The developmental trend continued along these empirical lines, reaching its climax with the Colorado Springs Experiments of Nikola Tesla.
In this great experimental demonstration, further behaviors of the anomalous variety were observed by Tesla with great regularity. ·It was through interpretation of these strange behaviors that Tesla was able to finally recognize the infrastructure at work in his own remarkable discoveries. He and others were finally able to discern 'the same infrastructure in operation throughout the epoch.
8.9 VRIL AND RADIOELECTRIC SIGNALS Before examining the relevant patents in our thesis, we must
first comprehend the more complete activities which accompany electrical applications in ground connection. Ground Vril is the hie-generative source in which we are intertwined. The Vril black radiant space suffuses and sustains our being.
We are connected directly with ground Vril, our auric anatomy being fed thereby. Bioorganisms are surrounded by an auric discharge whose thready emanations flow up from the ground. Being thus absorbed from the densified Vril strata, portions of the auric

discharge reach outwards into space. The innermost auric discharge

is a striated radiant blackness (Kilner). Luminal displays proceed

out of this black auric core.

We are thus enmeshed in ground Vril discharges, receiving our

being from it directly. Changes in the Vril stratum affect our

consciousness directly. , We also, through the flowing conscious

process in ourselves, affect the Vril stratum. Therefore, there is

a dynamic of exchange and affect between sentient beings and the

Vril matrix. All is well, so long as we do not irritate or disturb

this natural energetic transaction.

The complexly interwoven auric discharges in which we are

absorbed, emanate from the Vril ground strata directly. our every

fluctuation in mood, sense, and thought is accompanied by

concomitant responses in the Vril strata. Therefore, natural

eidetic communications do not require "extra" energy. The entire

process is one in which auric patterns are exchanged. This exchange

of patterns proceeds as a fluidic crystallization, instantly

emanating from its sources.

Vril transactions occur at, superluminal speeds. Coursing

throughout the Vril dendritic ground network, these crystallo-

fluidic processions impress their patternate content upon the

region. This affects all responsive beings and systems. It has been

demonstrated that eidetic signals can be transmitted across vast

distances by simple radionic means (Abrams, Drown,, Theroux,

Vassilatos).

In the radio-electric signalling system, an aggressive

antagonism is purposely arranged between inertializing electricity

and Vril. An expansive and overwhelming antagonism is projected out

from radio-electric systems, where it enters the greater Vril

stratum and effects sensate receptions. There have been those

individuals, distant from transmitter sites, who have dir~ctly

experienced radioelectric receptions.

Greatly magnified Vril processions fluidically crystallize

away from these ground radio transmitters as a result of the

continual irritations. Meanings, absorbed from the operator by

ground-densified Vril, were powerfully propelled throughout natural

Vril threadways. Vril auto-magnified its patterned intensities as

an autonomic response on behalf of bioorganisms.

G r e at 1 y

magnified Vril spreads outward from the irritation site in succinct

ground directions. In this dynamic, one traces the natural Vril

threadways, whose dendritic patterns interlace geological

regions. Ground connected receivers, radionic instruments, managed

'the active reception of these meanings; only surreptitiously

absorbing the locally produced electrical by-products. Such systems

forced their meanings upon the fundamental Vril space, one whose

matrix contained sufficient meanings and meaningful dynamics

without the added electrified impressments. In this sense, humanly

added impressments of meaning are rude interruptions of far greater

proceedings; the language and communion of the world among its

anatomical parts. Thus, the basic operative mode by which all

radioelectric systems effect communications is not through a

supposed electrical radiance. Though one measures certain

electrical field strengths at certain distances away from such

designs, one cannot prove that the energy thus observed is actually

proceeding from the transmitter. Initial electrical irritations are completely lost to the
ground at the transmitter sites. There, Vril irritation provokes magnified Vril expansions, crystallizations being fluidically radiated from the spot. Electrical by-products thus appear throughout the expanding Vril spacewave; being manufactured on site by the Vril cavitation of inertial space. It is thus that measurable electrical "signal" appears at sites distant from radioelectric transmitters.
8.10 DOUBLE GROUND The old notion whereby combination line-and-ground or line-
and-water conduction telegraphy was now modified by a few bold experimenters. It had been previously recognized that small telegraph lines could be powerfully affected by distant spark displays; first by natural lightning (Popov), auroras (Preece), and then by deliberate human interference {Hughes).
It was then suggested that an artificial spark source might induce electrical signals in such. a short, double end-grounded telegraph line. The tests proved successful. Now, certain developers wished to see how small the telegraph line could be made. Empirical research showed that, with specific impulsed sparks and equally specific line volumes, strong signals could be received.
There are several patents whose components, taken from an electrodynamic stance, cannot possibly opera~e as claimed. Nevertheless, the operative efficacy of each was historically proven. Double Ground Radio, which employed unnecessary electrifications, itself produced eidetic communications more effectively than did the legendary archane Megalith System. By achieving its simple subterranean Vril junctures, double g~ound radio became the first recent attempt by unenlightened investigators to re-achieve world communications.
The arch is a compelling archetype. The arch represents strength and support in ancient architectural science. In its experiential functions, it permits transitions between rooms. In a very real sense, the communications arts experienced such a grand transition between the old conduction systems and true wireless.
There were those who quickly abandoned conduction telegraphy 1n hot pursuit of double ground communications systems. A few individuals focussed all their investigative skills on conceiving ~a land based communication system employing double grounds {Tesla, Shoemaker, Musits, Collins, Pickard, Fessenden, Rogers, and De Forest) .
"Gripping the ground" with inverted U-shaped circuits became one early focus of research. A few of those who used the inverted-U symmetry explored other symmetries by which the ground could be "influenced" to spread signals outward. The geometry of these varied systems is truly surprising. Certain researchers empirically found that specific geometric forms, inverted-U and inverted-V forms worked better in certain grounds.
The effective distances of such designs were also found to be astoundingly great. Here then was true WIRELESS, a means for

communicating signals to great distances without the necessity of

intervening wires. Wireless thrilled those who beheld its

operation. It was an empirical discovery having subsequent

revolutionary implications in thought.

Grounded systems interact with Vril very powerfully, becoming

exceptionally powerful .when electrified in specific ways. The

SYMMETRY and COMPOSITION of a grounded electrical system will begin

to interact with Vril in such a manner as to stimulate forgotten

human potentials. If the early researchers had believed, as did

Loomis, that natural energy was sufficient for traversing twenty

miles or more, they would not have developed their several

radioelectric systems.

Nevertheless, in their zeal to confuse electricity for the

communications medium, these researchers later developed an over-

complicated radio technology. Having lost the thread in the

labyrinth, some researchers drew upon older treatises having to do

with electrostatic shocks to explain their wonderful success.

achieving their communications effects, most remained completely

ignorant of the true reasons for their ability to do so. Only the

continued reply of natural anomalies to their radioelectric

probings of the ground served the intellect of some. More in

keeping with the work of Franklin and his contemporaries, the

notion was circulated that ground-impressed sparks produced

"spreading" electrical pulsations; waves which carried their

signals outward through the medium of the ground.

Nikola Tesla experimented with numerous electro-impulsive

systems, patenting each in series. Nevertheless, younger and more

aggressive inventors continued duplicating variations of the Tesla

patents with no regard for his dominion in the field of radio

communications. One finds such patent, real infringements, running

over one another just before and after World War I.

.

The derangement of inventive continuity evidences a curious

human malady. Progress loses its way whenever it fails to seize the

instructive imagery which Vril is first to give. Redundant overlaps

among patent registrations evidences failure to secure Vril

initiatives.

While progressively finding his way through the alternate

obstacles of fame, finance, and vision, Tesla eventually broke into

personal freedom. It was only then that he developed eidetic

.communications equipment. When financiers and friends alike stood

·afar off, he·announced his distinctly Radionic plans concerning

thought projectors.

Double grounds employ alternate, oscillatory, or even

impulsive currents in their symmetries. careful analysis reveals

the theoretical impossibility of their usefulness in long-range

communications ... despite the empirical fact of their very high

efficiency in these regards. A simple reason can be summarized in

the notion that push-pull type currents, applied to the ground at

such close spacings, cannot possibly radiate any sizable signal.

Obviously the result of Vril irritation effects, such systems

were found to operate with strength along specific ground axes.

This was the heart of the anomaly associated with these designs.

They worked best in certain grounds, and along given natural

"conductive" axes.

Shoemaker's design employs a high voltage coil without spark gap release in the impressment circuit ... an anomaly. Earth batteries were employed at the groundpoints, where arch and ground were joined. The operative efficiency of this system can only be comprehended by noting the summary irritation effect; with which suddenly applied high voltage tensions powerfully affect the normal Vril ground state.
A.F. Collins, a one-time partner in the Wireless Telephone Company of America, reportedly stole some portions of his double ground-arch design from Nathan Stubblefield himself; although we know that Mr. Stubblefield never used batteries to drive his wireless telephone system. Direct current signals produced powerful anomalous audio response at greater and greater distances within the double ground terminals of Nathan Stubblefield. True nonelectric ground wireless was perfected by Nathan Stubblefield who has already been adequately honored and treated (see COMPENDIUM
v. 7) •
Earlier, and with single wire. telephonic signals, Antonio Meucci managed the transmission of vocal signals through ground energy alone. Meucci discovered· it possible to eliminate batteries from several of his systems.
Certain systems employed multiple buried coils in order to produce the most powerful double grounded earth connection. In the Musits patent we see a battery of such coils buried for the empirically determined purpose of intensifying signals; a format hails us back to earth batteries {COMPENDIUM V.4).
Contained in several of these wonderful designs is the revelation of a very profound Vril behavior pattern; where buried coil batteries become powerfully Vril infused. Buried in the earth, Vril enters and suffuses such coils in circular densifications; even as vines overgrow cylindrical trellises, circling_ and recircling their growth.
Over sufficient time periods, buried coils become "Vril absorbed", being "accepted" in the environment (Theroux). When electrified, the Vril response is potent. Passive receiver coils, buried in this fashion, continue to develop new receivable stations. The reception populations increase with increased ground saturation time. One experimentally verifies that removal of such a ground rod or coil results in total loss of reception population.
In addition, double ground terminals give pronounced eidetic axes which guide vision and consciousness directly through the arch ·structure. One discovers that vision along all other possible degrees of freedom in this inverted-U symmetry are effectively blocked.
The patent legacy of James Harris Rogers, having great significance among the double ground aerial systems, stands the test of time. Rogers aerials were once highly classified items during both World Wars. They were also classified for a time during the Cold War years. The buried aerial systems of Rogers formed the very basis for contemporary classified Government communications and behavior modification systems.
In its more benign employment, Rogers aerials maintained constant static-free radio contact across the world. Among the

buried aerials of Rogers we see variations which include double lines, plate and lines, as well as coil-and-plate hybrids. Reception through a Rogers aerial or any other buried-ground design is static free, often resembling the velvety quality of FM radio. This is why they were preferred for both radio transmission and reception.
The electrical power transmitter of Roe (1920), a most remarkable entry, is an obvious oversight by the Patent Office. Failing to recognize the basic infringement on patents formerly granted to one Nikola Tesla, the Office seemed to be advancing the derangement of inventors' royalties rather than insuring them.
Despite the fact that the Roe patent has nothing to do with Tesla designs and parameters, the corroborative value of this system cannot be underestimated. If at all, such a corroboration proves the validity of ground-conduction wireless power transmission.
Yet another entry is the remarkable "late" design by Lee De Forest. Parallels with Tesla research being unmistakable, the patent by De Forest reveals an intimate familiarity with ground impulse and signal strength. De Forest empirically ascertained the correct impulse rates at which maximum signal transfer occurred, corroborating the work of Tesla and subsequent others. In this text are found numerous gems of exceptional insight, each empirically determined and verified.
Thereafter, two succinct lines of designs emerged, both areas having been explored by Stubblefield two decades before the public demonstrations of Tesla, and then Marconi. There were those inventors who investigated ground wireless systems, employing electrical power for carrying coded signals (V.S). Dolbear, Collins, Braun, Murgas, and numerous others developed systems which used variations of the electrical "ground arch" symmetry. In these systems, twin ground connections were established between relatively close points. Into this electrical archway sudden electrical discharges were impressed in code or telephonic undulations.
With time, these systems began incorporating aerial capacity terminals for the expressed purpose of intensifying their long distance transmission effects. The addition of aerial capacity, usually connected at the very centre of the upper arch, eventually provoked the modification of these electrical archways into monopoles: vertical masts with ground rods in mirror symmetry.
8.11 DOUBLE GROUND WITH AERIAL CAPACITY Double ground systems were now being modified by a curious new
feature. Large aerial capacities of metal were being attached to each former double ground system. A new awareness opened the eyes to equally new possibilities and parameters in the communications arts. Aerial capacity seemed to give double ground systems a far greater "release" when magnified signals were desired.
Being little more than the addition of raised metal plates, the first new "aerials" were connected directly to specific portions of the older ground arch designs. In most patent designs, we see that the very center of balanced double ground arches are fitted with large capacity surfaces: a perplexing arrangement from

the electrodynamic viewpoint. Such empirical developments

challenged every electrical maxim with fresh offensives.

It is for very obvious reasons that theoreticians, in honest

moments, declare that double-grounded aerials do not make

electrical engineering sense. If activated by harmonic VLF

alternations, then such aerial capacities would remain neutral with

each long current swing. If, however, abrupt oscillations or

impulses are employed in these designs, then they begin functioning

as Teslian electric ray terminals.

Electrically, the abrupt impulse charges these capacities for

long "flashing periods". It is during these times that such aerial

capacities radiate pure electrostatic rays concerning which Tesla

specialized. From the reductionistic electrical viewpoint, this is

the electro-operative mode of capacity aerials.

Capacity aerials are simultaneously converters and radiators;

where harmonic alternations effect sudden peak charging of center-

connected (Braun, Bethenod, Arco) or end-connected (Meissner)

capacity. When these aerial capacities become suddenly monopolar in

charge, electrostatic rays are released. Oscillations and

unidirectional impulses are the obviously required "extra

energies".

Aerial capacity in these designs exalts the electric ray

component possibly inherent in their excitation modes. But it is

not in electrical parameters that we understand the complete radio-

function of double ground with aerial capacity. The Vril dynamics

of such systems are more fascinating to comprehend.

Though often confused with the ordinary characteristics and

activities of electricity, closer examination reveals them to be

Vril generated anomalies of the most obvious kind. Three patents of

exceptional anomalous operation include the double grounded

capacity aerial of Braun, the non-contact coupler of Butcher, and

the exceptionally strange aerial-coil-capacity combinations of

craufurd.

Reasons for arranging some radio circuits very often proceeded

from entirely obscure reasons. In this process, fortunate accidents

pursued the developers of early wireless systems. This is

especially true of empirically developed systems such as the Braun

ground radio system. It is theoretically impossible to radiate any

Hertzian energies in the design by Braun. The analysis proves this

statement.

7

The Braun sparkgap joins both the aerial plate and two ground

points. It represents an electrical paradox. There are three

separate elements in the first system which is pictured: an aerial

plate, a sparkgap, and two ground plates. There are theoretically

six separate, interlocking circuit actors which independently

require separate analysis in this first example. But the problems

mount with each successive embodiment. One will examine the Braun

patent (750.429) and, by the analytical method, determine the

activity of each only after several score hours deliberation.

Analysis of figure 1 proves intriguing. If charge surges into the

plate strictly for the advantage of delivering successive impulses

to the ground, then the aerial plate can be replaced by an enclosed

mica capacitor. In this mode then, only the ground figures in the

transmission of impulses.

But with both electrical leads so closely connected, there can

be no resultant charge delivery to the ground. Each negative charge

impulse is accompanied by an equal positive impulse. The resultant

ground wave is self-neutralizing. Oscillatory energies across the

gap would theoretically produce self-neutralizing currents in both

the ground and aerial plate. So, how did Braun successfully manage

the transaction of powerful signals at all?

It is at once obvious that this device operates in the Teslian

electric ray mode. One may thus find reasonable explanations for

its total efficacy on the basis of the potent emanation of electric

rays. Delivering its powerful impulses directly to ground and

aerial space above ground, one recognizes the Braun device as a

simple Vril irritator. The Braun radio design is one whose

electrical functions produce intense irritations in the Vril

Strata. It is not therefore important whether electrical polarities

are ever isolated and directed in this system. All that matters is

the delivery of irritant directly into ground. In this view, one

begins to comprehend why most of the early such wireless systems

were able to operate at all.

The Braun system remarkably conforms with archetypes; being,

in effect, an archway with a keystone. In this analogue, the aerial

plate is the keystone. The aerial plate served to intensify the

irritation toward greater vertical distances; the total effect

being to radiate a Vril magnification effect of enormous spatial

volume.

One is not hard-pressed to explain the Butcher design in Vril

parameters. As electrostatic couplers, these tuners are

problematic. The transference of radioenergy from the solid collar

to the articulate coil is difficult to rationalize otherwise. They

would not be accurate tuners, since the relatively wide collar does

not track each individual coil turn; a design requirement which

appeared later in the decade indicated.

Tesla, in fact, designed such accurate tuning systems. His

assistant Fritz Lowenstein "appropriated" these designs in his own

patent (1.339.772), so obviously a Tesla design. The articulate

wave aerials of Craufurd cannot be adequately explained by the

crude reductionistic field theories of Hertzian wave radio. The

Craufurd design worked, attested by the fact that it obtained

patent privileges. Theoretically, the designs are impossible to

~comprehend from the conventions of electrical science. How then can

we rationalize this and other such devices which obviously, and

empirically, worked?

'

Careful examination of each separate component, originally

developed for electrical communications systems, reveals more

fundamental Vril functions. Researchers who thus engaged such

components developed the familiar circuitry of radionics (White,

Abrams, Hieronymus, Wigglesworth, Drown).

·

Vril behavior in coils differs from the manner in which it

flows through solid metalloid manifolds. Vril flows rapidly through

manifolds, responding to their geometries rather directly. But with

coils, Vril behavior becomes more tenacious and luxuriant.

Vril enters coils in the same manner as vegetation climbs upon

trellises. Its manner of growth and accretion is actually shaped by

the geometry of the helix used. Large cylindrical coils become Vril

infused as the thready ground emanations densify upward. Vril infusion occurs immediately as the coil is merely placed in ground
proximity. Vril infusion becomes enormous when the lowest coil winding is
grounded through direct contact. With such vertically disposed cylindrical coils, the Vril vectors assume right angles to the windings, growing upon each other. In this Vril accretive process we recognize the response of vegetation to material obstacles. Vril entrains the tropisms seen in vegetation. Should we wish to understand the response of new designs in Vril circuitry, we may resort to a casual observation of trellises and vines.
There is a natural aperiodicity at which Vril accretions will charge and discharge through coiled metallic arrangements, pulsing and throbbing. This aperiodic pulsation differs completely from the manner in which electricity behaves, revealing the classic Vril growth characteristic. There are no alternations in Vril currents. Vril currents never throb in complete impulses. Vril never vacates the components through which it flows. Vril exhibits asymmetric oscillations, flowing and discharging continuously.
Flat, horizontally disposed coils become Vril infused in radial vectors, Vril threads enter at the coil center space and spread outward to the perimeter. Each coil geometry reveals a new Vril accretion characteristic. The behavior of electrical currents and dielectric fields simply follows and contours the preestablished Vril accretions.
Radio systems are, like telegraphic and telephonic systems, grand scale Radionic instruments. Ground connected and nonelectrified, these systems modulate the procession of Vril patterns in such fundamental modes that consciousness and perception is actually modified through simple tuning procedures. When electrified, each radio signalling system becomes a .Vril magnifier.
Double-grounded aerials, grounded aerials with capacity terminals, articulate aerials, and raised monopoles of various forms each interact within the Vril stratum with different resultant effects. The geometry of each ground radio system necessarily engages Vril ground currents. Only a thorough investigation of each such geometry, necessarily constructed and tested without electrification, will teach us of the eidetic ~ualities which these double ground systems actually achieved.
Double ground systems influence Vril in deep strata, the electrical carrier serving merely as an irritant. Vril provides the ~true communications medium, suffusing radiosystems with its characteristic deep radiant blackness. It was in these Vril suffusions that anomalous eidetic and visceral communions were established among operators, experiential discharges surprising distal operators with a new sense of mystery. Eidetic experiences are simultaneously noted in far distant districts with power when properly placed double ground systems grip the entire district.
Best operated when proper groundpoints are enjoined by buried metal rods, plates, cylinders, and cones, Ground Radio exhibited remarkable "powerless" communications among its widely distant operators. Nathan Stubblefield first explored this subterranean realm with complete success.

The vertical oil-filled coil monopoles, designs of Fr. Joseph Murgas, are truly intriguing from every standpoint mentioned. They are very obvious examples of Vril absorbers, the carbonaceous fluids forming the very heart of his system. Careful examination of the patent shows the central coil which forms the axis of the oilfilled pipe. Here we see much more than an early redesign for a coaxial cable. tesla held the earliest patent for such a line. But this design is completely different.
According to every dictate of design theory, the central coil in Fr. Murgas' design cannot operate effectively iri radioelectric parameters. In addition, the use of mineral oil offers a degree of impedance in the line which cannot be rationalized when using radioelectric impulses. Nevertheless, this monopolar ground system worked. It has been determined that Vril threads accrete within volumes filled with mineral oil.
The amount of electrical power would not be very great in this device, where Vril threads flooded the central chamber. Fr. Murgas planned to drill mile deep wells in Pennsylvania and in Europe for the deliberate purpose of engaging monopolar ground transmissions. It is difficult to imagine the sort of eidetic imagery which would well up from oil-filled monopoles. The eidetic currents which flow up through oil well rigs has not yet been ascertained.
Soon there were commercial ground aerials of various kinds. Rods, pipes, coils, fins, each proved to be an efficient receptive medium when used in specific locations. But why? The dispositions and symmetries of signal-radiant metalloforms are indeed critical in effecting powerful signal exchanges.
Where driven rods of copper could not receive radiosignals, the burial of insulate coils did. But how did the burial of insulated coils produce enhanced radio reception? And why did specific grounds require specific kinds of articulate arrangements? If the radio continuum was indeed reducible to simple electrical field lines, then no such differentiations were ever required. But empirical evidence proved that very specific grounds had very specific articulate natures.
Dowsers know that Vril emanations differ among grounds. In certain places, Vril emanations are not vertical. In others, Vril emerges from the ground in vortices. Yet in others, Vril transits along the ground and rarely emerges. The articulate form of each 7aerial capacity both models and matches well the Vril dynamic in numerous kinds of Vril active ground, satisfying the specific requirements for exceptional communications connectivity.
In Vril parameters, the actual behavior of the double ground wireless is quite different, electrical impulse merely serving to cause the auto-magnification of Vril signals.
8.12 VRIL EIDETIC SIGNALS IN RADIO It is important to comprehend the separate signals which
proceed away from the radioelectric irritation site. The historically measured electrical field strengths are the inertial signals, and do not contain or carry the meaningful message of any communication. This electrical groundwave is a slow shadow which follows the Vril wave. This slow electric wave, being inertial, carries meaningless coded impulses.

The environment surrounding a radioelectric transmitter becomes especially black radiant and noumenous. The black radiance makes itself wonderfully noticed in both the space and ground surrounding radio transmitters. This effect reaches especially powerful crescendi when surrounding grounds contain minerals. The effect extends to the space immediately above ground in localized radiant pulsations when surrounded by evergreens.
Archane persons of exceptional sensitivity recognized that certain natural sites actually flood over with imaginal currents, visionary projections which magnify awareness. The megalithic system was the phenomenal result of this Vril message to humanity. Archane world-communications did not require the "extra energy" of electricity, the unnatural agent. Archane communications was effected instantly through Vril eidetic currents.
It is found that simple ground connection, through an iron post for example, brings Vril experience directly. In such a case, the spontaneous emergence and personal permeation of Vril currents begins immediately. One falls into the gentle and suffusive embrace of the black radiance, there gently receiving the eidetic imagery. But this natural communications, this exchange of world-language between Vril and ourselves changes when once we apply the irritating elect~ic impulse.
Inertial signals cannot sustain the meaning contained in eidetic information. Natural Vril communications transact eidetic imagery according to determinations which are ground-specific. Vril ground emanations signal whole images of system operators, giving remote views of both operators, their locations, and general conditions near the exchange sites. A specific surrendered mind state precludes all Vril operations.
One does not willfully engage Vril energies for trivial needs. Therefore we recognize a fundamental distinction between electrical communications and Vril communications systems. Radioelectric communications proceed with no regard for Vril dynamics, often ignoring or defying Vril dynamics.
The eidetic current is the "exceptional" signal which communicants experience "with great clarity11 • All the electricity serves to do is cause the magnification of the Vril signals. This is why radio works at all. Ground Vril currents seek the elimination of the very systems which promote inertial irritations . .Note how nature seeks to destroy certain modern structures, while ·preserving other more ancient ones.
Vril automatically suffuses all grounded technologies, ~messaging its own language of eidetic and visceral signals to those who patiently and sensitively receive them. It employs components which include and supersede those designed for electrical application. It is not surprising to find strange components, empirically found to produce surpassing qualities, in these inventions.
No electrifications are ever required in Vril communications systems. The first level of Vril Technology necessarily function as Vril current receivers. Those who deride such notions forget the Stubblefield System, in which audio and visceral signals were successfully combined without electrical application as known.
Nathan Stubblefield was first to implement the double ground

radio format in his historical vocal transmissions beyond one mile. Others varied his inverted-U design by their own empirical tests. No one ever managed to duplicate his results. The transcendent wonder of Stubblefield's accomplishment seemed strangely overshadowed by those who vaunted their feats with mere telegraphic signalling systems.
one remembers that the surpassing empirical revelations of Meucci, Loomis, and Stubblefield revealed that no "additiona!" energy •.. no electrical energy ..• was necessary at all in effecting long distance communications with great strength. In addition, the wireless technology of Nathan Stubblefield was a systemology which exchanged telephonic conversation "with great clarity".
These were each Vril communications systems. They each effectively obtained Vril currents through direct connection with ground. In components, made for "electrical" applications, Vril currents became dynamic. The vocal clarity of Stubblefield's ground radio exceeded ordinary audio standards, being visceral in aspect. Those who heard voice transmissions through the ground as Stubblefield engaged them, FELT the person communicating at a distance. Such visceral-emotive signals betrays the fact that Vril was the active agent and not electrical force at all. Stubblefield used carbon microphones of his own devising. Carbon granule and oil transceivers have been elucidated throughout COMPENDIUM Volume 6.
The Vril matrix exists in distinctly organized strata. Thus, ground radio systems directly modulated those Vril strata whose expressions were ground-densified, currents which travelled entirely in the ground. They only effected eidetic communications for those whose ground poise placed them on specific threadconnected points. Others remained unaffected and unaware of the impressed eidetic flow. The effect of these ground impressed signals was seen in regional modulations: those directly involving the natural environment. Weather modifications were observed. Ground radio systems caused the simultaneous transaction of eidetic impressions among directly connected ground points (Tesla,
Baigorri). The continuation of experimental work through purely
nonelectrified systems came during the time when Nathan Stubblefield was making his public demonstrations. Dr. Albert Abrams was first to implement the components of Telegraphy and Telephony in the study of pure auric discharges.
While perhaps not recognizing the Vril black radiant core, axis of all natural radiant phenomena, Dr. Abrams successfully 1mplemented these components in the determination of unknown chemicals and illnesses. More experimenters would have recognized that, with Dr. Abrams, a new stage in Vril technology began on several fronts.
Perhaps first to demonstrate the wireless communication of Radionic patterns among sensitive recipients, the accounts of Dr. Abrams in these regards have not been adequately studied. No other power except that of the auric discharge was necessary in transmitting the patternate energy. Received by aerial-connected sensitives, these radionic patterns gave sufficiently strong
physiological responses to prove the thesis. Startling and early in their appearance, it was shown that

:
real and measurable wireless radionic responses truly exist among widely separated individuals. Dr. Abrams was not afraid to use the term "telepathy" in identifying these clearly repeatable demonstrations.
for Sandy do you yet make morning wishes
or picnics in magic g~ens?

SECTION
2
--
- LEAKAGE TELEGRAPHY .

-

DR. FRANZ ANTON MESMER

:t. ·. q"~~-~-~~~~~~~~~•~-~--~bu

L·:~ ' t!aBir."' f::

·-~~~1111,.,.,~-·-·~-q·~

•

-~ I

I

'

-

.-..

Mesmer's Tub

~.r,.·
~ --··--

.Mesmer's Magnetic Bacquet (from a 1784 print)

..41111 ... ~
~~~~~.-.~ .. ~u:=- .....~~ ~~ ~

'
a. aa....a~ ..... 1 •·-•s~>• . .

~
111':·:.
J .-·~ ":t. ~ ......, .
~;·-··

14.-Highton and Other Pioneers.

... .HE.:\RY HIGHTON (18r6·ISi4), who, with his Su.bsequently he placed the recennn3 instrument in a

·:::~:..·

brother Edward, carried out many experiments in room in his house on the L:mks of the rh·er, and sent

'·

wireless telegraphy, was educated under the famous a boat down stream with t.-ailing ,...,-ire and a. battery.

S:.Pr. Arnold, of Rugby, and \Yas appointed Principal of Signais "·ere made at different distances~ and so success-

:;: Cheltenham College in 1859·

ful was the experiment that he obtained lea">·e to lay y

'- About 1852 be succeeJed in communicating over a dis- wires in \Yimbledon Lake, where further experiment!> ·1:

of about a quarter of a mile with bare wires sunk were carried out.

canals. " The result," wrote Ed,vard, " bas been to

The result of all this \YOrk was that Highton. found. ~

that telegrap-hic communications could not be sent water to be '' so perfect an insulator for electricity of

any ·considerable distance without the employment of low tension that wires charged with it retained the ·charge

insulated medium."

wiili the utmost obstinacy j and, whether from the effect

.brother Henry was more optimistic~ however, and, of polarisation (so-called), or, a.s I am inclined to sup- 1

·~f>et:Levllll!r in the practicability of the scheme, continued his pose, .from electrisation of the successive strata of. water_ tt

on the banks of the Thames. In ~ .Paper, surroun~ing the \\:ire, a long wire, brought to·a state of·

before the Society of_ Arts in 1872, he stated that }0\V electrical tension, will retain that tension for minutes.··.~· · ·many years he had ''been convinced of lhe possibility ·or even l~qurs. Notwithstanding attempts to discharge th~.-· ·.·

'

· for long distances without insulation, or wire every five seconds, I have found that a copper sut·

· wrres very imperfectly insulated ; · but till lately fa~e of ten or twelve square feet in fresh water will retai.!l :··

not the leisure or opportunity of trying· sufficient a very appreciable charge for a quarter of an hour. Ev~n . ·

~i){~nrnerltS· bearing on.-the subject. I need hardly say wh~n we attempt to discharge it continuously through a.

ide;t· has been pronounced on all hands-. to ·be resistance. ·of abou~ thirty units [ohms] it will retain an

·-.-visionary' ancr i.mpos-

-

appreciable, though · gradually

and. I have been warned

·decreasing, charg~ for five. or

-folly_ of incurrmg any·

six· minut«;s."

-.fu a matter where every

His experiments a.s to what

- had hitherto failed·. -~-

· · extent the " principle of non- -

was so thoroughly "con~J~·..I,j.'~'-''"' of the soundness .of my .. ,.,..........,...... _anQ,_of th~ certainty. of :
:able ~ci · go a _considerable:. ~ -

insulation·'' could· be carried
Jed. him to state· that "' though there are difficu1ties in very long depths absolutely uninsulated, --

without any· insulation, ·. -

yet it is "quite .. feasible· to·

aay~~aistance wit!~ yery im::."'~~ ·

telegraph even across - the

·.ipsulation, that. I ~om.: -.;-

:::-some:: three .. 91: ·:four:;?.:

_ :··.s~nce, · a systeai~tic :-:~:

-·of ' ·.;~~;{es

experiments

with :·a ··

Atlantic . . . . " · · He proposed to use a '' gold-
leaf instrument. constructed bv me for tel~;~aphic purposis

·Jo '' . t~sting my id~s ·

. lly~,,

-

twenty-six years ago, acted up•::>n hy a. powerful e!ectro-

these. experiments Henry.

mJ.~net, and with its motions

transmitted signals various lengths of wire.

ootir.ailv enbr:red.:' . He ~ras \'ery optimistic of

'..•::,iut>tnl~rged in the Thames, and

s_w~ces?,. .1s may be gathered

that he could, without

ft·(;m :H5 ~r:1tcment t:1:1r ': I rl•,

·';!-!1i1Ultlcllltv: exceed the limits that pr~;;iously been supposed
be practicabie. He next

fl•)t je~ir.H.:- to .~a,. that it is nos;;i.t.:e, O\' L'rt.."~tin·~ :1. ':en• t~1ick line ·vir~ f:·:)m rhc Hd;t:ides t'•

transmitrin:; with wires

C.)rn·,\·.:tll. :)~· r::e ;~:;~ of ennr-

across the Thames, but had

ll1,·,t:3 -<~.ltL~:' at cac~1 t;;xtremirv.

broken fi ..-e or six tinies

\·-.;.·~.::.:.i~y·h'".·.·d··.: t.·hbey stbrea~n1:,:'er;s1 ::~•:: d·r:fa~:!m:rcurtrh.eert:rt

~~ors acro:s them. . ~

·

-~~:..

.

Henry l·fi~hton.

:1n•i :.,•.t:1 ':l:orm·:·ttS J.::nounto( l~"lr:~:r~,· ~~·i'~\·f~r-i.i.-~ .. .:ts rc;ar•:i:' rJll:l~:ti[\·-u.., tr:1n.::;mit: .:1. current ·~·oi•:~ ··youid b.,e sensibly per-
A ~5

_Pioneers of Wireless.-

switch that, when closed·, conn~t~d

: ceived in a similar line of very thick wire, with \'ery wire to the earth. ""e are told that the experiment

hirge plates,. on the other side of the Atlantic.'.' He successful, and that by making a,nd breaking the

pointed out, however, that " the trouble and expense connection messages were sent and received, a result

would probably be much greater than .that of laying a created a considerable sensation in America.

wire acr*oss the *ocean.''*

*

*· *

Doubtful Results.

The. experiments of ~Iorse, Lindsay, an4 the Hightons,

The following curious story. from the New

had llO\V become common knowledge, and as a result of ]OliTilal of tile Tdt·grapll (~!arch I5th, I877) shows,

the publicity gi,·en, many additional workers were at- ever, that tbe technical ''"orld never took the prot:~tl~

tracted by the ·-subject, both in this· country and abroad. very seriously : -

,Bonelli in Italy.; Gintl, the inventor of a ~uplex tele- · " The never·ending procession of the would--be graph, in Austria; and Bouchorte and ~ouat in _Fr~ce. tors-who ·from day to day haJ.lllt the corridors

engag~d themselves in experiments. As. their researches offices of our Electrician's Department-was varied

do not show any striking ac.lvances on the· methods of

.. whiCh Morse may be regarded ~s the pioneer, we shall

pass .them by. . . . .. .

.

- It may be interesting, h<?1vever, ~o mention in passing

that during the wi~ter of 187o-x; when Paris was be-

other (lay by the appearance of a veritable lunat«:: announced that the much·talked-of discovery of ~lyears ago, aerial telegraphy, w~s -in actual operation in New York. A~ ~I. Palmer, -of the U.nion
Theatre, together ·with one of his confedera

_ :siege4 by the Germans, a 'Fre.nch electri~ ~amed Bour- possessed the secret, he !'aid. They had, un-r-"''"....,...;;4•• . bo~e..:_proposed to re-estabhsh -commumcation betw_een chosen to use it for illegitimate purposest and our ..

· Paris and the provinces by sending strong electric cur- . felt it to be his solemn duty to expose them. B · rents into the Riv~r.. Seil,le, ~t-.a. po_int.·o"!ltside the German 9f a $6o,ooo battery they transmitted the
w lines.· ~Jf~ suggested that~· l?y m~an,s o~ :~·,metal plate through the aerial spaces, read people's secret
sunk. t{ie_ ri-~er2 .tlres.~ Curren~ :(:Ol;lld Qe picked up in- and knocked them sen.seless. in the street. They Paris·.":ith.~.a. delica~e gai\··an~e~r. . Aft~r ..expedmenting . even burn a man to a crisp, miles and· miles aw ·
·succes.Sfully, another ·worker left· the besieged city by he no more knew what had hurt him than if he li

balloon, and,. descending outside the enemy's lines, pro. struck by a flash of lightning-as indeed he hadi.
: ceeded to Havre to order the necessary apparatus from · ohject of our mad friend iii dropping in was -

En"gland. "\Vhen this reached France, however,. the Seine ascertain how he could protect himself from

was completely frozen ·oyer, and before a thaw set in an illegitimate thunderbolts.

.

._.

armistice was declared, and. the project was abandoned.

" Here ·our legal gentleman, lifting his eyes

-The Experiments of :Mahlon Loomis. ·

Curtis ·to do.

OIZ
B

Pat ring

at a

fs, Temarked; suit against P

' a

Xo\r, lmer f

oIr'llinft,eJ.llLHz,·;c;·uJ~t=

.. . In conclusion, mention -must be made of the e:xperi- 3fahlon Loomis's patent. Here it is-No. 1

).

ments of a remarkable man-Mahlon Loomis, an .o\merican -'dentist·. In .I8j2 he proposed to draw electricity from

· the 4igher atmosphere, and to-use the currents so obtained

That'll fix Palmer! l
''But the madmanprotested that this would long, and meanwhile he was in darige~ of his _lift;:

1. for telegraphic purposes. Loomis based his proposal on minute. He casuallv remarked' that it had

-

.. .the suggestion that the earth's atmosphere is charged with him that by appearing in the streets in a robe of ne:a-~rreti'!ftZ~

electricity, the strength of which increases with the corded silk, guttapercha hrots. and a magenta satin

height. He assumed t_hat this atmospheric electricity with a blue glass skylight in the top of it, he wquld

, might be drawn without difficulty from any particular effectually protected from injury during his

stratum, and that thus an aerial telegraph might be estab- perambulations ! ''

~

lished. He e.xperimenterl in Virginia, selecting for the purpose two lofty mountain peaks, ten miles apart. From

4 here he sent up two kites~ connected to the ground hy

fme copper wires. To one he connected :1 detector. and

\\"e may quite imagine that the sensation-
American journalists were disposed to agree. \\·
or nnt the madman e•:er .1rpeared in public in this ...v,,......., cmlinar~· rostume the st,)ry ,]o('s not say!

··;.·~~
tl'

,..,. .,, p ~-·~~~ ..~.. ~~llll .,... ..,..,. .,......... l-l~~ . . ~~

- ~

~

EARLY CONDUCTION WIRELESS

The tlrst experiments of M. Bourbouze were made Dear 1 the Pont d'Austerlitz, Paris. One of the wires was connected !

with the earth and the Seine. A battery consisting of 800 ;

cells (copper sulphate) was placed Dear the Pont Napo~eon, :
I one pole being to earth and the other connected with copper

plates immersed in the Seine. Care having been taken to ad- I

just the galvanometer in the former circuit, it was found that when the current was made the needle was deflect~~ 1
and even so-. The same experiments were repeated at Pont

St. Michel, near St. Denis, with like results.

·

.

1

l The possibility, therefore, of transmitting iignals to dis- !
&ant points without the use of wires would seem to be con-

elusive; and whatever doubts may have existed on the sub- I

I! ject wi.ll be dispelled by the success that has recently attended ;
the inve~gations of Professor Loomis, of YaleCollege. His

experiments were made in the mountainous regions of West 1

Virginia, between lofty peaks. For his purposes he ·used ~
!: kites, a copper wire being substituted for the usaal kite
I 1 string. The kites were rai.sed to a considerable height, when !

it was found that signals sent along one wire were transmit- ·
·ted by aerial currents to the second, ten miles clistant. It was I
I also d.iseovered that continuous aerial currents exist at this
aulcteitpu~dewcahpeanblientoefrrsueprtveidngbytheviopluernptosaetsmoosfpthheericteldeigsrmarpbh:,:~
ances. .

----~-~-~----~~~--------

.

-
.'
-

.._...... .. ~ ~ ~1111~ .~...~.....___

' "-...;: ~·
. ~ ·~'

%. ... ~·.

Another form of microphone which the Professor tried was a tube containing metal filings, which forestn.Us the Branly tube, but as the cohere11ce of the filings was a. disadvantage he abandoned it. Contacts of h·on and mercury were sensitive, - but very troublesome; while contacts of iron and steel cohered, but were sensitive, and kept well when immer~ed in a mixture of petroleum and vnseline, which, though nn insulator, does not Lar the electric waves. / Some of these microphone arrangements were found to be very sensitive to small charges of electricity-~far more so than the gold-leaf electroscope and the quadrant electrometer. Even a metal filing, on a. stick of st>aliug-wax carried enough electricity from n Leyden ja.r to affect the microphone and give a

w

PROFESSOR HUGHES AND WIRELESS

_..,.

....

/ ·-

'•

First room.

Fig. 4.

Second room.

sound in the telephone, while it hnd 110 effect on tb~ electro--

· '

· .. ~

scope or the electrometer. 'Vith such delicate receivers. Prof. Hughes discn.rded tl1e ~

~
~

, connecting wire win fig. 1, thus separati11g the receiver from midJle of November 1879, he counecteu a fender to the inter-

I b :! ...

the transmitter, anu producing the germ of a wirel~ss telegraph. His first experiment of this kinu was made between October 15 and 24, 1870;' the transmitter being in one room

· .

fLreu~ntpdhteerrt, r"hatenosu~sam~ctdtt.wmMgiraeasrnad(dainraestwcoere,ir"viiunaggndtoapatphfaterear"twuw~ai,rndgst~h,einoswfteiHraedes

of tLe rtz) on
behlg

and the receiver in an: adjoining l'oom, but a wire from the stiffened With laths to hold them in place.

Jt

receiver limited the_ air gap to about 6 f~et. Fig. 4, which is ~h~ ~se of an "earth" connection led him to try tl1e effect I

roughly copied from the
arrangement, where w is

Professor's the wire, B

own diagram, the battet·y, 1

sthho~wisnttehre-

of Jommg J>hone to. a

the telephone water-pipe of

tior oan ,gaass-ps hipoew on f ilnea:dfi~.

and 5.

the The

microresult

f~t

,.

rthuepteearr' tch

the coil, T th (gas-pipes).

e

Intelaeupohthoen1e·,

eMxptheerimmeicn.tr,oJm)haodnee'a&abnodutEt•hEe'

\\'lls an lmproved

'

t

l
Hl.

t

t

h

e

d'1ffiereut

sound metc'l.ls

in the telephom•, formed

au<.l

he

conclnrled

~:

f\.

· a weak which a

J"leeramrtahnenbtatctuerrry~,ntfr1o·amn

~ 'r--LJT

"·

throngh the circuit. On this supposition he reasoned that the

·; t'lectric waves infiuencinrr the

•

0

nucrophone, and perhnps chanrr-

ing i~ resistance, would rapidly

niter the strength of this cnrrent, n.nd so nccount for the heighten~d ......::.-...:-..... em~cts in the telephone. Acting Oil
_...""'........... this idea, he included an E.l\I.F.

E Fig. !j,

in the receiving circuit. A sillgle cell was more th:m enough,

and had to be reduct>d. to as little as ,.,l,..th of a volt in order
not to permanently break down the co;l·~act r~si:)tn.uce of the
microphone.

"Thus," sayR Mr :Munro," Prof. Hughes had 'step by stej) put

together all t_he principal elements of the wi1·el ess telegraph

as we know 1t to-day, and although he was groping in the

dark before the light of I:Iertz arosl', it is little short of ~ n.1agical tlmt in a few months, even Wt>eks, and by using the

Simplest menus, he thus forestalled the great ::Jin.rconi n.dvance by nearly twenty year~ ! ''
In the fifty years (just completed) of n brilli:mt profe~sol'ial =~;J;~-· career at Caru brid.ge,Sir Geor!!e Stokes Lns given, times out of

• lmmber, sound· advice and. helpful suggestions to those who
~~:~:}7.rna.~ ;ears~-- · l1ave sought him ; uut in this case, as events show, the rrreat we ht of his opiuion has

!
• •
I
!
• •

!
• •
I
!
• •
I

'fi)J ·..·. ·.
~ .. No. 733,556. · ··
10 KOD:CL.

. PATENTED JULY 14, 1903.

. . A. MUIRHEAD. · ·

.. : . SUBMARINE .TELEGRAPHY, .

. .

.

. J.PPX.X0..\'1'101 .!'ILllD DllO, U, 1908,

L'1 ..
c'

... .E~ . 1X Fi;g:2.

I

---<--r-----"! s' I .

J'If I II

-

-

'

V.wL-va~.

.

c

·.Rhj

.

.~S,J

,a.'

i.

a.m.Wiln-utSee: r?a~v#W.
~.~.

•• ·l'nt~ntod July 11, 1003, •UNITEI) ST1\TEs·1)ATEN~-I~ OI~'I~'ICE.

. .

.

.

.

:

.

.

ALEXANDER l\IUIHIIEAD; OF SHORTLANDS, E};GLAND.

SU'BMARINE TELEGRAPHY.

SPE~IFICATION fonning part o£ Letters Patent No. 733,556, dated July 14, 1903.
Applic:don fih:{l Dcccnlber 27, 1898. Serial No.100,391. CNo modeL)

· 1"o nU 11.'h01n it nury co1wt~1·n:

.

tralizing the c~w.rgo ,;,.h ich has been pi·od nccti

.Be it knovv·n that I,.A r,r\:.A~DEH l\IunniEAD, t.hcrein by contact with the line-batter·y. By

n snbjcct of tho Qnoeu ,,r Great Britain, re- adjusting the amount of the self-in<luctauce 55

siding n.t Shortlands, in the county of 1\eut, in this self-inductance shunt of the battery

5 England, hn.~.-~ inv-ented certain new and use- tht.: extra current can be regulated to· gi\~e

ful 'lmprov~"1 ents in Submarine Telegraphy, the refJ.uiretl amount of" curbing" of the out-

. of 'vhich the following is a specificatimi. . going currt?~nts to produce the sharpest signals

· 1\Iy invention relates to· subma1·int. teleg- possible at the distant station. It is to be 6o

raphy; ati<l. it consists principally in prov-id~ understood that when the signaling-key is

10 in~ such cable-circuits with improved means joined up in the usu~t,.Lway to the cable a.ud

and certain comuinn,tions antl orga.nixn.tion8 lin·e-battcry the cnble iR put to.earth directly

o~ rnu·ts for ti·a.nsn1ittin~ n.ntl receiving sig- n.fter tho application of the line-battery. Iu

nn.ls, aritl whereby an increase of speed in the present ca~e the cable instead of Lciug put 65

working the said circuits is obtained and to earth direct is required to be connected

r5 other co'-lven.iences and advantages secured. through the self-inductance shnnt to earth, so

.lu the accompanying di·awings, which ur·9 that the ext!'a current ·cl'eated in the coils of

din.grn.ms, Figtne 1 depicts n typical way of thesbuntmaybe utilize<l to ncceleratethetlis-

cn.rrying out my invention, nnd Fig. 2 serves ch~\rge or nentralizntion of the charge in tho 70

to show certain modifications attendant upon sending-condensers. The object of ~o com-

~o the transposition of the transmitting" nnrl re- h:uing wit.h the sending--co.ndensers S' S:! nnd

ceiving circuits.·

the key or transmittet· T n self·indrictance

Both dia~rams· show connections fot· "du- coil·in the sen<.ling-circriit. of th.J system is to

7

plex" working;C repre~enting the cable and ' provide a ready nnd suflicient means of regu- 75 C' the artificial cable, though obviously my lating, by reason of the extra current in tho 25 inYcntion is applicable to other cahle-circuitR. self-inductance coil, the amount of "cm·b .,

r.,

T represents the trausmitting iustrumeut·. ··e(1 uired to prm1uce the most rapid changes which may ach~antn.geou::;ly be an automatil.! nt the beginning of the cable, and thus to
transmitter, such as that patented to me by· obtain the best results in speed and sharp- So
prim· Letters Patent of the United States, No. ness or clearness of signals. 30 577,G34, anc.l it is so indicated in the diagrams; In the receiving-circuit of the syst·9tn I em-

but other forms of signaling-keys oz· their ploy ·uy preference the usun.l siphon record·

equivalents may be employed.

in~ instrument, as inclicntec1 at H.; but it mnv

.As will be understood, B indicates the bat- be any other suitable instrumentality, anZl 85
tf~r\e~; E, the earth connections, nntl S' S2 s:1 thet·e may be a receiving-condem;er s~.

35 in(licate condensers.

According to my invention I employ in tho

According to my invention I employ in the recei\·ing-circuit, as an a<l.insta.ble shunt, an

sending.- circuit a self- indnctance coil JJ, instrumentality L', consisting of a series of

.joined up in parallel with the koy or trans- self-indnctanco coils without iron or other 9(' mitter T and its battery H. The said instru- magnetic material in their constrnction,

4CJ men t I.~ is constructed without iron ot· other whose inllucta.nce can be variec1 rcml i h· in magnetic material, and it consists of n ~cries relation to the t·csistance of the l'ecch·ini in-

of coils whoso itHluctance i[; of ~nitable strument anti tho capacity of the receiving-

n.mon n t. relatively to the capacity of the ~on<l- cont1enset· omployc(l. \Vhen the recei \"ing 95
in~·cont1enscr::; S' S2• The contact-levers of in::;tz·uuHmt n.nd receiving- contlen::~cr s:: arc

45 the automatic transmitter (or Lhe signaling-- thu~ ::;hunte(l by the self-inductance (~oil r;,

key) n.t·e so connecte<l up to the ::;ending-con- mo,.·~ ::;n<hlen changes nr~ attained in lht~ cir-

t1en::;en; as not to short- circuit the self-in- cuit of the recorder. Tho main ~urrent flow-

tlnctn.nce coil after battery contacts; other- ing 8Ut of the cahlo eneonntcrs only a simple xoo

til .

wise the extra current which arises in the resistance in the loop-that is, both tlw ~elf-

lllll!i~~

so

self-inductance coil immediately after bz·en.kin;.: contact with tho line-battery will not flow

induction of the shunt nntl the capa.cit.y of the condenser arc caucole<l in their t>f!L'(!t.

~.~-~~:: . into the setH1in~-con(lenser~ to n.s~i::;t in non-. All tl1o rirsL impulses of thn cm·rent flow

~~~·~ •. ·,~~

..t'. ••

•
-~1 --:_·

------·----

~ ~
~
~.I,
r r
r

733,550

en . th1•ough tho rocot•dor, tho ·stomly non t coiving-ci reuit, thus pt·odu'cin~ loHs "j:l.l'" on

through ·tho self· in'Uuctanco coil I/. ·The tho receiving instrument. · more rapid tho vnrin.tions of potoniinl at the . \Vh:1t I cln.iu~, nn<l Josiro to socm·o by J..ot~

soncllng ontl the more. of tho ·resulting <li~· tcrs Patent or til~ United States, is- ·

6o .

s turbn.nco nt tho l'oooi vi ng on<l tn.kos plnco in 1. Inn. d nplo:om lHnn.rino-tologrn.ph cil·cuit1 ·

·the recordoi'·Circtiit. · In other wo1·ds, the ef· tho coml>inntion of n transmitter and its bat-

feet of tho ['JClf~in<luction in tho shunt is to tory, senc.liug and recoh·ing condensers, a

di\·oz·t all the l'apid changes of tho received rheostat, a l'eceiver·, self· inductances ser :--

current into the circnit containing the re- ing to regulate the amount of "curb" ro- 65

to corder or. ecciviug instrument anu to permit qnired to produce the most r:tpid changes at

only the slow flow of the main current throngh the beginning of the cable, further self-in-

the coHs of the ..sht1nt. · ·. . · ·

ductance !,erving as a shunt to the said ro-

Fm the purpose or this invention I prefer coiver and its condenser through which the

t.o construct. the last-mentioned sl11111t of a stenc1y current passes while current impnlses 70

15 serieq ~r flat coils whose mean diamet.f'!l' is or rapid Ynriations of potential opor·ate snch

I about three and a qu.arter times their sec-
ti?nal \vi?th,thescction beiw" ,.. unc.l orsqtlarc,

rtoecfeaicvielirt,.n·atenutho~thfeinr~lsedlnfp.:lnedx.ucbataln~ncceisnsge.rving.

without Iron.

.

. ·

· 2. The combmatton w1th the hno or cable,

As will be seen by comparison with the two artificial line, transmitter and sending-con· 75

20 diagrams, the rP~.·iving instrument H., to- . densers iL terposed respectiv·ely between the

~ether with therecc:ving-condenserS:J, shnnt- cable and tr~nsmitter and between the :uti-

eel in the manner ctescribeu, ·may be placer, ficin.l line and transmitter, of a self-induct·

either between the cablo C anil the artificiai. ancecoil connecte<l in parallel with the trans-

cable C', ns in my so-called "double-block mitl~rand batter·y and through which the lin{\ So :z5 system of <lnplex ., and as· ~hown in Fig. 1, is pnt to eat·th when disconnected from tho

OJ' betwePn tho inclcx of tlw low-resistance battery, tho self-inductancocoil thercbysel'\·~

rheostat H." (that is· us\1a1ly located at tho ing to regulate tho amount of "curb" J'C· npex of the "·bridge") :Ltl<l ent·th, ns shown in qniretl to produce rapic). eh~tiiges at the be.- · ""·

Fig. :!. In the latter case I divide the last~ ~innin~ of the :cn.ble, snbstantially ns set 85

30 mentioned self ·ind uctanco coil into two parts, forth. ·

.

such as those indicated at L'X L'xx, adjustable 3. The combination with the line or cable,

in connection '"ith the usual blocks of con- ~ntilicin,l line, tra.mnnittcr nnd sending-con-

densers, and shunting the latter· for tho pur- densers connected respectively between ·the ·

pose of duplex balancing, bot.h in resistance transmitter· and cable· and between the trans- 90

35 and in inductance.

mitter· ~uti artificial line, of a rcceivPr ancl

In Fig. 2 the inu·uctancc-coil L i:;,as in Fig.!, c•.mdenser connected bet\veen the cahle and

·in a shunt :Hound the transmitter T.

tho artifl(\ial line and a self-inc1uctai..ce coil

In order to fncilitat.o the final duplex bal- in shunt to lhe receh·er and condonser and

nncing of the artificial enbln C' nga.in~t. the , throu~h which the steady current passe~ 95

40 cable C, I construct the coils n of tho t·heo- while Ctll-rent impul!"cs of rapid variations o(

stat B'' in the same manner as the hc1·einbe- p<,r"nt;nl oper·ate the recciYer·, substnntinlly

fore-mentioned f.lelf-inductance coils, so as to aR :-;et forth.

ha\·ese1f-incluctance of an amount which can 4. A d nplex ~mbmari ne- telegraph circuit

be readily ,.·al'ie<l in order to connter·nct the having, in combination, a transmitter and it~ roCI

45 efTeet, on the c1 n plex balance of that of the battery, sending- condensers, a self-ind net-

real cable. To the same end I may extend nnce coil joined up in parallel with tho trans-

the principle of the self-inductance coils of mittcr and its battery, :t rheostat, a recciYer

the· rheostR.t IV' and iusert adjustable self-in- and it,s condenser, and a self-ind uctnnce coil

ducta.nce coils of low resistance between the · ser\·in~ as a Rhnnt to snch t·eceiver and con- xos

so sending-condensers S' s~ anc.l the cable and <lenSCJ:·.

.

nr·tificial cable, respectively, :l.!i ilHlicated at In testimony wht'l'Pof I have hr.n~unto SJth·

I} L:1• These coils facilitate t.he duplex bn.l- scJ·ilJo1l my name.

ancing by tliminbhing the rat.e of variation I

.A·LEXAXDEH. :\lt~THITE:\D.

of potential due to the ontgoing cnt't'ent from \Vitnes~cs:

:5 the signaling- ba.tteric~ at tho points where t.hH 'I
cn.!·le and artificial cable at'e joinetl to the,.,~-

J\. F. ~ l'OO~EJ~, .J. SL-·no'!'.

" The invention all admired j and each how he

To be the inventor missed-so easy seemed

Once found, which yet unfound most would h~ve thought

I Impossible."

~ '

Sm W. H. PREECE'S METHOD.

~"',~;, THE HISTORY OF
1~· \
'·· -, LEAKAGE TELEGRAPHY

~ Sm WM. PREECE, lately t:Q.e distinguished engineer-in-chief of

Iour postal telegraphs, has made the subject 9f wireless teleg- ~~_.~~~~....~~·.tt raphy a special study for many years, his first experiment dating back to 1882.1 From that year up to the present he . has experimented largely in all parts of the country, and

~. has given us the results in numerous papers-so numerous,

~ in fact, that they offer a veritable emba'rras des Tichesses to

. the historian., In what foll9ws I can only attempt a Te:;ume, ~·

~ and that a I condensed one j but to the reader greatly
!~~J interested in the subject I would advise a careful study of all the papers, a list of which I append :-

2. On Electric Induction between Wires and Wires : British Association Report, 1886.
3. On Induction between Wires and Wires : British Associa-

~ 1. Recent Progress in Telephony : British Association

..

Report, 1882.

~

------------------

.4

tion Report, 1887. 4. On the Transmission of Electric Signals through Space:
Chicugo Electrical Congress, 1893. 5. Electric Signalling without Wires.: Journal of the Society
of Arts, February 23, 1894.

6. Signalling through Space: British .Association Report,

1894.

7. Telegraphy without Wires : Toynbee Hnll, December 12,

1896.

8. Signalling through Space without Wires: Royal Institu-

tion, June 4, 1897.

9. lEtheric Telegraphy: Institution of Electrical Engineers,

December 22, 1898.

10. lEtheric Telegraphy: Society of Arts, May 3, 1899.1

In his first-quoted paper of 1882, speaking of disturb-

ances on telephone lines, Sir 1Yilliam says : "The discovery

-...-~,.... of the telephone .has made us acquainted with many strange

....
.-(~~·:

phenomena. It has enabled us, amongst other things, to

\·.

establish beyond a doubt the fact that electric currents
f: actually. traverse the earth's crust. The theory that the

....: earth acts ns a great reservoir for electricity may be placed
't.f in the physicist's waste-paper basket, with phlogiston, the

• materiality of light, and other old-time hypotheses. Tcle-

:. phones have been fixed upon a wire passing from the g;ound

floor to the top of a large building (the gas-pipe~ being used

in place of a return wire), and 1!orse signals, sent from a

telegraph office 250 yards distant, have been distinctly renu. ~~v~I"'~~~'ZJ!:~ There are several cases on record of telephone circuits miles

.......,.......,,,'""!'!. away from any telegraph wires, but in a line with the eurth

terminals, picking up telegraphic signals j and when an

electric-light system uses the earth, it is stoppage to all

1 This list does not pretend to be complete. Doubtl~ss there nrc .=-.-..·~.- other papers, which ha.ve escaped my notice.

telephonic communication in its neighbourhood. Thus, communication on the Manchester telephones was not long ago broken down from this cause; while in London the effect was at one time so strong as not only to destroy all correspondence, but to ring the telephone -call bells. A telephone system, using the earth in place of return wires, acts, in fact, as a shunt to the earth, picking up the currents that are passing in proportion to the relative resistances of r the earth and the wire., l
He then describes the experiment which he had recently (March 1882) made of telegraphing across the Solent, from Southampton to Newport in the Isle of Wight, without connecting wires. "The Isle of Wight," he says, "is a busy and important place, and the cable across at Hurst Castle is of consequence. For some· cause the cable broke down, and it became of great importance to know if by any means we could communicate across, so I thought it a timely opportunity to test the ideas that had been promulgated by Prof. Trowbridge. I put a plate of copper, about 6 feet square, in the sea at the end of the pier at Ryde (fig.
17). A wire (overhead) passed from there to Newport, and
thence to the sea at Sconce Point, where I placed another copper plate. Opposite, at Hurst Castle, was a similar plate, connected with a wire which ran through Southampton to Portsmouth, and terminated in another plate in the sea at Southsea Pier.. W ~ have here a complete circuit, if
' we include the water, starting from Southampton t<? South-
. sea Pier, 28 miles ; across the sea, 6 miles ; Ryde through ~- Newport to Sconce Point, 20 miles ; across the water again, I li mile; and Hurst Castle back to Southampton, 24 miles.
"\Ve first cqnnected Gower-Bell loud-speaking telephones in the circuit, but we found conversation was impossible. Then we tried, at Southampton and Newport, what are
1 For early notices of the aa.me kind, see pp. 74-80, Bupra,

called buzzers (Theiler's Sounders)-little instruments that make and break the current very rapidly with a buzzing sound, and for every vibration send a current into the circuit. With a buzze'r, a 1forse key, and 30 Leclanche cells at Southampton, it was quite possible to hear the

\ ·. .

Fig. 17•
.1\Iorse signals in a telephone at Newport, nnd vice ve1'su. K ext day the cable was repaired, so that further experiment was unnecessary." 1
Preece, however, kept the subject in view, and in 1884 he began a systematic investiga.tion, theoretically and experi-
1 Captain (now Colonel) Hippisley, R.E., who conducted these .tdo.ls, thought tlmt the presence of the b1·oken cable across the Solent somewhat vitiatetl the results, as its heavy iron sheathing n1nr ha,·e aided in conducting the current.

mentally, of the laws and principles involved-an investi-

gation which he has hardly yet completed. In his papers

read at the Inter~1ational Electrical Congress, C,hicngo,

August 23, 1893, and at the Society of Arts, London, February 23, 1894, ~~ ~Ye~ a 1·esume of his experiments.

from 1884 to date. <··~_:::_.~.

He begins the latter paper by asking the same momen-

tous question which ·a lady once put to Faraday, What

is electricity 1 Faraday, with true philosophic caution,

replied (I quote from memory): "Had you asked me forty

years ago, I think I would have answered the question;

but now, the more I know about electricity, the less pre-

pared am I to tell you· what it is." Sir William is not

quite so epigrammatic, nor nearly so cautious; but, then,

we have learned a great' deal since Faraday's time. "Few,"

he says, "venture to reply boldly to this question-first.,

because they do hot know; secondly, because they do

not agree with their neighbours, even if they think they

know ; thirdly, because their neighbours do not agree

among themselves; ;even as to what to apply the term.I.

1, The physicist applies · it to one thing, the engineer to

another. The former 1·egards his electricity as a form of ether, the latter as a form of ·~nergy. I cannot grasp the

·concept of the physicist, but electricity as a form of energy

, is to me a concrete fact. The electricity of the engineer

J is something that i~ ge1~erated and supplied, transformed

and utilised, .economised and wasteJ, mctcll out and. paid.

for. It produces motion of matter,. heat, light, chemical

decomposition, and sound; while these effects are reversilJle,

and som1d, chemical decomposition, light, heat, and motion

• reprod.uce those effects which are called electricity."
I 1 '' Sub.stn.ntialists" call it a kind of matter. Others view it as a
, form of energy. Others, again, reject both the:;e views. Prof.

.....

Lo<hie .

considers

it

a

form.

or

rntl1er

a

motle

of

manifestation,

of

the

~7

I

~

In experiments of this kind it is necessary to point out that if we have two parallel conductors, separated from each other by a finite space, and each forming part of ·a separate and .distinct circuit, either wholly metallic or partly completed by the eru:th, and calleu respectivcly the p1·imary and the secondary ci~cuits, we may obtain currents in the latter either by conduction or by induction ; and we may classify them into .·those due to-
or 1. Earth-curr~nts_ leakages.
2. Electro-static indudtion currents. 3. Electro-magnetic .mducticin. currents.
It is very impoFt~t ~~·eliminate (1), which is a case of
conduction, from (2) and._·{3), which are cases of induction,
pure and simple. · . · ·

1. Ea1·tlt-currents 01' Leakages.

When a linear conductor dips at each end into the earth, and voltage is impressed upon it by any means, the resulting return current would probably flow through the earth in a straight line between these two points if the conductibility of the earth were perfect ; but as the earth, per se, is a very poor conductor (and probably is so only because it ia moist), lines of current-:fio\-v spread out symmetrically in a way that recalls the figure of a magnetic field. These diffused currents are evident at great distances, and can be easily traced by means of exploring earth - plates or rods. The primary current is best produced by alternating currents of such a frequency as to excite a distinct musical
ether. Prof. Nikola. Te~la. demurs to this view, but sees no objection to ca.lliug electricity ether associated with matter, or bound ether.
High authorities cnnnot even yet agr·ee whether we ha.ve one elcc·
tr.icity or two opposite electricities.-Sir W. Crookes, 'FortuighLly Review,' February 1892. ·

note in a telephone, ·and if these currents rise and fall

periodically and automatically, they produce an unmistuk-

., able wai"l, which, if made and broken by a .Morse key into

1 short and long periods, c~ be__ made to represent the dots

.~...

awnhdicdhaschoenstaoinf sththeeMreocr~sievi~i_;ip{b(a~ble~tp.honeT,hies

secondary circuit, completed in the

~ case of an earth area by driving two rods into the ground,

~~ · and in the case of water by .dipJ>iJ!~ :plates therein, 5 to 10

~ yards apart.

____ __ _

' It is therefore necessary to be able to distinguish these

earth-currents from those due to induction, as they are apt

I to give false effects, and to lead to erroneous conclusions. This is easily done, if the inst:rument be sensitive enough,
Iby making the primary current continuous ·when_ the earthcurrent also becomes continuous, w!Iereas the induction currents will be momentary, and will only be observed

~ at the beginning and end of_ the primary or inducing

~ current.

2. Electro-static Induction CU?-ients.

"J

L1 When a body, A, is electrified by any means and isolated
~ in a dielectric, as air, .it establishes an electric fielu about

and its charge may be due to a battery or other source of electricity; then, in the equally extended secondary wire -·

it ; and if in this :field a similar body, :a, be placed, it also B (fig. 18), the displaced charge in flowing to earth estab-

'- is electrified by induction. If B be placed in connection lishes a momentary current whose direction and duration

: with the earth, or with a condenser, or with any very large depend on the current in A., and on its rate of variation.

f' body, a charge of the. same sign as A is conveyed away, and

~it (B) remains electrified in the opposite sense to A.. Aand A ~

~

; B are now seats of electric force or stress. The· dielectric

+

+ + +++

111 between them is displaced or, as we say, polarised-that 8 111 is, it is in a state of electric strain, and remains so as long
as A remains charged; but if A be discharged, or have its

l-

~

i charge reversed or varied, then similar changes occur in :a,

Fig. 18.

. and in the dielectric separating them. .A. may be an ex-
~ tended wire forming part of a complete primary circuit,

The strained (polarised) state of the dielectric, and the charges on A and B, remain quiescent so long as the current

flows steatlily; but when it ceases we have· again, and in

both circuits, momentary currents, as shown by the arrows

___________ (fig. 19), which flow until equilibrium is restored.

,. --r..,:tf.

......;.)_

. ''.A\·'.·

·-

._ I\ ..

!

+----~1~

Fig. 19.

·'

The secondary currents due to discharge, like those due .to charge, flow in opposite directions at each end, and there is always some intermediate zero point.
It is thus easy in long circuits, by observing their direction, to differentiate currents, of induction due to electrostatic displacement from those due to electro- magnetic disturbance.
The effects of electro-static induction do not play an important part in the inquiry immediately before us, but they are of great· consequence in questions of speed of sig-

,.._

:~'I,.

nailing in submarine cables and long, well-insulated land-

lines, and in clearness of speech in long-distance telephony.I

3. Electro-magnetic Induction Cu'rrents.

:Magnetic force is th~t _'which. produces, or tends to pro- .
' duce, polarisation in magn~~~s~l?le matter (as iron, nickel, ~'·~
• cobalt), and electro-magn~~!~~}lis~urbance or stress in non- i'~·· magnetisable matter and tl1e ·ether.. An electric current in ·
~ a conductor is a seat of magnetic force, and establishes in
~A its neighbourhood a magnetic field. The lines of force in [______H

this field are equival~nt to circles in a plane perpendicular
I to the direction of the current, which circles, during the rise I!NIIIfiiPII . of the current, flow outwards or expand, and, during the 1__ fall ~f the current, flo\v inwards or contract, much like the
_ waves on the surface of smooth water when a pebble is

thrown in, but moving with the speed of light Thus any

linear conductor placed in the field of another parallel con-

.. ductor carrying a current is cut at right angles to itself by

~ these lines of force-in one direction as the current rises, 'i~ and in the opposite direction as the current falls. This out~ ward and inward projection of magnetic force through such ~ linear conductor excites electric force in that conductor, and ~ if it form part of a circuit an electric current is set up in
._ that circuit.
-4 So far for the theory of the subject. Now for its experi-
A mental elucidation. Besides those cases of interference
~ mentioned on p. 136, others were of frequent occurrence
1 in the experience of the postal-telegraph officials, the most
~ striking being that known as the Gray's Inn Road case. In
!; 1884 it was there noticed that messages _sent in the ordinary
I For a.n interesting investigation of electro-stntic phenomena. on telephone circuits, see Mr Carty's papers in the 'Electrician,' Decem'; her ,6, 1889, a.nd April 10, 1891.
~7 ~
~

way through insulated wires, buried in iron pipes along the road, co~d be read upon telephone circuits erected on poles

on the house-tops 80 feet high. To cure the evil the tele-

graph wires had to be taken up and removed to a more distant route.l

In 1885 Preece arranged an exhaustive series of experi-

ments in the neighbourhood of ab.ly carried out by Mr .A. W.

Newcastle' which were
Heaviside, to determine

whet.her d uctwn,

these disturbances were and were independent

due to electro-niam1etic in0
of earth conduction · and

also to find out how far the distance between the 'wires

could be extended before this influence ceased to be evi-

dent. Insulated squares of wire, each side being 440 yards

long, were laid out horizontally on the ground one quarter

of a mile apart, and distinct speech by telephones was

carried on between them; while when removed 1000 yards

apart inductive effects were still appreciable.

vVith the parallel lines of telegraph, ten and a quarter \·.
miles apart, between Durham and Darlington, the ordinary

working currents in the one were clearly perceptible in a

... telephone on the other. Even indications were obtnined in

this way between Newcnstle and Gretna, on the east and

west coasts, forty miles apart; but here the observations

were doubtless vitiated by conduction or leaka(Te throucrh

0

0

1 The following are more recent c:J.Ses of the same kind. Currents working the City and South London Electric Railway a!Tect recording galvanometers at the Greenwich Observn.tory, four o.nd a hal£ miles distant ; and even 3. diagram of the train service could be made ou1: by tapping any part of the metropolitan area..
Some ten years ago one of the dynamos at the Ferrn.nti electriclight station at Deptford by some accident got connected to earth, with the result tlmt; the whole of the railway telcgmphs in the siguo.lhoxes of the railways in South London were temporarily put out of order and rendered inopera._tive, while the currents flowing in the earth were perceiv;ed in the telegraph instruments so far nortln\·ards a.a Leicester a.nd so far south as Paris.

the large network

places.1

The district between Gloucester and Bristol, along the

I banks of the Severn, was next (1886) selected, where for a
' length of fourteen miles, all;d an 'average distance apart of four and a half miles, no intermediate _disturbing lines ·~
,.A.~ existed. Complete metalpc circy.its were employed, the ,... '
., ··- return wires passing far ·Wand, ··in the one case through

Monmouth, and in the other through Stroud. In one wire

currents of about ·5 ampere were rapidly made and broken

by mechanical means, producing on a telephone a continuous

\ note which could be broken up by a Morse key into dots 11111!0
and dashes, as in Cardew's vibrator. Weak disturbances a••..,.~ J

were detected in the secondary circuit, sh.owing that here

the· range of audibility with the apparatus in use was just

overstepped. The unexpected fact was also shown in these
' . t experiments that, whether the circuits were entirely metallic

or earthed at the ends, the results were the same.2

,.~ ·' Similar trials were made on lines along the valley of the

~-~-~~~ Mersey. .A new trunk line of copper wires that was being pL...:

·

'.i'~ erected between London and the coast of North Wales was 1u~ to 300 yards, and the inductive effects of one on the \

fJ.t!'· then experimented upon, and some interesting results were. other noted. Then one coil was suspended on poles 15 feet . /~

rJ. . obtained in the district between Shrewsbury and Much! above the other, which was covered with water at high tide. ;;;._

~-~ '\Venlock, and between Worcester and Bewdley.

i No diff~rence was observable in the strength of the induced ~

I m ~ In the autumn of the same year (1886) some admirable signals, whether the intervening space was air or water or a

~~- results ';ere obtained by l.fr Ga_vey, another of Preece's 1 combination of _both, although subseque:nt experie~ce (_1893) , .
1'- able ass1stants, near Porthcawl, 1n South Wales-a wide showed that w1th a apace of 15 feet the effect m a:tr was J.j~ e~panse of sand well covered by the tide, thus giving the 1 distinctly better than through water.
~ opportunity of observing the effects in water as well as in i The conclusion drawn from all these experiments was •
, ... air. Two horizontal squares of insulated wire, 300 yards.: that the ~agnatic field extend~ uninterrupt~dly through ti:e. ~~,

each side, were laid side by side at various distances apart ' earth, as 1t does through the a1r ; and that if the secondary ·

J- Icircuit had been in a coal-pit the effect would be the same.

~~"7" ,}..

1 British Association Report, 1886.
II These experiments were repeated greater success in 1889.

·,:

_ .

with
.

more

experience
.,.,

In fact Mr Arthur Heaviside succeeded in 1887 in com-

and

1 ~

~uni•Ca't.~g between the hill Colliery, 350 feet

dseu~rpf.ace

and the galleries .of ~r~omHe arranged a Clrcmt 1n a

·
,~.~ ·

·

f. ~i.~{/)(

1{j~-~. ~~]I ~;· , t~an~ar form along the galleries about tw_o ~nd a. qu~rter Jl)

· ~~-~- ~:,

.... ·. ~\~~·:i ~..

'''!/. miles 1~ total length, and at the surface a simila!-' c1rcmt of ·(~;

'· ·

.... ·.. .. equal s1ze over and parallel to the underground lme. Tele- \·

j
:-..;M'I.__

phonic speech was easily carried on by induction from circuit to circuit.1
A.s the result of all these experiments and innumerable

~ )L=i-';'j~·

laboratory investigations, Preece deduced the followir1g ~

cl fornwlm. The first shows the strength of current C2 in-
duced in the secondary circuit by a given current in the

primary circuit-

b -~ 2- R

.JLli+DD:&-D

X

Is ,

1 Subsequent experiments showed that the conclusion arrived a.t for earth and air was only partially true for water. Telephonic speech was carried on in Dover Harbour through 36 feet of water, but no practical signals could be obta.ined through 400 feet a.t North Sand Head, Goodwin Sands, showing that the effect must diminish in water with some high power of the distance. · ll This formula. does not allow for the reverse effect of the return current through the earth, a.s to which nQ data. exist at present.
'P.'tUho~O<.ltr

where R equals the resistance of the secondary circuit, D the

• distance apart of the two circuits, L the length of the in-

~ ductive system, and I the. inductance of the system. The

I '

v~falwueireo,f

I, obtained 1200 yards

by experiment on round and _.5 _yards

two parallel squares apart, _was found to

I··,~
~

be ·003.

.

Ldi,stTcahlnecbeesieXncgownthdheiecqphrusiahmti~~ombnl·dJg!._ii_svl~ef?_is-~~·.A-a-.~p.~-tp~-.~r~·oa~.nxRyim. ttawhteeolyrwestihirseetsanmocfaexloiemfngtuhtmhe

1 -"i ' secondary circuit..
:X~ 1·9,oi~. 1L
IThe constant 1·9016 was obtained by experimenting on two

'! parallel wires, each one mile long, when the primary circuit, being excited by one ampere, the limit of audibility in the ~ secondary was reached at 1·9016 miles. This formula shows
the desirability of using copper wires of the largest size practicable, so as to reduce the value of R. Other very

~i. important elements of success are (1) the rate at which the primary currents rise and fall, the faster the better, and (2} three and five miles without any intermediate conductors. .

~ the reduction to a minimum of such retarding causes as , Two islands, the Fla~ Holm and the Steep Holm, lie off ~­

~ capacity and self-induction.

Penarth and Lavernock Point, near Cardiff, the former ~

II% ~ Having thus threshed out the laws and conditions of having a lighthouse upon it (fig. 20). On the shore two ~
r electro-magnetic disturbances, and determined the distance ' thick copper wires. combined in one circuit were suspended

.~,

at which they could b~ ·usefully applied, it only remained .· on for Sir William to put his conclusions to a practical test. 1

poles

for

a

distance of

1267 yards, the circuit being ~

~ Accordingly, when the Royal Commission on electric com- ~

munication between the shore and lightho:uses aud light-
~4 ships ~as appointed in June 1892, he made his proposals to I the Government, and on :~;eceiving sanction forthwith pro- 1 . cecded to carry them out.

eJ

~'

41

~

~

..:

h The Bristol Channel proved a very convenient locality to test the practicability of communicating across distances of

' .
'

Fig. 20.
completed by the earth. On the sands at Iow-"·ater mark
600 yards from this primary circuit and parallel to it, tw~
gutta-percha covered copper wires and one bare copper wire were laid down, their ends being buried in the ground by means of bars driven in the sand. · · One of the gnttn-percha wires was lashed to an iron wire to represent a cable. These wires were periodically covered

,_. -by the tide, which rises here at spring to 33 feet.

Flat Holm, 3.3 miles away, another gutta-percha covered

wire was laid for a length of 600 yards.

copTpl1eerre was also .n... small steam launch ha.ving on boat·d

:~~':..\•

severa1 1engths of such a wire,

ohfalgf•~·1attam-i~pf_. 'er·!coh.na.g,cowvaesredattwacuh:ee.d

One end to a sn:all

" buoy, which acte~ ~---~- k~d of float to the end, keepm~

the wire suspended_-:-near the surface of the water as 1t

• ·a was pa1 out while the . against the tide. Such a

lwaui.rnechwasslo~wail.yd

steamed o~t a~d

a·hkeadd pte e

·up 1n several positions between the pnmary CirCUit and th·e

islands. The

apparatus

use·d

on

shore

was

a

2:~·P·

portable

I ·

sMenadrsihilagll1's92encgoinmep, lwetoerkalintegrna~tPioynksepearndseHcaorni?d-sosf.

alternat~r, any destr-

~·: aabltleernsattrienngmo c;hurruepntstowearembarxo1kmeunmupoifnt1o5Maomrspeeise.isg.na1~Thbe~sea

tiJ1 1: ~\

suitable key. were read on

aThpeaisrigonfaltserle~cpehivoendeso-nththee ssae~coen~marsytrcunmcemnttss

b~~nce of sound in the submerged cable was rather sur-

~ being used for all the experiments.

prising, and led to the conclusion either that the electro· / · .

~ The object of the experiments was not only totes~ the magnetic waves of energy are dissipated in the sea-water, ~~

m ~ practicability o~ signal:ing between the shore and the ltg~t- which is a conductor, or elso t~at they ar~ reflecteJ away -~
~ house, but to differentiate the eff~ct~ duet~ earth conductiOn from the surface of the water, hke rays of hght. 1

~~......i ~

from mine

those due to electro-magnetic the effects in water. It was

md~ct10n,
possible to

atrnadcetoWl_td~eoteurt-

any difficulty the region where they ceased to be perceptible

'

Experiments on the Conway Estuary, showing the relative transparency of air and water to these electro-magnetic waves, tend to support the latter deduction; for if much

~

J'~ as earth-currents and where they commenced to be sol~ly waste of energy took place in the water, the difference·

~ due to electro-magnetic waves. This was found by allowmg would be more marked. .As it is, there seems to be ample

. the paid-out cable, suspended near the surface of the w~ter, ' evidence that the electro-magnetic waves are transmitted to

to sink. Near the shore no difference was perceptible, ; considerable distances through water, though how far remains

t whether the cable was near the surface or lying on the to be found. 2

~; bottom, but a point was reached, just over a mile av:ay, There was no difficulty in communicating between the

where all sounds ceased as the cable sank, but were receiVed shore and Flat Holm, 3·3 miles. The attempt to speak

when the cable came to the surface. The total between Lavernock and Steep Holm, 5·35 miles, was not
so successful: though signals were perceptible, conversation .'r.r;

was impossible. There was distinct evidence of sound, but ,\"

it was impossible to differentiate signals. If either line had been

the sounds i~1to Morse longer, or .the primary

~·· ·····

currents stronger, signalling would probably have been ·

possible.

~ •1 '

In 1894 Preece carried out some satisfactory experi-

ments near Frodsham, on the estuary of the Dee, which

was found to be a more convenient locality than the

Conway sands. Here, as at Conway and other places,

squares and rectangles were formed of insulated wires,

and numerous measurements were made (with reflecting

galvanomete.rs and telephones) of the effects due to vary-

ing currents in the primaries, and at varying distances

between them and the secondaries.

In Scotland also some very successful trials were made.

.There happen~ to be a very convenient and accessihle loch

,.._

in the Highlands-Loch Nass-forming part of the- route

of the Caledonian Canal between Inverness and Banu.vie,

f//11111111 having a line of telegraph on each side of it. Five miles

. on each side of this loch were taken, and so arranged that
I any fractionalle~gth of.~~.le~..-~.p~ wi~e on eit~er side could be taken for trial Orc:J:i:n~~y, ·and not special, apparatus was employed. Sending····messaaes, as be~ore, by Morse
,:,~ signals and speaking .by telephone across a space of one
·..-~ and a quarter mile was found practical, and, in fact, easy ;

indeed, the sounds were so loud that they were found

sufficient to form a call for attention.

The following apparatus was in use on each side of

the loch : A set of batteries consisting of 100 dry cells,

giving a maximum voltage of 140; a rapidly revolving fk[JIJ'-'-..Ii.

rheotome, which broke up the current into a musical

~ · note; a Morse key, by which these musical notes could

~ be transformed into Morse signals; resistance coils and an1pere- meters to vary the primary current; two Bell , telephones joined in multiple arc to ac~ as receivers.

·~ •: For the transmission of actual speech simple granular ,~) carbon microphones, known as Deckert's, were used as

~ transmitters, and a current of two amperes was main- ·the effects as being due to the transformation of electro-

~ tained through these and two Bell telephones in circuit magnetic waves into electric currents.1

!~ 1 with the line wire.

During the same year (1894.) experiments were carried

Any lingering fear that earth conduction had principally out between the island of .Arran and Kintyre across Kil-

~ to do with these results was removed by making the earth's

i l~ terminals on the· primary circuit at one end at Inverness nine miles away, and at the other end in two directions

~ .. in a parallel glen about six miles away.
~ One very interesting fact observed at Loch Ness was

;·.~ th:J.t there was one particular frequency in the primary

I-- circuit that gave a decided maximum effect upon the

telephones in the secondary circuit. This confirms the pres-

~ ... ence of resonance, and is, of itself, a fact sufficient to prove

;.:

' ,_..--..

.

~7

I

~

.

'A

.!C.,
to
:,--l:
.,/ :

I

:

.,I a:

> :I

' ~

,_ 1

I

I

.:

(, ...../

f;ltOGPOR
z

___ ,
I
I
I I
f ISLE
I I
'
·.-~;
\•.
I'.

Fig. 21.
brannan Sound. Two parallel lines on opposite sides, and four miles apart, were taken (fig. 21); and, in addition, two gutta-percha covered wires were laid along each coast, at a height of 500 feet above sea-level and five miles apart horizontally.
1 This is still a. moot question, many competent authorities, as Lpdge, Ra.thenau, ,W. S. Smith, a.nd Stevenson, being of opinion that the effect is partly inductive and partly conductive. See Dr Lodge's contention,' Jour. Inst. Elec. Engs.,' No. 137, p. 814. ·

Since March 1898 this system has been permanently established for signalling between Lavernock Point and
the Flat Holm, and has been handed over to the War Office. Perma.nent lines of heavy copper wire have been erected parallel to each other, one being on the Flat Holm
and the other on the mainland. The heavy and cumbrous Pyke and Harris alternator of
the earlier experiment over the same line (p. 149, ante) has .......!"L..•.-. been replaced by 50 Leclanche cells. The frequency has been raised to 400 makes and breaks per second, thus greatly ;::~~-~~ increasing the strength of the induced currents. By the use of heavy copper base lines the resistances have been
made as low as practicable. There is no measurable capacity, self-induction is eliminated, a.nd there is no im-
pedance. Hence the signals are perfect, and the rate of ~~--~-._,.~lf working is only dependent on the skill of the operator. It
is said that as many as 40 words per minute have been
transmitted without the necessity for a single repetition-a
speed which. few telegraphists can achieveJ and still fewer
can keep up.
A little later Mr Sydney Evershed's relays were added to work a. call-bell, which was the only thing wanted to make the system complete and practical.1
1 Durit:g the summer of 1899 Sir Willh1.m begn.n a new series of experim£>nts on wireless telephony at the Meuai Straits, the results of which he communicated recently to the British Association (Bradford, September 8, 1900). After referring to his Loch Ness experi· menta (p. 151, an.te), where telephonic signals were found possible across an a.Yero.ge space of 1·3 miles with parallel base lines of 4 miles each, Sir William stn.tes that his new experiments fully bore out this fact, and determined the further fact that maximum effects are ...aN_,..,.. obtained when the parallel wires are terminated by earth-plates in the sen. itself-showing that the inductive effects through the air are enhanced by conductive effects through the water, and that, conse· quently, shorter base lines· are permissible. Ordinary telephone t.ransmitters a.nd receivers were used.
This new method has been successfully applied to establishing communication between the Skerries and Ccmlyn, Anglesey, across .) 2·8 miles average distance, and between Rathlin Island and the Irish
~i!=!tS~~~~~~~-~-~ co3st, n.bout 4 miles across. ·

. Incidentally some extremely interesting effects of electro-

magnetic resonance were observed during the experiments

in Arran. A metallic circuit was formed partly of the

insulated wiro 500 feet above the sea -level and partly

of an ordinary line wire, the rectangle being two miles

long and 500 feet high. W.ires on neighbouring poles,

at right angles to the shorter side of the rectangle, although

disconnected at both ends, took up the vibrations, and it
was possible to read all .that .was signalled on a telephone

placed midway in the disconnected circuit by the surgings

thus set up. The general conclusions arrived at as the result of these

numerous and long-continued experiments may be briefly summed up as follows : 1-

The earth acts simply as a conductor, and per se it is a

very poor conductor, deriving its conducting property prin-

cipally, and often solely, from the moisture it contains. On

,...,

the other band, the resistance of the " earth , between the two earth plates of a good circuit is pr~ctically nothing.

~flj-;.

Hence it follows that the mass of earth which forms the

-~

return portion of a circuit must be very great, for we know by Ohm's law that the resistance of a circuit increases with

been

found

on

the

surface

at~ a dista.nc·~ ...~f

h~ll·"'~-

l.'
~i~]

its specific resistance and length, and diminishes with its .!behind each plate; and, in a line joining the two trans- ~

sectional area. Now, if the material forming the "earth, ' portion of tpe circuit were, like the sea, homogeneous, the

----------

·~

··:::·..: ............----........

~~

current-flow between the ·earth plates would follow innumer-

able but definite stream lines, which, if traced and plotted

out, would form a hemispheroid. These lines of current

have been traced and measured. A. horizontal plan on the

surface of the earth is of the form illustrated in fig. 22,

..

while a vertical section through the earth is of the form sho,vn in fig. 23.
"\Vith earth plates 1200 yards apart these currents have

---·- .. ····-· ...... .
·. ·. ··-... -------------··· ... • .· • • ,

'•-.. ...-·•·•·•••-·••••••••

~· ~~ •I

•

-------- ........ ::····------..-.·.·:::::.....•

I Fig. 22.

..

versely, they are evident at a similar distance at rirrht 0
angles to this line.

I Now this hemi~pheroidal mass could be replaced electric- ,.""
ally by a resultant conductor:R, fig. 23) of a definite form

~~
I .·:~::rt~:~~~~{~~J~~~-~!f~f1'~~=:·?·1T!~-~~· ~ ... .. .,_-..,-_-_-_-__·_·_-_-_·_·_·_·_· .... ..-
Fig. 23.
and position; and, in considering the inductive action be- 11111111
:f I tween two circuits having earth returns, it is necessary to
estimate the position of this imaginary conductor. This ?:'· was the opject of the experiments at :Frodsham.
th.~ material of the earth be variable and dry the hcmi- .
~ ~. ..-......- ..".~ "~./~r ~'.i ~!~ ]! \JyJ ~

spheroid must become very much deformed and the section

very m· egul."...r .· the lines of current-flow must spread out
~.··~ farther, but the principle is the same, and there ~ust be a
resultant return. The general result of the experiments at
Frodsham indicates that the depth of the resultant ~arth
was 300 feet, while those at C. onway are comparhable w.1th a
~ ~ depth of 350 feet. In tlie case of Frodsham t e pr1mary
·- coil had a length of 300 _feet, ·while at Conway the length

.

was 1320 feet. At Loch Ness, and between Arran and

~ ~crense ~~

Kintyre, where the parallel lines varied from two to four miles, the calculated depth wa& found to b: about 90? feet.

The depth of this resultant must, therefore,

w1:h the

~ distance separating the earth plates, and tlus rende~s 1t pos-

"ble to communicate by induction from parallel w1res over '..... Sml uch longer distances than would otherwise be p~ss1•ble.

The first and obvious mode of communicating across space

,

is by means of coils of wire opposed to each other in the

~ .tilt'• ~ way familiar to us through the researches of He~ry a~d Faraday. .All the methods here described consisted m height of the wire above the

f.!O opposing two similar coils of wire having many turn~, the resultant earth.

~·,\!-.. one coil forming the primary circuit and the other coil the . In establishing communication by means of induction,

~ f ~

secondary circuit. Vibratory or alternating

currents

of

considerable

fre-

·

there single

aprae~altlherleewidriessptoosietiaornths

of at

circuit available-viz., (a) each extremity;--(b) parallel

quency were sent through the primary circuit, and the ' coils of one or more turns ; (c) coils of one or more turns
I induced secondary currents were detecte~ by the sound placed horizontally and in the same plane.
i or note they made on a ·telephone fixed In the secondary The best practical results are obtained with the first ~

~ ~ ~

circuit. The

distance

to

which

the

effective

field

for~ed

by

a

col.1

J eararratnhgeamdme~ntts,

more especially if of the wires being

the conformation of the carried· to a considerable

f

~. extends increases with the diameter of the coil ~ore th:"' /height above the sea, whilst the earth plates are at the sea- ~

. ~

w~tirtehtcthheed

number of across the

turns surface

of of

w~hiree

upon e.arth,

itf.o~~mmgsmpg~lret

wu of

e a

~level.
tically

By adopting
enlarged, and

this course the size of the coil is praceven if it be necessary to increase the

~ '

· circuit completed by the earth, IS a smglc coil, of which the · distance between the parallel wires in order to get a larger ~

lower part is formed by the resultant earth return, and the coil, the result is still more beneficial In a single-wire -
distance to which its influence extends depends upon the circuit we have the full effect of electro-static and electro-~.

magnetic induction, as well as the benefit of any earth con-
I duction, but in cl~sed coils we have only the electro-magnetic ':'
effects to utilise. In one experiment two wires of a definite length \Vere ~ :
first made up into two coils forming metallic circuits, then~·~..
~QIN,- ~·-uncoiled and joined up as straight lines opposed to each
4f other, with the circuit completed by earth. The effects,

..r......-_..-... and the distance between which they were qbservable, were

very many times greater with the latter than with the former , ~

arrangement.

'-

The general law regulating the distance to which we can ~~

speak by induction has not been rigorously determined, and.

~;.14g

it is hardly possible that it can disturbing elements, geological

be done, as well

owing to the many as electrical. In

r/11111.
·

practice we have to deal with two complete circuits of un- ,-,:• known shape, and in different planes. \Ve have obtained~

some remarkably concordant and accurate results in one •

:?J. ~)- place ~. b~t, on!e other h:md.:,;e,~~ve, met_with .equally

:,-;

,~.~.....~ .~!S'~1 ~~.~. ~; ~~,~ ~~.~ :~.~ ~ t· t, ~ ~ ~.

,.... • the AJ'gyllshire coast, while on :Mull the ordinary tele-

·:graph .on (iron) wire connecti?g Cra1· gnure w1·th. Aros ~as used, _,....-~..... ___...

-~th mean distance separatmg the two base bnes bemg about

_ .....,..,u___

~-tweo· miles. No difficulty was experi·enced m· keep·mg up

.:.oommunication, and many public messages were transmitted
.~ for a week until the cable was r~paire~. In all about 160 ~.messages were thus exchangedJ_~~ncludmg a press telegram

. of 120 words.
I . The diagram

(fig.

. _ 24)

-~ows

---the

a.ppar~tus

auu

connec-

~"1!..~~

~ /

CURR<NT 8R£AK"'

I
DRIVING MOTOR

RECE:IVER

, ....______________ -------- ... -------------------- ____.,.-
Fig. 24.
tions, as regards which· it is· only necessary to say that a is 1 a rheotome, or make-and-break wheel, driven so as to produce about 260 interruptions of the current per second, which give a pleasant note in the telephone, and are easily read when broken up by the key into :Morse dots and dashes ; b is a battery of 100 Leclanche cells, of the socalled dry and portable type ; c is a switch to start and stop the rheotome as required; and d is a telephone to act ns

simplicity of its mechanical construction and the ease with

which it can be manipulated, and yet is so peculiarly sensi-

tive. I have used it in most of my experiments as the

receiving instrument, although of course there are other

well-known instruments that could be employed, as u.ll

depends upon the potential of tho current to be detected.

~~t!t~ The sending arrangement was either an ordinary Morse key

so manipulated for a short or long time .as to give the neces-

sary sounds in the telephone to represent dots and dashes,·

or a double key and two pieces of mechanism giving dis-

.......__.._ similar sounds were employed with good results. I gave

-~ much time and thought to the subject, the results of each

i experiment giving me inuch encouragement to proceed.
~~ " Of the many experiments made I select the following,
· ~ as I think it will clearly illustrate my system for telegraph-

ing to a distant point not in metallic connection with the

...

sending station. A wooden bathing-hut on a sandy beach

'-.. made a good shore station, from which were laid two in-

.. ,

sulated copper wires 115 fathoms in length. The ends of

.

the wires, scraped clean, were twisted round anchors, their

~·~ position being marked by buoys about 100 fathoms apart,

\Y'-: .. - ~-

t.•

and in about 6 fathoms of water. :Midway between the two · a boat vras anchored with a copper plate hanging fore and" .· aft about 10 fathoms apart, and consequently about 45! been much

better

for

'~·~:X ·
my.p~rpose had It been

of

~, ~l. ,
metal, for-~

~N fathoms from either end of the anchored shore wires. This then I should have used It mstead of one of the collecting '

boat represented the sea station, and, owing to the state of j plates, as the larger the surface of these plates the better ~

the sea, a very wet and lively one it proved. therefore . the results obtained." 1

taking this fact into consideration, toO'ether with' the crude' : 1'1n's met110d was secured by patent, June 7, 18S7, from
~ature of the experiment, it _)Vas rema;kable with what dis-~ the .specification of which (~o. 8159) I take th~ following

I tmctness
sent from

and ease messages were passed. shore was, 'Thanks : that will do

The last ; pick up

manecshsoa~ase

part1eulars : At commun.ication

itsh~estparbelsiesnhtedtubneetwweheenretvheer

se~loercetr1acndtelaeglirgahpth-

~·

·-~~- and return.' To this the reply came from the boat, , Under- house, either floatmg or on a rock, at a. distance from the ~

r ; stand,' and they then proceeded to carry out instructions. J shore, it. is effect_ed through an ins:llated conductor or cable.

The boat employed was a wooden one, but it would have Much difficulty 1s, however, expenenced owing to the rapid ~

·

,

wearing of the cable, so that it is liable to break whenever a f

storm comes on, and when, consequently, it is most required ~

l to be in working order. By this invention communication .'

~- can be effected between the sending station ·and the distant
point without the. necessity o£ metallic connection between

them.

!

A in the drawing (fig. 25) is a two-conductor cable led I:"'

I f~om a signal-station n on shore towards the rock c. At a

d1stance metallic

from plate

the rock one of the conductors is led to a D submerged on one side of the rock, and at

~ ,

~ such a distance from it as to be in water deep enough for it

not to be affected by waves. The other conductor is led to

'· another metallic plate E similarly submerged at a distance

from the opposite side of the rock. F F are two submerged. "

J

metallic tively.

plates, G G are

each insul

opposite to the ated conductors

plates leading

Df~aonmdthEe·repslpaetecs-

~._

F F to a telephone of low resistance in the lighthouse H. -

To communicate from the shore, an interrupter or re--

verser I and battery K are connected to the shore ends
o~ t~e two-wire cable. The telephone in the lighthouse ~r"J:··.

ctrcmt then responds to the rapid makes and breaks or .

reversals of the current, so that signalling can reaJily be

" .·".

:.L~~-er~i,y-~~ ,. -~·.

~~ -~·: ..""....

y

.•• ;

~ ~.. J ~~, ,'~~~ ,

carried on by the Morse alphabet.

vibrating

rupter or reverser be used, a short or long sound in tho

~ telephone can bo obtnined by~ con~ct key held down for

to """" short or long intervals.

. , '-..

.. ·-:·~-·

A more convenient wny i~ ~~e··~-\vJ Jh~ger-koys, one of

which by a series of teeth on i_~~ ~si:~it_l prod~ces a few breaks

.• '~ or reversals of the current, ·w:ll~st . the other key when

/(· ~ depressed produces a greater num he~· of breaks or reversals.

,

~ 'I'
~

~~'·'

Fig. 25.

~ For communicating from the lighthouse to the shore a

~ battery and make-and-break apparatus are coupled to the insulaterl conductors on the rock, and a telephone to the

~~.;- shore ends. In the same way communication could be carried on
j from the shore to a v~ssel at a distance from it, if the vessel were in the vicinity of two submerged plates or

, anchors, each having an insulated conductor passing from
-- ~ ...: it to the shore, and if t\vo metallic plate~ were let go from
.. ~ --~ ; .......

the vessel so that these plates might be at a distance apart

from one another. The position of the two submerged plates ~..
k might be indicated by buoys. In this way communication
S might be effected between passing vessels and the shore, or

between the shore and a moored lightship or signal-station. A similar result might be obtained with a single insulated

~:~.

conductor from the shore by the use of an induction appar-

atus, the ends ,of the secondary coil being connected by

f,· insulated conduc~ors to the submerged plates. An important modification of this method was subse-

quently effected by 1\fessrs Willoughby S. Smith & '\V. -

P. Granville,1 ba.seu on the following reasoning:-

~

In fig. 26 A B represents an insulated conductor of any
» desired length, with entls to earth E E as shown. o is S\ ~

,
Fig. 26.
rock island on which is extendcll :mother insulated wire
o n, with its ends also connected to earth. Now, if a current is caused. to flow in A n, indications of it will be shown on a galvanometer in the circuit c n. This is .. Preece's arr;tugemcnt at Lavcrnock auu l•'Jat Holm.
1 Sec their pa.tent specification, N•J. 10,i06, of June 4, 1892.

~ ;,_
. "' r ...
Now, if we rotate the line A B round A. until it assumes
the position indicated in fig. 27, we have Messrs Smith -_..,. & Granville's arrange,~e~~;·!fhere, owing to the proximity

Fig. 27.

of B to D, signalling is practicable with a smnll battery

power. Thus, where the distance from n to D was 60

.., yards, nne Leclanchc cell was found to be ample. As

~'•

having its ends submerged in water (the distance between A

;,:l=

and B being immaterial). Now cause a current to :flow continuously, and it will be found that the water at each end of the conductor is charged either positively or negatively

(according to the direction of the current) in equipotential

'.'11:

spheroids, diminishing in intensity as the distance from

either A or B is increased. To prove this, provide a second

circuit, connected with a galvanometer, and with its two

."Fig. 28.

ends dipping into the water. Now, it will be found that a current flows· in the o D circuit as long as the current in A D

a permanent current in· A ·D causes a permanent deflection is :flowing; the current in c D diminishes as o and D are

n 't on the galvanometer in c n, this dellection cannot be pro- moved farther away from B, and also diminishes to zero if

i~J. duced otherwise than by conduction.

the points o are turned until they both lie in the same

Again, let A D (fig. 28) represent an insulated conductor equipotential ctinie a8 shown by the dotted line.

It must'be well.understood that although, for the sake of

clearness, the equ1potential curves are shown as planes, yet
in a body o~- water they are more or less spheres extending ' .-r.:t.

symmetrically around tp.e submerged ends of the conductor, "

and therefore it is evident from the foregoing that the

position of o D, in relation to B, must be considered not only

horizontally but verti~ally.1

.

Early in 1892 the Trinity Board placed the Needles

Lighthouse at the disposal of the Telegraph Construction

and Maintenance Company, so that they might prove the

practicability of the method here described. The Needles

1 This fact, Mr Smith thinks, fully explains Preece's launch ex-
periments (p. 149, &upra). For instance, when the launch towing the
half-mile of ca.ble parailel to the wire on the mainland was clo11e to the
shore, the eable:, although allowed to sink, could only do so to a very limited e.if~nt, ·and therefore still remained in a favourable position
for picking ;tip the earth-currents from A B (fig. 28); but when one mile from the shore, and in deep water, the cable wa.~ able to assumo somewhat of a vertical position with the two ends brought more or
leas into the same equipotential sphere, it naturally resulted in a ,.., cllminution or ce~sation of the current in the c D or launch circuit.
and hence the au~euce of signals.

Lighthouse was chosen on account

London. ~ In }fay 1892 an ordinary submarine cable was laid from

... Alum Bay to within 60 yards of the lighthouse rock, where

I it termina.ted, with its condu.c~.or. ~tt~.ch.e':l to a specially constructed copper mushroom anch~r·: ~- An earth plate close to
.• '~ the pier allo~ed a circu_i~ to·.be'~·fp.~i:n~~ through the water. ~
'/~:.: On the rock Itself two strong ~opp~r conductors were placed, \:~ '

" '\ one on either side, so that ·they remained immersed in the I
sea nt low wnter, thus allowing another circuit to be formed ~ '

through the water in the vicinity of the rock.

The telephone was first tried as the receiving instrument,

with a rapid vibrator and Morse key in the sending circuit. NIIBqliiJI

This arrangement was afterwards abandoned, as it was not

"'~l..J""~Hl..:.

nearly so satisfactory as a mirror-speaking galvanometer, and

the men, being accustomed to Hag work, preferred to watch
~: a light rather than listen to a telephone. · The speaking galvanometer used is a specially constructed one, and does
not easily get out of order, so that, everything being once

~~ arranged, the men had only to keep the lamp in order.

\ld }fessrs Smith. & Granville devised a novel and strong &ill~lA~~':Jr~

~ fofrbmlolf apulpadrabtus for a "call," and by its means any number

~ o e s co e rung, thus securing attention. The instru~ ments both on rock and shore were identical, and, in actual ~ work, two to three Leclanche cells were ample. ~ By the means above described, communication was ob~~ tnined through the gap of \Vater 60 yards in length. This by
iiiJ no means is the limit, for it will be apparent that the gap

end anchored in a known position, then it would be easy for .
any ship, knowing the position of the submerged end, to ~~:
I.e.· communicate with shore by simply lowering (within one or ~
two hundred yards of the anchored end) an insulated wire having the end of its conductor attached to a small mass of metal to serve as "earth," the circuit being completed

..-., .. distance is determined by the volume of water in the imme- through the hull of the ship and the sea.1

'

1

~ diate neihghbourhood of the rock, as well as by the sensitive-

ness of t e receiving instrument and the magnitude of the

~,_'·. '·-. sending clll·rent.

This method is well suited for coast defences. For

~~:"'....

instance,

if. .a

cable is bill
-~

from

the shore out to sea, w. ith its

~~ .A.s this method has been in practical use at the Fastnet 1
Lighthouse for the last three years, the following account of
the installation, which has been kindly supplied by 1\fr vV. ~ . ~.·

D S. Smith, will be of interest:-

~ :

"The difficulty of maintaining electrical communication

with outlying rock lighthouses is so great that it has become ~~'IIIII

necessary to the·use of a

forego t?e advanta~es submanne cable la1d

~aturally a.ttendant upon m the ordmary way con-

.'..-;:.,'~~

tiuuously from the shore to the lighthouse, inasmuch as that , .,~

portion of the cable which is carried up from the sea-bed to

·

r

1 "'

the rock is rapidly '~orn or chafed through by the combined ... \

~
..
--·:

action Smith

of &

storm and tide. Gc·:i.nville system

By the use of the vVillouO0 'hby of communication this difficulty

~, ~\Y,..:-..,.;

,· is avoided, for the end ·of the cable is not landed on the ~

rock at all, but terminates in fairly deep undisturbed

in close water.

proximity thereto This system, first

and sug-

~ lfj •'

gested in 1887 and practically demonstrated at the :Xeedles ~

Lighthouse in 1892, has-on the recommendation of the:; ·i

Royal Commission on Lighthouse and Lightship Communi-.

cation- been applied to the Fastnet, one of the most

exposed and inaccessible rock lighthouses of the United~

Kingdom.

...,-·~ ..

"The 'Fastnet Rock, situated off the extreme S.\V. corner ;-

of Ireland, is 80 feet in heirrht and 3GO feet in lenrrth with

0

0 '

n maximum witlth of 150 feet, and is by this system placed

1 'Electrician:' September 29, 1803. See also the 'Times,' Novem· ber 24, 1892.
-···"'-''"'

in electrical communication wit~ the

eight miles distant.

......- "The shore end of the main cable, which is of ordinary

• construction, is landed at a ..small bay called Galley Cove,
about one mile to the w:es~.Jgf}}le Crookhaven Post Office,
to which it is connected ·by' nieans -of .a ~ubterranean cable
I of similar constru~tion having a COpper COnductor Weigh,ing

:,;1,(.' 107 lb. covered w1th 150 lb. of gutta-percha per nautiCal ~ ··~ mile. The distant or sea end of the main cable terminates

seven miles from shore, in 11 fathoms of water, at a spot

about 100 feet from the Fastri.et Rock ; and the end is . _ _......

securely ~astened to a copper mushroom-shaped anchor
weighing about 5 cwt., which has the double duty of serving I!Ni•.•""t..,~n.~l'lo...'~"'"-~

electrically as an 'earth' for the conductor, and mechanically

as a secure anchor for. the cable end.

" The iron sheathing of the last 100 feet of the main

~ cable is dispensed with, so as to prevent the possibility of

~, any electrical disturbance being caused by the iron coming ~ in contact with the copper of the mushroom; and, as a sub-

. : stitute, the conductor has been thickly covered with india-
~ rubber, then sheathed with lnrge copper wires, and again

~ covered with india-rubber-the whole being further protected

~~.-4;

by

massive rings "To complete

of toughened glass. the main cable circuit,

a

short

earth

line,

~ about 200 yards in length, is laid from the post office into

more or less, of the charge ; and if the other end of this ~
second circuit is also connected to the water, but at a point . "' more remote from the mushroom-for instance, at the south .-, ~

~the haven.

side of the Fastnet-then a current will flow in the second ·

~~ "lly reference to the diagram (fig. 29) it will be seen circuit, due to the difference in the degree of charge at the
'jiiJ that if a battery be placed nt the post office, or anywhere in

-..., · the main cable circuit, the sea becomes electrically charged ~-the charge being at a m.a~imum in the immediate vicinity

, .. of the mushroom, and also at the haven 'earth.' Under
~·- these conditions, if one end of n second circuit is inserted in the water anywhere near the submerged mushroom-for ~ ~ instance, on the north side of the Fnstnct-it partakes,
.

~

. .

~1

.

.~r.~;

\
I.

-~~.~~, ~-~ --·--·· --· ..•F~.·-'~-~-
in this case tho curreut received on shore is equal to about

•15 of a milliampere. The received current being small,

instruments of a fair degree of sensitiveness are required,

and such instruments, when used in connection with cables
having both ends direct tO. ~rt~, arc liable to be adversely

affected by what are kno:Wn as 'earth' and 'polarisation' ;_
currents, consequently special" means have been devised to ~:.:;;,

prevent this.

. I'Z-

'' The receiving instrument is a D'.Arsonval reflecting

galvanometer, which has been modified to meet the require-

ments by mounting the apparatus on a vertical pivot, so-----~.....

that by means of a handle the galvanometer can be rotated
1 through a portion of a circle-thus enabling the zero of the N~.~r~.~....."""'~'· ,.,...•...._
instrument to be rapidly corrected. This facility of adjust~

ment is necessary on account of the varying 'earth' and

' polarisation' currents above mentioned.

" .An entirely novel and substantial ' call' apparatus has

also been designed, which automatically adapts itself to any

variation in the earth or polarisation current. It consists

;,-..._ essentially of two coils moving in a magnetic field, and

~~ these coils arc mounted one at each end of a balanced arm

~

1
suspended at its centre and free to rotate horizontally within -t•h•e,.c;...lr:uoc,.1.'\..,;·:v•o.rk closes a second circuit and the electric bell is

I ~ ~

fbi~xtewdeelint!ltitws~

The fixed

normal limiting

position stops.

of the arm Any current

is midway circulating

operated. By this arrangement, whilst ally adjusts itself for all variations of

c~uhrerernetl,aythaeutcoamlalt-ibc-el...l. ;.~,.·

~
~-:~

in the coils causes the whole suspended system to rotate

1

until the arm is the stops-the

brought direction

into contact of rotation

dwepit_h~~o1dniengorupoothnerthoef

will only respond to definite reversals of small period not to the more sluggish movements of earth-currents. is evident that one or more bells can be placed in any

and~~
It~ part~

:J~ direction of the current. A local circuit is thus closed, of the building. The receiving galvanometer and the 'call' which releases a cloclnvork train connected to a torsion relay have worked very satisfactorily, and any man of aver- (

·-~ head carrying the suspending wire, and. thus a counter- age intelligence can readily be taught in two or three weeks ~'

J ~:i~:ins~o~;;•:n~:e:~=i~:t~ tY1~ta~~~0r:!~.."!~~ ~:~ !~~~ :to :~:k.~~~h~: ~;:~:ort cables that cOnnect the light- ~

~ again assumes its frc~ position. If, however, the current ' house instruments with the water to successfully withstand ~

htJ ~~ is tevcrscd within a period of say five or ten seconds, then the heavy seas that at times sweep entirely over the Fastnet,

~7 "'
~~

J it has been found necessary to cut a de~p ' chase' or groove ~~
down the north and south faces of the rock from summit to ,

near the water's edge, and to bed the cables therein by

means of Portland cement. And since the conductors must .·r,

make connection with the water at all states of sea and tide,

two slanting holes· 2~ inches in diameter have been drilled ~

through the solid rock from a little above low-water mark ·

to over 20 feet below. Stout copper rods connected with · the short cables are fitted into these holes, and serve to ~ •.
maintain connection with the water even in the roughest t'!:_ weather, and yet are absolutely protected from damage." i f

nfr Granville supplies some interesting particulars as to 1: the difficulties of their installation at the Fastnet.1 " The

rock," he says, "is always surrounded with a belt of foam, and no landing can be made exc~pt by means of a jib 58 ·

feet long-not at all a pleasant proceeding. Now, here is a ~~

case where the Government desired to effect communication

telegraphically, but, as had been proved by very costly ex-

periments, it was impossible to maintain a continuous cable,

the cable being repeatedly broken in the immediate vicinity

. ... This, therefore, is a case where some system

of wireless telegraphy is .absolutely necessary, but neither of

~ the systems described ~o~14 B.nswer here.1 Dr Lodge adYises

·us to eschew iron, and t? ~y~id all.conducting masses. But

~ the tower and all the bti~qings a:r~. built of boiler-plate, and that which is not o~ i~ot(is· of"J):r·onze. In fact, the rock:
: itself ~s the only bit·~~. ~~J?.~COf~~¥.ng, a~d. therefore ~on- ~:.~

,.,. absorbmg, substance fOJ; ~iles flrou.nd. It IS very clear Inn. 1\. '

~ ~ .. •
·

case

of this

.
sort--and

..- .. . . _, .,,..._,.
this 'is ·a typical

case-that

it

is

abso-

I~ ·

\
.

lutel:y impracticable to elnplo:y here Dr Lodge's method.

·' 1

~ ~~~~ Now we hear in regard to the method used-and success-
. . . . fully used-at Lavemock, that a certain base is required, of ..

.

::.-.~.\i.y. -~...

perhaps half a mile, a quarter of a mile, or a mile in length ; I recognising the fact.

/··· ,.:. ~:, .
Every time in ordinary telegraphy

~

and that base must bear some proportion to the distance to that we "work through a break," as telegraphists say, we

'

be bridged. But where can you get any such base on the are doing it. .An early instance of the kind is described in

: ~ rock 1 Yo? could barely get a base of 20 yards, so that the old ' Electrician,' January 9 and 23, 1863. Many years

I ~ method utterly fails. Then we come to the case suggested ago, in Persia, the author has often worked with the ordinary
~ by Mr Evershed, of a coil which would be submerged round :Morse ~pparatus through breaks where the wire has been

the rock. Well, where would the coil be after the first broken m one or more places, with the ~nds lying many
t -~ summer's breeze, let alone after a winter gale 1 Why, prob- yards apart on damp ground, or buried in snow-drifts. .As

II ,.. -~~
~

abl~ thrown up, entangled, on durmg a severe gale, the glass

the rock. .A. of the lantern,

few 150

years ago, feet above

1.dtheeparretmsuelnt taolf

his experie~ces in such case~ the following order was 1ssued by the Director, Persian

f4. sea-level, was smashed in; and at the top of the rock, 80 Telegraphs, as far back as November 2, 1881 : "In cases

~ feet above the sea-level, the men dare not, during a winter's of t~tal. interruption of all wires, it is believed that com-

~ gale, leave the shelter of the hut for a moment, for, as they mun1cat10n may in most cases be kept up by means of

~ ~aid,-and I can well believe it,-they would be swept off telep~ones. Please issue following instructions : Fifteen

1 ~ like flies.. This is a practical point, and therefore one I am ~~nutes after th.e disappear~ce of the corresponding station, r . . glad to brmg to the notice of the Institution; and, I repeat, JOlll all three Wires to one mstrument at the commutator.

......., if wireless t~legraphy is to be of use, it must be of use for ; Disc?n~ect the relay wire fro~ the key of said instru~ent,

{ these exceptiOnal case.s." · ,

~ anh~ mh ~ts stead connect one side of telephone, other side of

~· ~ · Strange as it may seem, we have been using, on occasion, 1 w Ic lS put to earth. Now call corresponding station

.. ' wireless telegraphy of this form for very many years without "' slowly by key, listening at telephone for reply after each

11 call. Should no reply be received, or should sir0rnals be too '

~ ·

1 I.e., those advocated by Professor Lodge and 1\Ir shed. See' Jour. lost. Elec. Engs.,' No. 137, pp. 799,

Sydney 852.

Ever·

r

wea.k'

t ry

eac11

W·ire

s~para~e l y,

and

co_mbi. n~d

with

another,

\

,....---

until an arrangement 1S arnved at which w1ll give the best

'~ signals." The Card~w sounder or buzzer has in recent years,..~~
been added, and w1th very good results. It will thus be

seen that :Wir Willoughby Smith's plan is really an old ,-,.,.rf

friend in a new guise.

· · l"'

C. In 1896 l\Ir .A. Brown, of whose work in wireless ... ·,

.,.

telegraphy we have already spoken (p. 101, supra), revived the early proposals of Gauss (p. 3), Lindsay (p. 20), Highton

~
~

(p. 40), and Dering (p. 48), re the use of bare wire, or badly~~

ipcnohsonuntlieanstu.eidtycHaoebfleatslh,seoincaapcbpollneineidescthbioirsnokmweneit.thhodi"nPttreoorrvuciapdstieensrrsrwathhneedreet.ethnlee-d~/:s; J•~'

--

. 0 ··-· --- - . •

remain anywhere in proximity under the water, communi-.· ·

cation can usually be kept up, the telephone receivers used

-,~-- .- in this way being so exceedingly sensitive that they will

respond to the very minute traces of current picked up by

the broken end on the receiving side from that which is

. . spreading out through the water in all directions from the -:~~:·- broken end on. the sending side." (See :Mr Brown's patent

~......~..~~ specification, ~o. 30,123, of December 31, 1896.)

Recently he has been successful in brid(0l'inr0r over in this ,..,........,_....,. way a gap in one of the .Atlantic cables; but in this he has

done nothing more than the present writer did in 1881, anrl

::Mr Willoughby Smith in 1887.

rr ·

The last example of a wireless telegraph, with which we

have to deal in this part of our history is an arrangement

devised by Prof. Rathenau of Berlin, with the assistance

of Drs Rubens and W. Rathenau, and which was found

to be practicable up to a distance of three miles in water.

Reports of the e~periments of Messrs Preece, Stevenson,

and others in England having appeared in the technical

journals on the Continent, Prof. Rathenau, at the request of

the Berlin Electrical Society, undertook to make a thorough

investigation of the subject de novo.

After a careful study of the work of these electricians he

felt convinced that the favourable results obtained in Eng-

' land, especially by Preece, were largely due to conduc-

.. ..

tion. To verify this opinion he commenced a course of rigorous experimentation; and to prevent inductive effects

~~r .. ·
,.4

.~ntering into the calculatio.n he decided to use ordinary
bat~ .t:ery currents, and in one direction only. The outcome of the inquiry was published in an article

which he contributed to the Berlin 'Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift,' 1 from which I make a few extracts. vVhen a

1 Abstrac~ in 'Scientific American Supplement,' January 26, 1895, which I follow iu the text..

~[fj

current is sent through two electrodes imm

1n "a'tcfn~~

ducting liquid, the electrical equilibrium between these ~

electrodes is not effected in a straight line, but in lines .~ which spread out in the manner shown in fig. 15. Now, if ~~

we place in the liquid medium an independent conductor of ~

electricity, it will attract or condense upon its surface a ,.

certain number of these lines, which can be utilised for the ·:--,
excitation of a properly constructed receiving apparatus. ~
The distance at which these electrical effects can be produced ~\}1

is found to depend upon two factors-the available current .,

strength and the distance between the electrodes.

~

... ~:: ...·:.::·...:.·..:.:-:·:.:..:.:...·..:.·..:-:·.··.··-.:·:·-:·:::.· ....

~

....

I... ..,

--------~V.'I

···--··

'---{tl•l•l•l111ltlt~~

till

w ·su. . ~X· ~ ;;;.__ _ _-J

fi~~~

I'.... -~ ~

It was thought best to conduct the experiments on the

l£. lake \Vannsee, near Potsdam, on account of the facilities in :_
the· way of apparatus afforded. by the proximity of an electric-
I light station. The arrangement is shown in fig. 15. AB is

a battery of 25 cells, w a set of resistance coils (0 to 24:

ohms), su ·an interrupter driven by a motor, Ali an ampere- ...

meter, Vll a voltmeter, T a :\Iorse key, EP ·EP two zinc plates !
71
immersed in the water, 500 yards apart, and connected by

cable as shown. The recciving circuit comprises two zinc

. .. plates,

EP1

and

EP1,

suspended by cable x from two boats
~~~~-1\fJ.·~~

EP'I-'l'.oll~i.;;,'.\..""'C

..~ I ~> I

LEAKAGE TELEGRAPHY

AND
>. MAGNETIC LINES t..-·

The concep~iri-~.- ~f:;:~h~;_.f~~-~~i~~ -~r-··th·~--~~rth as the com-

pletion of the circuit of a single coil has been thoroughly
formulated. The earth acts simply as a conductor, and
per se it is a very poor conductor, deriving its conducting

property principally, and often soleJy, from the moisture it contains. On the other band, the resistance of the " earth ,

betw.een

the

two

earth-plates

of

a

good

circuit .

is

practically

··.

.-......

.... .....

.·.·.-.·.·.·.·-..-.·.-.--··---..-...

}'IG. 2.

nothing. Hence it follows that the mass of earth which

forms the return portion of a circuit must be very great, 1

·for we know by Ohm's law that the resistance of a·

circuit increases with its specific resistance and length, and'

diminishes with its sectional area. Now, if the material

forming· the " earth " portion of the circuit were, like the

sea, homogeneous, the current-flow between the earthplates would follow innumerable but definite stream lines, 1·

which, if traced and plotted . out, would ~orm a hemi-

spheroid. These lines of current have been traced and l

measured. A horizontal plan on the surface of the earth:.

is of the form illustrated in Fig. 1, while a vertical section j

through the earth is of the form shown in Fig. 2. 'Vith

earth-plates 1,200 yards apart these currents have been f

found on the surface at a distance of half a mile behind.

each plate; and, in a line joining the two transversely,J

they are evident at a· similar distance at ri~ht angleuq

this lice. ·

·

~_!'_•~~ - ~-',~.

tt~ .. •
; :

~.'r . N(-2 f ~~!·

_ _ _ _.;_;£._:_,., -~-~i.

rl'he conclusion then arrived at was that the magnetic field extends uninterruptedly through the earth, as it does through the air, and that if the secondary circuit bad been in a coal-pit it would have been equally evident. In fact, Mr. Arthur Heaviside succeeded in 1887 in communicating between ·the surface and the galleries of Broomhill Colliery, 350ft. deep. But subsequent experiments showed that the conclusion arrived at was not true for water, for though we have spoken in Dover Harbour telephonically t,hrough 36ft., at 400ft. off the Goodwin Sands, no practical signals
could be detected. Hence the effect must diminish in water with some high power of the distance. A new
telegraph' line of copper wires running parallel to the Great Western Railway in 1886 offered coLvenient .oppor- ! tunities to experiment further. The fact that parallel : wires followed the same law as metallic coils facilitated . such experiments. Horizontal coils of large diameter lying ' on the ground are impractical things, and I was glad to get rid of them. ·. . ·
It was determined that with two parallel wires of one mile length, the primary wire being excited by one ampere, the limit of audibility was reached at 1·9016 miles, and that
gave a fairly accurate empirical formula to determine the
maximum distance, x, wJuch should separate any tw~ wires of length, 1, 0 1 being the primary current, and r2 the resist-
ance of the secondary wire. This was amply confirmed by experiments repeated in the Severn Valley in the same year, and it established the fact that it was ad visable to use copper conductors of the largest gauge that could be obtained. It was also determined that a very importarit element of success was the rate at which the currents 'rise and fall, and that every cause of retardation, such as capacity and
self-induction, should be eliminated from the circuits.
A great many experiments were made in I~izvane, in Glamorganshire (1887), Loch Ness {1892), the Conlvay estuary (1893), Frodsham, on the estua~y of the Dee (1894), \Vimbledon (1894). But the most satisfactory results wer~. obtained in the Bristol Channel (1892), between

.-.-------·--- . ·- ...·. .

,•

.
.·'_,,_ .

,

•

.

..

-.-.----.-·.-·.·..·.:.·--.·..·.,-...·..·.·...·..·..·. .·..'.

•, ·.,
·,,

·,

.·' .· .· ·,

''•, '

,:~\'·.:.:'.,.•.·• .,::,,I,•,•,:',.••':•·,,,.'.·'i_.l4•,l#..•'.__.___-_,_--.-..-..•- ._-•-- =_-- _-•.-:- •.·-_•- ·•_-··•_-··,_.···._··.·_-;·-•_··•_···•_···:···•:·· •··•···•·--•·.,.-.....:..•·.·.·•..•...,.·...,'',',','.·•.;.';'•,

.·.',:

..• .', •
,'~ ,'~
~··

,'

..... - .. -----...- •' --- -- .

"
•

•
I

"

•

•'.,•:''_",,:•,:•:"~-.]'".i:',t-".':,:';,'..,~'~.;~'•-\~'y,,~j1.'..;!.•...;.-....•.-_•:..·•_..•=:••.-•:-•-:--•. .-•-•- •- ---•-

·•L·•.·•-•-.-•--•--•-:_·:--•~.•-.--•-•-~-.-~,~---,-~·:"~..·-.':'..·:,.'y..I:.~o:~...·.• "..'.'.:•...~.·• .,,:·.'.;.,,'·.'.:''..,:.,. ,.•':•.·•.~•

•

•
._

~· II :

t

:

I

.~~I# : :. 1\ ',, '-.._:•••• • • • • • - • • - - - - • • • -·•"" .•"'1 II II ; : ', ', '•

t '• ', "••

- - - . : • • - . • • - • • • • • • • ·• • -

#II

: I

;

',

•

·····--··-------·--·-....- .. ·,, t ' ' '

•..

' ',

',, '•,

·- • • • • • • • • • .,-

.· •"'

, ' • • I • I
,' ,·

•

·-·- --· . t

'

"

'•.

..•... ··-·-·---··---····

' ,,'I I

··.... ··--·--------------·-- ,.· .......................~····-

FIG. 1.

Lavernock and Flat Holm, 3·3 miles apart, between which ' places messages passed freely. In fact, at the present time this line has been re-erected and made permanent. It is in : actual practical daily use, and has never failed ever since it was established. The Pyke and Harris alternator,. which ' was used in 1892, has been replaced by dry cells. The ·
frequency has been raised to :400. ·The rate of rising and falling of the current bas been immensely improved. The reaistance of the circuit bas been made as low as possible. There is no measurable capacity, and self-induction is
eliminated. Hence the signals are simply splendid, aod
their rate of working dependent only on the skill of the
()perator.

• Note "Oo Iuduction b~~w~o \Y~r~e and iVires," B.A.,
M. Anch.ester, 1.887.,

TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS strength of the primary current used and dbnlniabed with the

THROUGH SPACE.t
BY W. B. PREECE, 1'. B.S.

resistance of the secondary current. (a) Two quarter mile squares of insulated wire, Fig. 2, were opposed to one another, the distancea between the front faces varying from 8 yards to 192. Currents of

TBE author began by referring to ·the work of Henry in 1842

't'Vho transmitted signals by magnetized needles and Leyden jars

,-~..,.',·, .-1_ ~

3~0rtwfEeeedetinsotanhw'esammy.eatnhDdoidtsetoluefrgubrtaainlpichzeiswngiortenhsetewella~estprhtooosnutaecthileicdnienusfplauonendncaeisnbdweutewcltleioeanns

o3 np'aotemloinveincgi

rcuit beside a train in 1885.

ra

ilway Exper

track iments

and to d

a isc

telep over

hone circuit whether the

.. ·c • ~

etfects observed in England were independent of the earth and :Uso to determine how far such inductive influences extended

one and two amperes respectively were sent into one square and · the induced effect in the second square with two amperes w~ invariably twice that with one ampere. The mC88Urements were made with a reflecting galvanometer. (b) Open wires were placed parallel to one another, a mile apart horizontally, Fig. 3. The prim-
Primar:Y ary circuit was two miles long. The other, the ~ndary circuit
was divided into two equal one mile lengths. With a current of .22 ampere the vibrations were just audible in a telephone fixed to either of the single mile lengths of the secondary,

were made by the author in the same year._ It was found that on

ordinary working telegraph lines the disturbance reached a dis-

J'£11ARJ

tance of 3,000 feet, while effects were detected on parallel lines of

tele•rraph from 10 to 40 miles apart in some sectionsofthecountry.

In the latter instances, however, the presence of a network of wires

between those experimented upon may have introduced electro·

static effects. Two lines were therefore selected 14 miles long and about 4~ miles apart where no intermediate wires existed.

If we have two parallel conductors separated from each other

hy a finite space, and each forming part of a separate and distinct

circuit, either wholly metallic or partly completed by the earth,

and called respectively the primary and the seconaary circuit, we

01ay obtain currents in the secondary circuit either by conduction or by induction, and we may classify them into those due to : 1.

FIG. 4.

Earth currents. 2. Electrostatic induction. 3. Electromagnetic

induction. It is very important to eliminate (1), which is a case the total resistance in the latter circuit being 8:i ohms. With a

of conduction, from (2) and (3), which are cases of induction.

similar current (.22 ampere) in the primary and the secondaries

Since 1885 the author has made a vast number of experiments in order to thresh out the laws and conditions that determine the
11ista.nce at which magnetic dist}lrbances can be usefully evident. The instrument used to receive these signals bas been generally the telephone, but many absolute measurements have been made

joined into a two mile length, the same limit of audibility was reached when the resistance in the secondary w~ tlonbled that is it was raised to 170 ohms. Next, the current in th~ pri~ry w~ doubled or increased to .44 ampere ; and with a (..one mile secondary the total resistance bad to be doubled in ord~r to reach the

with a very sensitive reflecting galvanometer. -

same limit. Finally, when the current in the prirnary was raised

I.-To prove that the effects were due to electromagnetic
induction. Conductors ot copper wire insulated with gutta-

to .88 ampere-four times the original figure-t}~.~m the same limit was reached when the resistance was quadrupled.

percha were formed into quarter mile squares and laid on a level

Experiments were also made to find how the effects varied

plain a quarter of a mile apart as in Fig. 1. Arrangements with the length of the inductive system and with the distance

were made for sending vibratory or alternating- currents which separating them. The law for variation of length and distance is

could be broken into _Morse signals by means of a telegraph key. very complicated and depends wholly on the forrn of the circuit
Telephones were useti as receivers, which transformed these and its various reactions.

signals into buzzing dots and dashes. On closing the circuit in

The Bristol channel proved a very convenient locality to test

one square and sending signals, conversation could be readily held the practicability of communicating across a distance of three and between the two operators by means of the Morse code. Obvi- five miles witl;lout anr i~termediate condu~ton. On the shore, ously, earth conduction could play no part in this transmission of two copper w1res, we1ghing 400 lbs. per mile, mmbined in one

signals, for the squares were insulated throughout from the earth. circuit, were suspended on poles for a distance of 1.267 yards the Next, in order to ascertain to what extent, if any, electrostatic circuit being completed by the earth. On the sand.'!., at low ~ater

effects were observable, one pole of the battery used was put to mark, 600 yards from this primary circuit and JJalallel to it two

earth, and the further end of each square was disconnected.

ordinary gutta-percha-covered copper wires and tJDe bare ~pper

By this arrangement, the mean efectric force of one square was wire were laid d~wn, ~heir ends being buried ill lhe ground by

doubled, as compared· with the former experiment, where the cir- means of bars dr1ven 1n the sand. One of the grJUa-percha wires W9.8 lashed to an iron wire to represent a cai;~ These wires were periodically covered by the tide, which ~ here at spring

to 33 feet. On the Flat Holm, 3.1 miles awa1, another gutta-

percba covered copper wire was laid for a leQK'..t. of 600 yards

Fig. 4 shows a map of the field of operation. -

·

There was also a small steam l~unch, havini{ r,:-~ C.OO.rd several

lengths of gutta-percha covered '\YUe. One en'l ,,! ruch a wire,

half a mile long, was attached to a small buoy, w:.ir.h acted as a

kind of float to the end, keeping the wire suspe.o.<:r;! near the sur-

face of the water as it /was paid out while :.:...:-; :..a.unch slowlv

steamed ahead again'!!t the tide. Such a wir~: .,.~-'! :.aid out and

picked up in several positions between the pri::-"-~ circuit and

the islands.

·

·

•

The apparatus used on shore was a 2 h. p. p-.;:-..U.le llarshall's
any steam engine, working a Pike & Harris's alte~-..·.r-. 3ellding 191)
complete alternations per second, with a volt.ag~: ,~ :;~j and of

desirable strength up to a maximum of 15 am~~ These alter-

nating currents were broken up into Morse sigo-~-1 bv a suitable

Pf:;IW.lRY

key. The signals received on ~he secondary c.w;-...:a .;ere read on

a pair of telephones, the same mstruments betn;! ~ for all the

i

experiments. The object of the experiments w~ :.r,c onlv to test

I MILL

I MILL

the practicabilitr of s1g:naling between the ahr,.,. ~d the light-

.

house, but to dttferenttate the effects due to ~... conduction from those due to electromagnetic induction.~·.. : :.J determine

FIGS. 1,

the effects in water.

.;

It was possible to trace, without any ~;•.:.:. the region

~fLo"\~
rlf .
~ ..

cuit was completed, but no effect was ob~erved in the second square, either in the receiving telephone or with the reflecting galvanometer. The squares were even superposed at a distance of only 15 feet apart, the upper one being suspended on poles, and the lower one lying on the ground, but without any result. Hence, the effects observed in this experiment were clearly due to electro· ma~etic induction.
II.-To prove that the etTects increased directly with the

where the hnes of current flow ceased to be ~·...o:-:.-;;;"ble as earth

currents and where they commenced to be sol~::, :~ to electro-

magnetic waves. ThiB was found by allow~ ~he paid-aut

cables suspended near the surface of the water~·. ~:-.L !fear the

shore no difference was perceptible whether tL': "A.:.ie was near

the ove

surface r a mile

or lying on the bottom, away, where all sounds

but a cease

dpoains!t.·-...,.v.'"?:-=:.-l.ea.schaendk

just but

were recovered again when the cable came tor.:~~ "~~~-

The total absence of 50Und in the submerged •.;... ._..., leads to the

~ ~~6~.~ .. &·./~~-- tf:

l ..,A?stract or a Paper read at the !Dt~rna.qonal Electric:ll Congress, Chica;;o,

· conclusion eithe.r ,that the electro-magnetic wa ·. ~ ·.~ di:;sipated in the sea water, which is a conducto~ ~

•

-

·=-~--
. DLEGli.&PlmfG WITKOU'r W'IlmL I Some recent experiments by Professor Loomis, which will
' be sdverted to presently, recall to our mind some Gf the in- .

aerestiDg ones made years ago, serving to re-awak~ interest

in

a

matter

that.

although

well

known,

had

not

received

lhe

1 i

attention it deserved, owing to.the rapidity with which one 1

discovery in electricity was foJlowing in the wake of another. l

We refer to the almost constant traversing of telegraph wires

by earth currents. One of the experiments to which we re-

fer was made by M. Bouchette on the left bank of the Rapt-

I

de-Mad, a small stream in the Department of the Moselle.

I

· Putting t.o the earth the .two ends of a wire 1,100 feet long,

-

I '

be sent through it the current from a battery of two BunseB

cells. On the right bank a line of equal length. having a

galvanometer in circuit, was also put to the earth at its two

ends. When the battery circuit was closed the needle of the

I ~vanometer was thrown violently against one of its stops;
when the current was reversed the needle flew around to the 1 other. This showed clearly that the current which traversed

.~

the galvanometer circuit depended entirely upon Ulat from .

&he battery, yet the two circuits were separated by a distance

! of 300 !eet, including the intervening stream.

The subject was ·taken up a little later by M. Bourbouze,

who has obtained some very important result& He demon-

strated the existence of earth currents by connecting a deli-

cate galvanometer with the gas and water main of his labo-

ratory. He varied his experiments by connecting the galva-

nometer with a body of water and with a metallic plate buried .

I I

l in the ground. In one of his researches it OCClm"ed to him 1
to put one pole of a battery to the earth and to connect ·the other with a body of water. ~n pressing down his key, the 1 galvanometer of the former- circuit was at once de:fiected, 1 and remained permanently so. The battery current was in-~

-

I '

terrupted, the needle returned to zero; the current was re-:. •
I versed. the needle swung round in the opposite direction. 1
It is evident that in order to obtain good resulm the· earth · currents must be neutralized, as they tend to increase or di- ~ minish the defiection. This is easily done. When the bal- 1:

ance is obtained the existence of any other current, however .,

transient, is at once detected. - -- - -

-

1,

,~,. ­

· - _....,._.~-

IEARTR rELEP:S:ONE EXPE:&no:wTs o:r •· DlJCRETET.·

· M. E. Ducretet, a well-known electrician of Paris,

has been making some Interesting experiments in:

·telephonic transmission by using the earth alone asj

a conductor. The transmitter in this case consists,

. of a microphone· and a few cells of battery connectedJ

. directly to two earth plates of considerable surface.

· and buried 6 feet below the ground. The plates 3.rel

placed facing each other and only a few yards apart.

For the receiver he makes use of a quarry wenl

about 60 feet deep which communicates below with'

the Catacombs. The orifice terminates at the ground

level by a cast-iron pipe 4 inches ·in diameter and 12! feet long. An insulated conductor desc~nds in the!

vertical well and brings a metal sphere 3 inches in

diameter in contact with the- soil of the Catacombs.·

On coming out of the well the wire ls ftxed to one:

end ot an ordinary telephone receiver, whose other;

end is connected with the iron pipe at the surface of/

the ground. The two earth circuits which are thus

made are separated by a building .with cellars and

thick

walls.

and

therefore

the

layer

which

s

e

p

a

r

a

t

e

s

1 1

the two parts is considerable. When the microphone I

is spoken into. all the vibrations of the voice. even:

: the feeblest. give rise to variations of current in the j

1 circuit which is closed through the earth. without anyl · metallic connection between the t~o parts. and in spite

· of the multiple variations of the currents and the

' nature of the medium. earth. which is used. the repro-.

· duction ot the voice is made at the receiving end with!
·--- - . I remarkable sharpness, and besides, there are none o!: .. ·--·-the extraneous noises which are so common in the or-

dinary circuit!:». The dynamos whieh are wor.king in

the neighboring building, both continuous and alter-

nating current, have no effect upon the circuit. It is

difficult to give a satisfactory explanation of this phe-:

nomenon of earth transmission, but M. Ducretet thinks!

that the current is diffused from the transmitting sta· ~

.tion by derivations from the principal circuit betweenj'

the plates, and that this current is sufficient to operatt

a certain number of receivers placed at different dis-J

tances. With the arrangement of circuits describedJ

above, the experimenter was able to send through the

earth a current sufficiently strong to operate a relay.

and electric bell. If the sphere which rests upon th~

soil of the Catacombs. is raised from the ground, al~

reception ceases, but recommences when the contac~

is again made with the earth, which. it should be re-l

I~

marked, is dry. ?.-!. Ducretet is continuing his experi·l ments over greater distances and under varying con-!
- - - I ditions.

~~-;_ u •"AATO"'- I-~~ ~ -~~-~-~ t.. ~~-I ••-~*iSv,.,.

-
-
.'
-

\.·
, ~
~ .
.

'.(•

... ..... ·,

~,.. :

.

.... "'ap~)' ~with~ut Wires, an~ the Guarding of Coast

:... <. ··. ; · ·.

L1nes by Electnc Cable. •

•'t'•

.

•

\.'-' IT appean from an .at:ticle in Cot11nzerce, December 16, that

' ~· W. H. Preece, in a lecture on "Telegraphy without Wires,"

:a~ Toynbec .Hall, said, that from experiments at the (ioodwin

Lightship .it bad been found. impossible to get a n1essage on ~rd, and "that the intervening sea-water performed much the . ~e function as an iron plate," I would like to call the attention -of .~he readers of NATURE to my paper laid before the. Royal ..
.Society of Edinburgh in January 1893; when it was shown that :.
neither salt ·nor fresh water had any appreciable effect on the 1 ~mission of these electrical waves. Take this case-an iron
:siearOer ·aftoat above a Ca.ble ~lying on the sea-bottom. If the

sttamer have on board suitable apparatus, messages sent along

:the cable from a single Leclanche cell can be and have been
.read on board ship by ordinary sailors. If it is possible to so -......J!tC..
~-convey messages. to a vessel not moored by an anchor, it is
surely EOssible to do the same to a moored ship such as a light· -ship. Mr. Preece's failure at the "Goodwin" is not due to

the action of salt water, for, if electric vibrations work through

:salt water in the Firth of Forth, they will equally do so at the

".Gcodwm.. . "

.

·

··· One ·word as to Prof. Boase and Mr. 1\Iarconi's systen1s. .:

..Although it may be impossible to say what systen1 may be found '.· 1.

best for the detection of the electric vibrations, there is one ) '. · '

t~ing certain .that it is needless refinement to try to send the I •

·. 'Vlbr~tions for lighthouse work ten n1iles.

The

vibrations

.' J·

..

:require to he sent only 6oo feet, as it is possible to lay a cable . ~ding a stretch of fifty miles of coast, ten miles off the shore, ·

1D at most fifty fathoms of water, and 'Send the vibrations along

lt, and whenever the ship comes within two hundred yards of

the cable the detector Further, the advantage

on board of the cable

would systen1

giisve~rethate,

alarm. as the

Vessel would know her exact distance off; wherea~, by ~nding ithe vibrations fron1 a point on shore, this would be in1p~ible.

CHAR l.ES .A. STEY E~SUX.

:g4 George Street, Edinburgh, Decen1ber 21.

N~. 1418, VOL. 55]

~:"._· t

··' '

-...

I

r--Y•

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..,_ '
... ·'

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._.,... I
'

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·'

.. TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY.

g6o.· Space Telegraphy and Syntony. 0. Lodge. (Instit.

Elect. Engin. Journ. 27. pp. 799-852, 1898.)-The author

points out that slow magnetic pulsations being unaccompanied by .

- ·an alternating electrostatic field do not emit energy, and do not

therefore require a detector of radiant energy, a coherer; but the

changes of magnetic conditions over a large area may be integrated

by a telephone and circuit. The distance between two signal-

ling coils is proportional to the two-thirds power of the diameter

of the coils. Hence, coils of twice the circumference will signal to

more than twice the distance with a given primary current. An

I

emitting and receiving circuit each contains a condenser in series,

I

and are tuned to respond to each other. The condenser is kept .

small using

ies of

·

...
·.
. '

..
...., ~-'

.io

-

961. Space Telegraphy (Inductive). S. Evershed. (Instit.

Elect. Engin. Journ. 27. pp. 852-869, 1898.)-The author gives

fundamental formulre for the induction in secondary coil when

telegraphing by horizontal rectangular coils. To get the greatest

mechanical energy in the secondary the impressed E.M.F.

must be in. step with the current and the condition for maxi-

mum activity of a motor must be fulfilled, viz., the back E.M.F.

must equal half the impressed E.M.F. The readable current in

a Gower-Bell receiver was found by measurement to have a

maximum (crest of wave) value of 2·9 x 10-6 amperes. The most

audible frequency is speed absorption by

400, but the earth

the will

raauptihdolyr1adnatmicpipoautetsththe

at at this waves.

An ingenious relay receiver is described. It consists of a

rectangle of wire having one end free to vibrate in a permanent

• magnet field.. A current of the proper freq'elency will swing the

rectangle into contact either with a stop or another similar

rectangle vibrating. The

is

·to. the

impressed E.M.F.

96z JI.Iag~telic Space Telegraphy. W. H. Preece. (Instit. Elect. Engin. Journ. 27. pp. ~69-967, 1898.)-In 1886 the author found that on earthing the ends of two (horizontal) speaking coils
4'5 miles apart, the results were the same whether the earth or
metallic returns were used. Heaviside communicated between -the earth's s~rface and a>eolliery 350 feet deep, but 400 feet of water was found to obstruct telephonic signals. The empirical .· formul<1;
.;J.

determines the distance x which should separate wires of length /,

C, being the primary current and r2 the resistance of the secondary.

This established the fact that it was advisable to use copper

.....

·\

conductors of the largest gauge that could be obtained.

An attempt to communic:lte from England to Ireland on the

circuits from Carlisle to Haverfordwest, and from Belfast to

Wexford, was spoiled by· overpowering sounds of uncertain

origin.

An appendix is added, explaining diagrarnatically the effects of I\

adjacent rectangular coils.
~

.,.
"'
'·z.

\;

()

\ ""!

~1. O'G.

~ ._ :.;~. ~

t~-~· "' '

0.

I

I ..,

~\

I'•

....

rl •\

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/

IN a recent number of J?lectriciN (Paris), 11. G. Claude gives an account of some experiments he has made on the electric .arc in an alternating circuit. The phenomena produced by

-

the disruptive discharge, in spite of the numerous experiments

made with a view to elucidate them, ·are still far from com.

pletely elucidated. Thus, for example, it is well known what

lengthy discussions have taken place over the question whether

the electric arc, either with a continuous or alternating current, is the seat of a back ~electromotive force, or whether it behaves

simply a!: an ordinary metallic resistance; yet it would be hardly

true to say that this point has been definitely settled. In one
of his experiments ~f. Claude joins two points, between which there is an alternati~g. d-ifference of potential of 2400 volts

(frequency about So per second), by about 12 incandescent
lamps (16 candle-power, too volt), a condenser of o·x micro·

farad capacity, and a make and break key all placed in series. When the key is closed, the circuit is traversed by the charge - and discharge currents of the condenser, the magnitude of which ·can easily be calculated, and which suffices to make the

-

filaments of the incandescent lamps just glow. If now the key is opened so that there ~xists a small spark gap in the circuit

(about I mm. ), an arc will be struck at this point. Now this

arc is certainly an additional resistance in the circuit, small it .'
may be, since it is formed bet~een metal points, but which

is werel·n- c.ertainly cannot be less than that which existed when the metal

poin

contact:""~· It-Ts-now--founatlfaflneTamps-5how·-~

an increased: brilliancy, and this bdlliancy increaJes as!the

arc is made ·longer. This increase is such. that, for the longest

arc obtainable (a little over 1 mm.), the difference ini potential

between the terminals of each lamp rises from 30 volts to go .

volts, while the· difference of potential between the ,termipals

of the key is found to be about 12QO volts. The author

I

gives the following explanation of this experiment :-The ~arc
is a discontinuousphenomenon, and requires a certain minimum value to start, and thus, while the E.M.F. is below this value~ no

~

current passes, and the condenser remains uncharged. \-Vhen the limiting E.l\LF. is reached, the arc is struck, and the condenser is ·'charged suddenly at a ·high potential. This charging of the condenser is limited to a fr;\ction of the com·

-

J

plete period·, so that th-e charge current lasts a shorter time, and is

I

of.greater intensity than when no arc exists in the circuit. The
absorption of energy in the lamps being proportion~! to the
square of ·the current is increased, for the mean square of the current in the circuit is increased when the arc is present.

Th-e· material fo.rming- the ·p·o-irifs___between which the arc is..

struck, exerts an important influence on the facility with which

the arc is maintained when the difference of potential diminishes,

so that, although a much longer arc can be obtained by using

carbon terminals, the above effect is not nearly so well marked

as with terminals of iron or copper. It is of course necessary

to have a condenser placed in the circuit to obtain the increased

brilliancy of the ·lamps, for otherwise during the time the spark

is un?.ble to pass no current passes, while when the current does

pas:; it has the same value it would have at the same part of

the cycle if experiment,

~tIh.e

spark Claude

gap finds

were that

closed. On performing the when there is no condenser

~

~ ·-:~~ .

~

~ ~

.'j~·
·.· ..

in circuit the luminosity of the lamps is slightly· reduced when the arc is formed.
• - . - ...- . - • • • • ~~~~a.. ~ -... .... 1 •e••••rar.:-.iii _

,; .. .-..~"~ ·
~~-·~

Flo. 1.

Leclancbe cells, G a sensitive D'.A.rs~nval reflecting galvanometer, ,

S of

its l
less

tshhaunn0t,·01015a

nd 12 impedance coils, calculated~ paas a curre!lt ampere with the whole alternatmg pressure 1n

,

use on the system bfltween the termina1s; L a non-inductive re-

sistance formed of four 50-c. p. 50-volt incandescent lamps in

parallel, E a connection to the iron water-pipes supplying the

station.

.

The object sought to be attained by the use of th1s ar~ngement

was to obtain an indicatio.n of any leakage on the alterl?-atmg system

by a method which woula be unaffected by the capac1ty effect of a

large system. It is intended to substitute for the D'Arsonval gal-

vanometer used in these tests a form of siphon recorder, so as to

obtain a continuous record of leakage. In the first test, made on _April 25, 1894, the mains i~ connec-

tion consisted of eleven circu1ts all connected to one machine. The

pressure in the alternating circuit was rather greater than 1,000

volts and about half this pressure was indicated by an electrostati~ voltmeter between M2 and earth through?ut the exp_eriments. The battery used was six cells, and the followmg deflect1ons were

· obtaineWd i:th-+.,.,

pole

of

battery

to

the

. mams.. •. .•

20 to l~ft.

With_ Te

,

,,

"

•••••• 140 to nght.

With battery out of circuit. ···········:······ 48 , Various modifications were tned ; but m all cases the results showed an apparent electromotive f~r~e of from 5 to. 6 volts,
to cause a flow of positive elActnctty to the water-p1pe earth.

• Paper read before the Royal Society.

_ _ [!{ ~~ ~1_~~.. ~,7:-J ·~~'llt.-::r>L-...., ,I, ,...,...... ) ' ·"" lA · .. " 1 ,-; :."~l!?.'a\lrir~. ~1, """'- ,·

.

.1 -~

'..... .

J' ~.!.-. i'r1._ ~,·.·.i_.·.-..:'•!~· V~\· )~ ~....... w\ .!•·.·~~'--i-,· .-.-' ., ,~~·r'I.l '~B§•r.~:I :~...-._-"-.,•

•

.

. -l Every Lamp Socket a Radio-Phone
f) i_J General S•p•ier's Latest Application of Wire.I Wireless ~nd What It Means in Radio-Phone Broadcasting

"A'~ ·

lly S. H. Wznters

-~~~ · '._ ~I ~ \'J•:HY I·!Pt·l rk la111p in IliP 111illions ol' Atn<>t·il'an
· ~ J.'..J liolllt's is a pnlt•nlial l'atlio-l't't'l'irillg- station. I l.is-
phtt'l' ollt' ol' 1111' hulhs (ot' prol1ahly otlt' of lht• stwlwts

'l'lwl'l~ WPJ'P otllt>t' sp('datnl'l-1 who lll:trvele<l ar the sltnplifieation of t'atlio-tPIPphony in terms of 11 eon\'Pntional elt>dt'i<~ lamp, a hoHst•holtl <·onvPnlt>nce wlwr-

and moclulate<l in the same fashion that speech over n t•onvt>nt ional t<'l<'phone lint~ Is negotiated. These nwdu·
lalt~<l eh•c·tTic waves Hl'e propng-ate<l nlong the 11;..:-htin~

ls alrt>:td~· llllot·t·upit·cl l :mtl in~<·t·t thP n•t·Pivin;! plug- al lit~• Plltl of llu• I'XIt·nslnn t'lll'tl in 1111~ sattll' fashion as Hn l'll't'll'it• ,..;\\"t't'JH'I', IJnlit'oll, Ill' olht't' l'll'l'fl'i<'lll ll)l)lli:tlll't~ of tl11· housPllold. l•'ortll\\'il h, llt\1:--it• ot' \'tH'al spt•t•t·h is ;!lll'llt·n·tl t·llll of sp:we. 'l'ltus t•\·ery city, with

P\'t.'l' tlw Sl'I'Ykl's of PIN·trkal illumination nre intn•ndH'd.
'l'lw gt'OliJI of lislt•IH't's <lo not: t'lll)lloy hetlll-tt>h•phonP:-: fm• tlw J't't't•pt ion ol' Ill lisle or l-<Jlt'l'l'll 0\'1'1' t IH~ f>lt>elrit· light linP. 'l'lu•st~ ut·e Pa~ily disJwllsl'd with In tltl~

<·it·c·nit :mel tapped off nt any desired point. A I'IHlin t'l'<'Pi vin;! on IIll Is readily connected thereto. It ~honlcl ht> ~llllt•<l thnl the tt·nnsmlttinA" outfit Is connectt>d In otu~ point of 11w lig-hting nulin 1111cl one point nt tlw · ;!t'omHl. 'l'ht>. tt~e of an antenna is nltog-c~tlwr dlspensPd

Pll't'l J'it· ll'an:-:utis:-;ion lilll':o;, Ill H)' llt'goliate it~ own lnstunee. Lllwwlse, towering- anh.>nnm m·e not need<•cl. \\'it h.

ht·natkast in;! st·rrit'l' and 1':-·wapt> the hallhlt> of eont'u::-;ion 'l'lw inst I'Ill lien Is <·onsist of a ra<lio-telPplwnP l't><·t-i n•t' of

'l'he slmplieity of this latest invention makes It :t

luunilwllt ft'ntlt tiH• :tlllazing gt·owt It of ll11• tlislrillut ion a wt•ll-lmown t ypP, wi Ih loud-spPn Jdng- horn, whi<·h is st1·ong hitltl<>I' fo1· widefl}H'<•ad Jlopularity in the millions
ot' 11111:-:ic·, lt•t·l 111'1':-:, and t'llll \'t'l's:tl ions ltt'oatlt'ast lltt'llll;!h :-:uspPntlP<l on t!H• wall illllllt'<li:ttely ahon~ th<' 1'1'- of hut1ws lighlt~el hy Plectrielty. 'rtw housewife, tlt·t•d

:--pat•t•.

<'t'i\'ing- :o-:t't pt·opPI', :\Jay it liP said that any ~tnn<lard of hPIIt'ln;.{ IJu~ huzzing noise of the electric sweeper ot·

'l'lu~ \1:--t• 11f t ltP colltlllon olli('P ot· h11111e elt•t•ll'ic lamp as a Slllll'l'l' or sltpplying- the tn~·stet·ious wa\'P t'lWI'gy for t l11• l't't't'pl ion of J':tdio-tl'h!plwne <'OIIllll\lllil'atlons is a fn·sh applit·alion of "win~tl win•less" ctr ''line t'atlio," a tli~t'O\'t•J',\' of l\lajo1· <:t•tu•ral <:t•ot';!P 0. ~qllit'l' a tlozPn ,\'l':tt's il;!ll. '1'111' appliealions of this pl'indple of radiolt•fPJdlllll~· :md ratlio-11-lc•;.!t'aphy, wltl't'l'hy lli;!lt-ft't.'IJ\It.'lH'Y c·urt't'lll s a l't' ;.!IIi dl'tl :doll;! t•sl alii isiH•tl Il'll'pltone Ol' lt•lt•;!raplt win•s inslt•ad of dt'<·nlalln;! unnitll'tl lht'OII;!h

raclio I'P<'PiYin).! oullit will rt>aelil~· lt•ntlltself In effedlw :tppli1·11tion fot· Iappin;! t>IPI'It·lc· ll':tllslltisslon Iilli's In Ihis fn:-:hion.
'l'his partienlar tleuwn:-~t•·ntion wa~ eoncluc.ted ovm· n elrenit mw wile In l<'ngth, with the rutllo tt•anRmltt<'l' at one t-ntl of tltt> lhw anti t lte l't'<'t~ivlng untl ampllf,vln;! eqniptlll'lll. at the othl't', tlw lattPr ht•ing- in the olli<'e of the Chief ~ign:tl Ollic'PI' of the UnitPd Htnlt•s Arlit)'. ('ontat'l with an t•stuhlis!lt'tl ~·lt•<·tt·ie tl'tllll-llllisslon

havin~ l!l'nwn weut·y of nppl~·ing- ht>at to the flntiron,
111a~· ~uh~titnte these hon~eholtl conveniences altl'l'-
nnh·l~· with Hoothing- music or lmowle<lge on cm-rPnt suhj<-->ctR hy merely plu~gln~-in the extension cord which c•onm•ds to the slllll)le radio-receiving instrument~. A ht•on<lc·m.:tin~ service in every city where n network of ~ lighting- system permits is the mnhltious program out- ~-i
A" liiwt.l hy the inventor fot• "line l'lldio." l\la,iot· ~~
( :t•nel'al Hquler is quoted a~ saying: "'Wirl'tl

PIIH•r, unfold with surprbin;! swifltw:--s. ll;u·dly is the srsll'lll lila~· he lll:tdt~ In olH> of t \VII wnys. 'l'he t t·ans- wi t't>h•ss' OJ' ''line radio" wl 11 IH'ohahly <lo 11\lll't' ......

hullt•l in lu•artl of 1111• ~ignal ( ~orps, CniiPtl ~lates Army, llliltlng- station <'llll lw eonnPel<'d ht>tWePn the two lig-ht- than uny other thing to solve the llrohlems (•on·

dPHI't•d of otw sdt•nl ilic t·ont riiHII ion ht'fon• another is ing- lllllins of a t•ll,\' or tlw Hll('t·nate nf <·omwctlng- tlw fronting Secretary Hoover's radio conference. 'l'he

l'l'HWdill;! for l'l't'II;!Hit i111l, ()Ill,\' l'l't'l'llll,\', :tlll1111lll<'l'IIH'lll two nwins to a <·ondt•n:-:er :mel employing- tiH•Jit in paral- <"on;.restlon which has recent!~· come about hy the in-

w'its lll'l'a ldt•d of 1Itt~ tll'\'t'lopllll'lll of a ''supPrphone," lel may he adopiPel. 'l'lle latter JH'n<'l'<llll'<', :t<·<·ording- to crease In the nnmher of broadcasting stntionH promist·~

\\'ht't'l'hy t'ollllll\lllka lions on!t' ot·dinary tPil'phone conlct l)t·. Louis II. (~olll'n, an elPclri<'al <>ng·hwet· of the HiJ.,'llHI to he t'Pli~~vt'd h~· this new use of "gnitletl radio." 'l'lw

he dotlwd in set'l't•t•y.

Col'ps, JH'ohahl,\' offers ~HJIPI'iot• advantag-es. 'rite radio nclvantnge of hroactcnstlng over electric light wires is

'l'lw tleHwn:--tralion to <lPtermitw thP ellicaey of the t mnsmit IPI' t•tnployt•el in the preliminary lt>sts was of thut it permits of u local ~ervice without exacting the

Plt><'lric latup as a so\11'1'1' ol' p11\\'et' for the interci;t•lion ~tandard tlesig11 as in use hy the United RtatPH Army. JWna It~· o1' ht·oaclcnl'lting- in space from the comHJ(IIl

of news, 11111sk, lt•l'lun~s, and speedt was reeently The onttit was Yt'sl<'<l with tin~ watts of power. 'l'he antenna, which i:; now a suhjeet for debate as to tht•

;!in•n in tlw ollit·t• or llu~ l'ltit'f ~i;!Illll Ollkt•r of the r:m;!e of Sll<"h a hrna<kast in~ spryit·<~. quit(• naturally, <'ont'usion that is 1ila•ly to re:;nlt.

lhtilt~d ~lalt•s .\ruty. 'I'Jtp pt•t·l'ot'lll:IIH'e was wilnt•sst~d is <lt•JWllclt•nt upon lite qnantit~· of IHtWt~1· Pmploy<'tl at

l~'or the ht>Iwfit. ol' IIH' nh:o;olntP t~·ro it may he spedtit>•l

lly !\lujot' Ut•Jlt•rul Ut•or;..;t• 0. :-\quit•r, ll1·. Louis II. Coltt•n, the tt·:msutilting slation.

Ihat the new s.vstPm <l1H>:O.:, "'''t enahle one to listen In ""

a llldt•d Ph•clrit'al t·llgillt'PI' ol' lltt~ ~ig-nal (~ot'ps; H. D.

'l'lle t·e<•t>i\'ing llJIJilll'atus Is provielPtl with a cletector the brondcnstlng that ls now hetng done. The llghtinl!

I lhtlt'an, .I •·., dtit·l' radio t'llgillt~l'l', and :---\. lslt•J', assistant tuiH', llllnllll't' unit for mnplit'ying- thP musie or stweeh system tnl<es th•~ wtreless impulses In tow only wlwn

l':lllio t'llg'illt'PI', or llw radio I'I'St':tl'dl Jahorafiii',Y of the ht'ing a<lnt itt etl. A h ig-h-1'1·equetwy em't'<'n t, the hnek- It is propenlY. til the hroudcnRting circuit to begin -with.

~iguul l'orp~. lot·all~•l at tlw Bun~au of ~tantlartls. honP ot' "wi l't•tl wi l'l'lt>ss" m· "litH• J'aclio," Is infl·ocluet>el :mel thl~ i8 not the euHe nt lll'l:'s<>nt.

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r.--I?~:;:~.J~· --''""---'l•

'Ct\."

:::-,a.~ "ANew ·~'- \fl,.~ • 1
· ."' A I ~~~--~..

Telephone Invention DE:\IOXSTIL\.TIO~ was given recentl.r in the office
of the Chief Si;.,'llal Officer of the rnited Stutes .Army of n new telephone invention, the "Superphnne," which
has been developed under the direction of R D. Duncan,

!fJ1_'~. · .
~
J,
of 'wired wireless" by

·:,,f.
·I,J,

,~

~.e

f ~~ ' ' 1

'-

~n.~

high-frequency alternat-

.Tr., chief engineer of the 1-;i~al Corps Research Lab-

ing currents are employed which are modulated at the

orator;\·, at the Bureau of Standards, assisted by S.

transmitting end by speaking into an ordinn':j' micro-

'· Isler, a:-sistant radio engineer.

phone and detected at the other end by the usu.:tl radio

The new lleYice is ba:o:ed on the original invention,

instrumentnliries which fina!ly pass on to an ordinary

about 10 yt>ars ago, b~· :\lnjor General Geor.::re 0. Squier,

telephone receiYer. The spt>nker, however, or the

Chief Signal Otlicer of the Army, of "\\"ired wireless"

listener-in, is not concerned ·with any of the additional

«"•r "line radio.'' It consists of a small portable set of

instrument~; they are installed ::mll properly adjusted

instruments which may be in~talled in an~· office or

once for all, and the people carrying on the conver-

residence in a few minutes and connectell directly to ex-

~atinn have no more bPther than in the use of the

istin~ telephone line~. anti c-onversations carried on in

usual telephone system.

the n~ual wa~·. It will he nece:o:~ary only for the sub- i A.rwrher aunmrag:e of thi~ method of telephone com-

~criht>rs r,) dn:-:e a switch or pr·p:-:s a lmttr1n to connect ~· municatiun is that it make~ multiplex: telephony possi-

in the superpltone in 11lace of the oJ'tlinar~; ~·h1•ne.

ble. .\. nmuiwr of 1:-:ecrr.?t telt:·phone cnnYer~::::u.:.ons may

Tid ..; :-:upl·r·piume rn·o,·ides a me:tns fur >:~crPcy of

he car~ie'l •Jn ;:;imult:nnec·n~ly ,.ver the :::ame :!rre without

comnmnk:nion without any chance of the cqnn~rsation ~ inrerferin!!' with each other.

lwin;: o\'f>l·ht->:tn.l. intt~rrnptt>tl 111' broken into ..n rhe line ,.... The tran:-:mbiii()n of ~peech hy the utilization of this

~ hy an.'· one t->1:-:e. It is ,,Jn·t.ms that thh in':t'ntion will
lH'oYe nf Yalue fot· military purpn~es in ca:-:e of war,

inventivn is eYen clt•:trer than ordinary telephonic

wlwre seerPrr in communkarinn is all:;;olurely necessary.

It may nl:-:o prove of nrility for nrdinar:.· commercial ·• pnt·po:-:t->:o: wht:>rP impon:mr lm:-:ine~s hnu=-e:-:. ~uch as ' -
han!;::-:. hrnkt'l'~. Pre.. may de~il·e to ha Ye ~)r: ·:are chan- pr
nels fur t'~>ntitlenrial communication with ~:.dr brunch
oilict>s or with an:·: IHI:'illt~:-:s e~tahli:-:lllnenr. :.mll insure
~t'Cl'Pcy of rhe eon \'el·!-<ations carried '•n. Th~ prindvles inn>l':ell :n rhi:-; inn•nti· n ~re those
~~,....

,, -

1384. Utilisation of Earth Currents (for Telephony). E. Canovi. (Elet- ~
....~ tricista, Rome, 7. p. 210, July 15, 1908. Lumiere Electr. 4. p. 179, Nov. 7, -~

1908. Abstract.)-The author planted a copper and a zinc plate at a depth

of 3 tn., and at a distance of a few metres apart. The micropl1one and

pritnary of tl1e induction coil \vere placed in circuit with these t\vo plates.

It \Vas found that speaking over a single wire could be effected over 4 km.

Better results \vere obtained wl1et1 the plates \\"ere relatively north and south _

than when eas~ and west.

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l~lt•t•t.a-h·al N oteN.

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A novel 'vireless tele]>ho ~ apparatus has been pat-
ented by .l\L Blontllot, of Pal'il::;. The transn1itting an-

...:)

tenna is excited by the effect of a <:lol::;ed eireuit \vhere \'

· cuutinuous vi brat ions of very high frequency are pro- J

ducet.l by the stepwise discharge of a direct current or }

..

a alternate current generator conneeted in l>Hl'allel to
condenser battery, 'vhile the receiving antenna acts . '

.....

on a telephone \Vith or without the use of syutonically

vibrating local currents and wave detectors. 'l'he

m-.~1,
'4

sounds to be tntusn1itteu act on the dosed vibratory cir-·

. ·. · . cuit by rneans of a tnano1netric flame or a transformer,

' t.he i1i .iuary coil of which h; fe<l l.Jy a strong lHicro-

sinlilar device.

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-

,. r~·:.=.l. ~::1•. . ·~-~·Jttpboala~·:·.··~·~~~+· .

l.!:!.')l< Gautle~:.a~no~neea ;that·~~ ftnt
·.~~~::t~: ~e ·d1.cov~~.~:Qt ~1!\le~ .
· ·,..acr1~ . the ~dJ~voq .to• M. ;~c~~· ~or~ !'and..·~· :..,.xpe~men.~ . ~~q) .c~ri

. ·~•.:·"o~~n-;~.'· ~~.~~~uf~~~~~?~;h;~er.:.~f~.~-f~C'~~r:.

,

.,~ '.w.

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A

'The Paris jou ruals report that l\l. 1\Ia iche, a wr11-

c..

known inventor, has made a sensational di:scovery in

the field of wireless telephon~v. His new appan1tu~

consists of two posts \Vhieh are plared in his pr~tn-

.

ises. Each post r.onsist s of a telephone, battery. :1 -

"

· SfJeciul forn1 of incl uetion (·oil n1111 a frn n1e wh kh is

forn1et1 of a series of insulated wires. One post is

placed in the garden and a secon(l one in a room in

the building son1e distanee off, about 100 feet. and sev-

rr.ll walls. cloors. anfl winnows emne bet\\'(_•en tlH.· po~;;ts.

Conversation ran he ran·ied on t}asil~·. anrl the sonnc.l

is clear. 'The inventor srarted five ~·cnrs ::t~o to \Vork

on the question. At the chateau of :\l<.llTlt~ds. J,eJone:-

ing to the Princ:e of :\Ionaco. he tna<le experinH~nt~

tlsing thp earth ns a condnf'tor, at~d thrse were Sll(~­

eessful at a dh;ta nee of two rn i1 rs. On r ~·p:Jr n rt f>l'-

W8rc1 he \vas :tble to contn1nnir.a1e het\\'een Toulon nntl

Ajnrcio in Corsica. OYer the !::'ea (\t 1so n1iles dh;t:ln(·P.

using the sea as a con(lnc·tor for the W3\'(lS. Tllesr~

experin1ents were kept. seeret. howr\'el'. As fliP n•·W

ap1)aratus works ~without the nsP of g-!·onnd, the rP~u11~

fl r e more i n1 port an t . He (l xpe(· f s to i nf' re:1 se t h P d i ~­

lance indefinitely hy gi'.'in.~ 1norP J'O\Ver to th" ;qlpa-

ratns. which is onl~' in its first st~lg-Ps. Snhn1nrine

boats ronhl use the system to ~ood atlY:lnt:l:!,"P.

. ' ,.

SCIENCE ABSTRACTS.

, 460. "Antenna" £n TVireless Telegraphy. A. Blonde!. (Eel.

Electr. 16. p. 316 and p. 3 I 8, 1 8g8.) The author thinks the action ·

of these depends on their capacity as forming a1ong with the earth

a condenser, the seat of an oscillating discharge at the moment 1

":-. : 41

when the primary circuit is broken; and the receiving antennce •.. -

become the seat of a displacement current which acts on the · ..
coherer. A. Broca CEcl. Electr. 16. p. 3 r8) notes that the flux of · / ·
c:nt!"gy (analogous to that in pob.riscd light) passes thro~gh zero ' :- ~--'

values, and that it is also along the: wire a:1d is indetc:-minate in

direction at the end of the v;ires in a plane normal to the axis of

the antenna:: so that it is concentrated on a particular plane instead of being sent in all directions. The fact that it is ' ' ',.or

.. polarised tends towards nu11 values as we lea\'e this plane.
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,

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SECTION
3
DOUBLE GROUND

(No Hodel.)
No. 593,138.

N. TESLA.
ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

2 Sheets-Sheet 1.

Patented Nov. 2, 1897.

/

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WITNESSES

·"~'

.~ IJ.t~.

G~!3.9Y'~.

IN YEN TOR
~d~

8T
!&. &d;;;

~.

ATTORII£1

. '· .~
(No Model.)
No. 593,138.

N. TESLA.
ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

•
2 Sheets-Sheet 2.

Patented Nov. 2, 1897.

'.1: '

)

WITNESSES
~ 13. t~.:...
G~13.<JY~.

INVENTOR
0d&~a-Cl~
l~.p{k,ZZ? ~
ATTORN!YS

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK, N. Y. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

SPECD'IOA.TION £arming part of Letten Patent No. 503,138, dateq November 2, 1807.
!pplicationlled Marc'h 20, 1897. !trial Ro. 621',4.53. <lfo model.)

To all whom, it may concern.:

proxlmntoly one·qlln1·tor oC tho ''"n\·e longth

Bo .it known thn.t I, NIKOLA TESLA, a citi- or the electrical dist.m·bnne~ in the circuit in-

' .·~

1.Cn of the United Stales, rcsiuing at New cluding the scconunry coil, based on the vc- 55

s York, in the county nn<l State of New York, locity of propagation of electrical disturb-
~mvo lnYent~d certain now nnd useful Im- nncos through such circuit, or, in gen~rn.l, of

provements in ~lectl'icnl Tl'ansformers, of such length that tho potentinl at the terminal

which the followmg is n speciticnt.ion, l'efer- of tho secondary which is the moro romoto

ence being had to tho dra,•ings accompany- from tho primary shnll be at its mn.ximnm. 6o

in~ n.nd form in~ n pnrt or tho snmo.

In using thNie coils I connect one cull or tho

ao 'fho present application is bnsed upon nn secondary, or thnt in proximity to the pri-

appnrntus which 1have Hovi~ed and employed mary, to earth, and in order to moro effectua11y

fot· tho plll'pose of developing electrical cur- provide against injury to persons or to the

rents of hig-h potcntinl, which trnnsformcrs nppnrntus I nl~o connect it with tho primary. 65

or jnduction-coils constntctcd on tho princi- In the nccompnnyin~drawings, Figure lisa

ples heretofore followed in the manufacture diagrnm illustrating tho plan of winding and

of such in~truments are wholly incapable of connection which I employ in constructing

producing ot· prncticnlly utilizing, nt lenst my iinpro,·ed coils and tho mnnner of using

without serious liability of tllo destruction of them for the t.rnnsmission of energy oYer long 7·'l

tho appam.tus itself nn<l un.nger to persons U.istancc~. Fig; ~is a side eleYR.tion, nnd Fi~.

~---~iMil• po approaching or handling it..

3 n side elevation nntl part section, of modi-

'l'ho improvement invoh•os a novel form of fied form~ of induction-coil mnde in nccoru-

tl'ansformcr or Induction-coil nnd a S\'Stcm n.nco with my in ven Lion.
for the transmissioh of electrical ene1:~y by A designates a c01·e, 'vhich may bo magnetic 7s

•s moans of the samo in which tlte energy 0f tht' whon so desired. · .
sonrce is raised to n. much higher potential n is the seconuary coil, wounu upon said

~

for trnmunission over tho line than lm~ ever core in generally spiral form. been practically employed heretofore, nnd the C is the primn.ry, which is wound around

. -, nppnratus is constructed with reference to the in proximit.y to t.he sec9ndary. One terminal Jo

production of such n potential and so as to of tho latter will be at the center of thA spiral

:0 be not only ft·ee !rom the uanger of injury coil, nnd from this t.he current is taken to

from the destruction of insulation, but safe line or for other purpose~. The other termi-

to handle. To this end I construct an induc- nal of the secondarv is connected to earth

tion-coil or transformer in which the primary '\nd preferably also. to the primary.

Bs

nnd secondary coils are wound or arranged 'Vhen two coils·are used in l\ tt·ansmission

JS h~ .neh mnnner thnt tile convolutions of ~he svstem iu which the currents are raised to a

cond\tctorofthelatterwill be fnrtherromoved high paten tia.l and then reconverted to a lower

from the primary ns tho liability of injury potenti~tl, the receh•ing-trnnsformer will be

from tho effects of potential incronscs, tllo ·constructed and connected in tho so.mo man· 90

terminal or point of highest potential being nor ns the first-that is to say, the inner or cen-

.to the mo~t remote, and so that between adja- ter enu of whn.t corresponds to the secondary

cent convolu Lions there shall be t.he least pos- of the first will be connected to line and the

sible difference of potential.

other end to earth and to the local r.ircuit or

The type of coil in ""1lich the last-named that which corresponds to the primary of the 95

feo.turcs are present is tho flat spiral, and this first. In such case also the line-wire should
4! fJrm I generally employ, winuing the primary be supported in such mAnner as to avoid los~

on tho outs:rle of the socondnry and taking by the current jumping from lin" to object.a

ofi tho current !rom the lll.tter at the center in its vicinity p.ud in contact with earth-n!,
or inner end ot the spiral. I may depart from for example, by means of long insulato~, too

or VR.ry this form, however, tn the particulars mounted, pre.terabiy, on Tl.letal poles, !O that

heretna!ter !peolfied.

in case of leak3ge from the line it will pa.~ .

In ocnatrnetlng my improved transformers b,armle!sly to en.rth. In Fig. 1, where such

I employ P. length of secondAry..which is ap- a syetem is illustrated, a dynamo G is con-

. I
IS0~,138

veniently roprcsenteu ns supplying the pri- As the secondary is electl'icnlly connected

mary Qf the sending o1· "step-up" trans- with the primary the latter will be at sulJ-

former, anl\ lamps II and motors K nrc shO\vn stantla.lly the same potential as the adjhcont

s as connected 'with the co1•rcsponding circuit portions of the secondary, so that there will 55 of the receivin=? or" step-down" transformer. be no tendency for sparks to jnrup from one

Instead of wtndiug the coils in the form of to the other and destroy the insulation.

a fiat spiral the secondary may be '"ountl on ::Moreover, n.s both primary and secondary are a suppor~ in the shape of a frustum of a cone grounded and the line-terminal of the coil and the primary wound a·round its base, as carried and protected to a point. remote from 6o

'"1: I

10 shown in Fig. 2.

the apparatus the danger of a discharge

In practice Cor apparatus designed for or- through the body of a person handlins or ap-

dinary usage the coil is pt·C~fernbly constructed p1·oaching the Rppnratns is rcduct:d to a 1nini· /

on the plan illu~tra.ted in :Fig. 3. In this fig- ruum.

ure L L are spools of insulating material upon I am aware that an induction-coil in the 65

which t.he secondary i~ wound-lnlhe pl'Nient form of n ilat spiral is not in itself new, nnu

case, however, in two ~cctions, so n.s ~o con- this I do not claim; but

stitnte really two secondnl'ies. The pdmary 'Vhat I claim as my in\·ention is-

Cis a spirally-wound flat· strip· Murrounding 1. A transformet• for developing Ol"convert-

both secondaries ll.

j ing current~ of high potential, comprisin~ a 70

:zo The inner terminals of the secondaries are primary and secondary coil, one terminal- of

led out through tubes of insulating mate1·ial the :ier.ondnry being electrically connected

M, while tho other o1• outside terminals a1·c with the primary; and with earth when the

n connected with tho primary.

transformer is )n use, ns set forth.

1.,he length of the secondary coil or of 2. A transformer fordevelopingorconvert· 75 )

each secondary coil when t.wo are used, as iu ing cu1·rents of high potential, comprisin~ a

Fig. 3, is, ns befo1·e stated, approximately one- primary and secondary wound in the form of

quarter of the wave length of the electrical a flat spiral, the end of the secondary ndja-

clisturban~e in the secondary circuit, .based cent to the primary being electrically con-

on the velocity of propn~ation of the ~lee- nected therewit.h and with earth when the So

30 trical disturbance through the coil itself and transfor~et· is in use, RS set forth.

.

the circuit with which it is designed to be 3. A transformer fo1· developing or con \"Cr~­

usoti-that is to sny, if tlie rate at which a· ing currents of high potential comprising a

current traverses the circuit, including the primary and secondary wound in the form of

coil, be one huudreu nnd eighty'·ftYe thousauu s ~pi•·nl, Lhe secon<ln.a·y b9ing insiJc or, anu 85

35 miles per second, then a frequency of nine sarronnded by, tho con\·olutions of the pri-

hnndred and twenty-five per· second would mary nnd haviu~ its n<ljacent terminal elcc·

maintain nine hundred and t\venty-five sta· trically connected therewith and with earth

tionary waves iu a circuit one hundred and when the transforme1· is in use, as set forth.

eighty-five thousand miles long, and each 4. In a~ystem for the con\"el-sion nnd trans· 90

40 wave len~tth :would be two hundred miles in mission of electrical energy, the combinaLion

len~th. lt.,or such a frequency I should use a of two transformer.:~, one fot· raising, tho other

Seccn~B.ry tifty miles in lealgth, SO that at one for lowerin~, the notcnlial of tllc C\1 rrcnts,

term anal the 11otent.ial would be zero and at the said transformers having one terminal of

tl1e other caximuu1.

tho longer or fine-wire coil:i conne:cte\1 to line, 95

45 Coils of thechnracterhereindescribetl ha\·e and the other terminals aujaccnt to the

to several important advantages. As the po- shorter coil~ electrically conne<~led therewith
tential increases with the number of tUl'l)~ anti the earth, as set forth.

the difference of potential betwoon adjacent

NIKOLA TESI..A.

turns iscomparath·elysmall, anti hence a vory \Vilne!!ses:

so hi~h potentii\1, impracticable with ordinary

M. JJ.~ wsoN DYER,

coils, mny be successfully rnaint.ainetl.

G. \V. }1.\RTLING.

"' \\,\

'H

',,

, ' \

' "

....

No. 685,953.

N. TESLA.

Patented Nov. 5, 1901. i

METHOD OF IHTENSIFYIHG AND UTILIZING EFFECTS TRANSMITTED THROUGH

tiATURAL MEDIA.

(~o lhdol.)

®

@
}·iiltlc55 c5/
-·21 r ./.. . ,. 1.;, ,\_,:.,.~.
/;~.' (!.;/~~ I

UNITED STATES pATEN~f 0FF'ICE..

N!I{OLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK, N. Y. METHOD Of INTENSIFYING AND UTILIZING EFFECTS TRANSMITTED THROUGH NATURAL MEDiA.

SP:EOIFICATlON forming }'art of Lottera Pat~nt Iio. 0815,903, dAhd l'loveml:-er 0, 1901. Anilcat!oll altd lu:::t !U, 1899. Bouvod Kay ~9, 1001. Ba:-ia\ Iio. 6:1,'31~. U'lo t::lode}.)

T.o all wlwrn•. it n1..ay aJn~rn:

to the trao3mitticg appal'lltus, which often

De it known that I, ~;IKQLA TE!:lLA, a citizen imposes gro~L dian.d vant.a~es upon the ose of

of th3 United States, re5iding n.t Ne\7 York, the npparatas.

55

s in ~.he connty·and Stnto o! New York, luwe In several applic~tions filed by me uou put· inY0ctod a new and nse(ul Improvement in outs ~rantt'd to rno 1 havo disclosed other

Method~ of ic tann!fyiog and Utili:in~ Et!ects mat hods of nccom r>Hehi n~ reanlta of thia na·

'I'raue:nittod Tllrough t.be Natnral Medin. o! turc, which may·bo bl'iofly d~.scribec.l ns fol-

~hich t-he fvllowicg is ·a ttpecificJ\tion, refer- Jo,va: In one B}'.'item tho potnntinl of n polnt 6o

enca b(\ing hnu to Lh·9 accorn!Janying draw. or re~ion of tha e;HLh i:J varied by irnpa.rt.ing

:to ingu, which form a part of tho anme.

to it 'intermitten~ or alt-ernntin~ eloet.;-i:.l•:;;~~

Tha subject c! my prc~ent irn·<.mtion is au 1t~onll throngh one ot tho terminal.~J of a suit·

improvement in th9 al't o( utilizing eiTeets r ab1e aourco of electrical disturbance3 whi.-:11,

tr3.nsrnitted from a di6tJ.mco to n recei vi!lg to height-an the eEact., hn!! its other terminal 65

cavicGthrough t,hcnatuial rr:~d!e.; and itcon· concocted to an in11ulr~tad bcdy, profer<\lliy

15 sbts iu n no·r'ei met.hotl by me~.. nn o{ which of l:\rge aur!ace nnd at an e-li3vation. The

reenH3 ~itbertc unJ.tta.inabla m:-.v bQ secnreu. olcctdiicatiooa commuui::!l\.tcd to tho enrth t~Gi"':..'r~l w:1ys or wclhot!3 of trau:imlttin;:: spread !u nl! dil·~:ction:1 thrcui~ll tho snn~e,

ele;.~t:Ical disturbancea through ths nnturnl reachlug a dist.nnt. ci1·euic which g~nora~ly 70

rnt··di~ nod ntilizing them to openus distant h:1.s its torminal~ r.rrnngetl anu con.uccDd

:ao rec2iver3 are new Ic.nown and bnve been ap- ~imilndy to tho2e o~ the t.rJ\n3mittin~~ ocu:r.o

piicd ·.v;.~h mora or loss suece!3a !ornccompli!!b- ntH.l operates upon a highly-sew;iti ve rocei v•Jr.

ing n Yiu·iety ol usofnl results. One o! these Another metb.--;J i9 ba,sed cpon tiH~ r~~cr. that

wnya ~onai~t=' :n producing by n enit.~ule ap· the ntmo3phoric nil" whi<.!!l b~imi;o3 as 1a.n ~~.A~ 75

p:ua.ta3 r:'l.ys or r~.d~atione.-tU1\t iG, disturb· eell~:~nt in~il!ltltor to ctHrents ~anomt~.l by fJr·

~.s anc~s-wnich aro p:-op.ngatcd io stm(ght lines ditV\&,Y appl!rr.'.ua GcCOffi(:3 a oonductOi." ~nder

through apace·, dircctin;rthem upon a :-ecch·- tho in tluonco of cu rrcnts O\" impn13es 0f cn0:·

ing or r~cording app:Hatua at a diat~nce, :~nd lnl}i1Bly-hi~h •.3h'lct.ro:no·ti ••o fore~ which I haYo

thereuy bringing the lattorinto action. 'fhi3 dovi3ct! mean3 for geuernting. fly such 8.~

mathcd is tho old~st nud boat !cr,owu and ht\3 monnn air Gtrata, which :lre el\siiy ace,}s:Ji blo,

JC been broughe pnrticnbrly Into p;oo..:c!noncs E\rO :en<lorod nvni!a.blo fer tho proJn,:!tion ot

in r~cent .vears ~llrOil~b the in'le3tigations of many <le-2irod offac~tJ n.t di~t.JlnCt'3, h(;WaY")~·

Hein;!ch liert?.. An::>t.he:- method c·.H~sists in great. 'fhit3 :nothot.l, furti1crrnoro, allows ad-

pnssi;:3' r~ curr~n~ through n circui~, pra~Cl'· 1tanf,ago to be .tak.on of m:l:-Y .o,f ~}:AJ~c im· 1?.5

nbiJ o,Jr! i!lC!G~m~ d. va-:y l!\rg'3 ara;1, :ndue!:-.l~ pro;·o::J0:lt."l wluch a~a pr:\I:!'~H!a~;.'; ;n ~!1:} ,;....

35 t~cr.)by iu f\ siLiila;.- circ!llL ~iLt:at;Jd c.!: t• di~· dion..:-.J' sj·at::Hn:l o{ tian:Hnissioa !:lVdlvi,;;; ~~or!

t:!nca nr.ot::1~1· cur:~nt :?.flU a:!c:lticg by tho ns3 ot :\metallic con<luctor.

t:!:Hno La any conYonie~'lt wi\y a rec~;i·;ing d>3·

uo Otwbus~r whatever method

ompl•.)ye1:

vica. S~.ill nnolhor o;v:\y: which hr..n !\iso beoo it ts dc3;r:-?.ul() U~nt. tho di!:l~Urbancc~ {JrGdllet::d :)o

I koo;vn ~-J:- many years, is to p:le!J in any suit· by t!:c transmitting apr;ara~i·~ Bhon!u l.;o as
40 nblo t~!l.!lUiH" n cnrren~ thmngll a pcrtiou of pow,Jr[:ll M pos3iulo, and by tho ua:J of <:31'·

tho .'~r 'l':lr.d, a!l by ccnnecting to two point.:; t.1ia forrnJ o( h!gh·!ruquoucyap;mr:>.tU.:J whieh
oC :l..le s.-:u.,e, nrl."fer~'.Jh- :.!t a co:Jsidc:\\bl0 dis- I I l.:un-o da\·i~cd a~:d which nrc no·~" well unown
l<l.nce !rom e:lch othot·,..!.ha two t~r:nim\i!J ol n imnot·llnt Dr:!c!.;l.!al r.d vauta~1~3 r-.ro in tbi:J r<3· ()3

J~ne:nt.(;r ar:d to eoergt:• ~~ bv a oart of the .;.:nr-

sno' ct

R

e

r

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u•

r

a

u •

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l•

t

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:

t

nI

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G• &nco

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mc.st

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•5 =-·~n~ ct:un~~d throu;;:1 thac~\rtha dl:Jt:t.nt cir· c~!:ls the l\mouot o! ·~nar~!:t" coilvn.rcu ~o iho

cait waic!.l :s :simil1\riy :H·r~r.ge<.l at1d g::-0urHl· ~.lii3t~u~ ci:·cuit '!J ~n!t a m:[lU!e fractiliu cf tlle

cd l~~ t•.,·o ;:cia~ wilie!y r.part a::J w~:~::.: !a, tot:\1 t.•r..o:·gy C:l:~:u::a~i:~:; fro1a th; ~o·.;~·co i~ i:;

r:l3CetO.lctllconnse!lsi~i.,.\!rec~ivl3r. .ThosJ! nc~e:ls:\i'J !or tht::; at:ai1\:n<!nt of th.•,; ;ies~ ro· u--

v~rien:J mcih(Hb havs their lim:tatio:!~~. on~J i sult!l t.:~a:. wi:r:.t..h·~:· t;13 ch:\J':\c~ur •)f Lh•} r•>

5 i·-•cr·~·~"'' ;-.."'l·n-'t;..,.,~ ·'"i''~'r \"' ~ •l1~ nsr..'"·"'''l.it\· •onll 1 1 Ot 0 "'" .. --..·~

• J n1r.illil ch~· .....

w' ••14-~!..J,..J-. ,.,, .. , L.. ~ • ~:) ..1~•U II ... ~. • .... "~- •-. '.-...un 11• ;'\+'tr

••

<.li!vi'•- 'lr:•,;.-~'•• tC•".._.... l_•'•'.'J·

lh·~ rc--:eivi:Jg e!:ca!t :;r i=ls!,n:mcnt. m:.J~\C. be illU;.!h l~'i pc&Jibb o t.:j0 on\!r~~-: cot.···):/ !•.l

lJ.:'\.in=:-.inctJ !n '\ t.L::bit ~ r:o!3:U·.m wit'n r~spcct ,:,hau!'.l 'be i:lCt4.10 t.'.tt.l l!lblo for tllo Oi'·)l:\i.iun

.

eets,95S

of t.ho receiver, nnd with this object in \'iew polUtB In tho tran~:Jtuitting mecliorn bet\~G\1n

I ha\o heretofore nmong other means om- which thoro e::dsts or may be obtained in nny

i

ployed t\ receiviug-circnit of high self-indue- manner through tb9 action of the disturb- 70 1 .

t ion and very sm:1ll resistance and of a po- nncc!" or ofl"oct:; to uc- invcstigntcd or utilized

5 r:oJ such n!! to ,·iumte in synchronism with a di!IQreoco ot electrical potential of any rnng-

tho digturbances, whereby n nnmbor of acp- nitud3 I nrmn;~o t\-vo platos c: electrode~ Ho

:w:\ta iropul~c!l from tho sou reo wero mndo to that they rnnr be oppositely cbr.rged throogh

coijporate, thus rn;~gnifying the ciiect exerted tho r.~ency of auoh et1't'ct3 or di~ttnl.H\occs. 75

upon and i nsn ring the action ot tho rccei v- nud I ccu nect. theso elect rodos to tho term i-

~o in; uo\'ice. By thc~o mttan~ decide<ln,h·nn- n:ds cf n hi~hiy-lnsuhted eonti•msor, r,cner· t a;;os ha. '\0 been ~ef~lll'Ctl i 11 many i nstance:J; all~· or con£Ji110:"!\blo ca.pnci t.y. To the ('IJU• hut 'lery often the impro•.:oment ie eit.!H?!' not den~or-termin:~l~ I n1so conne'.!t. tho rcceivor

ttppli~:1.ble nt all or·, iC ~o, the gain is very to La cpor:l.teJ in ~eric~ with a devico of suit- 3o

slight. Edtl1:ntly wl:cn tho BIJllrC'J i~ one pro- nb1e construction, which perform~ the func-

' 5 (lucin~ a con tin ~wu:i presio;urc or Jc-li vering tion of perio,lically disc~nrglng tho contlensar

impulse~ of long c.lurntiou· it is impracticnblo thro~lgh. tho receivor nt nnd dnring such in-

to mngnify the otTe-cts in this mnnnr~r nod tervnls of time &3. mny Le beEt Bttitnble for wheu, on tho other hand, it i~ ont~ f:Jrni~hing thE' purpose eontomplntcd. Tlli:-3 dovica may 85

ohort irnpubC'~ of extrernu rapidity oC su-?.~eg- :ncre1y con~ist of two st~ticntuy oloctro<lcs

::zo sion the ndvantnge 'obtil.iued in this wn.y is snpnrated l>y:1 feeuledielt.'CtricbyerofminntG

iru;ignificant, owing- to tho radiation a:1li tho thickness or it m:1.y comprise termio:lls ono

I un;n-oitlable frictional wnsto in the rr!eeivirig~ or moro of which aro movable and actar-.ted
drco1t These lo!iti:.>s rednc~ g:-cn~ly both :.ho by nny snit:'.ule fore~ and ar3 ad:~.ptctl to bo ?o
·:s inteusity and thn number of tho codp~r:\tivo brou~ht into nntl out of contact with each
impulse!i, nnt.l since tho initial intetL":iity of other in r.cy convenient manner. It will no'' ench of the!'e i~ necessnrily limited only nn ho readily seen thnt it the disturb.:\nces o{

uo i:l!~ignificant amount of oncr~y is thus ma11o whato•;cr natura thoy m:1.y bo cr.use tlefinito
nvni!ablo Cor a ainglo operation of the rC'ceh·er. nmount~ ol olcctriei~y of tho B!\mo sigo to 95

As thi~ amount is cons~q uen tly dopen•len t GO con voyoc.l to each of t !w ~latc.s or electro<!~3 30 tho en~r:;y rou\·oycd to the recci\·er by ont) i\bovo montianod, either continuously cr nt
~inglo impubo it Is evidnntly oece~lg1u·y to j intervn1~3 of time which nro sufiiciently long,

om ploy either n v~ry lar;;e nncl costly, and tho coodensor will. bo charged ton cortain po-

thoroforo oiJjectionau1o, trnnsm itt-or or elsn to t~.~ntlnl, nnd an sulel! oato amount of. ener;;y 1 oo

re~ort to tho cqunlly oujectionab!o nso of ro 1 boin~ thus storcrt durin~ the time doterruiued ·

35 rccelvtn~ dovice too t'oHe~te e.nd too ca~ily by the <levico effecting tho discharge of the

deranged. Fu rlherrnorc, the onergy obtained condtnscr tho rt'cch·et· wi 11 bo periotiicnlly

thron~h tho cdiperation of the i 1n pnl::Jes is in opt:: rated by t lla u!ct:tric:\1 tmo•~Y RO nccn m a· t.ho form of ·cxtrorn•~ly rapid vibiations nnll, l1Ltod; but very ofte-n tho character of tho lm- ros

LP.ca ll!:iC of thi~, n u~u ir au!o foi' tho operittion pnlee3nnd tho cond i tior:.3 of thoir use r.ro such

40 of ordinary reeeivor~, tho more so as this form thae 'vi thou~ furthor provi.sion not. enoo~h

of cnorg:; impo~c!i narrow rostrictiou:i in rc-

~urd to tho rnorlo nntl time o{ it::~ nppliC'~l.tion

to such dov:ce~.

·

To o\·crcomo tllc3e and other limitations

potcnUn.lenor:;y ,.,·ould be nccumubt·~J in tlH condenser t.o opor:\te tllo receiving do?icr~.
This i3 tho caso wh(.·n, for oxa~pla, •nch or 1 Io
oe tho ph~tt'a cr tormin~b receives electricity

45 l'.nd di~ndvanta;;o:3 ·which hun~ l!t•rctoforo ex- rnpidly-ch:1.ngin~ .si~n Ci' CYOi.l wi1en each rci&t~?d in !:;Uch ~ystl}m'l of tr!1!Bm1:!sion cf sig- coi·:es elt~Ctricit.] of tho same si::;c, but only

nr'..ls Oi inteil!::oncu i:i t!H) !llrdn object of my during- pt;.rio,l!J whic1~ nro shcrL a:1 ccmpnr;.:..,l

pr::~ent inveutinn, which ~~w1pd3o3 a t~o·>,.3l wit!! tllei!~teJ"•n.l:!ser;l\!"~'lt!c~-:tiH:-:n. Ia st;::!2. 1:3

llH.:lhotl of accomplishing tiH'!!I) ond3.

inst:.~.nccs I r(!:mrt to the nso o~ ~\special ti·~·

so Tile mt:thod, brie!ly stated, cnm:i~t!l io [ll'O- vico which I mscrt in tbo circu!t lJetw·~O!l

<.lucing nrbitrnrily-vnriet3 or in~ur1:1itter.t dis- tho pintos ~nJ tuoc~n(~ocsor for the pn:po:Je

turunnces or ctrects, tra;!::Hnit~in~ such tl:s~ cf convoy~ug to t:!~ch of t!.le termin!l.ls of thu

I t.urlJauces or ciTcets throu;~h thn natural :no- bttcr electrietl.l cLnr~es of tb..o proper q'!.!nl- !lo
din to 1\ <~ht.nnt. rccc.:ivinf,;·~1tn:.ion, utilizin~ it:,.· r..uJ or'ler or onc<:ossion to eonblo the r':l·
s5 c n Cr;!y d c rind fro ill 3ll ch J bt ~~ r b a uCf.~g or d- ·qui i(l:~ 1\ me.) 11 :1 tot po10n ti111onert;y to uc ~ t or\.'tl
I . feet:! a:. tbiJ rnr.·:~i \'in;~-~t~tlon to ehnrgo r·. e:;n· ir. ! L'1 t~OnLlcn~e•.
Uf!u~cr, an:! ir:-..in;; t.!w aect~:n~lla.~.-!<1 ~;•}_t.:l1:t~al ~··iJcrn.aro >\ nnmiJcr o~ wo1l-!~no·.?~ t!vv.ie:~~:,

t'ncrgy .90 c l;~,\ tne<l ~o cp~·.-l'. to a rr..'ce~ ·.-: r.~ (!tJ· . et tC.·~ ~· 'Vlt !:cut :l.DY mc·;w; part:J cr ~er:-L..! :1:-.d 1:;

Il v:cP.

:or o;;i~'-l t:1t~l-cer.tj rcc:prot:!\tctl or ruL\tu~ L:-·

r,o ..:\11 npp;uatu.1 llv me:!ll~! ot which :.hi~3 tr1<'1 r.r:l")l.c:~Lon of a tJuit:l!:lo fo-:-r.e, wb:ct J~-

ll!l;l h•jd ·wHy bu pn~e!.i:~(.!d h il~U:'itr:~tl!t.! h1 f~r :'..:1;.J. "O :-e1H.iy pas~:a~c to i!npuLH:3 .-11" ono

I J tlt·~ dr:\win;.:g hr!relo nnttPXc:d, i!l wilieh-

sigr: cr !1ir:di•m Lhn:1 to thc:~o of tho other,

Fi:.~uro l ::,a !~h.:!r:1nm:~~ic il!u~Jtrnt:cn t:;{ or ~er~nit only impt:be~ ol onu kin.} o~· ·.Jr:Je.r :3o

tl1'' apparAL~~. ~!H.! F~!~· ~ i.'.l n mo(lifird [~)rr.J ~Jf succe~:J;o:~ t0 i:r:~ve:-~10 i\ p:\th, :1l1U.i\llY '.:,~

(,5 ru ;trmn;.;crn,lt&t. cf tl!n ~l:~fl!i~.

th:.:~e or 9imibr L!;••;i;::c:~ c:'l.p;~blu of !:1lti.ilir.~

lu teo practic:d applic.1tioa of rry m~~~::oJ , tho req:t;r~~!::,Jnt3 :!"ltlj' ba use·J in C:\r:j'in·~ :-.lj'

~ I ilsnaily prcccc'l us fol:,,""' ,\~ nny two l in7eotlun :ct,J ;>rnct;ee. One 3nch .Jov.co o~

~l

tr~

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