T HE death knell has struck. Wave Radio Is dead. How have 70 years of Military Research succeeded In producing a completely new and superior communications technology? Radio History gives a stcanger walk than paranoid writers ever telll While citizens were watching television, military research was directed to create an amazing radiation technology far in advance of any system known. Currently and routinely utilized, it has remained a well guarded "open secret• for decades. The proof patents and relevant research papers have just been retrieved. * Discover why it is obvious that neither military nor private developers have yet successfully duplicated Tesla technology. * Why is the name H. C. Vion, developer of auroral energy receivers. never mentioned in engineering circles? Who was Dr. Sellm Lemstrom, and how did his early explorations in auroral energy research inspire N1kola Tesla toward his lofty achievements in Colorado? * Successfully tested by Bntish Military during World War I, what became of the earty beam weapons of Grindeii-MaUhews, Ullv1, Turpaln, and others? Who was John Hettinger, and how were his ear1y beam power systems modified through radar *technology Into ray beam weapons? What was Project Argus? Project Teak? Project Orange? How was the Ionosphere successfully disturbed by a steady series ol atomic detonations In 1962? Learn about the frightful characteristics of EMP phenomena, and how these were employed In a strange and deadly technology. What different kinds of EMP weaponry did military developers deploy throughout the 1960's? Why was a High Command request to employ EMP weaponry in the recent Gull War denied? • Discover why the Air Force directed the construction of a huge Ionospheric "backscatter" telemetry system across the Pacific just after World War II. Find out why the controlled production of Ionospheric disturbance was once Important to military teams before the development of space travel. Learn why each of these mammoth global communications systems is no longer state of the art. How did the unexpected emergence of space technology speed the demise of earth based rad1o systems? • Not a weapon, not a psychotronics system, not a weather modifier, why is HMRP llill: the program which so many have claimed? Why cen the IRI never achieve the objectives cited by a few authors? Leam about the real motivations so powerfully at work in Conspiracy Writers, and why they are not equipped to crack the secret of HMRP. Why are the Eastlund Patents not relevant to HMAP, and why has Raytheon continued to collect every HMRP relevant patent for several years? What is the "merchandise" which HMRP promises to yield? * What was ProjectSangume originallydesigned to do? Findout why it is not an invincible *system. Leam why the ELF heart of Naval Command Is eventually to be dismantled. How were X-Rays used to detect underground movements? How were Gamma Rays routinely used in communicating from submarines to command headquarters via military satellites? Facts quell hysteria, but Truth is stranger than fiction. Want the answers? This complete technical history of military projects will show the development of every relevant project preceding and exceeding HAARP. Only the facts. No hysteria. Complete with communications and weapons patent citations, this book will forever change your view of world events and technology. SJ~CIUrt'S OJ~ COLD lt7All 'I'ECUNOIJOGY ............ S15.95 ISBN 0-932613-&J-:L 'lit~ 1.1!~1 ro~ll CONTENTS Prologue Symbols and Models 5 Chapter I Nikola Tesla and Radiant Energy 19 Chapter 2 Marquese Guglielmo Marconi and Wave Radio 95 Chapter 3 Supelior Directives and Privatized Military Research 125 Chapter 4 Nuclear Weaponry and Nuclear Hybiids 141 Chapter 5 Radar EMP and Ionoscatter Technology 194 Chapter 6 Military VLF and ELF Technology 219 Chapter 7 Auroral Energy Research 247 Chapter 8 Orbital Reconnaissance and Radiation Technology 277 Bibliography 308 In d ex 322 PROLOGUE Symbols and Models FOCUS Much concern has recendy been focussed upon the military managed project known as HAARP. This excessive concern is the result of misunderstood facts basic to the nature of radio technology and the means by which superior control dictates. manages> and directs technological themes. Thus, while appearing to be military generated efforts, most recent projects are actually the direct result of demands which emanate from points of origin entirely independent of Industry. Deeper study in the history of these technological ventures reveals an astounding labyrinth of bureaucracy which has been created to mask and benefit individuals who exercise singular dynastic roles in the world. Such individuals have clearly been dictating the themes which the Governmental and the Military hierarchate is absolutely compelled to obey. By its many morbid conspiratist devotees, HAARP has been called the very apex of Twentieth Century military technology. But, though HAARP has been managed by military authority, it has done so under the cover of an industrial directive. Moreover, that industrial directive is not one originating in Government Autho·rity. There are those who have cited HAARP as an effort which has been completely managed by industry. But this is not completely true. In this specific Project, industries have been covering a far superior and central agency whose purpose and intentions have little to do with scientific pursuits. Deeper examination reveals that industrial organizations are receiving directives from a superior command centre, not easily discerned. It is only after deliberate and methodic penetration of the historical facts germane to HAARP and all related technologies, that one reaches conclusions which are far more astounding and shocking than the reports shared by many conspiracy writers. HAARP and its other brethren projects are not recent developments. They are the most recent representatives in a research effort whose history stretches out before the last Century. Before we presume to dissect and interpret HAARP, we require historical familiarity with the documented hardware, phenomena, and original rationale ·for the deployment of these projects. It is curious and unfortunate that conspiracy writers are often the very first to introduce topics which should become part of the social dialogue on those subjects. Though these individuals demonstrate a first rate ability in discovering covert initiatives, they Wlfortunately do not develop their findings into scholarly themes. The result is almost invariably an hysterical response to what has been discovered, and not a factually based analysis. 5 Because we cannot be sure of statements made by such "conspiratists", we are driven into a comprehensive study of the topic area in question. All the pertinent histories and facts must be massed together and studied. Only a thorough and scholarly examination of related study matter can obtain for us the answers to questions posed by the existence of projects such as HAARP. Toward these scholarly goals, I have applied the utmost diligence. Nevertheless, credit must go to another as initiator of the effort which has produced this text I am very much indebted to Mr. Michael Theroux of Borderland Science Research Foundation for his role. In both initiating and stimulating these dia- logues concerning the HAARP question, I was ultimately moved toward the discoveries which form the present thesis. Through his diligent and scholarly pursuit of the HAARP question, a vital collection of files and narratives on the topic was first made available to me. SYMBOUSTS The unfortunate mishandling of a few military technologies by conspiratist writers has flooded society with tmfounded suspicions and rumors. In such a fear-ruled atmosphere there can be no lrue objectivity, no serious scientific discussion. In order to allay the fundamental fears which have been incited by all too numerous and over enthused writers, this text on military technologies has been composed. As what we require Is factual clarification, this commentary contains only the historical facts pertinent to the development of certain weapons and communications technologies. It is imperative that we establish a very clear separation between the new conspiracy literature and real scholarly science bibliographies. The growing list of "pop" books and essays on HAARP are absolutely inadequate as scientific sources. Repetitious and locked into a very specific kind of inspiration, such writers have more recently blended HAARP topics with the available entourage of hysteria; the general undercurrent of conspiracy scenarios. This thematic connectedness is taken by aficionadi of this genre and woven into a synthetic theme which covers the eyes. In these turbid waters, we perceive the workings of a deeper malevolent energy, one whose nature has been successfully and necessarily repressed throughout the millennia. Though verbose and often well stocked with bibliographic references, conspiratist texts are not without the insidious attribute of fear. From the topical perspective of scientific scholarship, such convolutions would ordinarily evidence a lack offormal training. But the essential observation which allows us to comprehend the true source from which conspiracy books emerge cites the excessive and hysterical fear itself; the overwhelming mood which permeates every such text Closer examination of the vacuous, though verbose, content in conspiracy books explains why such books cannot provide scientific answers to the ques- 6 lions which are posed One cannot judge them on the basis of scholarly deficiencies. DJ-informed, ill-poised. and illogical from every standpoint, the recent pop-writing collective has evidenced a shocking unfamiliarity with the most basic of radio engineering principles. In this we do not refer merely to their unpreparedness in the alternative science category, but to old fundamentals in pedantic conventional science. Cited as with absolute authority, their misunderstandings do not complete any cohesive thesis other than that which their hysteria yields. Such books do not sustain even the scrutiny of those who, through devoted study, have made themselves thoroughly familiar with both scientific convention and esoteric alternatives. Immersed in the turbid emotional waters through which they write, their hapless readers are soon pulled down in an undertow of vague inferences. But apart from these criticisms, one perceives the real reason why such writers could not formulate a real and cohesive theme among their many discussions. Their hysteria alone is evidence that these books emerge from another inspiration altogether. Drawn down through the confusion and into paranoia, the essential structural material of the subconscious, conspiracy writers serve as hapless mediums of a submerged and incoherent flood of emotions. Such a stream, when written in the language of consciousness, successfully evokes hysteria. The emotional white water of these kinds of books has blocked true scientific realization concerning HAARP. The frequent topic of those whose inspiration is both submerged and fundamentally subconscious, an hysterical tone is being projected into society. In addition, because these texts do not emerge from the conscious mind, they cannot supply conscious coherence to their readers. Such books then become an effective source of extended social ignorance on the topic area. While hysteria fears the devastation of ecological systems by a fully operationaliRI, the most powerful effect of HAARP has already made its first impact It has done so in the very deepest visceral part of humanity. HAARP has impacted the inscrutable and irresistible, that monstrous thing that hides in its lair. The Id and its entourage of misperceptions. Some say that conspiracy writers are sensitives who have somehow vocalized the subconscious undercurrents now prevalent in all of society. If this Is true, then we can forgive their writing style. If at all, we may only comprehend the murky message in conspiracy books as the writings of symbolists. But as symbolic expressions, these books are incapable of granting scientific insights. Thus, by their very nature, such books are useless in satisfying those having engineering pursuits. The quest of young minds is often completely and effectively diverted by the avail·able conspiracy literature. Minds devoted to such literature remain entirely ineffective as a corporate force for social improvement Having its inspiration entirely in the subconscious, conspiracy books do not represent science. Conspiracy books are not scientific works. They are each excellent examples of verbalized symbolic art They represent the serpentine reactions of the negative subconscious to perceived external threats. These are 7 usually technological provocations, which the negative subconscious both hates and seeks to destroy. If there is some truth in the murky and nightmarish phantasmata with which they move, these symbols are warning our world of an impending crisis far deeper than anything technology can supply. The very emergence of these anti-technological symbols is the danger. Tite subconscious mind, which hates technology and is intent on driving society down into its own murky waters, bas already begun its assault on society. Demanding total attention, the subconscious wishes to dominate and destroy technological society. But these are topics for another thesis, the most fascinating discussions concerning the energy of consciousness itself. It has become very obvious that those who spew such vociferous volumes of hysteria begin, not in the solid record of the past, but in their own fears. Inferences thus derived release the negative subconscious into the greater seas of the reading public. As these manuscripts wend their way through society, a free flow ofemotive energy rather than conscious thought, it effectively accretes vitality. Vitality is drained from those who read the manuscripts. Those who read these books, to the exclusion of aU other technical literature, expose themselves to a deceptive source of hopelessness. Conspiracy themes never offer an escape hatch to the reader. One Is soon caught in the halls of the Labyrinth without the silken thread of Ariadne! Acquiring and accreting fragmentary facts, the subconscious stream represented by these books, tugs already weakened minds further away from truth. The factual fragments comprising conspiracy books and their invariable accompanyirlg cassettes and videos are designed to bait the reader into forming specialized conclusions. These almost invariably satisfy the personal needs of readers who are actively seeking a conspiracy. The writers of these books carry no burden of proof. Theirs is the role of provocateur, irresponsible activators and promoters of social malaise without solution. The public now seems to require the services of innumerable writers and spokespersons who make their money by selling the fear and hysteria which a metaphoric stream of subconscious symbols evokes. A populace whose innermost sentiment expects notlring but disappointment thrives on the nightmarish symbols and fragmentary messages written by conspiracy symbolists. One nevertheless finds that a continual flood of such symbol-laden manuscripts are finding their way into the new conspiratist genre. Being collections of murky symbols and subconscious expressions, these books are expected to contain mutually contradicting statements and opinions. Conspiracy books are never the scientific reports which they purport to be. Nevertheless, it becomes obvious that certain very popular writers are in serious need of self-examination and of fwldamentai study, each in their topic area. One reads through several examples of these texts with growing boredom. Each verifies the inner observation that such books are made to be sold, not to convey facts. Filled as they are with the turbid waters of hysteria, this 8 publications assault has succeeded only in confusing readers everywhere. Conspiracy books are not clear water pools in which to quench a serious scientific thirst Misunderstood and misused, many students nevertheless seek out these books of symbols, servants of the subconscious, while hoping to find answers to scientific questions. Being thus produced by negative subconscious energy, conspiracy books are incapable of serving us with more Information than the fear which they transmit. The murky world of nightmarish fantasies and horrifying figures is not the world from which archetypes and other uplifting symbols emerge, the superconscious world of vision and revelation. Very unfortunately, these inferior publications do not contain the real answers, the real models, which a wailing public expects. The only service which conspiracy books seem to provide is the magnification of paranoid undercurrents. Conspiracy books are then psychosocial expressions of an energy-minimizing substratum, one which drains the vitality away from those who continue reading them. These books themselves are evidence that a new foray of subconscious energies are actively reaching up from the depths, and connectively linking susceptible people together in unhealthy aggregates. Too few appreciate the power of such undercurrents, or the inherent energy working therein. This aspect of the subconscious Is deadly to societies who indulge its expressions, a possible explanation for those cultures which quickly rose and fell. CONVOLUTIONS Why would the discovery of a project such as HAARP stimulate some into a dialogue with the subconscious at all? Why would otherwise reasonably good narrative writers engage the symbols of fear and hysteria, and not seek liberating emergence into the surface world? Such discussions have thematic content which addresses the problem of perception and interpretation, the differences between symbols and models of reality. The choice between these two opposites will determine our ability to make accurate and informed judge- ments of the things which perplex us. In light of such a premise, we find our- selves walking the narrow way between symbol and model. These are two very opposed systems of interpretation, the difference bet\veen which readers do not always comprehend Symbols do not represent the conscious world. they represent the manner m which the subconscious interprets the world, making expressive commentary on what it perceives from its lowly and undeveloped perspective. But models are the conscious means which we use to comprehend what we consciously perceive the conscious world of actions. The topics which we will discuss throughout this book are the result of a model·making process. Indeed, the themes which form the thesis are the result of several overlaying models which seem to fit together too neatly for coinci- 9 dence. Why are models necessary? Why are we unable to make experiential judgements of our direct perceptions concerning issues germane to military topics? Because of secrecy. Secrecy blocks us from making those direct perceptions which we so desire to secure. The need to know experiences restriction, prevented from reaching its fulfilhnents. Ruling social structures in which we have little or no direct perception, actually provoke the necessary construction of models which we make to explain what we cannot directly perceive and know. These notions are especially true when considering the social structure in which we are constrained to live. In the absence of extensive perception concerning the entirety of structures which rule our lives, we discover the absolute need for devising very accurate models. This model making process is predicated on the need to know, the need to extend beyond our perimeters, the need to know why we experience the things we experience. These are matters central to the "philosophis thematon", the philosophic theme. It is that theme which questions the more immediate and obvious presentations made by the world upon our lives. Why are certain social classes constrained to live under the rulership which both governs and restricts their lives? To whom do these frames and structures belong? Who truly rules the structures themselves? Why are bureaucratic demands directed toward lower social levels, and never up toward the rulers? How democratic are democratic republics? All these questions preface any discussion of technology and military projects. They form the broad tapestry within which technology and invention arrive, fresh from an incorruptible source of dreams and visions. The necessary imperative to know the answers to such questions marks the scholarly quest Were this a mere discussion of technology in its own right, we would not necessitate such a digression. While engineering aspects of technology do and can be treated within the scholarly vacuum of analysis, we have decided to reveal the world scope into which technology is launched. In truth, technology cannot be discussed without taking account of much larger considerations. The Geopolitical considerations. Technology does not exist in its own vacuum. It is an expression as structured and powerful as those social structures which rule. Because of this, technology represents an element of challenge, a conundrum whose every revolutionary manifestation comes as a repetitive and unexpected reminder that a far superior command exists in the worM ruling structure. Technology enters the real world, where actions and reactions cannot always be scientifically and stringently assessed. Indeed one finds the absol ute need to predicate the entire discussion with a necessary model which makes the treatments of technology, within the social setting, more nearly comprehensible. Technology modifies the world into which it comes. It generates an unexpected power. This power appears to emerge from the lowest level of the superstructure. The world of rulership moves around and over technologies, engaging it in a dynamic manner. The relationship between the ruling structure and technology is not a simple and scientific issue, 10 it is an issue of power and of authority. Titis is precisely why we must be prepared toward these comprehensions with some familiarity of the difference between symbols and models. To know each their significance and differences is to begin a liberating process of understanding. Models and model making are the necessary craft of those who, resisted by the very secretive and privatized nature of ruling structures, are compelled in the pursuit of specific knowledge. We seek knowledge of why the world structure behaves toward technology in each of the ways in which history has declared it to behave. Why do ruling structures quake when technologies emerge? In the absence of direct answers, those seemingly elusive gems which structures never supply in explanation for their overt actions, we are literally compeiled to the model making process. MODELS Models are not the world realities themselves, they are substitutions for realities which remain for us inaccessible, restricted, and unknown. Much of the social structure which rules us is thus best described. It is in the absence of direct perception and knowledge that we devise our models. Why this has been a perpetual theme of those who study rulership and the structure of world rule is the very obvious result of secretization and privatization. Ruling structures, whose mandates affect our lives in sometimes repressive and demanding ways, remain for us an impervious megalith. We find ourselves observing bureaucratic machinations and receiving the consequential processes whose impersonal demands do not match the reality of the observed machinations. A few strokes of the pen in a distant, unseen office, and we find ourselves overlaboring in order to pay the increased taxes which have thus been decreed. And so we and our families will labor, never having seen the person who wrote the decree, or the reason given for the increase. We, the recipients of such actions, are yet denied direct viewing access as well as direct participation in that higher process. The social structures which history has built are not so exceedingly complex, convoluted, and inaccessible as we would be led to believe. They are simple, the engineworks of simple and fundamental ambitions. Nevertheless, because of the secretization of its machinations, one requires an interpretation of what one perceives occurring in society. Were the ruling structure permeable and accessible we would have direct perception, and therefore direct knowledge ofwhat energetic exchanges are transpiring in the halls of rulership. Indeed, the ruling structures form an organismic whole. The mysterious power which moves through them makes them live, and very unfortunately, make us labor toward the proliferation of repressive policies. Discovering the real namre of that power which enlivens ruling structures is as difficult a task as that 1 1 delivered to qualitative scientists who search for apologetic proofs that the vital force exists! Nevertheless, the ruling structures do act, and move, and have their being, however low we may consider their consciousness. And their life force can be easily isolated. But since social structures of world power and their subordinate bureaucratic organizations are labyrinthine in the internal dynamics, we are rendered incapable ofdirectly viewing the exact causes and effects of their internal workings. The only covert reality of the world power system is the combined haze which entraps sight, mind, and life within its predetermined structure. Indeed, peering up through the centuries-old Babylonian Tapestry, one sees only complexities. The world dynamic, the world power system, is not complex. It only appears to be complex. It is one whose dictates and functions entrap the life of those who seek to penetrate its true personalities and their directives. It is a consciousness entrapping structure, as hose who seek to penetrate its bureaucracies well find. In addition, it is a life entrapping structure. Therefore, once we see this structure of world system rule, we pleasantly discover that world movements and world actions are very simple. Simple because they are based on noi:hing less than human directives; incredibly wealthy, powerful, and adept humans, whose aristocratic prowess is surrounded by advisement...but nonetheless, human. Indeed each war, each "conflict", each "operation" represents and extends the human attributes ofgreed and ambition in all too many gauche ways. Evidence is overwhelming that human ambitions move th.e governments from a much higher place of earthly power. Since we are part of a process in which these structures dynamically inter· act, recipients of their demands and punishments, it is imperative that we comprehend their dynamics. This need to know now evidences far more than a philosophic fancy. It is, much rather, a need to know which is based on personal survival. Because we are the direct recipients of movements which work within the social engines, movements in which we ru·e not at first directly engaged, we desire some access to those processes and innermost workings. But there is resistance in the structure, by which we are prevented both from participating and from knowing too much. Knowing precedes action. Knowing precedes participation. If participation in the structures themselves be restricted, then participation will commence at lower and more powerful levels in the social caste system. Technology and invention is the most accessible means for refocusing power within the superstructure, the accessible means for liberating consciousness. The distance placed betw·een ourselves and the social engines represent a unknown, a divorcing factor which stimulates the need for reaching that understanding with all the more veracity. Moreover, because we do not see, and cannot see what moves within the engineworks, we interpret the alienating refusal to allow us to see as a sign that something malicious is at work. The gap which exists between the vagrant dictates of rulership and the enforcement of 12 command represents another area of investigation. We cannot even say that we know why the commands delivered to us carry the greatest burden of imperative. Because of the alienating nature of representative bureaucracies at higher structural levels, we become the helpless observers and recipients of dynamics over which we have neither participation or control. Because we do not see the exact movements of power within the strUctures which rule our hves, we are agam forced to interpret what we experience from external ap- pearances. The external appearances of changes, evidently originating in the structure, betray somewhat of the invisible inner workings of those engines. Though there is a defined perception gap between origins of conunand and commands delivered to us, we can yet assess the rationales for certain movements of power at these high levels by taking simple notice of superficial manifestations. These provide vital bits of information, not easily distorted by public relations methodology. The initiating energies ofthe ruling social structure also represent unknowns, which are disjunct from the final demands placed upon our lives. Because we receive life restrictive commands from those engines, and cannot reasonably comprehend the exact nature or rationale for those commands, we are again forced to interpret what we experience. There is therefore a gap between what we are commanded to do, and the reasons given to us for the necessity of those commands. Since these engines have so configured our lives, and continue to place demands upon us, we are compelled more than ever by that internal imperative which demands facts. Why are certain classes selected as the recipients of these disjunct energies, originating from higher social levels which we never see? If we cannot address such simple and more immediate personal issues, then we are not in a position knowledgeable enough to determine the power or fate of technologies which enter such a world of structures, demands, and power. The distance of perception, the distance of trust, the distance of reason and demand, each of these is the result of a social engine whose very reason for existing represents the more fundamental mystery. The social structures which rule our lives remain as essentially unknown, synthetic systemologies whose lifespan continues long after we have died under their rule. Although we have been given certain degrees of education concerning "civic" and bureaucratic structures, it is more honest to admit that we perceive the smallest and most insignificant parts of those machines. Despite our so limited perception, experience has repeatedly taught us that what we are told is not always what is. Within these same structures then, we have learned that the distance between truth and falsehood is p erpetually varying. Extending these realizations to the whole working of the social engine, one derives a conception of the otherwise bidden machine which is not favorable. There is a perception gap between what movements are said to occur, and what actually has occurred. Within those well hidden engine houses are many secrets we shall never know. 1 3 We live in a ruling structure whose very existence is arbitrary, whose appearance is mirage-like. whose machinations are privatized, and whose very motivations are questionable. In all of these considerations, there are the numerous contradictions which the ruling structure delivers to us on a regular basis. Our lives are filled with the contradictory expectations of the ruling structure. But the very contradictions of our experience in these regards provide us with the best kmd of evidence. Those strenuous exertions and other bureaucratic machinations are working to keep us precisely where we are in the social mold. Because of all these distances, these divorcements, these alienations, these contradictions, these perception gaps, we find reason for designing accurate models which wlll enable better understanding our dilemma. Think of the models as maps which will grant us aid in escaping the mazeworks of delusion. In these matters, ours is a philosophic exercise having a specific purpose. To summarize, we must say that, in the absence of direct perception there can be no accurate and no exact knowledge. O bservers caught in this quand ary must rely on interpolations and interpretations of what they perceive is actually occurring in their lives. This condition so suffuses world power structures that analysts are forced to rely completely on their own interpolations and interpretations for clarified understanding of events and the significance of certain powerful movements. And here is precisely where contaminating influences can produce skewed interpretations. For if we yield to our suspicions, so powerfully provoked by the alienating machinations of social structure, then we fall into a reliance on symbol and not on fact We acquire facts at a certain level in our research process. After that however, we rely on interpolations and interpretations; the materials from which accurate models of the superstructure are fabricated. In the absence then of direct perception, of direct knowledge, of direct access, one must construct models in order to gain some measure of survivallstic understanding. To know is to have the ability to better survive. To know is the power to exert force for change. To know is the ability to direct changing influences with precision into the social structure. Other than this kind of knowledge, we can neither know our own positions, the power and threat of technology, or the manner in which ruling structures will be changed by technology. As concerns the dynamic tension into which we have been thrown, whether we cannot directly see and whether will not be permitted to see, makes no real difference. We feel and respond. With every impact on our lives, set by decrees originating in those structures, we are informed of significant movements. Like riding a tiger. One does not need to anatomy before recognizing how the beast responds to stimuli Survival in such a circumstance is the rationale for tenaciously holding to one's objectives and learning how to steer the tiger. Models are the similacrre of the large systems and machinations which we cannot directly see. When we lack complete and direct perception, models are 1 4 the maps to guide our vision and our understanding. Furthermore, accurate models are not the result of extending thought into symbolic realms; a process which we are cautioned not to engage. Some condemn and eliminate the model making process because of this potential for error and delusion. This is especially true when analysts examine the seemingly complex structures of bureaucracies and governments. The criticism derives from the notion that complexity introduces random features, phantom structures, the chance coherence from otherwise chaotic activity. There are those who refuse to accept what clearly presents itself as order, refusing to endorse the models which those ordered patterns reveal. Others refuse to accept the realities which they consider to be phantoms, the result of ephemeral orders. Indeed, many believe that models concerning world structure and world rulerships are derived as a result of micropattems in an otherwise chaotic sys· tern. Many say that these micropatterns are misperceived as order by the naive. If so, then the connectivity among such micropattems is indeed extraordinary, a result of equally random coherence. We cannot accept, endorse, or proliferate that self-deceptive claim which insists that subjective observations are projections, the result of externalized desires and other misperceptions. In this very schema, much ofwhat actually occurs in the world structure is cloaked. In the absence of abundant technical bibliographies, and without familiarity in the pertinent themes taught in these bibliographies, one cannot indeed forge the formidable barriers which prevent delusional reliance on symbols rather than facts. Nonetheless, accurate models can be drawn by observing ruling world structures simply because the ambitions and movements within those structures are directed by humans, and not by demigods. Models can sometimes predict an outcome, when information leaks permit One can also add refined features which derive from reliable information leaks. One baJ.. ances these "leaked' pieces of information against a wide framework of experience and observation, deriving and perfecting a model on which to make tests. One tests a model to judge its accuracy, modifying its features to match in some more accurate way what reality is revealing. In this way, models are refined Wltil they most nearly match the unknown reality. The development of models is the necessary process when confronting an unknown, whether natural or social. Experience and factual bases are materials from which reliable model making finds its start. The simplicity of directives, of commands, of demands, and indeed of all the machinations so strenuously exercised in the channels where power flows are simple human responses. These preclude all random coherence effects, and permit the designing of truly simple models which so accurately describe the behaviors which we observe in the world that they cannot be erroneous. The models which we will present function well on several different concern levels with precision. They also hold up with reasonably sharp precision when different event scenarios are applied to them. Thus, the comprehension of large bureaucratic complexi- 15 ties can be primltively modelled on the basis of personal experiences. One can not always predic4 but one can interpret SHROUDS Each serious endeavor to penetrate and comprehend the covert atmosphere enshrouding HAARP has demanded nothing less than a thorough familiarity with technological history. In this regard, only a special familiarity with military developments in radio and communications arts deployment can empower the inquirillg scholar to reach reasonable conclusions. The central question concerns itself with the huge array which Raytheon has constructed in Gakona, Alaska We know what the Ionospheric Research Instrument actually is. But what does it do? For what reason does it exist at all? The mystery has done more than tantalize informed thought It has revealed the abysmal lack of knowledge among writers who do not know their topic area, and yet will not stop writing. The "problem" which this project has presented to concerned civilians Is one of classification, there seeming to be no reasonable explanation for the presence of the IRI at all. Those who have attempted its classification do so without a cohesive model from which to make reasonable assessments. Closer scrutiny reveals the function and purpose of the device without further need for speculation. Accurate models of action hold up under various logical applications, each plausible HAARP scenario being weighed against all the facts and historical documentation. More sensitive persons have referred to HAARP as the modem ultimate in human technological arrogance. Those who very clearly sense the absolute separation of military and citizen know that military intentions are the result of superior commands, directives which come down to military through bureaucratic power channels. The arrogant separation existing between government, military, and civilian sectors is evidence of an alienating secrecy. This policy requires absolute obedience to an authority which maintains absolute secrecy. The law abiding citizen is therefore required to render respect to an authority which keeps the population in the shadow of ignorance. The permeating alien· ation which has so thoroughly characterized our time is the direct result of a ruling structure which seeks the absolute domination of every bureaucracy, every technology, and every conscious state, were that possible. The rulership of which we speak exists above the halls of government, in control centers having nothing at all to do with bureaucratic or democratic process. Radio History provides a stranger walk than fiction or the subconscious can convolute. But here too, one must not simply make speculative comment on scattered inferences. Tills useless and futile tautology bas been the achievement of several supposed technical writers who very obviously have not spent time thinking about what they say. We must have facts on which to base any 1 6 such strong assertions. Indeed, the ignorance concerning past technology is a tragic legacy of our time. Having forgotten the past discoveries, there are those who now presume to analyze both the present and future. The Victorian Bibliography, which too few popular writers cherish, contains wonders which we have only begun to suspect This bibliography remains a monument, a treasury of anomalous discoveries entrusted to our time by trustworthy experi· menters. The true interpreter of problematic and questionable military research reads through patents and articles thoroughly before drawing out possible inferences. Trustworthy inferences are composed only after lengthy study in the topic area, a radio science bibliography which now spans the whole Twentieth Century. The acquisition of such a bibliography requires hundreds of consecutive hours of unremitting deep and committed research, with an equal expenditure o( several thousand dollars. Certain dedicated individuals have already undertaken this task, a labor which is pleasurably never ending. In truth, the storehouse of lost treasures is inexhaustible. There are, in fact, very few individuals with whom I am able to speak on such levels. In this respect I am very fortu· nate to know a pure and independent researcher, an experimenter in the great tradition. Mr. William Lehr is one of my vital links in the continuity, the unbroken chain of scholars. Our discussions have been a reference frame and source of the very deepest inspiration. Those who seek truth often do meet on the great plains of knowledge. One must plow deep in the rocky soUs before picking up the trail. The most remarkable experience meets us when we make lUst contact with vital references and documents. The degree and pursuit of work which culminates in such a personal event is excessive, the expenditures of scholarly passion. There are those whose passionless love of comfort derides those of us whose eyes sometimes dizzy with the rapid flickers of passing microfilm. Persons such as this should never dare speak when in the presence of scholarship, much less to acquire collections of researchers for purposes of self-aggrandizement. SECRETS The unexamined bibliography contains a mountain of factual gems and secrets which few value. But only a logical and thorough recapitulation of all of the developmental roads leading into and beyond HAARP must be aggressively engaged. The conclusions drawn from this bibliography are indeed provocative and controversial. 'Ibis publication therefore contains only historical facts pertinent to the military management and development of ELF, VLF, SHF, and other technologies. Beyond this, I have made every effort to present a thoroughly researched chronicle of Cold War and SDI projects. The actual state of military technological art is a great deal more advanced than we are 17 led to believe. Th~ patent record alone proves it. In addition, a very great deal of time has been spent agonizing over each hypothesis in the chain which leads to the conclusions of my Last chapters. But how indeed have some 75 years of privatized Military Research succeeded in producing, establishing, and using such a completely new and superior superradiant communications technology capab le of rendering all present communications arts obsolete? It was in the hut twenty years of military developments that the successful deployment of such technology made its appearance. If in fact this is true, if there are indeed revolutionary new technologies, why then are military groups stating their reliance on older systems? Moreover, if this be true, then why have these obsolescent systems required staffing, energy, and funding at all? The two contradictions mutually neutralize, while the truth emerges from the smoke screens. I have underscored my assertions. I am convinced that, while citizens of the 1950's were thrilling to science fiction themes and dreaming of a bright future world, military researchers had already directed the creation of amazing radiation technologies which have been used ever since. This technology is even now so far in advance of any known system that a trained mind is troubled by its inherent implications. Can it be believed that a technology, entirely operated through gamma ray energies, whose potentials could completely change the face of our world as we know it, had already been registered and dispatched by 1960? Apart from a flash of insight, coupled with an accidental patent discovery, who would ever have vaguely suspected such a thing? Currently and routinely utilized, the interrelated advanced systems which we will report have remained, for decades, the best well guarded "open secret". 18 CHAPTER! Nikola Tesla and Radiant Energy ANOMALY Deep in the heart of many conspiratist topics sits a desperate desire to rediscover the lost magic of Nature. It was with this lost magic, this qualitatively accessed communion with Nature, that late Victorian researchers were all too familiar. Their nwnerous accounts cannot often be rationalized against the wall of academic regulation which prides itself in explaining all natural phenomena through simple mechanisms, the reductions of natural phenomena to meaningless force-chains. But even the journals of that day reveal a scientific world absolutely awash in discoveries and anomalous phenomena, portraying energies and dynamics which defy mechanistic explanation. The lost magic of vital energy! Developments which came with our present century represent empirical discoveries which yet have no theoretical precedent. In the very midst of that marvelous Epoch stand several personages who must forever remain as legends of Qualitative Science. One of these is Nikola Tesla. But why is Tesla the shadow which yet so haunts and provokes military research- ers? Furthermore, why can it be said that the name of Nikola Tesla represents the "absolute rule" by which to comprehend each of the successive miUtary projects, seemingly separate and unconnected experimental ventures observed throughout the Twentieth Century? Why are the various achievements ofTesla so often quoted in military hardware articles, proposals which seem to attract the greatest interest only after mentioning both his name and some aspect of his work? Since they most certainly have not been able to duplicate Teslian Technology, why then d o we continually find that military project committees are forever yet attempting to approximate Teslian Technology? Every professional Tesla aficionado secretly knows that Tesla electrical energies were more like luminous beams of gaseous light than radiowaves or electrified particles. What they do not know is how he produced the energies. This simple but profound process represents a ~ost fundamental natural principle which could never have been predicted. Having been the result of accidental empirical discovery, 'so few suspect it can exist. The blinding influence of mathematically precise models serves only to block awareness that other realities can or do exist However basic and simple, Tesla Technology contains the secret of a power revolution which each knows would have changed the world. In his lifetime, the once famous Tesla became the target of dubious financial intrigues, failed death attempts, and outrageous deprivations and deprecations. The fear which surrounded this rare genius 19 seemed to heighten with his every announcement, a thing which greatly amused him throughout the years of his self-exile It is the persistence of this fear which so provokes military agencies the world over to make attempts in this essennal research. The central effort of each Cold War project tells the tale of seemingly separate themes. But once again, only a complete familiarity with each stage of technical achievement in this progressive advancement can enable an informed comprehension of such themes. From a smgular vantage point alone do we see each of these separate themes merge, intertwine, and become coherent. Themes germane to comprehendrng Cold War Technology were each the result of private attempts at reproducing the achievements of a single individual, one whose work has now positively haunted the scientific and military world in excess of a century Why indeed is it also very obvious that, wtth the exception of one very simple discovery, neither military nor private developers have yet successfully duplicated any part of true Teshan Technology? In order to best appreciate the sheer frustration of radio and military engineers, whose consistent failure to reproduce the effects reported by Nikola Tesla troubles their fundamental theoretical base, we must study somethmg of Tesla and his own work. 20 The technical themes relevant to understanding of all advanced technolcr gies necessarily begins with Tesla. Because of a long-standing network of misinformation and the resultant skewed academic perceptions, Teslian Impulse T echnology has never been openly legitimized or endorsed as a viable threat to either military or industrial agencies. 1bis gloss is of course a complete fabrication. The most diligent examination of Tesla lectures and other lost Tesla publications, coupled with access to corroborative experimental work which vindicates most ofTesla's own findings, has made the following chapter possible. In these few pages, you will therefore receive a swnmary review of the essential Teslian principles. These are absolutely necessary before we proceed with our central theme. My simple request is that you patiently read through this section, keeping in mind that all of the information will be completely applicable to each subsequent chapter. It is only through the window of Teslian Impulse Technology that we can comprehend the progression of projects industrial and military throughout the entire Century. Learning each lesson carefully will best help appreciate the scope of this present theme in all of its deep implications. Here you will find factual information otherwise difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. One learns quickly that "things Teslian" are much more than they appear to be. Tesla was a classical lover of conundrums and enigmas, and knew how to use them to encrypt his meanings. When Tesla spoke, everyone listened intently. But few persons understood his meaning. To know Teslian Technology, one must be willing to suspend conventional knowledge, listening only to the descrtptions and cunning understatements by which Tesla craftily concealed his priority discoveries. Confusion over a surprising few distinctions has proved to be the only stumbling block keeping p rofessional engineering communities from achieving the Teslian agenda.. It is for many young aspiring scholars an astounding revelation to find that the degree of revolutionary thought engaged before the Century's tum went further than modem technology now dares to dream. The more established academes consistently rejected Teslian hypotheses as a matter of habit. Tesla was nothing less than a Jules Veme character, who stepped out of a visionary world and worked wonders in the world. WhatTesla achieved could not have been made possible without his extraordinary sensitivity and keen awareness of his own perceptions. In the absence of physical evidence, Tesla all too often worked his way toward natural truth. In this manner he discovered what thecr reticians would never seek. Most who pursue things Teslian know the sundry details of his early work in Polyphase, and his subsequent discovery of high frequency alternating cur· renL Few however manage to isolate, identify, and comprehend his most important single discovery, the phenomenon through which all of his supposed outlandish claims were actually made possible. The discovery has not been adequately described among those who claim to know something beyond the 2 1 initiatory facts concerning his work. Those who believe that only experimentation will reveal the truth concerning Tesla may be in for a sad defeat. Indeed, those who undertake the reproduction ofTeslian transformers know the disappointment and subsequent disinterest which has followed so many others before. Few are honest enough to admit the possibility that their own failed experimental reproductions are entirely due to their own misunderstanding. Those who publish the plans for such designs have already contaminated the process with a fundamental and failure-prone misunderstanding. Old electrical experimenter's texts are no better. By the end of the last Century, so much misinformation concerning the essential Teslian component, the Tesla Transformer, had brought a complete and devastating chaos to the field. When experimental results therefore contradict statements made by Tesla, the usual conclusions find soured agreement with the low opinions of Tesla which academicians hold. In the rare instance that they are able to manage a positive remark, usually one of mock indulgence, the accolades address his early work with Polyphase. Other than these occasional smug comments, most academicians view Tesla as a "poet-scientist" who made too much of standard phenomena. Nothing can be further from the truth. Mter completing his initial work in Polyphase and High Frequency Alternating Currents, Tesla made a singular discovery which forever altered the course and nature of his experimental research. Whether purposefully or inadvertently, this singular discovery has been completely overlooked even by those who claim to know his work besl A single article and statements made in several of his Lectures absolutely affirm the conviction that Tesla, while working with violently abrupt electrical discharges, discovered a new force. Indeed, it was through the development and application of this new physical agency, his greatest discovery, that Tesla encountered unexpected and devastating hostility throughout both the academic and the financial worlds. The monstrous social forces which drove him into self~xile did not, however, stop him from continuing his most important applications of this energetic species. Living in New York City until his passing in 1943, Nikola Tesla continued to conduct small experiments in applications which recall his discovery of radiant electrical energy. Few of his experiments were conducted without an accompanying assortment of reliable witnesses. Throughout his lifetime in New York City there were many notables who observed these developments with greatest fascination. Among those who were awestruck by the things they saw were Samuel Clemens, Marguerite Merington, Robert Underwood johnson, Edward Hewitt, Kolman Czito, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, Dr.John Hammond, Lee de Forest, and Dr. Anton Kammela, Several mysterious professionals who assisted Tesla in his actual tests runs were simply referred to as "Mr. Uhlmann, Mr. Ailey, and Mr. Myers". Apart from this scant information, we do not know more of these witnesses to his 22 works. Along -with these personages were a number of his private machinists. His secretanes, a number including Dorothy Skerritt and Mwiel Arbus, bore witness to his persistent experimentation. The office at 8 E.40th Street off Hfth Avenue also served as a small laboratory workshop. All of this was moved to the Hotel .1'\ew Yorker in his later years. Thus whether on the large scale, by which his younger years of experimenting were performed, or on the small scale, which characterized his last years, there are several witnesses to his continuous exertions and successes. What Tesla stated in the press, throughout his career, were always supported by a great number of experimental proofs. VORTEX Tesla spent his student years in the Polytechnic Institute at Gnu, Austria. While thoroughly engrossed in deep study of the "electrical mysteries", young Nikola T esla observed the operation of an alternating current generator in a lecture hall demonstration. This was the high frontier of his day, and he was very much impressed with the apparent efficiency of this design. When compared with the older Gramme machines, this alternating current generator was a true engineering marvel. The complete absence of commutator bands in the housing allowed the complete elimination ofsparking losses, a greatly increased efficiency in output current being the result The AC generator did not sizzle as it turned, it hununed. The problem was in the form ofcurrent which emerged. It alternated with a regular tempo, first surging one way, and then the other. Used for every application save one, motors, the AC generator outperformed any device which formerly comprised the electrical arsenal of apparatus. Slowly, methodically, young Tesla began developing a conceptual model for a new system of power distribution based on alternating current. Consumers could be given a superior electrical supply, one which would replace every Edisonian model then so much the revolution. The Tesla systems could supply power for most electrical appliances. Most, but not all. Motors proved to be the problem. How to manage the continuous rotation of a motor operated by an alternating current proved too taxing for any other mind. Tesla himself was completely baffled for a time with this perplexing problem, but not because he could not solve il Tesla knew he already had the answer, a familiar experience for one who received inspiration through vision. Tesla was awaitIng the moment when the revelation would flash before his eyes. Ready for that instant, he would simply write down what he perceived in the ecstasy of his visions. This vision proved nearly impossible to release until, while strolling in a park, he chanced to behold a beautiful sunset. Moved to emotion, Tesla began quoting a melodious poem written by his favored author, Goethe. During this dramatic rendition, Tesla suddenly became enraptured with the vision of 23 a swirling vortex in the very heart of the sun. In this momentary episode, Tesla demonstrated both his absolute reliance on vision and his ability to materialize the same. The use of several superimposed alternating currents managed the formation of a swirling magnetic vortex, one in whose grip an armature was forcibly and continuously dragged around upon its axle. Tesla Polyphase revolutionized the world . Tesla became a multimillionaire literally overnight. Together with George Westinghouse, he harnessed Niagara Falls, establishing forever the hydroelectric resource. Tesla continued seeking new ways to improve his Polyphase system, developing means for raising the frequency of current alternations into new and formerly unknown levels. He designed and tested a few new high frequency alternators, high speed rotating machines which produced up to 30,000 alternations per second. Tesla also found it possible to send such high frequency alternations through a single wire. At this time, Tesla unfortunately attracted the monopolistic dreams of one ]. P. Morgan. The contact, established through Morgan's associates, was one which had more the atmosphere of a threat. Politely refused by the young Tesla on several occasions, the continual visits by Morgan associates became something of a humorous charade. Tesla had observed the results of yielding to these forays, while working with Thomas Edison in New Jersey. Morgan, who worked his way into the Edison Company, eventually became the primary stockholder. Enunciating his impossible demands on Edison, the aged inventor was reduced to an callous and embittered shell. Tesla, who kept politely refusing Morgan, was finally threatened. Powerline technology bad been monopolized by Morgan who, on the strength of this monopoly, strongly suggested that Tesla might not be able to export his Polyphase Power to any consumers. Without Morgan-owned powerlines there would be no TestaWestinghouse Company. Tesla informed Morgan that means bad already be found to eliminate the need for powerlines, a statement which appeared the very height of desperation. Morgan believed he had sufficiently leaned on Tesla to acquire his company. But these attempts to force Tesla to yield failed. Tesla proved more indomitable than even the imposing Morgan and, when the silence was broken, Tesla demonstrated before Morgan associates a new means for transmitting high frequency alternations through both the ground and the air in absence of powerlines. Morgan was literally thunderstruck by this premise, and sought opportunities against Tesla at every turn. Students are taught that Tesla developed non-rotating high frequency generators, systems employing sparks and capacitors. The nam.e ofTesla Is inexo- rably and tragically equated only with alternating currents. It is in this essential error that academes, engineers, young students, and avid experimenters have too long remained. Though engineers still erroneously equate Tesla only with high frequency alternating current, a recentand prolific experimenter has proven all these suppositions to be fraudulent While Tesla was in fact the first to 24 discover the high frequency alternating current realm, there was a more important discovery which is rarely outlined. The truth of this second great discovery remains unrecognized and unappreciated. But what was the critical event which few recognize, and which fewer still have the patience to extract from Tesla literature? When did this event occur, and how does T esla address the finding? Except for the consummate achievements of engineer Eric Dollard, undoubtedly the most brilliant expositor of Teslian Technology in the world today, we too would have believed the error. What Mr. Dollard has successfully demonstrated is the absolute separation between Tesla's Polyphase period and the Impulse Technology which explains his fifty years of experiments conducted until his passing. Mr. Dollard experi- mentally vindicated most ofTesla's basic and seemingly outlandish claims. In a series of experimental demonstrations, exact reproductions ofTesla systems, Mr. Dollard shows us evidence that post-Polyphase Teslian Technology relied entirely upon a strange and special electroradiant phenomenon. But how did Tesla arrive at this new and revolutionary development, and how do engineers perceive this phase of his work? SHOCKWAVES James Clark-Maxwell predicted the possibilJty that electromagnetic waves might exist. In theoretical discussions designed to more thoroughly explain his mathematical descriptions, Maxwell asked his readers to consider two different kinds of electrical disturbance possibly existing in Nature. The first consideration dealt with longitudinal electric waves, a phenomenon which required alternating concentrations of electrostatic field lines. This densified and rarefied pulsation of electrostatic fields necessarily demanded a unidirectional field, one whose vector was fixed in a singular direction. The only variable pennitted in generating longitudinal waves was the concentration of he field . Subsequent propagation along the electrostatic field lines would produce pulsating thrusts on charges, pulsations moving in a single direction. These "electrical soundwaves" were rejected by Maxwell, who concluded that such a condition was impossible to achieve. His second consideration dealt with the existence of transverse electromagnetic waves. These required the rapid alternation of electrical fields along a fixed axis. Space spreading electrical lines would supposedly "bend to and fro" under their own momentum, while radiating away at the speed of light from the alternating source. Corresponding forces, exact duplicates of the alternations produced at the source, would be detected at great distances. He encouraged that experimenters seek this waveform, suggesting possible means for achieving the objective. And so the quest to find electromagnetic waves began. 25 Jn 1887, Hemrtch H~ announced tb:u he had discovered electromagnetic ''~\'e$, Ill achteve-mel)t nt ~t time of no unall Impo-rt. ln 1889, kola Tesla nttempt«l the reproduction or these Hertdnn e.xperlments. ConduCted with absol ute E!.l :tctness In his el~gant South Flfth A~nue Lnboratory, Tesla found hlmseJf 111capa.ble o( producing the reported elfects. No means however ap- plied would produce tfle e!Te<:ts \vhleb H ertz dohned Tesla began VCp<'fi. m~ting with t~brupt Md powerl\ll ·electric: dbchllJ'8CS. using oU WltXl mica Clp;lc:ltots charged to very htgh potentinls. He found it possible to explode thin wires w~:h. rltese abrupt dischatges. Dimly perce.lv!ng something of Importance tn tllb experiment.'\! $tries_ Testa abandoned this expcrlmental serl~ all the '•-bile pondering the mystery nnd suspecting that Heru had romeoow mtstaJ.... ealy ilS$0clo.ted eJoet:rQsultic inducttons or elKtrilled shockw~tves In air for true electromngnetlc waves. l.n faC\. Testa visited Hem and pe.rtonally proved these refined ob$etvatlons to Here who. being convinced t!ut Testa was co.-rect. wtu "bout to ~thdmw hts thesis. Hem \'Ia! b'uly disappointed, 11nd Twa grea.tl regretted havmg to go to such lengdu with an es.ceemed academ1dan In order to pro''f: o po!tlt. But ''hUe endea,-orlng toward hbown means for identifying electrical waves. Tesl:l. was. blessed with an acddenml obsfl'\lllllon which (orever changed che course of hb experimcnw Investigations. lndeed. It was an nccldent whidl forever changed the coune of hi.s llfe and dU1lny. ln hiS own anemptS to achJeve where be felt Hc.rtt hnd failed. TWt\ de~oped a powerful mftthod by wh.lc.h M hoped LO gencrnre ami detect real electromagnetic waves. Part of t.h.IJ apparatus required the tmp!ementation of a very powerful e•pacltor bank. Thb capncilor abau~ry" Wa$ chnr~ tO very high voltage$. and subsequently du~h:uged through hort copper bus-biU'$. The explosive blll'$D thus obtlUned produced ,e,·enl oosnc!dent ph~mena which deeply Impressed Tesla. far exceeding the powt\1' o f any elecuical dJsplay he had ever seen. These proved to hold an ~cial s~ wh.l(h he '~ determined to uncover, The abrupt spa1ks, which he termed "dl.mlpdve dlsdlar~·. \\ICJ'C found capable of exploding wires into vapor. They propelled very sharp dlockwaves. which strucl: him with great foru llCI'OU the whole front of his body. 0! this surprising ph}'$lcal dl't:et. Tesla ....'lU exceed•ngly lntrigu.ed. Rather like g\ln, mob or extraordinary power than electrical spa.rks, Tcsla wu completely abo ~orbed lo thl$ new study. E!e cems. 'l"hou&h generators "-"en r;ued at a few dlousand volts, such mystmO\U SW"ge$ rep~nted hundre the charge camen before !My were able 10 move awar from tht' dvrwno wmlnals1 J.Jke sbppang ''acer "''tth a rapid hand. tM ~ ~ed solid So also 11 "~ "1lh lhe electncal force. charges mt'Wng up against a seeningly solid "11ll But the effect lasted only as lClng u the unp.act. Unlit current carnen had aCIUally •c;aught up" wilh the applied eleell'ical fldd, the charges pnmg from lhe llne in l\ll cllrec:tions A btief$Upercluugmg effect could be e>q>ected until C"hatges ' "rl't' dlstribut«i, unoothly flowing through the "hole- line and system. The dynamo Itself thus became the bnef ~of a rrunor Jh«.kwave. He began wondering wh)· 11 Yo'U p0$Sible for electrosl<\tk: Gelds to move more qutd:l) than lhe actual~ themsifl'-U. a perplexing m)'$tt'r) \ as 1M 6dd lbelf 27 an entity which simply drove the more massive charges along? If this was true, then of what was the electrostatic field itself "composed"? Was it a field of smaller particles? The questions were wonderfully endless. Despite the wonderful ideas which this study stimulated, Tesla saw a practical application which had never occurred to him. Consideration of the dynamo supercharging effect suggested a new experimental apparatus. It was one which could greatly outperform his capacitor battery in the search to find electrical waves. A simple high voltage DC generator provided his electric field source. Tesla understood that the resistance of lines or components, viewed from the dynamo end, seemed to be an impossible "barrier" for charge carriers to penetrate. This barrier caused the "bunching" effect Electrostatic charges were literally stopped and held for an instant by line resistance, a barrier which only existed during the brief millisecond interval in which the power switch was dosed. The sudden force application against this virtual barrier squeezed charge into a density impossible to obtain with ordinary capacitors. It was the brief application of power, the impact of charge against the resistance barrier, which brought this abnormal electro-densified condition. This is why the conductive wires in his present experiment often exploded. The analogy to steam power and steam engines was unmistakable. Large steam engines had to be valved very carefully. This required the expertise of old and well~xperienced operators who knew how to "open up" an engine without rupturing the vessels and causing a deadly explosion. Too suddenly valved, and even a large steam engine of very high capacity could explode. Steam also had to be admitted into a system gently, until it began smoothly and gradually flowing into every orifice, conduit, and component Here too was the mysterious "choking" effect, where a large capacity system seemed to behave Uke an uncommonly high resistance to any sudden and sustained application of force. Tesla learned that he could literally shape the resultant discharge, by modifying certain circuit parameters. Time, force, and resistance were variables necessary to producing the phenomenon. PERMEATIONS The academic world of experimenters was yet fixated on his former discovery of high frequency alternating currents. It seemed that Tesla alone now exclusively studied these impulse discharges. He was producing explosive im~ pulses which had not been observed in laboratories. Every component was carefully illSulated, himself implementing insulator rods and rubberized regalia to insure complete safety. Tesla had observed electrostatic machines whose ability to charge insulated metals was potent, but this demonstration exceeded the mere charging of wire by the instantaneous switch elOS'Ul't!. This effect produced "springing" charge, phenomena like no other before witnessed by 28 Tesla for its sheer strength. Whatever the conditions observed In previous systems, he had now learned how to maximize the effect. Balancing voltage and resistance against capacity, Tesla learned to routinely produce supercharge states which no existing device could equal. Empirical observation had long taught that ordinary capacitor discharges were oscillating currents, spark currents which literally "bounced" between each capacitor plate until their stored energy was wasted away. The high voltage of the dynamo exerted such an intense unidirectional pressure on the densified charges that alternations were impossible. The only possible backrushes were oscillations. In this case, charges surged and stopped in a long series until the supercharge was wasted away. All parameters which forced such oscillations actually limited the supercharge from manifesting its total energetic supply, a condition Testa strove to eliminate. Indeed he spent an excessive time developing various means to block every "backrush" and other complex current echo which might forced the supercharge to prematurely waste its dense energy. Here was an effect demanding a single unidirectional super pulse. With both the oscillations and alternations ellminated, new and strange effects began making their appearance. These powerful and penetrating phenomena were never observed when working with high frequency alternations. The sudden quick closure ofthe switch now brought a penetrating shockwave throughout the Laboratory, one which could be felt both as a sharp pressure and a penetrating electrical irritation. A "sting". Face and hands were especially sensitive to the explosive shockwaves, which also produced a curious "stinging" effect at close range. Tesla believed that material particles approaching the vapor state were literally thrust out of the wires in all directions. In order to better study these effects, he poised himself behind a glass shield and resumed the study. Despite the shield, both shockwaves and stinging effects were felt by the now mystified Tesla. This anomaly provoked a curiosity of the very deepest kind, for such a thing was never before observed. More powerlul and penetrating than the mere electrostatic charging of metals, this phenomenon literally propelled high voltage charge out into the surrounding space where it was felt as a slinging sensation. The stings lasting for a small fraction of a second, the instant of switch closure. But Tesla believed that these strange effects were a simple effect of ionized shockwaves in the air, rather like a strongly ionized thunderclap. Tesla devised a new series of experiments to measure the shockwave pressure from a greater distance. He required an automatic "!rip switch". With this properly arranged, a more controlled and repetitious triggering of the effect was possible. In addition, this arrangement permitted distant observations which might cast more light on the shied-permeating phenomenon. Controlling the speed of the high voltage dynamo controlled the voltage. With these compcr nents properly adjusted, Tesla was able to walk around his large gallery spaces 29 and make observations. Wishing also to avoid the continuous pressure barrage and its stinging sparks, Tesla shielded himself with several materials. The arrangement of rapidly interrupted high voltage direct currents resulted in the radiation of stinging rays which could be felt at great distances from their super-sparking source. In fact, Tesla felt the stings right through the shields! Whatever had been released from the wires during the instant of switch closure, successfully penetrated the shields of glass and of copper. It made no difference, the effect permeated each substance as if the shield were not there at all. Here was an electrical effect which comrmmicated directly through space without material connections. Radiant electricity! In these several new observations, the phenomenon was violating electrostatic charge principles experimentally established by Faraday. Projected electrostatic charges normally spread out over the surface of metallic shield, they do not penetrate metal. This effect had certain very non-electrical characteristics. Tesla was truly mystified by this strange new phenomenon, and searched the literature for references to its characteristics. No such reference was found, except in the surreptitious observations of two experimenters. In one case, Joseph Henry observed the magnetization of steel needles by a heavy spark discharge. The extraordinary feature of this observation {1842) lay in the fact that the Leyden Jar, whose spark apparently produced the magnetizations, stood on the upper floor of an otherwise electrically impervious building. Brick walls, thick oak doors, heavy stone and iron flooring, tin ceilings. Moreover, the steel needles were housed in a vault in the cellar. How did the spark affect such a change through such a natural barrier? Dr. Henry believed that the spark had released special "light-like rays", and these were the penetrating agencies responsible for the magnetizations. A second such account {1872} occurred in a high school building in Philadelphia. Elihu Thomson, a physics instructor, sought to make the sparks of a large Ruhmkorrf Spark Coil more visible for his next lecture. Attaching one pole of the coil to a cold water pipe, and reactivating the coil, Thomson was thrilled to find that the nature of the spark had changed from blue to white. Wishing to amplify this effect, Thomson attached the other pole to a large metal tabletop. Again reactivating the coil produced a shrieking silver-white spark, entirely visible to any who sat in the last row. Wishing to show this to a colleague, Edwin Houston, Thomson made for the door and was abruptly stopped. Touching the brass knob on the otherwise insulated oak door, Thomson received an unexpected sizzling shock. Turning off the Ruhmkorrf Coil, Thomson found it possible to stop the effect. Calling for Edwin, he summarized what had occurred. Then tum.ing the unit back on again, the stinging charge effects returned. The two gentlemen ran throughout the huge stone, oak, and iron building with insulated metal objects now. Each touch of a penknife or screwdriver to anything metallic, however distant from the coil or insulated from the floor, produced long and continuous white sparks. The 30 account was written up as a short article in Scientific American later in the same year. In studying each of these two prior observations, events each separated by some thirty years, Tesla perceived an essential unity with that of his own discovery. Each observation was perhaps a slight variant of the very same phenomenon. Somehow accidentally, each experimenter had managed to produce the explosive super-charging effect In the case of Dr. Henry, the explosive bursts occurred in a single flash, electrostatic machines being used to accumulate the initial charge. The second case was peculiar, since it evidenced the sustained and continuous production of super-charging effects. The effect was rare because it obviously required very stringent electrical parameters. Tesla deduced this from the simple fact that the effect was so infrequently observed by experimenters the world over. In addition, he was quick to remark concerning the anomalous attributes attached to the phenomenon. Tesla knew that, despite the extremely penetrating effects in each case, he had secured the only means for achieving the "complete" and maximum manifestation of supercharging. His was an apparatus with no equal, capable of releasIng an aspect of the electrostatic field which others very apparently had not. Though discovered by Testa in 1889, the preliminary observation of this effect was published after an intensive battery of investigations. The "Dissipation of Electricity", published just prior to Christmas of 1892, is the pivotal Tesla lecture. This is the departure point in which Tesla abandons research and development ofhigh frequency alternating current. Divorcing himselffrom that fieid entirely, Tesla describes the shockwaves and other effects of IMPULSES. In addition to those physical sensations which he describes in characteristic understatements, Tesla also enlarges upon the "gaseous" aspects associated with the phenomena. He observed that the abruptly charged wires in his experiments projected a strange gaseous stream when immersed in an oil bath. A phenomenon which he once thought due entirely to wire-adsorbed gases, be found that the effect could be so continuously produced from a single wire that no volume of ordinary adsorbed gas could supply the flow. Indeed, be was able to produce streams of this kind in oil which so powerfully projected from charged wire ends that they visibly depressed the oil into a hole, some two inches in depth! Tesla began to realize the true nature of the fine issuing "gas" which projected from wire ends immersed in oil. He now prepared an extensive series of tests in order to determine the true cause and nature of these shocking air pulses. In his article, Tesla describes the shield-permeating shocks as "soundwaves of electrified air". Nevertheless, he makes a remarkable statement concerning the sound, heat, light, pressure, and shock which he sensed passing directly through copper plates. Collectively, they "imply the presence of a medium of gaseous structure, that is, one consisting of independent carriers capable of free motion". Since air was obviously not this "medium", to what then was he referring? Further in the article he 3 1 clearly states that "besides the air, another medium is present". RADIANf ELECfRlCITY Through successive experimental arrangements, Tesla discovered several facts concerning the production of his effect. First, the cause was undoubtedly found in the abruptness of charging. It was in the switch closure, the very instant of "closure and break", which thrust the effect out into space. The effect was definitely related to lime, IMPULSE time. Second, Tesla found that it was imperative that the charging process occurred in a single impulse. No reversal of current was permissible, else the effect would not manifest. In this, Tesla made succinct remarks describing the role of capacity in the spark-radiative circuit. He found that the effect was powerfully strengthened by placing a capacitor between the disrupter and the dynamo. While providing a tremendous power to the effect, the dielectric of the capacitor also served to protect the dynamo windings. Not yet sure of the process at work in this phenomenon, T esla sought the empirical understanding required for its amplification and utilization. He had already realized the significance of this unexpected effect. The idea of bringing this strange and wondrous new phenomenon to its full potential already suggested thrilling new possibilities in his mind. He completely abandoned research and development of alternating current systems after this event, intimating that a new technology was about to unfold. The effect could also be greatly intensified to new and more powerful levels by raising the voltage, quickening the switch "make-break" rate, and shortening the actual time of switch closure. Thus far, Testa employed rotating contact switches to produce his unidirectional impulses. When these mechanical impulse systems failed to achieve the greatest possible effects, Tesla sought a more "automatic" and powerful means. He found this "automatic switch• in special electrical arc dischargers. The high voltage output of a DC generator was applied to twin conductors through his new arc mechanism, a very powerful permanent magnet sitting crosswise to the discharge path. The discharge arc was automatically and continually "blown out" by this magnetic field. Imperative toward obtaining the desired rare effect, the capacitor and its connected wire lines had to be so chosen as to receive and discharge the acquired electrostatic charge in unidirectional staccato fashion. The true Tesla circuit very much resembles a pulse jet, where no back pressure ever stops the onrushing flow. Electrostatic charge rises to a maximum, and ls discharged much more quickly. The constant application of high voltage dynamo pressure to the circuit insures that con tinual successions of "charge-rapid discharge" are obtained . It is then and only then that the Tesla Effect is observed. Pulses literally flow through the apparatus from the dynamo. The capacitor, disrupter, and its attached wire lines, behave as the flutter valve. 32 The high voltage dynamo remains the true electrostatic source in the apparatus. This was a fact well appreciated by Tesla, who disliked the painful radiant effects proceeding into space. It was evident that the dynamo had somehow been modified by the addition of these "pulsing valve" circuits. The dynamos being used provided deadly voltages, capable of killing a man. The valve circuits were forcing a strange radiance of those deadly field energies. Somebow, the dynamo energy was being expanded into space with dangerous and painful force. But how? By what mysterious and provocative means was this condition established? The result of this experimental series fixed a new concept in Tesla's mind. Tesla had of course realized the implications of his mysterious shocking-field effect. This was radiant electricity. With this phenomenon, Tesla could develop a far better world-changing technology than Polyphase. Moreover, this radiant electric effect could replace powerlines. The Tesla Research Laboratory was a four story structure which stood at 33-35 South Fifth Avenue in New York City. Bwldings such as the Tesla Laboratory may yet be found in the Soho section of Manhattan. Each Is large in size, amply supplied with several floors of Immense gallery halls and upper floor studios. He was thus afforded the space to perform several critical experiments In broadcast electrical power techniques. Tesla tlrst conducted elaborate and extensive investigations in order to comprehend the exact nature of this new electrical effect Tesla realized that this strange "shocking field" actually radiated through space from the impulse apparatus. If this was electrostatic energy, it was more intense and more penetrating than any electrostatic field he had ever observed. If this was merely a "stuttered" electrostatic field, why then was its strength so very intensified? Tesla began to believe that he bad discovered a new electrical force, not simply a treatment of an existing force. It is for this reason that he often described the effect as "electrodynamic" or "more electrostatic". By properly adjusting the inherent circuit parameters, Tesla learned how to produce an extremely rapid series of unidirectional impulses on demand. When the impulses were short, abrupt, and precise in their successions, Tesla found that the shocking effect could penneate very large volumes of space with apparently no loss of intensity. He also found that the shocking effect penetrated sizable metal shields and most insulators with ease. Developing a means for controlling the number of impulses per second, as well as the intennittent time intervals between each successive impulse, he began discovering a new reahn of effects. Each impulse duration gave its own peculiar effects. Able to feel the stinging shocks, though shielded at a distance of nearly fifty feet from his apparatus, Tesla recognized at once that a new potential for electrical power transmission had been revealed to him. Tesla was first to Wlderstand that electrical shock waves represented a new means for transforming the world. Even as his Polyphase had done, Tesla fully intended to disclose his discoveries to the world at large. Radiant electricity had special characteristics of 33 which the scientific world had no knowledge. H released with sufficient power, radiant electrical broadcasts could kill. His initial experiments were sufficiently potent enough to cause severe and painful stings. Here was a lethal system requiring control and development. What was intended to be a great benefit to humanity could be misconstrued as the greatest detriment. Working with a simple but powerful embodiment of his original apparatus, Tesla found that radiant electricity could induce powerful electrical effects at a distance. These effects were not alternations, not alternating waves. They were longitudinal waves, composed of successive shocking waves. The advance of each shock· ing wave, followed by short neutral zones together comprised the radiant field. Vectorial components of these shock-wave successions were always unidirectional. The stuttering shockwaves were capable of forcing charges in the direction of their propagation. Objects placed near this device became powerfully electrified, retaining a singular charge sign for many minutes after the magnetic discharger had been deactivated. Tesla found it possible to amplify these single charge effects by a simple asymmetrical alignment of the magnetic discharger. By placing the magnetic discharger closer to one or the other side of the charging dynamo, either force positive or force negative vectors could be selected and projected. Thus, charge could be projected into or drawn from any object in the field space. Introducing objects into the radiant space gave spectacular effects, becoming surrounded by crowns of white sparks. Objects charged by this apparatus evidenced a powerful and permeating charge action like no other seen before. This was a new electrical force. Tesla realized more than ever that he was in unknown territory. The fact that these radiant forces travelled as light-like rays distinguished them from the electromagnetic waves of Maxwell. The waves were weak, but these rays were strong. Uncommonly strong Directional effects could obtained by shaping the wire lines which radiated the shocking waves. The condition which best radiated evenly in all directions required that each line be semi-circular, the entire apparatus being circularly disposed. How far did this field extend, and what was the effect of distance on the intensity of the radiant field? Tesla found it impossible to measure a diminution in radiant force at several hundred yards. In comparison, he recalled that Hertz found it relatively easy to measure notable inverse square diminutions within the confines of his laboratory in Bonn. Tesla suspected that these effects were coherent, not subject to inverse laws other than those due to ray divergence. If he wished to broadcast power to a neighborhood, it would be critical that all radiant energy be focussed in receivable directions. Also, Tesla wished to determine the effect of gradually decreased impulse durations required greatest skill and precaution. Tesla knew that he would be exposing himself to mortal danger. Controlling the rapidity of cWTent blowout in the magnetic DC arc, Tesla released a new spectrum of llght-like energies throughout his large gallery space. These energetic species were like no other 34 which the world has since seen. Tesla found that impulse duration alone defined the effect of each succinct speclnun. These effects were completely distinctive, endowed with strange additional qualities never purely experienced in Nature. Moreover, Tesla observed distinct color changes in the discharge space when each impulse range had been reached or crossed. Never before seen d1scharge colorations did not remain a mystery for long. Trains of impulses, each exceeding 0.1 millisecond duration, produced pain and mechanical pressures. In this radiant field, objects visibly vibrated and even moved as the force field drove them along. 1bin wires, exposed to sudden bursts of the radiant field, exploded into vapor. Pain and physical movements ceased when impulses of 100 microseconds or less were produced. These latter features suggested weapon systems of frightful potentials. With impulses of 1.0 microsecond duration, strong physiological heat was sensed. Further decreases in impulse brought spontaneous illuminations capable of filling rooms and vacuum globes with white light At these impulse frequencies, Tesla was able to stimulate the appearance of effects which are normally admixed among the electromagnetic energies inherent in sunlight Shorter impulses produced cool room penetrating breezes, with an accompanying uplift in mood and awareness. There were no limits in this progression toward impulses of diminished duration. None of these impulse energies could be duplicated through the use of high frequency harmonic alternations, those which Sir Oliver Lodge popularized, and which later was embod1ed in Marconi Wave Radio. Few could reproduce these effects because so few understood the absolute necessity of observing those parameters set by Tesla. These facts have been elucidated by Eric Dollard, who also successfully obtained the strange and distinct effects claimed by Tesla. TRANSFOR.\.ffiR By 1890, after a period of intense experimentation and design development, Tesla summarized the components necessary for the practical deployment of a radiant electrical power distribution system. Tesla had already discovered the wonderful fact that impulse durations of tOO microseconds or less could not be sensed and would do no physiological harm. He planned to use these in his power broadcast Furthermore, shocking waves of 100 microsecond duration passed through all matter, a fitting form of electrical energy to broadcast throughout the stone, steel, and glass of a power-needy city. Testa would not expect distortions with specially adjusted energy fields, vectors which permeated matter without interactive effects. Testa made a most startling discovery the same year, when placing a long single-tum copper helix near his magnetic disrupter. The coil, some two feet in length, did not behave as did solid copper pipes and other objects. The thin- 35 walled coil became ensheathed in an envelope of white sparks. Undulating from the crown of this coil were very long and fluidic silvery white streamers, soft c!Jscharges which appeared to have been considerably raised in voltage. These effects were greatly intensified when the helical coil was placed within the disrupter wire circle. Inside this "shockzone", the helical coil was surrowtded in a blast which hugged into its surface, and rode up the coil to its open end. It seemed as though the shockwave actually pulled away from surrounding space to cling to the coil surface, a strange attractive preference. The shockwave flowed over the coil at right angles to the windings, an unbelievable effect. The sheer length of discharges leaping from the helix crown was incomprehensible. With the disrupter discharge jumping 1 inch in its magnetic housing, the white tlimmering discharges rose from the helix to a measured length of over two feet. This discharge equalled the very length of the coil itself! It was an unexpected and unheard transformation. Here was an action more nearly "electrostatic" in nature~ although he knew that academes would not comprehend this term when used in this situation. Electrostatic energy did not fluctuate as did his shockwaves. The explosive shockwave had charac-teristics unlike any other electrical machine in exist· ence. Yet Tesla stated that the shockwave, during the brief instant in which it made its explosive appearance, more nearly resembled an electrostatic field than any other known electrical manifestation. Just as in electrostatic friction machines, where current and magnetism are negligible, a very energetic field component fills space in radiating lines. Til.is "d.ielectrtc" field normally launches through space in a slow growth as charges are gathered. Here was a case where a DC generator provided the high voltage. This voltage charged an insulated hoop of copper, growing to its maximum value. IT all values in the circuit were properly balan~ed, in the manner prescribed by Tesla, a sudden charge collapse would then occur. This collapse was necessarily very much shorter than the interval required to charge the hoop. The coUapse comes when the magnetic disrupter extinguishes the arc. H the circuit is properly structured, no backrush alternations ever occur. This unidirectional succession of charge-discharge impulses causes a very strange field to expand outward, one which vaguely resembles a "stuttering" or "staccato" electrostatic field. But these terms did not satisfactori1y describe the conditions actually measured around the apparatus, a powerful radiant effect exceeding all expectable electrostatic values. Actual calculation of these discharge ratios proved impossible. Implementing the standard magneto-inductive transformer rule, Tesla was unable to account for the enormous voltage multiplication effect. Conventional relationships failing, Tesla hypothesized that the effect was due entirely to radiant transformation rules, obviously requiring empirical determination. Subsequent measurements ofdischarge lengths and helix attributes provided the necessary new mathematical relationship. He had discovered a new induction law, one where radiant shockwaves 36 actually auto-intensified when encountering segmented objects. The segmentation was the key to releasing the action. Radiant shockwaves encountered an helix and "flashed over" the outer skin, from end to end. This shockwave did not pass through the windings of the coil at all, treating the coil surface as an aerodynamic plane. The shockwave pulse auto-intensified exactly as gas pressures continually increase when passing through Venturi tubes. A consistent increase in electrical pressure was measured along the coil surface. Indeed, Tesla stated that voltages could often be increased at an amazing 10,000 volts per inch of axial coil surface. This meant that a 24 inch coil could absorb radiant shoc.kwaves which initially measured 10,000 volts, with a subsequent maximum rise to 240,000 volts! Such transformations of voltage were unheard with apparatus of this volume and simplicity. Tesla further discovered that the output voltages were mathematically related to the resistance of turns in the helix. Higher resistance meant higher voltage maxima. He began referring to his disrupter line as his special "primary", and to the helical coil placed within the shockzone, as his special "secondary". But he never intended anyone to equate these terms with those referring to magnetoelectric transformers. This discovery was indeed completely different from magneto-induction. There was a real and measurable reason why he could make this outlandish statemenl There was an attribute which completely baffled Tesla for a time. Tesla measured a zero current condition in these long copper secondary coils. He determined that the current which should have appeared was completely absent Pure voltage was rising with each inch of coU surface. Tesla constantly referred to his "electrostatic induction laws", a principle which few comprehended. Tesla called the combined disrupter and secondary helix a "Transformer". Tesla Transformers are not magnetoelectric devices, they use radiant shockwaves, and produce pure voltage without current No university High Frequency Coil must ever be called a Wfesla Coil", since the devices usually employed in demonstration halls are the direct result of apparatus perfected b y Sir Oliver Lodge and not by Nikola Tesla. The Testa Transformer is an impulse apparatus, and cannot be as easily constructed except by strict conformity with parameters which Tesla enunciated. Tesla Transformers produce extraordinary white impulse discharges of extreme length and pressure, which exceed the alternating violet spark displays of Lodge Coils. This is illustrated by noting the manner in which Tesla Transformers are actually constructed. While looking and seeming the same, each system actually performs very different functions. Lodge Coils are alternators. Tesla Transformers are unidirectional impulses. The most efficient Tesla Transformations were obtained only when the disruptive radiating wire line equalled the mass of the helical coil. The empirical determination proved that a mysterious and simple mass-to-mass correspondence necessarily existed between the disrupter apparatus and the secondary 37 coU. Tesla learned that a simple balance beam could be used to best design his Transformers. Metal Une or thick metal strapping would be cut and placed on one side of the balance. Thin copper wire would be unwound from a spool and hung on the other balance beam end. When the balance was even, when the masses were identical, T esla cut the thin wire. Transformers made in this mass-to-mass ratio consistently provided the most powerful transformations. Each Transformer conducted a specific impulse duration with special force . Therefore each had to be "tuned" by adJusting the disrupter to that specific impulse duration. Adjustments of arc distance provided this control factor. Once each transformer was runed to 1ts own special response rate, impulses could flow smoothly through the system like gas flowing in a pipe. Finding that gas-dynamic analogies and applications indeed provided him with a consistent record of successful assessments in these regards, Tesla began considering whether or not the white flame discharges, so different from anything he had ever seen, might not be a gaseous manifestation of electr~>o static force. There were certainly abundant experimental instances in which a purely gaseous nature, so unlike anything electrical, was being clearly made manifest. The manner In which the radiant shockwave travelled over the wire collings in white fltmmeriug laminar streams, brought a new revolution in thought Voltage pulses traversed the secondary surface like a gas pulse under increasing constriction. Until reaching the free end of the coil, these gaseous pulses flowed over the copper surface rather than through it Tesla referred to this specific manifestation as the "skin effect". In this the discharge greatly resembled the manner of gases in motion over surfaces. Furthermore, whenever a metal poinl was connected to the upper terminal of one of his Transformers, the stream became more directive. It behaved just like a stream of water in a pipe. When the white flimmering stream was directed at distant metal plates, It produced electronic charges. This charge pr~>o duction could be measured as amperage, "current", at the reception site. In transit however, no such amperage existed. Amperage appeared only when intercepted. Eric Dollard has stated that the space surrourtding Tesla Impulse Transformers so surges with these streams that the "interception current" can reach several hundred or even thousands of amperes. But of what was this mysterious stream composed? Tesla struggled with the doubt that these discharge phenomena might be ordinary electricity behaving in extraordinary ways. But did electricity indeed have a smooth, soft, and flimmering nature? The electricity with which he was familiar was shocking, hot, burning, deadly, piercing, stinging, all the utllibutes of an irritant. But this discharge phenomenon was, whether cool or warm to the touch, soft and gentle. It would not kill. Even the manner in which the pulse exploded as bright white discharges of greatly transformed voltage, suggested the way in which gases behave when released from their confinements urtder pressure. These reflective meditations convinced Tesla that this effect was not purely electrical in nature. Closely 38 examining the white flames, Tesla realized why there was no measurable "electrical current" at the crown of these activated coils. The normal heavy charge carriers, electrons, could not travel as quickly as the radiant pulse itself. Choked in the metallic lattice of the coil, electrons became immobile. No electron current moved through the coil at all. The radiant pulse which moved over the coil surface, was therefore not electronic in narure. Additionally, Tesla discovered an amazing phenomenon which removed all doubt concerning the true nature of energetic carriers at work in his apparatus. Tesla arranged a very heavy a U-shaped copper bus-bar, connecting both legs directly to his disrupter primary. Across the legs of this U-shaped busbar were placed several incandescent lamps. The arrangement was a very evident short circuit. The lamps were illuminated to a brilliant cold white light, while being shorted by a heavy copper shunt. Uncharacteristic of particulate current electricity, the bright but cold lamps revealed that another energetic current was indeed flowing through the "short-circuits". Those who obsexved this experiment did not expected it to perform any function save the incineration of the disrupter circuit and possibly of the dynamo itself. Instead of this, witnesses beheld a maxvel. The lamps lit to an uncommon brightness. In this simple demonstration, Tesla was illustrating but one of his many evidences. Electronic charges would prefer the least resistant circuit, rejecting the incandescent bulbs for the copper path. The current in this situation chose to conform with a contradictory principle. Perhaps this was true because the currents were not electrical. Tesla repeatedly used this demonstration to evidence the "fractionation" of currents electronic, from currents neutral. LUMINIFEROUS £THER A single question remained, the answer to which would provide him with the essential information needed to create a new technology. What so separated or "fractioned" the diverse mobile carriers in his Transformer? It was the geometric configuration of the coil which inadvertently separated each component. Electrons were blocked from flowing through the wire length, while the radiant pulse was released over the coil surface as a gaseous pulse. Electrons should have drifted through the wire but, during each impulse period, were blocked by the line resistance. Thus, the gaseous mobile carriers were released to flow outside the wire, a pulse which travelled along the outer coil surface from end to end. Here then was evidence that electrical discharges were indeed composed of several simultaneous mobile species. Tesla now comprehended why his first high frequency alternating currents never evidenced these powerful actions. It was the abruptness, the violence of the impulsive discharge, which gave free 39 mobility to this unsuspected "gaseous" component hnpulses, unidirectional impulses, were the only means by which these potentials could be unlocked. Alternations were absolutely useless in this regard. Moreover, because alternations could not unleash the second gasdynamic component, it remained an unusable and pitifully weak means. Testa forever viewed his high frequency alternating devices as failed projects. This has great bearing on his highly critical views of Marconi and all the others Uke him who pursued high frequency alternating wave radio. Tesla began to study a topic which has found more enemies and critics than any this century. Testa, with greatest interest now, began researching "the cether". Victorian Science came to believe that space, all of space, was absolutely permeated with an ultrafine gas which they termed "rether". It was in this gaseous atmosphere that light was said to be transmitted through space. In fact, space was not viewed as a pure vacuum, .ether filled that vacuum. Some Victorians stated that the rether could, at times, be visibly seen. The golden haze which often fllls spaces within buildings were said to be manifestations of cether gas. These displays could be seen in conditions of minimal humidity and in the absence of aerial dust Others mentioned the colorations often seen with the eyes opened, in a dark room or against a ganzfeld, as evidence of retheric luminations (Reichenbach). In order to satisfy all of the physical dy- namics which eventually became attached to the concept, rether gas acquired several mutually contradictory attributes. Lodge stated that cether gas necessarily existed in a density comparable to that of steel, yet behaved as a fluid. £ther gas was also capable of passing through most substances, a permeating substance having no terrestrial equal. When an experiment designed to measure "cether drift" with light beam interferometry failed, most repudiated the existence of this gaseous space filling atmosphere altogether. Just before this moment in science history however, a wonderful theoretical abstract was published explaining the reality of the cether in chemical terms. If not for the author and his credibility, few would appreciate the import of his assertions. A comprehensive analysis of these contradictory attributes was engaged by Professor Dmitri Mendeleev, "father" of the Periodic Table. Just before the tum of the Century, Dr. Mendeleev produced a wonderful theoretical view which elegantly satisfied each of the reigning contradictions of his day. His work was published years later in a small booklet entitled "A Chemical Conception of The Ether" (1904). Herein, he treated the rether gas as an interstellar atmosphere composed of at least two lighter-than-hydrogen elements. These were produced by violent bombardments in stars, the sun being the most prolific neighboring source. According to Dr. Mendeleev, a!ther gas was an atmosphere probably composed of several different elemental spedes. He anticipated that the two gases would be found. Although these pre-hydrogen elements remained yet unknown, Mendeleev placed them in his Periodic Table 40 just as he did when composing the Table in 1869. These gases were placed in a special "zero gTOUp" preceding the Noble gases. The inertness of these .ether gases explained their elusive "non-reactive" character. The nearly massless state of these different retheric gases explained their ability both to permeate all matter without chemically interacting with it, and the high apparent density of .ether. The lightest and first .ether gas was assigned a theoretical atomic weight one hundred millionth that of hydrogen. The kinetic ve'locity of this first gas was calculated at 2.5 million meters per second. Such a highly mobile and vanishing retheric mass could be rarefied and yet "appear" extremely dense. Dr. Mendeleev fully anticipated that these gaseous elements would someday be found through extraordinary apparatus. Others felt that, in this physical analysis, Dr. Mendeleev had not glimpsed the real .ether at all. Many Victorian claimed that .ether was extremely dense, like a flood of matter which could be felt as a pressure and seen as a multicolored radiance. Tesla ascribed to both of these views. Tesla applied these principles in explaining the actions so visibly at work in his newest apparatus. Macroscopically, radiant shockwaves behaved as a gas- eous impulse having electrical characteristics. This was no ordinary gas however. This "gaseous" component was not atmospheric in the ordinary sense. It was not the result of adsorbed gases on the copper coil surface. This gas pulse travelled over the coil surfaces with super-luminal velocity. Mr. Dollard uti- lized line interferometry to measure and compare both components in a real Tesla Impulse Transformer, and has proven the vast velocity differences be- tween both. Moreover, the mysterious surface-riding component was found to travel at a super-luminal velocity. Those experimental measurement success- fully vindicated the claim of Tesla in this regards in 1985. When referring to these discharges and their strange attributes and effects, Tesla always used gasdynamic terms and gas-dynamic analogues. Throughout his use of such terminology, Tesla was inferring that something unlike normal electricity was flowing through short electrical impulses. That something was indeed behaving like a gas. The gas-dynamic components which rode the outer coil surface required aerodynamically smooth surfaces. Tesla came to believe that dielectric fields were actually composed of .ether streams. Theoretically then, one could derive limitless energy by trapping and conducting a naturally occurring dielectric field line. The problem was that no ordinarily accessible materlal could resist the .ether enough to derive any momentum from it. With a stream so rare as to pass through all known materials, the kinetic energy inherent in dielectric field lines would remain an elusive energy source. T esla beheved he may have found the secret to tapping this energy, but it would not require an ordinary kind of matter. Tesla viewed voltage as streams of .ether under various states of pressure. Raising these stresses could produce enormous .ether streams, where the observed voltages would then be extremely high and luminous. This was the very condition 41 which Tesla had come to believe had been established in his Transformers. In fact, Tesla repeatedly stated that his Transformers effected powerful movements in the ~ther. In one truly mystifying experiment indicative of these comprehension, Tesla describes the production of very rapid impulse trains with a subsequent production of "cool misty white streamers extending a yard into space". These were cool ro the touch, and harmless. Ifelectrical in nature, they would necessarily have been several million volts in potentials. Their harmlessness is coupled with their sinuous nature, one completely unlike electrical currents. Michael Theroux successfully duplicated Teslian experiments with an. apparatus whose secondary was no more than 2 feet in length, with a width of l foot When charged with a powerful electrostatic disruptive device of his own design and construction, Mr. Theroux succeeded in producing flwdic white streamers, sometimes exceeding 12 feet in length! These streamers continually grew in size, reaching the far wall of a cellar laboratory. Sinuous in their twisting manner, he reports that the ends of these branched with lobate ends, an unlikely characteristic for ordinary electricity. Contrasted against the discharges produced by Wimhurst Machines and other Electrostatic devices alone, these white and highly vibrant displays lacked the blue and stark jaggedness commonly associated with sparks termed "electric". In the light of experimental achievements such as these, and their attendant phenomena, we are required to review our theoretical base and reassess our most fundamental conventions. Indeed, to understand Tesla Technology one must eliminate the notion that electrons are the "working flwd" in his radiant energy designs. With the lower coil end connected directly to the dynamo, high voltage ~ther streamers were projected from the upper terminal. When describing each of his relevant patents in this new technology, Tesla forever spoke of"light-like rays" and "the natural medium". The first term refers to the tightly constricted ~ther streams which are propelled from his Transformers along infinitesimal ray Unes, and the latter refers to the all-pervading .ether atmosphere in which his technology operated. Tesla now understood why the coloration of discharges varied so with various impulse durations. Each gas of the retheric abnosphere was being stimulated to luminescence. Tesla repeatedly produced discharge colorations which had no eqwvalent in the common gas spectra prevalent in the terre.strial atmosphere. Colors of blood-red, and sky blue, of peach, and white were each described in detail by Nikola Tesla. Although sharing certain characteristics with electricity, ~therlc energy was a totally different expression. £theric energy held a potential which more nearly matched the expectations of those who dream and wish, a mystery realm. Tesla perceived this kJnshtp between thought and ~therlc energy with keenest intrigue, already planning the several necessary investigations before approaching this potential psychotronic technology. He often exposed himself to the very shortest of ~tlu:r lmpulse radi- 42 ance, discovering the mind-elevating effects grew with time. ..£theric energy demonstrated growth characteristics which Tesla noted with amazement. It is impossible to comprehend Teslian Technology apart from the controversial topic concerning the zther. Many analysts will reject the concept without first seeking out and discovering the proofs which have been established by experimenters such as Eric Dollard. Nevertheless, the overwhelming evidence proves that Tesla had :indeed been first to identify the gases which Dr. Mendeleev had so long predicted. Tesla addressed the notion that rether streams were being pulled through his Transformers, drawn in at higher natural pressure, and accelerated in the sharp electrical discharge. As electrical systems, T esla apparatus cannot completely be understood or explained. One must view Teslian Technology as an rether gas technology, one capable of being explained only through gas-dynamic analogues. It was now easy to understand how such projected rays, a!ther gas streams under high pressure, could penetrate metals and insulators alike. These powerful rays often could penetrate certain materials with inexplicable efficiency. Electricity did not perform these wonders. Tesla also now understood why these discharge streams produced their smoothly hissing sounds, visibly appearing like gas jets under high pressure. ..£ther gas under pressure. But what of the other characteristics of this gaseous component? Here was a new world of forces and dynamics vaguely glimpsed by researchers such as Luigi Galvani who, in order to release the more vitalizing components observed in metals which were aerially disposed or grounded, persistently sought the elimination of electronic charge. Tesla was completely mystified. He had successfully released the mystery current, normally suppressed and bound in electronic charge caniers. Unidirectional impulsive discharges of high voltage and abrupt durapons released them. What other potentials would a!ther gas technology release? BROADCAST POWER The original cylindrical coils were quickly replaced with cone shaped coils. With these bizarre geometries, Tesla was able to focus the gas-dynamic component, which now rose up like a jet of hissing white light from the coil tip. Tesla recognized that these discharges, while spectacular and awe inspiring, actually represented lost power. A power broadcast station had to evenly disperse the energetic radiance in all directions . Flame-like discharges caused the available power to undulate in space. This would produce unpredictable power drops at great distances. Consumers would not receive a reliable and consistent stream of energy. If his Power Transformer was to operate with highest broadcast efficiency, these flame-like discharges necessarily had to be suppressed. But suppressing these excessive ~ther jets proved problematic. 43 Tesla found that the white flimmering streams were absorbed in large ca· pacity volumes, masses in which the streams were absorbed, filtered, and expelled. The use of copper spheres atop his Transformers forced the streams sufficiently apart to suppress the white flame. Power was now evenly dispersed throughout space as required. But a new problem appeared. The copper spheres, being impacted by the high voltage streams which they were forced to now conduct, expelled electronic components. These appeared along with the radiance, producing truly dangerous conditions. The problem was stimulated by conduction, a case where the spherical copper ball was impacted throughout its volume. The white tlimmering streams permeated the copper and expelled electrons. These contaminants concentrated their escape from the system as harmful, blue stinging dartlets. By comparison, the white flame-like discharge was a smooth and harmless glow. Comparing the two species, Tesla recognized the difference in charge carriers. Tesla was once nearly killed when one such dartlet jumped three feet through the air and struck him directly over the heart The copper spheres had to be removed and replaced by another dispersion component. Metals were apparently of no utility in this case, being natural reservoirs of electrons. Tesla eventually suggested that metals manufactured electrons when impacted with these special flame-white currents, the carriers in the white flames becoming concentrated within the metallic lattice. This concept was later developed into an amazing theory by Tesla, one which thoroughly explains natural radioactiv- ity as the result of impact. While developing new lamps for his power system, Tesla discovered that gas-filled globes could provide more efficient suppression capacity for flaring cether streams, and promptly directed that his transformers be surmounted with such globes. The absence of metal mass eliminated the possibility that cether impulses could impact the metal lattice and expel electronic charges. These gas-globe terminals dispersed only the pure retheric stream, a perfect solution for his original dilemma. Tesla now found himself in possession of components necessary to establishing his Power Broadcast System on a commercial basis. He had already observed how the very air near these Transformers could be rendered strangely self-luminous. This was a light like no high frequency coil ever could produce, a corona of white brilliance which expanded to ever enlarging diameters. The light from Tesla Transformers continually expands. Tesla described the growing column of light which surrounds any elevated line which has been connected to his Transformers. Unlike common high frequency alternations, Tesla radiant energy effects grow with time. Tesla recognized the reason for this temporal growth process. There were no reversals in the source discharges, therefore the radiant energy would never remove the work performed on any space or material so exposed. As with the unidirectional impulse discharges, the radiant electric effects were additive and accu· 44 mulative. In this respect, Tesla observed energy magnifications which seemed totally anomalous to ordinary engineering convention. It was easy to control the brilliance of a room by controlling the voltage in his transformers. The light from this sort of illumination was curiously bright to human perception, but nearly impossible to photograph on film. Tesla found it necessary to make long time exposures of his discharges before the faintest sort of streamers could be made visible. This strange inability to register photographically was contrasted against the brilliance perceived in the eyes, one which required delicate control. Tesla also designed, built, and utilized large globe lamps which required only a single external plate for receiving the radiant energies. However distantly placed from the radiant source, these lamps became brilliantly illuminated. Theirs was a brilliance approaclling that of an arc lamp, and exceeding any of the conventional Edison filament lamps by several factors. It was also easy for Tesla to control the heat of any space. By controlling both the voltage and impulse duration of energy in his Transformers, Tesla could heat up a room. Cool breezes could also be arranged by appropriately setting the impulse duration. Tesla was amazed by the fact that mass ratios governed the efficient operation of his ~ther T ransfonners. The wonderful fact that mass ratios provided the most efficient transaction of broadcast energy was the mystifying reminder that these energies were not electrical. No electrical law existed in just such a bizarre format, not even when describing inductions between high frequency alternators. The original gas-dynamic implication inherent in this strange ratio requirement was confirmed. Now Tesla designed receiving apparatus for his future consumers. The mass of home receiving coils had to match the equivalent mass of the central transmitting coils of the broadcast center. Tesla matched coils and capacitors to produce this equivalent mass ratio, satisfying the natural requirements of the retheric radiance. An elevated ball-like terminal would receive the broadcast energy, conveying it down into a central home--induction was the result of limits imposed by existing technology. Magneto-induction used electrons and not aether to effect force exchanges. Because electrons were not ultimate particles, not the ultimate particles generated in Nature, they could not supply an endless source of momentum. These induction devices had to be moved to produce motion! Tesla already saw the directions in which his technology could move. The elimination of electrons from alther currents already provided him with uncommon activities. Uncomm on at least .from the standpoint of pure "electric" or "electrical" phenomena, here were effects which could find no resolution in electrical science. This was .ether physics, the foundation of an unknown and unexplored real."ll. Tesla knew that the resultant technology from this realm would change the world in more ways than even he could yet realize. New and more powerful expressions of this aetheric streaming action were produced in his nitrogen supplied magnetic disrupter. The abrupt high voltage discharge applied by his dynamo managed to first expand the electron-constricted .ether streams beyond their normal cross-section. The nascent electrons were made to pass in a burst through a magnetic field, to which they powerfully responded. JEther is neutral. Tesla saw that electrical currents were actually streams of rether and its surrounding "twist" of electrons. In this regards, the chief attribute of nitrogen in the magnetic disrupter seemed to be 49 the absorption and removal of electrons from the stream. It was obvious that this system effectively and forcefully separated electrons from the neutral rether particles inherent in the dynamo-supplied current. Once the rether stream had been cleared of its too constricting electronic envelope, it could flow freely. The current remaining in the disrupter was a purified retheric stream. It was this stream which was visible, flowing a bright silver-white light between the electrodes. This stream continued flowing through the thick copper strap. Bursts of rether were thus applied to any object '\\oithin the copper strap, an exposure which produced uncommon effects. Tesla sought the elimination of copper from his transformers. Tesla designed a hollow tubular glass Transformer which was to utilize a special gas medium in place of the copper wire. Tesla believed that this design would produce the most purified retheric streams imaginable. The elimination of copper would prevent any subsequent electronic manufacture capable of contaminating his magnetically purified rether streams. It is in fact probable that he did experiment with these designs. The magnetic nitrogen gas disrupter was developed well beyond even this stage. Until well into the 1930's, Tesla continued to speak of the device capable of producing intense rays. It was an open ended tube, one which surrounded an electrified terminal with a streaming jet of "suitable fluid". Through such means, Tesla claimed the release of collimated rays having "transcendent intensity". Tesla therefore appropriated means by which electrons were eliminated from currents, while retheric components were accelerated and released. Tesla was no longer working with "electricity". Tesla worked with rether currents. New and startling effects could be obtained when once the separation process, the fraotioning process, had been engaged. Tesla found that rether streams, though harmless to the body, were often devastating for more metallic things. Passage through various kinds of matter always produced new and strange effects. To illustrate the fact that these currents were not electrical, not some new manifestation of electronic current, Tesla often publicly performed a very strange demonstration. He grasped the upper terminal ofone of his large Transformers with one hand, while in the other hand holding a thick metal bar. lEther current flowed through carbonaceous and watery media without harm. Nevertheless, Tesla dramatically proved the strange bombarding power of these non-electronic currents as the metal in his hand either melted or exploded. The reaction of materials was entirely due to the bombardment effect of tether on the matter. But matter aJlone was not the only variable which could effect new retheric phenomena. Geometries also shaped the phenomena. Highly segmented geometries fractioned electronic charge from rether by resisting and blocking the electrons normally constrained to move through the wire length. Blocked by the high resistant because of impulsive applications of current, rether was free to surge over the segments fluidically. Tesla now saw that the ability of rether to pass over segmented metallic surfaces, such as his 50 helical and spiral Transformers, was only a fortuitous attribute. It was accidental that he observed this phenomenon at all. But Tesla found numerous other attributes of this energetic stream, attributes which manifested themselves only when rether interacted with certain materials and laboratory components. All important to these responses of lether, among the synunetries of metals and insulators, was the impulse duration applied in generating the stream. It was the brevity of each impulse in the projected train which stimulated each response. £theric streams could be projected in extremely parallel paths by solid sheets of polished metal. Concave mirrors focussed the streams. Cone shaped hoods focussed the streams. Placing gas filled spheres in copper cylinders produced potent and directed rays. Tesla investigated the various aspects of rays which his transmitters now projected with great interest His radiant system was like no other. This projective radiance bore all the characteristics of light, yet was invisible. Tesla called these manifestations "dark rays" and "dark light". He found that they could be reflected when both their impulse rate was a specific interval, and when appropriate metal surfaces were intercepted. Tesla observed that shadowgraphs could be made by his beam projectors when intercepted by photographic ftlms. He accidentally discovered the effect whUe using light from his beam projectors to photograph himself and several friends. The developed image was one which revealed far more than the portrait itself. Tesla found that "dark rays" could pass through walls, producing images on fluorescent screens. The effects were not X-Rays, being reflected from thick metal walls. With the simple first such projectors, Nikola Tesla found it possible to wirelessly illuminate lamps at great distances, push objects, charge objects, and bum holes through objects. In short, any amount of power could be delivered along the beamray channels. In this we glimpse subatomic particle streams not completely electronic in nature. The abrupt disruption of current stimulates an energetic release, the result of violence done to matter. Tesla found it possible to focus and beam these rays, effects which many have sought to reproduce. But despite the repeated failure of academes and well-intentioned experimenters to reproduce these effects, one individual dominates the scene. In these most important demonstrations, vindications of Teslian Technology, it must be mentioned that Eric Dollard successfully reproduced several of these effects and made the results available in a series of videocassettes. In these, Mr. Dollard demonstrates the charging of capacitors by the radiant emission of impulse-supplied vacuum lamps. This charging action occurred across a small space between the side of these lamps and the blunt face of a high voltage capacitor. This anomalous feat was also followed by a remarkable demonstration of massrepulsion, and another of mass-attraction. In addition, while using gaseous projector tubes as Tesla prescribes, Mr. Dollard demonstrated the transmission of pulsating rether across the laboratory, with the subsequent absorption 5 1 and conversion of the same into a measurable current Tesla discussed the possibility of beaming energy directly into the night sky, causing the very air to fluoresce. In such discussions, he suggested that night illwnination of the sky could be used by ocean going vessels as a feature of safety. In connection with these topics, he stimulated much exciting thought on the notion that energy could be obtained from the sky, once a "world system" of beamray transmitters was established. No doubt, those whose fortunes relied on fuel and powerlines did not appreciate these candid talks. It was well appreciated that Tesla could achieve the seemingly impossible things of wtuch he so openly spoke. RADIANT ENERGY All of these empirical discoveries brought Tesla into the fascinating examination of ~ether stream behavior in matter in 1891. ./Ether behaved in strange ways when forced to tunnel through metals, gases, stone, glasses, jewels. In its fundamental principles, Teslian Technology involves impact and force exchange. In methodic succession, Tesla found which metals and organic substances ~etheric streams penetrate without resistance. He also determined which materials offered considerable resistance to the streams, a valuable piece of information. The fact that ~ether streams could be substantially deformed in passing through certain such materials indicated the degree to which such materials were internally arranged. When ~ether streams were compelled to flow through given metals, usually good electrical conductors such as silver and copper, the particulate impacts released new species. These often appeared as darting sparks of various colorations, contaminating the pure ~etheric flow. .tEther particles were extremely mobile, virtually massless when compared with electrons, and could therefore pass through matter with very little effort. Fleetrans could not "keep up" with either the velocity or the permeability of ~etheric particles. According to this view, ~ether particles were infinitesimals, very much smaller than electrons themselves. The ~etheric carriers contained momentum. Their extreme velocity matched their nearly massless nature, the product of both becoming a sizable quantity. They moved with superluminal velocity, a result of their incompressible and massless nature. Whenever a directed radiant matter impulse begins from some point in space, an incompressible movement occurs instantly through space to all points along that path. Such movement occurs as a solid ray, an action defying modern considerations of signal retardations in space. Incompressible rayllnes can move through any distance instantly. Should the path be 300,001 kilometers long, the impulse at the source end will each that point as quickly as at all other points. This is superluminal velocity. Radiant matter behaved incompressibly. In effect, this stream of radiant matter, virtually massless and 52 hydrodynamically incompressible, was a pure energy! Radiant Energy. In addition to this inherent momentum, rether streams would actually inter- act with matter only with the proper conductive materials were stressed with the proper impulse intervals. This understanding provided an essential clue to the real nature of matter and energy, a foundation which was empirically pioneered by Tesla and theoretically developed by Dr. Gustav LeBon. The interchange of energy into matter and matter into energy presupposed a fundamental "materium". Victorians considered the retheric gases to be this materiurn. One could theoretically pass a concentrated rether stream through any material and produce new elements and energetic emanations. These transitions occWTed as a continuum which lacked any fixed "stations" of mass or of energy. For Victorians, the progressive passage from matter into energy or from energy to matter did not occur in fixed "quanta". Tesla had the first experimental evidence that this was indeed possible. His statements concerning material generation and transmutation were perceived as ravings. Opinions be damned. Superior technology affords a very few researchers with access to deeper than conventional realities. Nature reveals levels which form the infrastructure to things observable through available scientific means. Deeper infrastructures require a succession of superior technologies, the gantries of Nature being thus reveled to equipped human explorers. Regardless of opinion, Testa found all to numerous facts which later contradicted the emerging science of quantum physics. Despite its promoted openness to skeptical analysis, academic science has always demonstrated its unfortunate tendency to universalize every theory which offers some explanation for a part of natural phenomena. In this we perceive an essential and knowledg~evastating flaw. Enlarging the microscopic issues to encompass the whole is worse than a tragic myopic lapse. In the bold face of plentiferous natural contradictions, it is laughable evidence of stubborn pride at academic levels supposedly incapable of exercising such base human sentiments. All too flawed and all too human. Be sure of this, Nature cannot be codified in the simplistic dynamics of moving matter and energetic exchanges. Nature is far more integrated and articulate, endowed with potentials not now thought scientific. Indeed in the retheric continuum, there are none of the graphic details concerning quanta. There are no structured levels, no quanta, in which retheric energy is constrained. Quantwn physics applies to a very specific realm of energetic transactions, one whose properties are entirely bound up in considerations of inertia. The physics of the !~!theric continuum knows no such limitations, details, or rigorous fixtures. Incompressible, infinitesimal in cross sections, rether gases permeate matter. Tesla stated that all kinetic energy was ultimately traceable directly back to the retheric atmosphere. .£theric movements provoke the "inertia" in Nature. In exploring the ultra-gaseous retheric medium, Tesla produced a method for bombarding various materials with intensely concentrated retheric streams. This first began with his search for a 53 superior