VOLUME 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMENTARY VRIL TRANSDUCERS VRIL INTENSIFIERS VRIL RATE TUNERS DISTRIBUTING SIGNAL WITH MEANING - SECTION 1 COMMENTARY · VRIL COMPENDIUM VI VRIL is primary. VRIL is sensate and insensate experience. Consciousness floods and interthreads the UDiverse. Not to transad in VRIL is not to be CODScious. Not to be empowered by VRIL is not to know 1rue experience. We know VRIL UDiverse through meanings. VRIL UDiverse is composed of meanings. Meanings impact inertial space. Inertia space cavitates with degenerate patterns and by-products. By-products are degenemte responses of inertial space in VRIL projective impads. Inertial science studies VRIL ini1iated degenerate detritus. We do not know VRIL UDiverse through examinations. We transact in VRIL mean- ings. VRIL gives vision. VRIL transactivity is our access to VRIL living UDiverse. We access VRIL via material contacts. Eidetic "leaks" made inter-dimensional terminals. Visceral responses are strong at material nodes because ofVRIL eidetic leakage. Charge (inertial detritus) forms spontaneously in specific materials because of eidetic inter- dimensional leakages. Materials exhibit eidetic nodes in volumetric distribution. Touch contact with eidetic nodes yields spontaneous eidetic tamsaction in absence of effort. Visceral and eidetic nodes coincide. Ground VRIL saturates geometrically disposed systems. Ground VRIL transacts eidetic information. Floreolar VRIL threads emanate ex nihilo. VRIL tloreolar threads project glorious and world permeating purities. Floreolar threads of VRIL fundamental space ue absolute. VRIL dendritic perfoliations form VRIL experiential crystallographic infrastructure. : Apparent experience is VRIL projected. VRlL infrastructure is experiential struc. tore. Eidetic experience defines VRIL structure dimensions. VRIL structure contradicts appanmt world strw:ture. VRIL crystallography generates and sustains being. Meaningful message are its chief transactivities. Absolute VRIL nature is persona. We must absorb its meaningful messages directly. VRIL apparent world is a horizontal stmtification. This VRIL Template is especially active in VRIL empirical operation of VRIL wileless arts. Early empirical researchers confused VRIL and inertial detritus. VRIL tDDverses lodestone crystal fiom south to north and continues in its tlueady path through space. Inertial polarimtions emerge from VRIL lodestone mass and imptess pattems in impacted inertial space. "Fields of faKe" are VRIL impact patterns in inertial space. Inertial pleSSUl'e does not transad eidetically. VRIL does effect viscem-eidetic tamsactions which may be sensed from VRIL south pole magnetic faces. Song and vocal utterances magnify this effect. Material ~gements project non electro-detrital visceral energies (Galvani, Mesmer). Numerous MCODt successthl desips were varieties based on early concepts (Perrigo, Hendershot, Coler, Bbmllaatft). We are to experience and not merely measul'e. VRIL fundamental axioms ofVRIL Science demand participatory experience in native VRIL phenomena. VRIL tran&activities are experiential. We must tl'aDsact with phenomena befont desiping technology. VRIL Science studies native phenomena. VRIL Technology employs native phe- nomena in VRIL design ofeidetic ttansadive systems. Minerals, crystals, organic substances, and metals are needed for VRIL inten:eption of eidetic knowledge. Materials are VRIL detectors by which eidetic knowledge is gleaned amid VRIL ever-transactive VRIL UDiverse. Materials which compose VRIL structure of telegraphic components focus and blend specific eidetic worlds. Meanings generate and sustain systems and component structlJle-integrity. VRIL is euhosted in and through specific designs. Design structmes are projected and sustained. Desipers ntceive envisioned nwelations. Desips exhibit quasi-intelligent behavior when made. VRlL quality of transactions are savored by VRIL-sensitive designers with aims toward realizing perfection in system function. VRIL empirical desip and efficacious use of specific components was developed throughout telegraphic history. Components prove effective because offundamental VRIL conductivity. HUD18D VRIL matched VR1L transactions are specific. Organismic requinmlen1S determine transactor design. Organismic transaction in VRIL systems requires special minerals and substances which soften auric inta:Wiation. Properly designed VRIL transactors enhance and engage human consciousness. Degree of eidetic communion is determined by tmnsactivity of minerals, crystals, metals, organic substances, material configuration, and materio-organismic ~tact. Successful design of usable apparatus de- pends totally upon user requirements and limits. VRIL Technology is determined effort to create humanly valuable VRIL Transactions. VRIL Teclmology bas as its goal VRlL magnification. VRIL experience must be magnified and projected in inertial space. VRIL experience is maximum human· experience. Eidetic experience is MVealed through material stmctures. VRIL identity and behavior ofmaterial designs suggests that special VRIL states exist. Designs of specific form and function opemte within specific VRIL states and draw existence fiom those states. VRlL states encompass vast experiential spaces. We call vast experiential spaces Templates. VRIL Templates are independent, superimposed, and interactive. Template Structure repnt- sents creative permutations. Each Template is a specific experiential state. Templates exist in a vast and complexly interwoven hierarchy. VRIL eidetic worlds impad VRIL inertial space. VRIL Templates exist in noninertial spaces. Inertial space is not UDiversal. Inertial space is not ever-present. Inertial space exists in specific, limited, experiential concentmtions. Sensate VRIL is ground densified and ground-configuRd. Insensate VRIL is spaceconfigured and space-densified. Sensate VRIL tlueadways, juncturas, and nodes exist as ground distributions. At this boundaly surJBce human society exists, experiencing self-surging, self-determined, and self-balancing eidetic transactions between space and ground. Specific VRIL active devices enhost specific VRIL Templates. We know of fundamental VRIL Templates from common observation of natural conditions. VR1L existence ofmatter and space is a fundamental Template. We infer VRIL existence ofmuch more fundamental Templates which are deeply inac:cessible to human apprehension. Templates mutually transmeld Foundational Templates permute and become VRIL Templates. Each now permutation Template con- tams ghostlike frames of all former VRIL Templates. VRIL existence of matter and space contain mutually qualidial messages fiom ultimately more ancient Templates. In matter and space we detect pre-archaic synaesthesic qualities. Fonn, beauty, intent, 1 direction, proliferation, consciousness, un- into natum1 Template Systems were legend- expected change, relationship: fundamental ary. Loomis projected aerial terminals and qualities emerge among VRIL things which signalled telegraphically through VRIL dis- are seen and known. 8-fold qualities hail tant ground. Stubblefield utilized VR1L self- from a more fundamental Template which articulating VRIL threadways in VRIL exceeds our grasp. One experiences their ground and exchanged vocal utterance with ultimate purities in stages of VRIL eidetic clarity to great distance. Ruth Drown man- communion. aged exceptional shadowgraphs of inacces- Eidetic experience of ancient universal sible anatomical views through self-articu- past is densified in VRIL. ground. Common late ground activations. experience is apparently mertialized and Attentions focussed by and into a spe- stratified. Stratified experience represents a cific VRIL Template may dominate om con- distinct VRIL Template. Systems haphaz- sciousness for a time. Inter-relationihip ardly have triggered specific Template ac- among VRIL Templates is difficult for us. tivities among componentry. Tnmsactivities We are slow to manage inter-Template reso- am ex1l'eme when condenser configurations nances. Sentient mastery enters fundamental are deliberately ammged. Sentient agency Templates. Template cotTespondence (in- and co-creative participations may trigger temctive resonance) fixes and clarifies VRIL permutations in condenser arrangments. Per- Template crystallogmphy for VRIL opera- mutations may be arranged and magnified tor. by VRIL condensers. Generative sustainer of eidetic worlds is VRIL Alchymy releases sudden and to- VRIL. VRIL impacts inertia in highly tal unexpected changes in worlds. Ammged brancated black glowing dendrites. VRIL is permutations become Templates. Devices self-generating consciousness. VRIL is ev- and designs draw smmgth of being from ery foundation ofexistence. VRIL underghds parent Templates. Wireless was an event om experience. VRIL foundational deep- triggered in VRIL permutations. ness cannot be consciously reached. VRIL Designers function as prophets and as generates and empowers ideas. VRIL sub- active agents in VRIL Space. Designers may dues, dissolves, and dispels inertial space. build what has been made possible by some VRIL ideas are pre-eminent in inertial space. teeent permutational change. A. new Tem- VRIL ideations flood the universe. The VRIL plate demands specific forms and functions. universe is a VRIL dendritic network of VRIL archeforms manifest Template reso-. consciousness. uance. Telegraphy used rectangular geom- VRIL self-articulates. Humanly designed etry. Wireless used triangular foiDlS. Geom- systems add artificial impulse to VRIL func- etry informs of VRIL Template category. tions. Humanly designed systems assign ar- Inventors and creative artists fulfill new tificial codes toward information transfer- potentials. Cultural struggle over Template ence. Positional and temporal assignments boundaries. Factions dehoerate over Tem- are fixed in code. Signals, print, and speech plate emergence. are coded transfem. Signals, print, and speech VRIL operators enter each new Tem- effect changes in VRIL inertial sensory space. plate and maintain progressive quest along Formative VRIL vowel uttemnces are fun- mysterious VRIL themes. Designers struc- damental expressives. ture condenser devices which trigger VRIL Formative VRIL expressives modify permutational change. Designs am received regions and districts. Insensate VRIL trans- through revelatory visions and reveal VRIL actions occm during many specific material mtent. Structured capacitor designs trigger transactions. Insensate transaction modifies Template presence. Designs draw upon Tem- organismic participatory response. Insen- plates for transactivities. Behavior of de- sate transaction occurs as mysterious forma- vices is determined by VRIL Templates. tive sensory language. Participants receive VRIL Templates may be catalogued. deep formative VRIL penetrations. Telegraphic and telephonic systems in- Each VRIL thread contains formative c:mredVRIL activepresence ofspecific VRIL information of every VRIL eidetic world. Templates. VRIL Template Structure did VRIL self-articulates. Materials exluoit ei- not require technological re-creations ofwhat detic nodes in volumetric distribution. Touch already existed. Redundant enterprise builds contact with eidetic nodes yields spontane- what exists in VRIL Templates. Aerial guide- ous eidetic transaction in absence of effort. lines and buried cables were redundant. Visceral and eidetic nodes coincide in sensi- Stubblefield proved this fact. VRIL Tem- tive materials. Ground VRIL saturates geo- plate of horizontal stratification had already metrically disposed systems. Ground VRIL densified VRIL self-articulate channeby in transacts eidetic information. ground and space. Ground is generated, sustained, and Designers who successfully resonated structured on VRIL channels. VRIL chan- nels density in deep VRIL ground. VRIL permeates projected space. Black radiant space is VRIL striated bundles in highest projectivity (potential). Eidetic transaction between communicants permits instantaneous knowledge of interpersonal qualities. Eidetic teSOlution may be modified via appropriate tuning assemblages. Eidetic images are experiential. Eidetic images maintain self-articulated integrity. Eidetic images maintain resolution along VRIL threadways. Space surrounding VRIL groUDd nodes is eidetically projected. Apparent world integrity depends on VRIL nodes. VRIL nodes suftbse and sustain vitality in void apparent world infta-structure. VRIL revelations provide short-cuts through which we achieve futura1 science. VRIL eidetic messagings dinlct and re-structure human consciousness into its deepest potentials. VRIL eidetic consciousness breaks VRIL inertial bondage to VRIL 5-sensory degenerate perceptive mode. FlomoJar dnads emanate ex nihilo. Projective tlomoJar VRIL threads emauate from exceedingly glorious and world permeating pmities. VRIL tloreolar threads of fundamental space are absolute and form the crystallographic infrastructure. VRU.. projects experience. VRU.. worlds supply meaning and quality to the void apparent world inftastructure. VRIL structure is experiential. VRIL crystallography generates and sustains our being. Meaningful message are projected into om world. We directly absorb VRIL meaningful messages. Personal VRIL traDsactivity is eidetic. Space crystallography magnified in VRIL ground nodes. VRIL nodes project enthralling eidetic trausactivities. Projected VRIL worlds supply the apparent world. Eidetic transactivity is tnnscendent experience. Innennost desires seem reach satisfactory guidance in VRIL transactions. VRIL projects flooding and overwhelming relief. Permeatingjoyis projected from VRILnodes. Ground nodes dissolve inertial strains, tensions, and negativities which accompany organisms in inertial space. VRIL permeating presence of consciousness is the universal VRIL structure. Technologically entuned VRIL nodes sustain clarity and power. Inertial space distorts eidetic projective organization. Human experience of apparent reality ishighly distorted. VRIL groundnodes project clarity. Anomalous eidetic projections remove inertial space effects in districts. P~tual clarity frightens inertialized humanity. VRIL Science studies native phenomena which enable eidetic entunement and magnification. 2 Sensate VRIL is ground-densified. Contact with ground nodes is contact with VRIL. Fundamental black glowing tloreolar tlueads project SIIUctUred ground massives. VRIL ground is tloreolar thread convolution. VRIL ground is VRIL stratum. VRIL ground projects our being. Insensate dynamic transactions proceed in absence ofour direct knowledge. We must participate with VRIL eidetic projections. V~ meanings and messages ate the universal blood. We function as fully sentient beings in eidetic transactions. VRIL generates and empowers ideas. VRIL subdues inertial spaA via eidetic projections. VRIL ideas pre-eminate inertial world. Because ofVRIL ideas we may actually proye VRIL living natunt ofVRIL universe. VRIL universe is a VRIL dendritic network of consciousness. Innumerably endless worlds ate VRIL projected. We experience VRIL deepness in simultaneous awe and dread. VRIL deep experience is an ultimate confiontation of fearful aspect. VRIL deepest appearance is frightening and wondrous. The vibrant thready VRIL spark from which our very being is generated. VRIL directs specific individuals to arrange condenser configurations through which it may permute. This participational experience is very deeply ~tional. Those who are transformed through VRIL interfusion surrender to its every inclination. VR1L is independent self-sufficiency. VRIL is VRIL living being. VRIL is the space persona. Sustainedexperiential contactwith VRIL is posstble with special technological appliances. Leamed experiences ate permanent in VRIL organism. VRIL threadways mutually interact. VRIL nodes are present everywhere. VRIL is organismically envisioned naturally and readily in VRIL nodes. VRIL sensitivity is the direct result of frequenting Y.RlL nodes. Familiarity with VRIL allows iDcreased VRIL sensitivity: a process of . personal 1ransformation. VRIL transactivity is personal transmutation. VRIL draws hUID8D attentions mostpowerfully into its bnmcated threads. VRIL is the organic-ceystalline presence from which all reality is drawn. VRIL pappilate glowing black threads spread throughout projected worlds. VRIL ground nodes ate mind-ground nodes. VRIL ground nodes ate social centres. VRIL ground nodes modulate history and society dinctly. Proper activation and operation ofVRIL ground nodes raises consciousness. VRIL transactivities give experience of VR1L whole worlds. VRIL brancated tlueads transact VRIL enlivening power. VRIL transactivity gives vision. VRIL transactivities entrain the VRIL sensory mode. Synaptic transaction gives VRIL communion. VRIL threads drive ganglial synapses. VRIL sensory mode is suppressed by inertial space. S-sensor obser- vation is not experiential communion with VRIL universe. S-sensor observation is d. formed and distorted VRIL experience. S- s- sensor observation is inferior sensation. sensor observation never pennits direct communion with VRIL projective species in VRIL experiential universe. Excessive dependence on S-sensor observation generates VRIL alienation and nihilism of inatialistic science. S-sensor observation can only be proven through VRIL closure provided by inertially distorted space. Inertial science studies, codifies, and descnbes inertial surfaces and topological dy- uamic:s. Excessive involvement in VRIL de- mands of inertialized apparent world distracts and delays development ofVRIL sensory mode. VRIL meaning is the universe. VRIL gives meaning. VRIL meaning floods and suftbses VRIL universe. The universe is VRIL projected. VRIL eidetic transaction is communion. Inertial examination is mere observation. VRIL is the universal medium. VRIL archeforms manifest geometric infrastructures in inertial detritus. Inertial detritus is studied by inertial mechanists. Floreolar threads dissolve detrital distnbution. VRIL ucheforms manifest in matter. v~ archeforms transcend skeletal outlines of inertial detritus. Minerals, crystal, organic substances, and metals ate projected VRIL cascades in ~ inertial space. VRIL is multidimensional transactivity. VRIL s1ructures ate located in natural settings. Bntuned VRIL nodes give experience of meta-dimensional relationship and multilocatioual aW'IU'elless. ~ traDsactive minerals and me1als interlink hUID8D organism with ground thread to give distant vision of geo-regions and eidetic worlds. VRIL naturally forms multiple associations and cohesions. VRIL gives inter- relational experiences of bilocation. Organismic approach in VRIL natural ground nodes projects tlickerings of eidetic worlds. Viscero-eidetic transactions ate observed spontaneously across groundworks. Bmncate threads may remain insensate. Interflowing brancate tlueads engage in mutual insensate- sensate balance. VRIL interflowing brancate tlueads enlarge local vision against inertial space. Human IITIDgements of minerals and metals blend intertlowing braucate experi- ential threads. VRIL transactivity occurs in VRIL nodes. VRIL projects ~ineral, vegetable, and animal forms. VRIL is simullaneously crystallic and fluidic. VRIL appears in tloreolar displays. Delicate VRIL threads compose VRIL tissues of tlowen. VRIL threads compose minerals and metal fili- grees in rock. VRIL extends~ ganglia of organismic integrity. ~ projects thready plasmial resplendence of VRIL galaxies. VRIL is fundamental universal experiential form. Older studies of Geomancy wem con- cemed only with the VITAL BARTII. The VRIL World of vibrant self-generating ac- tivities was mapped with greatest preci- sion among the geomanccn. Geomancy com- prehended why lodes, metals veins, crystal cavities, and organic substances were dis- tnbuted as they wem. G eo man c y comprehended eidetically transactive componentry of earth. Involvement with living and active pres- ence remains unappreciated by those who seek INERTIAL MECHANISM in explaua- tion of EIDBTIC EXPERIENCE. Between the two extremes them can be no common meeting. Inertial science is a specific branch of VRIL Science. Inertial Science marks dynamical behavior of inertial space before, during. and after VRIL projected impacts. ~ Science coUates and notes signifi- candy endless viscero-eidetic transactions. Each transactivity otTers new experiences and technological abilities. VRIL Science recognizes viscero-eidetic transac:tivities from inertio-detrital patterns caused by space- cavitation. ~TRANSDUCERS Human auric contacts are organismic signals; whether through touch (telegmphy) or speech (telephony). HUID8D auric contact is VRIL thread contact. ~ superior eidetic transaction among communicants through telephonic assemblies has its basis in auric transactions. Telephonic assemblies organismically VRIL connect. Telephonic configurations transact exceptional VRIL eidetic experiences. VRIL organismic conductions of VRIL threads generate, enliven, and sustain beings. Organismically conductedVRIL threads project from VRIL body as thready striations and tufts against ~ inertial space. VRIL spreads out feathery aura threads in sequence upon carbon. VRIL auras become tloreolar in carbon. VRIL tlueads do intensify .at spe- cific nodes along carbon surface when ground contact is provided. Eidetic contact l1X(UiRs VRIL node contact in matter. Eidetic communications requjre ~ node ground contact. VRIL thread body projections are tufted 3 and striated. Auric interactions and interblendings may be detected among sentient beings and objects. Organismic VRn. aurae in proximity with specific material configurations are powerfully drawn .into systems. System-condud'ed VRIL threads merge with applied aurae to provide viscero-eidetic transactions among communicants. Numerous viscero-eidetic experiences are constantly transacting among participants. Old telephonic systems provided direct experience of eidetic ·worlds. Direct eidetic contact among communicants is received through ground and aerial VRIL nodes. Varieties of transactive components appeared during telegraphic and telephonic development. These components became primaly tools ofradionists. Various stages of developing Wileless implemented each previous technological development as componentry. Energetic interactions occur between VRIL and electro-inertial intenup- tions. Comprehending VR.IL separate func- tion ofeach component is humanly valuable. We find chokes tunable coils resistors tunable (c&Ibon) resistors rheostats resistance coils chemo-electric batteries branches groundplates and wire conduction paths. Cin:uit elements are not primary electrical components. VRIL transactivity engages whole aggregates. VRIL transactive systems exhibit viscero-eidetic abenat:ions not explained through inertial science. Telegmphic and telephonic systems were designed from visions and built through empirical means. Patented components worlced. System designers assumed that every empirical feature was serving obscure "electrical" functions. Erroneous empirical reductions became dogmatically fixed as "electrical law". It became impossible for researchers to dissociate artificial effects from VRIL activities. Empiricists employed VRIL Vision in order to discem VRn. activities functions and potentials of every (supposed ~lectric) artifice. VRIL instantaneous presence responds to VRIL-organic stimulations. Telephonic devices are VRIL permeable. All matter projects VRIL eidetic consciousness. Each metal, mineral, crystal, and organic substance projects VRIL consciousness in viscero-eidetic transactivities. Viscero-eidetic intelligence is modified in transactive devices. Transactive devices enjoin eidetic projections of matter toward specific transactions. VRIL Science studies transactions ofmaterial configurations. VRIL generates, projects, infuses, and sustains all materials. VRIL minerals, crystals, organic materials, massives, and metals are gener- ated in situ. VRIL generated material has specific context in situ. Novel VRn. transac- tions released when VRIL active minerals and metals are removed from sites of genera- tion. Study ofmaterial transactors gives abil- ity in altering inertial space. Study of mate- rial transactors gives ability in altering expe- rience. Viscera-eidetic intelligence is transacted through wire lines. VRIL transactions occur through articulate conduction. VRIL trans- actions do not require artificial impulse or code. Telegraphic and telephonic systems do not 1ransaet intelligence through inertio-de- trital undulations. Intelligence is transacted through articulate VRIL conduction patterns. Empathic emanation may be absorbed and recovered through exce«tingly simple apparatus. Empathic emanations can be trans- mitted over conductive lines. Discoveries of viscero-eidetic transaction in natural and human-made media are extant. Ganglial conduction of special VRIL tranchman during a thunderstorm. Galvani distinguished between both VRIL viscero- tonic energies and life-killing detrital by- products. Inertial shocks were engaged in various experiments with human participants (Salva, von Guericke, S.Grey, Franklin). Partici- pants became ill from these detrital species. Voltaic shocks could kill. Electro-inertial shocks correlate enlarged organismic VRIL conductivities. En - larged VRIL conductivities suddenly con- verge into ganglial ground nodes to preserve organismiC integrity. Electm-inertial shocks provoked extraordinary primary vocal utter- ances (names of the Divine). VRIL intelli- gence manifested as response outcries to deep danger. VRIL is space permeating energy. Baron Karl von Reichenbach demonstrated the abil- ity of sensitives in darkrooms to viscerally discern differences between distant polari- ties of magnetism, crystallic fo1m, lunar and solar lights through wires, threads, chains, and across space. Intra-Ganglial audition (physiophony) is hearing through VRIL nerves directly. Demonstrations of physiophony were made by several empirical researchers (Meucci, Gray threads). Physiophony clarified divi- sion between two sense worlds. Dual organ- ismic sensory systems are mutually exclu- sive. Inertial sense is 5-sensor surficial ob- servation. 5-sensor surficial observation founds Inertial Science. VRIL sensory sys- tem is primary participatory sensation. VRIL sensory system is experiential. VRIL sen- sory experience is communion with items examined. In 1847, Antonio Meucci discovered that high voltage electrical conductors could be used to transmit audible sounds._without microphones or diaphragms! His transmitter and receiving apparatus consisted ofnothing more than 2 copper tongue-depressors, an electrical shock-coil, rheostat, and ground plates. This arrangement was charged to a moderate potential through a rheostat. Copper tongue depressors were held in the mouth directly. It was possible to clearly '"hear" and "sp]Electm-inertial shocks correlate enlarged organismic VRIL conductivities. Enlarged VRIL conductivities suddenly converge into ganglial ground nodes to preserve organismic integrity. Electro-inertial shocks provoked extraordinary primary vocal utterances (names of the Divine). VRIL intelligence manifested as response outcries to deep danger. VRlL is space permeating energy. Baron Karl von Reichenbach demonstrated the ability of sensitives in darkrooms to viscerally discern differences between distant polarities ofmagnetism, crystallic form, lunar and solar lights through wires, threads, chains, and across space. Intra-Ganglial audition (physiophony) is hearing through ~ nerves directly. Demonstrations of physiophony were made by several empirical resean:hers (Meucci, Gray tlueads). Physiophony clarified division between two sense worlds. Dual organismic sensory systems are mutually exclusive. Inertial sense is 5-sensor surficial observation. 5-sensor surficial observation founds Inertial Science. VRIL sensory system is primary participatory sensation. VRIL sensory system is experiential. VRIL sensory experience is communion with items examined. In 1847, Antonio Meucci discovered that high voltage electrical conductors could be used to transmit audible sounds.••without microphones or diaphragms! His transmitter and receiving apparatus consisted ofnothing more than 2 copper tongue-depressors, an electrical shock-coil, rheostat, and ground plates. This arrangement was charged to a moderate potential through a rheostat. Copper tongue depressors were held in the mouth directly. It was possible to clearly '"hear" and "speak" across 80 feet of wire without formal acoustic transmiU:ers and receivers. Meucci discovemd physiophony. This great discovery paved the way toward telemopathic transmission systems. It is the very first electrically activated viscero-eidetic transactor of its kind. It was possible to clearly '"hear" and "speak" across 80 feet of 4 wire with this neum-ganglial activator. Means in wbic:h nerves directly "speak" and "hear" is not so easily explained. Meucci's first system of telephony was physiophonic. Meucci's later experiments in acoustic telephony predates Bell. His prior caveat (1871) to physiophony and acoustic telephony made him an early victim of corporate-suppression. Elisha Gray iDdependently re-discovered the physiophony of Antonio Meucci. Gray developed a form of telephony which U1ilizednerve induction. Patents which bridge VRIL gap between telegmph sounders and telephones are notable VRIL eidetic 1ranSactors. Telegraphy uses iDstantaneous impulses of complex waveforms. Gray experimented with magneto-acoustic tone generators. and telegraphic lines. Gray demon~ that end-grouoded lines could sustain and transmit pure tones. Tlming forlc vibrators are rich harmonic soun:es. Minute blasts of compressed air physicallyvtbratespecific tuning forb. These generated thrilling tonalities. Magneto-electric tone generators were later employed by organ manufacturers (Hammond, Lowrey, Wurlitzer). Classic Abrams visceral responses to radiant stimulation is observed dming tone-generator organ performances. Tone-generators stimulate VRIL nodes directly. Intelligent messages of ground itself are absorbed, transmitted, and completely recovered by distant recipients through the VRIL ground threadways (Dalessio, Vassilatos). American Indians pmcticed these arts with regularity. VRIL tnmsactivities enabled some resean:hers to entmie specific distal locales in viscera-eidetic parameters (Rogers, Moray, MacCullough). One such listening device entuned specific nodes to receive clear intonations of audible speech. This device never tuned into a audibly vacant settings. The device entuned only speech activated VRIL n~ Speech activates VRIL nodes. Ttadition teaches that grounds respond to organismic outcries and prayertbl requests. Ancient · people knew that megaliths were special VRIL nodes. Careful intonations were made in this vicinities. Gray proved that generated tones could be ttansmiUed over end-grouoded lines with great clarity. This should not be electmdynamically possible. Physiophony is nerve-audition without the ears. Physiophony demonstrates sensory division. Duality ofsense mechanisms manifest differences between acoustic and gangliar audition. Deeply permeating experiential components enrich acoustic tones. Gray discovered the organismic fiictive effect embodied in the tadionic robbing plate capacitor. Patent designs show tonal reception through fiictive contact with metallic diaphragms. Radionic robbing plates are vi~idetic capacitors (Hieronymus). Gray re-discovered and demonstrated direct nervework transaction of tones (Meucci). Physiophonic music reception is startling and ~tally enveloping". This system of telephonic communication is better than VRIL acoustic ones we use at present. Other raaarkable tnmsmitters allowed deaf persons to hear music. Requirements for activations included intact auditory nerves. VRIL foundational systems may not require intact physiological apparatus. Human expression may be sent along wires and through space. Dr. Abrams demonstrated visceral transmissions of emotions and thought-forms between persons through wires. VRIL holistic transmission ofthought and eidetic transaction has been demonstrated. VRIL tele-1DDSmission of emotions, mental pictures, and thoughts were investigated by others (Abrams, Tesla, Drown, Vogel). Elisha Gray recognized that visceral transactions to electro-acoustic components are permeated with deep and fundamental experiential components. Telephone diaphragms exceed VRIL activity of telegraph sounders as VRIL eidetic ti'BDSadors. Code (speech) and meaning are conjugate but not identical. Placement of metal resonators over vertical coils immensely increases VR.IL eidetic transactions. Transactive bells were replaced by thin metal membranes to make telephonic transmitters. van. transactive bells of telegmphic and telephonic sounders are extremely potent viscera-eidetic projector. Tones are easily transacted through single lines with great clarity (Meucci, Gray, Reis). This poSSibility should not bean easy feat to accomplish according to certain electrodynamic nodes of view. Tones require sustained periods of total line conduction. Telephone lines are end-grounded. A sizeable "charge-mmsfcr' is required by electrical telephony. Ground plates should disperse problematic electro-detrital volumes during system holD'S of use. It is clear that some VRIL influence bad manifested its p:resence in old telegraph lines. Physiophonic instruments enabled deaf persons to relearn normal modes of speech. Later researchers had been challenged by independent observations and discoveries to investigate similar possibilities for vision and thought itself (fesla, Drown). Subsequent experiments proved that re- markable kinds of seosation may be transmitted through appropriate mate,rials (A.Meucci, E.Gray, G.S.Wbite, A.Abrams, T.G.Hieronymus, W.Reich and many others). Hieronymus proved that VRIL "chlorophyll energy" in sunlight (a VRIL ttansaction) could be successfully conducted in blackrooms to make plants thrive. Propessive discovery allowed recognition of native phenomena in which eidetic transactions superseded visceml1l'ansactions. System transaction of eidetic projections became a subject of intense study dming the early 20th Century. Dr.Drown discovered that it was posstble to recover eidetic imagery fiom distant VRIL nodes over a single wire. Single guidewire imaging systems were entuned by stepped rheostatic switches. These were arIBDged with a caesium phototube and photographically sensitive paper. Bx1raordinary eidetic views included anatomical interiors of patients. Telephonic system designs are VRIL activated radionic circuits. Telephonic trans- mitters transduce great eidetic potential across great distances. VRIL duplex and multiplex cimlits function in radionic modes. VRIL supplies cimli1ry with integrated form and function. VRIL components and systems are holistic designs. VRIL designs are aggregates and cavities of eidetic transactivity 0 VRIL telegraphic components empirically developed in tadionic potentials. Btectrical action were reduudantly impressed upon these primary VRIL structmes. Btectrical functioning required VRIL tnmsaGtivity. Electrical functioning responded to VRIL articulations. Electricity is detrital and subordinate to VRIL. Patents ofT.A.Edison show implementations of "tunable resistance". We do not know whether be discovered rheostatic ground-tuning orwhether he healdrumors of such tuning effects through telegraphic associations in his younger years. Edison was notorious for patenting what others had discovered. Clarity of transferred code was enhanced through rheostatic entunement. Code signal and strength varied in VRIL "quality of grouud". Edison components made entunement of VRIL telegraphic systems poSSible. Quality of ground was not important to VRIL functioning. VRIL node emplacement is important to VRIL system functioning. Telegraphic systems are large and pow- erful tadionic tuners. &aminations of telegraph and telephone patents descnbe multiple-entuned groundconnections. Patentportrayed tuning assemblies are radionic in form and function. Telegraphy and telephony are tadionic systems. Telegraphy and telephony rely upon radionic principles for their entire s A 'The Paris jou ruals report that l\l. 1\Ia iche, a wr11- c.. known inventor, has made a sensational di:scovery in the field of wireless telephon~v. His new appan1tu~ consists of two posts \Vhieh are plared in his pr~tn- . ises. Each post r.onsist s of a telephone, battery. :1 - " · SfJeciul forn1 of incl uetion (·oil n1111 a frn n1e wh kh is forn1et1 of a series of insulated wires. One post is placed in the garden and a secon(l one in a room in the building son1e distanee off, about 100 feet. and sev- rr.ll walls. cloors. anfl winnows emne bet\\'(_•en tlH.· po~;;ts. Conversation ran he ran·ied on t}asil~·. anrl the sonnc.l is clear. 'The inventor srarted five ~·cnrs ::t~o to \Vork on the question. At the chateau of :\l<.llTlt~ds. J,eJone:- ing to the Princ:e of :\Ionaco. he tnal'- W8rc1 he \vas :tble to contn1nnir.a1e het\\'een Toulon nntl Ajnrcio in Corsica. OYer the !::'ea (\t 1so n1iles dh;t:ln(·P. using the sea as a con(lnc·tor for the W3\'(lS. Tllesr~ experin1ents were kept. seeret. howr\'el'. As fliP n•·W ap1)aratus works ~without the nsP of g-!·onnd, the rP~u11~ fl r e more i n1 port an t . He (l xpe(· f s to i nf' re:1 se t h P d i ~­ lance indefinitely hy gi'.'in.~ 1norP J'O\Ver to th" ;qlpa- ratns. which is onl~' in its first st~lg-Ps. Snhn1nrine boats ronhl use the system to ~ood atlY:lnt:l:!,"P. . ' ,. SCIENCE ABSTRACTS. , 460. "Antenna" £n TVireless Telegraphy. A. Blonde!. (Eel. Electr. 16. p. 316 and p. 3 I 8, 1 8g8.) The author thinks the action · of these depends on their capacity as forming a1ong with the earth a condenser, the seat of an oscillating discharge at the moment 1 ":-. : 41 when the primary circuit is broken; and the receiving antennce •.. - become the seat of a displacement current which acts on the · .. coherer. A. Broca CEcl. Electr. 16. p. 3 r8) notes that the flux of · / · c:nt!"gy (analogous to that in pob.riscd light) passes thro~gh zero ' :- ~--' values, and that it is also along the: wire a:1d is indetc:-minate in direction at the end of the v;ires in a plane normal to the axis of the antenna:: so that it is concentrated on a particular plane instead of being sent in all directions. The fact that it is ' ' ',.or .. polarised tends towards nu11 values as we lea\'e this plane. \. ~.: fl··· ../·· ~r' J. , ' . -- \ SECTION 3 DOUBLE GROUND (No Hodel.) No. 593,138. N. TESLA. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER. 2 Sheets-Sheet 1. Patented Nov. 2, 1897. / '.'\ ) WITNESSES ·"~' .~ IJ.t~. G~!3.9Y'~. IN YEN TOR ~d~ 8T !&. &d;;; ~. ATTORII£1 . '· .~ (No Model.) No. 593,138. N. TESLA. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER. • 2 Sheets-Sheet 2. Patented Nov. 2, 1897. '.1: ' ) WITNESSES ~ 13. t~.:... G~13.Hehi n~ reanlta of thia na· 'I'raue:nittod Tllrough t.be Natnral Medin. o! turc, which may·bo bl'iofly d~.scribec.l ns fol- ~hich t-he fvllowicg is ·a ttpecificJ\tion, refer- Jo,va: In one B}'.'item tho potnntinl of n polnt 6o enca b(\ing hnu to Lh·9 accorn!Janying draw. or re~ion of tha e;HLh i:J varied by irnpa.rt.ing :to ingu, which form a part of tho anme. to it 'intermitten~ or alt-ernntin~ eloet.;-i:.l•:;;~~ Tha subject c! my prc~ent irn·<.mtion is au 1t~onll throngh one ot tho terminal.~J of a suit· improvement in th9 al't o( utilizing eiTeets r ab1e aourco of electrical disturbance3 whi.-:11, tr3.nsrnitted from a di6tJ.mco to n recei vi!lg to height-an the eEact., hn!! its other terminal 65 cavicGthrough t,hcnatuial rr:~d!e.; and itcon· concocted to an in11ulr~tad bcdy, profer<\lliy 15 sbts iu n no·r'ei met.hotl by me~.. nn o{ which of l:\rge aur!ace nnd at an e-li3vation. The reenH3 ~itbertc unJ.tta.inabla m:-.v bQ secnreu. olcctdiicatiooa commuui::!l\.tcd to tho enrth t~Gi"':..'r~l w:1ys or wclhot!3 of trau:imlttin;:: spread !u nl! dil·~:ction:1 thrcui~ll tho snn~e, ele;.~t:Ical disturbancea through ths nnturnl reachlug a dist.nnt. ci1·euic which g~nora~ly 70 rnt··di~ nod ntilizing them to openus distant h:1.s its torminal~ r.rrnngetl anu con.uccDd :ao rec2iver3 are new Ic.nown and bnve been ap- ~imilndy to tho2e o~ the t.rJ\n3mittin~~ ocu:r.o piicd ·.v;.~h mora or loss suece!3a !ornccompli!!b- ntH.l operates upon a highly-sew;iti ve rocei v•Jr. ing n Yiu·iety ol usofnl results. One o! these Another metb.--;J i9 ba,sed cpon tiH~ r~~cr. that wnya ~onai~t=' :n producing by n enit.~ule ap· the ntmo3phoric nil" whi<.!!l b~imi;o3 as 1a.n ~~.A~ 75 p:ua.ta3 r:'l.ys or r~.d~atione.-tU1\t iG, disturb· eell~:~nt in~il!ltltor to ctHrents ~anomt~.l by fJr· ~.s anc~s-wnich aro p:-op.ngatcd io stm(ght lines ditV\&,Y appl!rr.'.ua GcCOffi(:3 a oonductOi." ~nder through apace·, dircctin;rthem upon a :-ecch·- tho in tluonco of cu rrcnts O\" impn13es 0f cn0:· ing or r~cording app:Hatua at a diat~nce, :~nd lnl}i1Bly-hi~h •.3h'lct.ro:no·ti ••o fore~ which I haYo thereuy bringing the lattorinto action. 'fhi3 dovi3ct! mean3 for geuernting. fly such 8.~ mathcd is tho old~st nud boat !cr,owu and ht\3 monnn air Gtrata, which :lre el\siiy ace,}s:Ji blo, JC been broughe pnrticnbrly Into p;oo..:c!noncs E\rO :ent.he:- method c·.H~sists in great. 'fhit3 :nothot.l, furti1crrnoro, allows ad- pnssi;:3' r~ curr~n~ through n circui~, pra~Cl'· 1tanf,ago to be .tak.on of m:l:-Y .o,f ~}:AJ~c im· 1?.5 nbiJ o,Jr! i!lC!G~m~ d. va-:y l!\rg'3 ara;1, :ndue!:-.l~ pro;·o::J0:lt."l wluch a~a pr:\I:!'~H!a~;.'; ;n ~!1:} ,;.... 35 t~cr.)by iu f\ siLiila;.- circ!llL ~iLt:at;Jd c.!: t• di~· dion..:-.J' sj·at::Hn:l o{ tian:Hnissioa !:lVdlvi,;;; ~~or! t:!nca nr.ot::1~1· cur:~nt :?.flU a:!c:lticg by tho ns3 ot :\metallic con3· uo Otwbus~r whatever method ompl•.)ye1: vica. S~.ill nnolhor o;v:\y: which hr..n !\iso beoo it ts dc3;r:-?.ul() U~nt. tho di!:l~Urbancc~ {JrGdllet::d :)o I koo;vn ~-J:- many years, is to p:le!J in any suit· by t!:c transmitting apr;ara~i·~ Bhon!u l.;o as 40 nblo t~!l.!lUiH" n cnrren~ thmngll a pcrtiou of pow,Jr[:ll M pos3iulo, and by tho ua:J of <:31'· tho .'~r 'l':lr.d, a!l by ccnnecting to two point.:; t.1ia forrnJ o( h!gh·!ruquoucyap;mr:>.tU.:J whieh oC :l..le s.-:u.,e, nrl."fer~'.Jh- :.!t a co:Jsidc:\\bl0 dis- I I l.:un-o da\·i~cd a~:d which nrc no·~" well unown l 5 i·-•cr·~·~"'' ;-.."'l·n-'t;..,.,~ ·'"i''~'r \"' ~ •l1~ nsr..'"·"'''l.it\· •onll 1 1 Ot 0 "'" .. --..·~ • J n1r.illil ch~· ..... w' ••14-~!..J,..J-. ,.,, .. , L.. ~ • ~:) ..1~•U II ... ~. • .... "~- •-. '.-...un 11• ;'\+'tr •• <.li!vi'•- 'lr:•,;.-~'•• tC•".._.... l_•'•'.'J· lh·~ rc--:eivi:Jg e!:ca!t :;r i=ls!,n:mcnt. m:.J~\C. be illU;.!h l~'i pc&Jibb o t.:j0 on\!r~~-: cot.···):/ !•.l lJ.:'\.in=:-.inctJ !n '\ t.L::bit ~ r:o!3:U·.m wit'n r~spcct ,:,hau!'.l 'be i:lCt4.10 t.'.tt.l l!lblo for tllo Oi'·)l:\i.iun . eets,95S of t.ho receiver, nnd with this object in \'iew polUtB In tho tran~:Jtuitting mecliorn bet\~G\1n I ha\o heretofore nmong other means om- which thoro e::dsts or may be obtained in nny i ployed t\ receiviug-circnit of high self-indue- manner through tb9 action of the disturb- 70 1 . t ion and very sm:1ll resistance and of a po- nncc!" or ofl"oct:; to uc- invcstigntcd or utilized 5 r:oJ such n!! to ,·iumte in synchronism with a di!IQreoco ot electrical potential of any rnng- tho digturbances, whereby n nnmbor of acp- nitud3 I nrmn;~o t\-vo platos c: electrode~ Ho :w:\ta iropul~c!l from tho sou reo wero mndo to that they rnnr be oppositely cbr.rged throogh coijporate, thus rn;~gnifying the ciiect exerted tho r.~ency of auoh et1't'ct3 or di~ttnl.H\occs. 75 upon and i nsn ring the action ot tho rccei v- nud I ccu nect. theso elect rodos to tho term i- ~o in; uo\'ice. By thc~o mttan~ decidey:1 feeuledielt.'CtricbyerofminntG iru;ignificant, owing- to tho radiation a:1li tho thickness or it m:1.y comprise termio:lls ono I un;n-oitlable frictional wnsto in the rr!eeivirig~ or moro of which aro movable and actar-.ted drco1t These lo!iti:.>s rednc~ g:-cn~ly both :.ho by nny snit:'.ule fore~ and ar3 ad:~.ptctl to bo ?o ·:s inteusity and thn number of tho codp~r:\tivo brou~ht into nntl out of contact with each impulse!i, nnt.l since tho initial intetL":iity of other in r.cy convenient manner. It will no'' ench of the!'e i~ necessnrily limited only nn ho readily seen thnt it the disturb.:\nces o{ uo i:l!~ignificant amount of oncr~y is thus ma11o whato•;cr natura thoy m:1.y bo cr.use tlefinito nvni!ablo Cor a ainglo operation of the rC'ceh·er. nmount~ ol olcctriei~y of tho B!\mo sigo to 95 As thi~ amount is cons~q uen tly dopen•len t GO con voyoc.l to each of t !w ~latc.s or electro,.3l wit!! tllei!~teJ"•n.l:!ser;l\!"~'lt!c~-:tiH:-:n. Ia st;::!2. 1:3 llH.:lhotl of accomplishing tiH'!!I) ond3. inst:.~.nccs I r(!:mrt to the nso o~ ~\special ti·~· so Tile mt:thod, brie!ly stated, cnm:i~t!l io [ll'O- vico which I mscrt in tbo circu!t lJetw·~O!l <.lucing nrbitrnrily-vnriet3 or in~ur1:1itter.t dis- tho pintos ~nJ tuoc~n(~ocsor for the pn:po:Je turunnces or ctrects, tra;!::Hnit~in~ such tl:s~ cf convoy~ug to t:!~ch of t!.le termin!l.ls of thu I t.urlJauces or ciTcets throu;~h thn natural :no- bttcr electrietl.l cLnr~es of tb..o proper q'!.!nl- !lo din to 1\ <~ht.nnt. rccc.:ivinf,;·~1tn:.ion, utilizin~ it:,.· r..uJ or'ler or onc<:ossion to eonblo the r':l· s5 c n Cr;!y d c rind fro ill 3ll ch J bt ~~ r b a uCf.~g or d- ·qui i(l:~ 1\ me.) 11 :1 tot po10n ti111onert;y to uc ~ t or\.'tl I . feet:! a:. tbiJ rnr.·:~i \'in;~-~t~tlon to ehnrgo r·. e:;n· ir. ! L'1 t~OnLlcn~e•. Uf!u~cr, an:! ir:-..in;; t.!w aect~:n~lla.~.-!<1 ~;•}_t.:l1:t~al ~··iJcrn.aro >\ nnmiJcr o~ wo1l-!~no·.?~ t!vv.ie:~~:, t'ncrgy .90 c l;~,\ tnernct;ee. One 3nch .Jov.co o~ ~l tr~ ~AA~~~~~~ familiar coustrucUon whioh will servo to In illue~rn~i~n ot tho opcrll.tion ot tho «!a- convey n clear undea·atn.ndlng or this pu.rt of vices described let it b{) as.1umed that a!t.er- ~y io.vontion and enable a per.~on skilicd iu. n~ting· electric?.l impulses !rem n distt'.nt gen. 70 the art -to apply the same is illastratod in er!'.tor, ea G, Rra tranomltted through tha s the anne%ed drawings. It consists o! a cyiin·. aarth nnd thnt it !!3 dcaired to utillzo those dor .A-of icsulnting material, which is moved impnlsea in n:!ccL·daneo w.ith my method. at n. uniform rate of speed by ·clockwork or This mny be the c~'ie, !or a~~mple, wh9n such other suitable motiv6 power 8-nd is provided a generator iJ nsod .for pnrpoeea of aigunling i 5 "j;'ith two metal rings B B', upon whic!l beAr In one o! th:3 waya bo!ore entlmer~ted, S!J by ro brushes a and a', \\'bich nre connected, re- having it.!l torc:linal.s counected to two points epeotlvely, in the manner shown to the tor- of t~i) earth dl.stant. from each othor. In this minnl plates P and P', abo~a retcrred to. cnso tho plutes P and P' are first cou:aect•3d From the rings B 13' e:ttend nar.ow metnlllc to two prop~rly-::.olected polnta of tho earth. So segments s nods', which by the rotation ot Tho speed o! rotation ot tho cylinder A la tS the cylinder A aro brought n.lteruate!y into \a.riod "Gctil it is mado to torn in synchro- contact with doable bru!hos band b', cardod nism with the ·f\ltornste impulses ol the gen.- by and in contact with conductin~-boldcrs h erutor,and,Oonlly, the position ol tba bru~has ·and h', ·which are adjuatablo longitudiually band b' is adjusted by angola:- displacement, 85 in the metallic enpport:3 D and D', ns shown. us usual, or ln other ways, ao thnt they nrf3 :o Tho latter are·connecto3 tba cylindor A. ia by n.ny S¥itablo men.os. The conuucting part rotnteJ, nn:.l with each fre:;h impulse the con- r ~~s e is in good. e.lectrica\ connection \Vi_th the doc3er w~!l be- c"hn:i·gcd to a higher poton~ial. ce- 40 shaft S nnd is' provided with taperiug scg· Tl.!o spct!!.l of rc~a~ion of tho C'Jiiudcr d ments f J~ upon which slidE's a bru2h k, sup- in~ adjnstable r'.~ wiB, the onergy of any nom- ported on a conuuc~iog-rod l, (':lpllblo o( lon- ber oi sop:~rnto impu1.:3es may thns· be accu- gitr:dinal adjustment in a mot:lllic enpport 45 m. Anothor brnsh n upon tho shurt ·'S, and is it nwrirlnl nugaedseeton- bear that \rhenoverouo of th~rH:gm~n~fcomua i~ con- ma!ated in potantbl form nnd diachar;~ed 110 thro!1gh. tho rocoi'ler H. upon th~ brnsh k comiug in contact with ono ol tho ae;:sme:Jtn f. It •,-.;·~~1 b~J ot course un!l.y bo rnado P.\.?;).il- to open and cluso iu i\3 rapiC. succc.9sion anll nblo for tho uporatiou o! ~ rP.coi·rer, tlle btter ! ::Q or romain cpnn or closed during such in torval:J . nee·] not bo V·!.ry son~iLi '/13;. but cou r:Jo 55 of time as rnuy bo ·1esirud. 'l'ho pbtos P :\ZHl l wb-.m Lh;:; ir.Jptllscs nr frem impn;!':c~J r.;r 1\ t!i!ll:1.ll•;•) · p~:u'UrSIp.!o::.::.;.o: ~:; : !s nDtl mMeiy u·.;:lt.J Ln~eilcl.t!p~cU3a.;tr.yiouto. ~s~~h~:iifct.".~th.~nJ throogh :l:e untur>l mcuir.. , U7 r:-c3pontlbg to tht1 Jumt~un of tho tcrmln~Jtl pori(;t.l:; of timo ~t coadou!"Jor with succc~:3ior;~ cf·impul.~ws ::-::rcive~. e·ne1·;;y deri-..·~d from such cfrect3 or tlist:.nb- 105 uy Obviousl:r the 1::\Ileeinl n.~p\iance:i u::IOU in n.nccs, ~:lU opuratbJ; n roccivic;; <]~)\'lC~~ f,O cn.rry!ug ont m~' irn·ontion may l>e ;·ariuti in ~l!scllar;.;iog- at nrb!trary iutorvr~ls, tho ace~· t!lP.ny wuys w!thontdop:~rting frou tho spirit midated potontial enor~~y so obtained, a!s s1:t. of U1t.! same. forth. It b to IJo ob:-:orvod that it h Lb.·.) runction ~. Th~ rnothod of trausmittin~ aml uti liz· xzc I of the <~;·iinJer A, wiLh it.~ bru~b.c3 and con- tog cloi!t.rical onor~~/ heroin ?n and OU3iy ar.s·.•e: ~he purpose. It is :\1!30 e\·id~ut 3. Tlh; mc~hod of trausmitting aut! n::l!:· 55 t.b::.t ;\ dcvi.~o 9Uch as I bavo n!rc:!d~,. reforred in6 clcctric:l1 cncr~y herein u~.:lcribe brushes mny ~o omittotl .i prododo;; e.rUiL.,.rlly vo.ried or ir.ter"'i'~to't~ 5 tllectrical disturbances or effects, ·transmit- a circuit at ancb station, aelectinr; or direct,.. ting such disturbances· or offecta through ing the impalaca in said circuit so as to ran- the natural medin to a dists\nt recoiving-sta- der them suitable for charging a couclanser, tioc, storing in a condenser onGrgy do1·ived ch:t.rging a cond~nsar with tho impawcs so ss 5 from a succession of such disturbances ore!· selected or directed, ·and discharging the nc- tecte for periods o~ tim a which correspond in cnmnlated potontial energy so obtained intc, nncccssion to .such e!lects or distnrbanceo and or through a ~cceiving device at arbitrary in- or r.re predeterm~ned as to duration, and u~ing tervala of time. the ~ccumulated potential en'?rgy so obtAmed 0. The method hereinbefore deseribed 10 to operate a receiving device. tr!lnsmitting eign!.ltis or intelligence, which 6c 6. The method herein describcd·of produc· con3i9ta in producin6 at the sending--station ing arbitrarily varied or intormitted electrical· arbitrarily varlod orintermittad di3turba.nces disturbances or etlect9, tr!lnsmitting such or ef!ecta, tramsmitting such dlaturbnnces disturbances or elfect!J tbroogh the natural or eflectB t.hrongh the natural media to e. ra- '5 m·edia to a distant receiving·etaticn, est3b· ccivi:lg-staticn, utilizingenergyde:-iv-ad !roni 65 lishing thQreby a flow of elec_tri('s.l energ-y in snch distu:bnncea or effects at the recoi ving- a circuit at sucb. station, charging a con- ataUon to charge n conden.sor nnd using the de.n.aor with energy !rom such circuit, and accumulat~d pot3ntinl energy so obt~ined tc r.giug tho :lcccmulated potentinl ~ne1~b'Y so I opernte n receiving device. ~.) obLl.i:Jed to operate a roc!.}i..,.inh thwico. 10. Tho method hereinbefore dcscril..'ed at. 70 G. 'fho nH!thod herein d{)sc:ibed o! prod nc- t1·nn3mitting eign:...ls or intelligence through i~g arbitrariiy ,.tarit~d or intormitteu ele(!t:icn.l tho natural media from a sending-station to di~tcrbance~~ or e!rocts, trans1:1itting a:.:eh a roceivicg·ataticn, whicltcocsist.3 in produc· di3turbnncas or eflecte throngh tho n.P.tural ing at tha so-::1d!ng-atation, e.rbit:nrily varied :3 me!lit\ to a distant receivi·Dg·Btation, estl\b- or intermitted electrical ef!octl:s or di!ltnrb- 75 li!.!h~n~.; thereby a tlo'v of eloctr:ca1 energy in i\cccti, transmitt:ng the oa.ma through tho nat- r. circuit nt such station, chnrging a con- ural media to tho receiving-station, utilizing densa1· with (\lcctrical cnerJ,!'y from :m~h cir- tho energy Jcri·:t:~d l"rorn anch d!aturbance:l or en it, and uiscbnrgiog Lho nccurnulatad paton· effecta nt tho rc·~d ving-statioa to cbn.rgn l1 JO tia! oncrgy so obtained iuto cr through a rc- t'oudt?nser, and dl~chn:-giur; thn nccumulated Sc c0i·ring t.levico r.t nrbitrary intt~rval!l of timo. potontirl cnorgy ao obtained t!:;rongh n rn- 7. Tho lllethod. herein described o! produc- coi'/in;! dovir.e n.t arbitrary intervalu of time. ing :.lrbit;·arily vn.:icd or in tci"mitted electrical 11. The method horo1nbef~r~ th~scrib~d of disturbances or effects, ti·nn"Jmitting such tr~nsmittivg sign;lls or iat'.!llit;o~ce fror.n n of 3$ di3turbacces or ofi~cts ton distant recciYing- sending to a di~tn.:1t r\!coiviog station, which 85 otut.ion, establishing thereby l\ fiOVr olec~ CO~Si!3t3 in prcdncin:; at tho iormor, r.rbitrn· trL"!:\l encr.~y iu 1\ c!rcu~t nt such station~ so· rily vnried or intarm~ttcd electdcn.l dbtnrb- lcr;ti.ng or directing the impu!s·~s in !mid cirq ances or effects, t:-r.r.smitting tho samo to tho co it so a:i to rc:Hkr tbt:w suitnble for cha.rg- rccoivin:;·3tntion, chnr~in;; Ly the e11orgy dc- 40 ing a. coud~ns.er, chargbg" a conden3e:- with ri•cn nntl dura~icn. the potcnUa: energy so vico. obtab~d tJ ope:-::.tu u recei vir.g J.Gvic'...~, .'1.H ~et -tS 8. Tha methou heroin describ•!d o~ protluc· forth. idnig~taurrbblit\rnacreiel y va or roiefdfcocrbi,ott'):r:!-.!ulniatmteid~tollnegctd~cm:c1h.l"'II N~I'"GI A TESl •. .~. 1 ~ ' J .J• •• di.!!turbnuccs or effects through th13 natural ..,Yit,ues:.Je!l: s·:l mo~.lia w n distant reccivt::!:;-stetioo, e.st.:lJ· lhhin~ llwrob.v, a ..tlow ot elect:lcal {)~o~·~..,Y !n 1 . :LEO!TA.lm E. CC'n.T!!i, ..:\. E. SKl!\::r;;n. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- .......... ........... ~ ~ N1l. G35,955. N. T ESLI~. Pat'!ntcd No·1. 5, 1~81. APPARAT US F0 R UTl L; ZING EF' FECTS TRANSMIT r ED FRCi1l o. 0 i ST A~I CE T0 A RECC:IVING [)~VICE THI10UGH NATUrL'\L f·1£DIA. (~o Model.) ;....r ! _j ;... - I ~ .... ~ I , I _____... fD=-=1 ;...L_) .,Ir ·I··---~---_--.-_.j-~-_-:-:, :__n.I,::~ F i .----:r\'~.--. ! --~---·-,-~--~~ ! : ~=-=-____d .,, l ~ i · ..... ~-.l-1 • I ...... I J , · , I'~ ,...__ _ __ r . __: ...;.~.:.- - \ I ! L C\~ .tS-, ,.. ......... .;. i-.."-.._; T>, .. J.J /;;_:.'/)/,.' 1~/-/.r:/.: / 1• I 0 ~ . / . , . _ • - ..,0 '- (.,_ J , 1 ~ ,_ , }!)/' {_.._ UNITED STATES P~L\.TENl~ OFFICE. NIKOLA TESLA, OF NE\\' )'OH:~. N.Y. APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING EFFECTS TRANSMITTED FROM A DISTANCE TO A REC~JVING DEVICE THROUGI-f NATURAL MEDIA. SPECIFICATION formin~ part of l.t•lkr:; Pat~!lll No. 685,955. dated :'l:oveml)l'r S. I ~HI I. To all whom it may concern: 1 iance from each other, the two terminals of 50 Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, a ci!izen a gem~rator and to energize by a part oi lht> of the United States, residing at th~ borough current diffused through the earth a distant of Manhattan. in the city, county. and State circuit, whkh is similarly arranged .:md 5 of New York, have invented certain new m~d grounded at two point~; widely apart and useful Improvements in Apparatus for Utillz- which i3 made to act upon a sensitive receiver. SS ing Effects Tr, t~sped~lly, which is common to all, twin:; of which the fcllowing is a specification, refer- that the receiving circuit or instrument must 10 ence being had to the accompanying draw- he maintained in a definite position with re- ings, whic form a part of the same. spect to the transmitting apparatus, which 60 Thi~; npplication is a division of an applkil- often imposes great disadvantagt·s upon th<...' tion filed by me June 2·1, 1R9~). Serial No. use of the apparatus. 721,790. in which a method of utilizing effect:; In several applications filed by me and 15 or disturbances transmitted through the patents granted to me I have disc!nscd other natural media from c1 dista11t source is des- methods of a:.:complishing results of this ci;) cribed and made the subject of the claims. The nature, which may be brieily described as invention of my present applit:ation c01~si.st.;; follows: In one system the potential of a point in the appar;:1tus hereinafter described and or region of the earth is vnried by imparting 20 claimed. by the use of which the method to it intermittent or alternating electrifications claimed in -my said prior application may be through one of the terminals of a suitable 70 practiced and by rn~ans of which results hith- source of electrical disturbances. which to erto unattainable may be secured. height.:.>n the r:~ffect has its other terminal con-· Several ways ur methods of transmitting nected to an insulated body, prdt~rably of 25 electrical dls!urbances through the natu!"al large surface and at an elevation. The eiectri- I media and utilizing them to operate distant ficatios comml~nicated to the earth spread in 75 receivers are now known and have be<.'n all direttions through the same, re;.1ching a I arplied with more or less Sllccess fur accom· distant circuit. which generally h.Js its ter:ni· plishin~~ a variety of useful re:-;u!ts. One '>f nals arrnn:;~u and connected simi!.Jrly to those :{ll the~e w.:.~ys consbts inyr_oducing by~\ su.i.r~ble of the transmitting source. and operates upcn ~~;p.1r;1tu·; rays or rad!alwns --that ts. tltstur- :1 ilighly-st:n'iitivl.! r~cei•.-er. Another method :-:t' b:m:.:e:; - which are propagatPd in s•r~dg!lt is b(.!~('d upon lite bet; th:u tht~ ~•trr:ospheric: ;:ir. lin ..·:; !!:r:Hqh space, directin;; them upon a wilidt behll'."!·;. a!; ;\11 ~~::ceilent l!l::;uhtGr to I receiving or n·corc!ing appar;!tus ~1t a di::tam:e. currents f.:ene!·~ted by ordii~Jry appan~u:;, :~;; and lht>reby !Hinging the :atkr i:tto t.!Ction. become:> a conductor ~.mdt~r the influence ci I This mdhod is th~ oldest aPd bt:st k11:m·n. ar:d currents ·:Jf :rr.p~tlses of enormou..:ly hi!~h ei<"C· .-iS has be·~n brought particularly !mo prominenr~~ tromotiV'.! force which I h.1ve devised nw:·~n:; in re~._·.~:lt year:1 tllmu;.:h thl~ invt·sli!,:ttions of 1 for generating. by such me:ms air strata, whic!1 Heinrich H(•rtz. Andher mdhc,d co:tsists in are easily accessible. are rendered av::ii!abie 10 passing a curr·~nt thrO\tgil a d:--.·uit. prefer~biy for the pr(;dt!~tion of many desired effect;; at one indo!'ill~ a v·~r~' !ar~~~ :1rea. inuucin~ thereby :n ;1 si!nililr cir~·uit. situ:~t~-"d at a dis- t;wce, an•>lllt~r cw:-~:nt c111d affectim~ bv tit~~ same in a11'< nm\""r;ir~nt wav a n:-ceivi11-!~ d~~·1:> vice. Still'"a-Iwqwr 'Nav. wl:i~~~ Jus .1L:o bee:1 known f,,r rnanv V~':u·-:-;. :s to r)~ss !i1 anv suitable rna:Hler a ~:t;r::•nt tl:nn;gh a portion of distances. lwwever great. Th:s method. fur- :·W thenno;e ;&!!1)\\o'S advant;u~e to IJ,~ t:~kt.~n r:f many of tho~;~ iraprove;1·1enLi which <1re practicabiL~ !ri tt1e ordil'arv sv~;kms .--.f transmission nmducto;-. iilvol vin:_s ti1~~ u:;~ ot" a nwt2.i!ic -,.,•. ! Ob•.:io:1sly v;!:.:lt'\'\.'r m:'lt!(H! iw t:·r~1Pi<;~'d the grqu:11l, ;1!; h:: connt•rting t·.> two point::, •1f it is tk·sir;il;!,~ t h~1t ttw disturl>;:nL"es produ(·\~u t!1e same. preft~r;;bly ;~! a cun:::iderable dis- by the' transmittin~~ -1pp:'r:ltus shm~ld !:e .1:) ~ 1 -~ ~owerful ~ Gss.ess as possil>le, and by the use of certain created by such disturbances, a rece1vmg· forms. of high-frequt.~IH:Y apparatus which I circuit connected with the storage device, a have devised and which are now well known receiver included in such receiving-circuit, and 70 important practical advantages are in this means for closing the receiving-circuit at any 5 respect secured. Furthermore, since in most desired mumcnt, and thereby causing the ca!-:<:.'S the amount of energy conveyed to the receiver to be operated by the energy with distant circuit is but a minute fraction of the which the storage device has been char~ed. total energy emanating from the source, it is The best form of apparatus for carrying out 73 necessary for the attainment of the best results my invention of which I am now aware and 1o that whatever the character of the receiver the manner of using the same will be under- and the nature of the disturbances as much stood from the following description and the as possible of the energy conveyed should be accompanying drawings, in which - made available for the operation of the receiv- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of 80 er. and with this object in view I have hereto- such apparatus, ar.d Fig. 2 a modified form or 1s fore, among ather mef energy is tht!s to be brougl:t into unu out of contact with· ·til made availablt' for a single operation of the <:>~ch other in a;1y convenient mann~~r. !t will r~celvei. As this aml)unt ::-; consequently now be re<1dilv seen that lf the uisturbances. depe1:dent 011 the C'rwrgy ,·:mveyed to the of whakver n-ature they may be, cause defi- receiver by one single impuls;;~. it is e·;idently nite umounts of electricity of the same sign to 1iO rwcpssary to employ eithf..'r a very !;:rge and be convey\•d to e:-tch of tiw plates Oi ekc- ·13 l'Ostly. and th:~refore objection:1ble tr~msmit- t:·odcs ~hove mentio1H.'d t•ilht•r continuously tc•r, or else re~ort to tht.: eq11:1!!y oiJjection;;ble or at intervals of time which are sufficiently use of a receiving device too delicate and too long tl:e ;.:onden~.cr wii! be chnrged to a certain '-'-1sily dcrangl'tL Fl!rtnerllwre. the energy pott..'ntial o!Jtained through the· cooperation of the being thus stored duhng the time determined 50 impulses is in the fur;.n ef extre:nely-r.:1pid by the dt~·;icc effectir:g til'.! discharge of the vibrations and bet:.:lllSt: of this unsuitable for conden:.er lhe icceiver will be perir)dically the oper:•tion of ordinary rec~i·-:ers. the more : cperaterJ by the e!ectrkai en~r:.;y so accum1.1- so as this form of cn~rgy impc:;es narrow l:lted: but very often the d1aracter of the 1~D restrktions in regard tu the mode :1nd timt.> of impulses and lh~ conditions of their use aft~ ;);) its application to such devices. To overconw such that without furth::.•r provision not e!mul.{i1 these and oth~~r limLations and disadv~mtage!; potential energy \".'GU!d be •~ccmnlilated in the which have h:•rctdor-." ·.~xisted in such systems condt~nser to otwrce!\·in~->tariotl. d~·scnLe:J !!1 g:.~ner;1! term~. \vith the ilik'rvals separatin~-~ them. In such 1:::J co:1sists in the ,\)mLin:.~: ion of :t sturn~~ device in:-;t.mces ! rcsnrt to the u::e of <1 snecial dt•vice \ ~ ~1 ~ t",:) itH::tak-d in;: l'irru!t cor.nec!it:~ pciilt.:; at,, dis- lance fr.;m the soun·~ ,,r the i tile 'at:"' clec· ~ i: i.-~~~--.~ 685,955 trical charges of the proper quality and order of succession to enable the required amount of potential energy to be stored in the con- denser. 5 There are a number of well-known devices, either without any moving parts or terminals or with elements reciprocated or rotated by the application of a suitable force, which offer a more ready passage to impulses of one sign 1o or direction than to those of the other or per- mit only impulses of one kind or order of suc- cession to traverse a path, and any of these or similar devices capable of fulfilling the requirements may be used in carrying my 15 invention into practice. One such device of familiar construction which will serve to con- vey a dear understanding of this part of my invention and enable a person skilled in the art to apply the sarnf.! is illustrated in the an- 20 nexed dra,.vings. It consists of a cylinder A, of insulating .material. which is moved at a uni- form rate of speed by clockwork or other suit- able motive power and is provided with l\-vo metal rings B B 1 , upon which bear brushes a 2:1 and a 1 , which are connect·~d. respectively, in the manner shown to th~ tenninal plates P and P 1 , above referred to. From the rings B B' extend narrov¥ metallic segments s and s 1 • which by the rotation of the cylinder A are 10 brought alternately into contact with double brushes b and b 1 , carried by and in contact with conducting-holder!> h and II', which are adjustable longitudinally in tht.! metallic sup- ports D and D 1 , as shown. The latter are con- 35 nected to the terminals T and T 1 of a con- denser C. and it should be understood that they arc capable of angular displacement as ordinary brush-supports. Th~ ubj·~ct of 11sing hvo brushes, as b and b 1 • in each of ~he hold- 40 ers h and II 1 is to vary at will the duration of the electric contact of the pl;1tes P and P 1 with the terminals T and T 1 , to which is connected a receiving-drcu!t, including a receiver Rand a device d of the kind above referred to, which ·13 performs the duty of c!osing th~ receiving- circuit at predetermined intervals of tim~~ and discharging the stored cneq.~y through the receiver. in the present case this device con- si~~s of a :.:ylin:!er m<1Je partly of condut:ting :)() <1nd partly of insulat!ng m~terial e and e' . n~~pertiv(~!y, which is rntated at the desired rate of speed by any suit:1ble means. The cor.- duc~ing part c is in ~!Jm.l electrical ~:unnt~~:tion with tt-:e sha:t Sand is provided with tapering :).; :;egm,~nts f f, upon which :-:lidl~!i <1 brush k, sur)ported on a conducting-iod /, capable of longitud!na! adjustment in a met~tllic support m. Another bru:~h n is arran:~t~d to bear ue•.m ti:L' shaft S. ;ti&d it wi!! be se1~!1 that wht~!H:vcr !:. 1 one of the segments f corr.es in l~o:1tad with the brush /i. th(~ c:n.:uit inc!udins.: the recei';er R is corr.p!etcd and the condens~r disch~rged ti:!'ou~h the s.1me. By an at!.justment of th~ speed of rotation of the cvlir!der d and a dist)j placement of th~ brush k- alung the cylinder the circuit may be m<1de t\l tlpen a:Hi d·1se in tant from each other. In this case the plates P and P 1 are first connected to t\•. ~) prtlperly- sek~<.:ted points of the earth, the speed of rota- tion of the cylinder A is varied until it is made h) turn i!1 synchronism with the alternate ~JS impulses of the generator, and. finally. the position cf the brushes b and b 1 is adjusted by angular displacement, as usual. or in other ways, so that they an.• in contact with the segments s and s' during the periods when the 1or) impulses are at or near the maximum of their intensity. Only ordinary electrical skill and knm.vledge arc required to make these adjust- :nents, and a number of devices for effecting synchronous movement being \-\-'t.•ll known lll:l and it being the chief object of my present application to set forth a novel apparatus embodying a general principle a detailed des- cription of such devices is not considered necessary. I may state, however, that for pnc- 110 tical purposes in the present Gist> it is only necesSilry to shift the brushes bac!-\ and forth until the maximum effect is secured. The above requirements being fulfilled. electric<1l charges of the same sign will be conv<>yed to 115 each of the condenser-terminals .1s the cv!in- der A is rotated. and with each fre:;h impulse the condenser will be charged to a hight•r potential. The speed of rotation of the cyliud<~r J being adjt:stabie at will, the en:...·rgy of .uw 1·2n number ;>f separate impulses may !hl!s be an·umulated in potential form and disd1argt~d through the receiver R upon tile brush .~ coming in contact wit!l one of tt:e segments f. It will b:! of course ur.der~tond th:;t thel:.:S ~_·apndty of the condenser shouiti :H• st:d~ ;\s to a!h)w the stcrin~ of a iTit;c~ greatt~r amou;1t ~Jt energy than ;s required for the ordirlJ.U operation of the receiver. Sinre bv this methcd a relatively great amount of en~r::sy ::nd in 1 i :;tl ,.?'!!. suitable for:r. may be made available :or th·:! operation of a receiver, the intter need not I.Je vory sensitive bm of cnurse ,:,cr. Ibe impulses ~ are very iee~k as wilen commg lr<:m a g'e~,~ ~5'9!5more ~~. distance or when it is desired to operate ready passage to impulst·s of one sign receiver very rapidty, than any of the well- or permits only impulses of tla~ same sign to known devices capable of responding to very pass may also be used to perform this selec- 70 feeble influences may be used in this connec- live function in many cases when alternatinH 5 tion. impubes are received. Wlh~n lhe impulses are If instead of the alternating impulses short lnnJ and all of the same clin~ctiou. and even impulses of the same direction are conveyed when they are alternating but sufficieutly long . to the plates P and P', the appar<:.tus described in duration and sustained in electromotive 7S may still readily be used. and for this purpose force. thl' bru:,IH~s b and h' may be adjusted 1o it is merely ne<:essary to shift the brush b a!ld so ::ts to beat on the parts 13 B 1 of the cylinder b 1 into the position indicated by the dotted A. or the cylinder and its brushes may be lin~s. while mc.intaining the same conditions omitt~d and the terminals of the conden:1er in regard to synchroni~m as bdore. so that the ct:rmec!ed directly to the plates P anrl P'. succeeding impulses wi!l be permHted to p:1~;s It will b~ :).:·en that by the Wit' of my inv~~n- 15 i11tu the condenser, but prevented from return- tion results hitherto unatt.1in;:ble in utilizi11~~ ing to the ground or transmitting medium dur- disturbances or efft•cts transmitted through ing the intervals between ihcm, 0\'ling to tllc natural media may be re<~ ac- Another way of using the apparatus with cumulated from them by storing up the enc·rgy impulses of the same direction is the take off of succeeding impulses for a sufficient inter- one pair of brushes. as b, disconnect the plate v;d of time to render the sudden liberation of so P irom brush a and join it directly to the ter- il highly effective in operating a receiver. In 2S minal T of the cor.dt'nscr, and to connect this way re~eivers of a variety of forms may brush a with brush a 1 • \Vhen thus modified. b·~ made to respond effectively to impulses too the apparatus appears i!S shown in Fig. 2. feeble to he d1~tected or to be mach• to pro- Operated in this manner and assumin:~ the duce any sensible effect in any otlwr \·vay uf !>:") spet.'d of rotation of cylinder A to be the same, whkh I am awnre-a result of great value in :iO the apparatus will now be evidently adapted scientific re:;earch as well as in various appli- for a number of impulses per unit af time twice cations to practical w-:e. as gre.Jt as in the preceding case. In all cases \V'hat I claim as n1v invention. d !s such a way of such effects or Ji~turbances, a stora~~e .ttl as to produre disturbances or dfects which a!·e dL•vke inclucL:~d in the charging-circuit and varied or intermitted in som~ arbitrary man- adapted to h<' charged thereby, a rt>ceiver, and 1wr - for example, to prmluce lon~er and llll':Hl:O for CiHlsing tiH~ receiver to be operate<] shorter succl•s::;inns uf impub·s. cerr~·sponding by the erwrgy accumul«kd in :h<' stor«gl' 1:n !n the dashes and dots of tlw ~lor!-:l' alphabet device c!! ~Hbitrary interva~s of timt~. -1:> - !~tTS, 2. !1' ;~n app:1r;~tus for utiiizi~>~ t~iectrical d- "inn.. t!1e stora~t: dPvin• will 1:-t' t'!i,tl!rbant:t~S 'II a dl.ll"~ill!~- ~\) tt'\·eived. cirn!it :H.~.;plcd :o iit~ P,l•·rgiz~ti ;>y iiw actioi1 f'bvj()!!Siy ti~t· ~.pt·, :;~;:rti::g tr1•;11 the ·:pin~ ;td;q>ted ;o ik !'!·:\:g.·J tiwreLy. me;:ns for 1:2,1 · i tl~..; sam\:!. ,·or;li.tu!:!Ln,.z d'r\'t"tin~~ or :>L·kl"lin!~ lh'' c:ur- lt iS t1) be ohst•rvcd t!l::t !t !s ~~!t' lt!::~·::::11 J)! fl'llt :;njmL,.;~s ii1 t;::~ ~·iiar~i;lg-•·iri:uit. :1 n·n·i· Ill<' cy~ind~r ..-\. \vith ii!i iJruslws .tiLl t (llll:tc· \ ing-cir\-iii .. :111d nH~:ILS for di.-;ch 1" c:1ar:~- .;·Jbst«ntifl!iy a:~ <;,·:;cr:hPd. 1·~.) ~!1!-i :11~ condenser {a:;:;u.nin1~ t~1er~i ~o 1 );~ L!l:- :L i;1 :111 ;lpp;:r.:tt;s i(;r <.:~!iiz!n:~ e\·ctncal f.:r- !:\! :5t:it::ttJ!e for thi:> purpos·~ i·. ti:l' ;nrm i;1 ·.v::!ctt ;,·~·ts nr. !ist;:rin;w:..•s tr;,nsmitlt'..! t!:r. n:~~i: t1w tl:'-'Y "J!";:' re~:ei·.·ed) by n·r':fy~r!:~ tllt~l:l wrk:l :l.ttural i~1t'd:.1. t~IL' cona,~t:latic.1 with ! sourc'' ~!lt'Y ar:..~ o:-i~~innll~· a!tern::tm:~ ::1 ;;:!·ccti!lll m nt ~:u;h eff,'ct.; 111 dis:n!!);':nl r_·~ "i ·I c~~ ;1r...: ·~uitable wlier. <:II are not. and ilil\. )rh··· fi,__.v:ce p(·r· ,,) f,:rm::.~~ t:'iis fu!!ction ·.-;ill oi)'."!:rt!sl~: :·ns'.v•'r t!.t' p;;;-r~o:)e. 1: !s :·!so f'\'il!!·::t !;ut a d:·-..:ic:• sue h ,,; i h~ >e air.:ad:; :·+·:red ;,; .., :lie:: ,,[iers ,p_ circuit -td:.p'(~d ;:> b-- l'!i~r~i.:~~·.! !Jy thP ;1.·ti1Fl !:'il nf :;tw!t l'!!l'~·ts or di:-.tt;r~):llh't>:-:. ;: l'Olll~t'!l!ii':'" il!llut:t'd inti:·~ c:i:lr~;i!l~-~.·ircu:t ~lid adapk•i !•• l>r· 1 har~t·ti ':w;·:'l~v. ~11\'illlS fnr ("Otllli1~Jt:ll- ~ ing, dii,..':l!~l~ or ··t·i. •ci:ilg tb• n,, n•:tt i:np•;!'~' , ~ . ~ D;ii iiiiiiiiiliiliiiiil 6C5,955 in the charging-circuit, a receiving-circuit, and means for discharging the condenser through the receiving-circuit, substantially as described. 5 4. In an apparatus for utilizing electrical effects or c!isturbam:es transmitted through the natural media, the combination with a source of such effects or disturbances of a chargingcircuit adapted to be energized by the action 10 of such effects or disturbances, a storage de- vice included in the charging-circuit and adapted to be charged thereby, means for commutating, directing or selecting the current impulses in the charging-circuit so as to 15 render them suitable for charging the storage device, a receiving-circuit, and means for dis- charging the storage device thorugh the receiving-circuit, substantially as described. 5. In an apparatus for utilizing electrical ef- 20 fects or disturbances transmitted through the natural media, the combination with a source of such effects or distrubances of an charging- circuit adapted to be energized by the action of such effects or disturbances, a condenser 25 included in the charging-circui! and adapted to be charged thereby, means for commu- tating, directing or selecting the current impulses in the charging-circuit so as to render them suitable for charging tht• coruh~nser, a 30 receiving-circuit. and means for dicharging the condenser tht)rugh the receiving-drcuit. substanti~lly as described. f). In an apparatus for utilizing eledrical ef- fects or disturbam:es transmitkd through the :\:) natural media. the combinati.on with a somce of such effects or disturbances of a c!l device, a receiving-drcuit. and means for dis- ·l.1 charging the storage devicr• through the ren~iving-circuit at ;1rbitrary intervals of time, substantial!v as described. 7. ln an ailparatw; for u:ilizing ekctricai ei- f{:·cts or dist:trb:!ne<~s transmitted to a Jist<1nt i!J n·ceivin~-sta::on. !!h~ comhi!1ation \'v"ith a source of snch dfects or cisturb.> mt•ar.s for commutating, diredi:1g nr ::pledit~!-{ the impubes il!ld C()lllH:·t:ting the circuit \vitll the stora~~p devi<"l.~ at SUlTeedin~~ m~ervals of time ~yn•..:hroi1izing w!th the impulses. a rt'Cl'iving-circuit. and means for periodically fill dischan;ing the :::ior<~ge devi,·:· tl!rCJug!l the n•c<'iving-circuit. Silb.s!an~:ally d. K. In an apparby causing the re\.:eiver to be operated by the energy accumul:lted in the storage device. !10 substantially as described. 10. In an npparatus for utilizing electrical effects or disturbar,ces transmitted through the natural media, the combinaiion with a source of such effects or disturbances of a circuit at ~!:> a distance from the source which is e1wrgized by such effects \>r disturban.-:-es. a storage device adapted to be chargt.•d with the c!wrgy supplied by such circuit. me~ns for connecting the storage device with the said circuit ~or l Ol: periods of time predetermim:d as to successi!ll~ and duration, •' receiving-drruit <:ollnt><:!t:d with the storap· uevin•. " r;.•ceiver inr!udt•d in such recei;:ing-drcuit. and Inl'ans for dusing the recei\'ir::~·cin:uit and therein· cau~;inl~ th''.itl:; receiver to. be oper<:t<~d hy · the ~~r;ergy accumuiated in tlw :o-;tor;lgc· dt:•vicc. substanticlllV as described. 11. In an ~apparatus ior utilizing Plt·ctrical effects or disturb~nces transmiaed throu~h li 1e 111: natural media. t:1e combination of a cirniil connecting poi:1:: at a distance irom the sourn~ t~t>twc•t>n '.VIlich ;\ differ~~nn• of P' lkll· tbl is creakd bv such effects or dist•Jrb«nt:...·s. a storage devic-~· included in such circuit and 1! :; adapted to be cr,;·,rg'ed with tht~ energy sup- plit>d by the ~~me. a receivin~·drcuit. a receiver indu~t~d in such circ1it. and nwar;s for connt>c~ing the receiving-circuit \vitll ti!t..' storage de,.: icc- fur p.:·riod~ of tim~ pr(~t:<~kr- L' l mined a:-; t:; ~:u:c~s~;ioii a;1d dur;!tir:n ;u!d thl'rehy causin~; tilt' rt-ct~in·r :o l>t• opt'nll-d hy tile energy iH.:ct.llntJiatt..:(! !n tht· :,ttll"ctiw~ pnir.ts at a dist:UH"l' fn'lll the source bdw•.:t..•fl ·.-.11ich a differ...'Il<"~ •if r~ott·~~- tia! is 1·reated !~y Sth h effP<:ts j >r disturiJarH·t.·s .. ·~!, a storage de•:ice ;Hlrgy !;tlp;:·iil'd by sut:i; ~ u·c•tit ~r;r s::c- ceecling and preJetermiz:et.i rwriou.s oi time. a n n·i\ ir;.;.;.c:r:~::ir. .1 rr.>n•i•;t'r inc!t1<.!1·d in t:it' 6 685,955 n'cdving-cirruit. and means for connecting the receiving-circuit with the storage device for periods of time predetermined as to succession and duration and thereby causing the re- 5 ceiver to be operated by the energy accumulated in the storage device, substantiaEy as described. 13. In an apparatus for utilizing electrical effects or di$turbances tran:;mitted through the 10 natural media, the combination of a circuit ~:onnecting points at n distance from the source, between which a difference of potential is created bv such effects or disturbances. a ,,ondenser induded in such circuit and adapt- !5 ed to be charged by the current in the same, a n'ceivin~·circuit conn~cted with the condenser, a receiver incluli~d in such receiving. circuit. and a dPvke adapted to close the rect>iving-circuit at arbitrary intervals of time :!O and tlwreby c~HIS(' the receiver to be operated by the electrical energy accumulated in the C(lndenser, substantially as described. 14. In an apparatus for utilizing electrical effects or disturbances tran:Smitted through the :!5 natural media, the combination of a charg- ing-circuit distant from the source and energized by the effects or disturbances. a storage dl·vice included in the charging-drcuit, means included in the chargin~-circuit and acting in :w synchronism with the impulses therein for cmnmutating. directin~ or sclcctin~ the impulses, a rt~ct.·iving-circuit and means for periodically dischargin~ the storage device thorugli the receiving-ctrcuit. substmbin;l!ion of a chargingc!r,·tlit disLH:t from the source and energizt>d -Ill by tl:t; df":ds or distur!:ances, a condense: iJ:l'!ll!!t·d !n t!H· ,_·ilargin~~-circuit. means [n,·i,!d~·d in Ill!' dur~(i!1g-i·ir·:u:~ .md acting in sylldlronism with the impulse:; therein ror con;rnutatin~. direetin;.{ or s<•!e~ting the ·i:-1 impu!st~s. a n·, ~~iving-circui! and nH.•ans for JWriodicall:; discharging the c~>ndenser through the n~~eiving-circ:JiL ~ubstantialiy as dt•snii)ed. ! li. In an apparatus for transmit tin~ signals .)II or inklli~enn• thnugll the n:1tur:tl :nc•dia from a :;ending-st:tti,Jll to :l t!i::;tant point. the cumhiiiaLt~n , ,f ,, ~4t•rwr:ltor o:· ~ra:!smitter ;tdapted 111 pr•n!un• .trtHt:-:t!":!y •:arit~d or intermitted electrical disturbances or effects in the natural media, a charging-circuit at the distant point adapted to receive corresponding electrical 55 impulses or effects from the disturbances or effects so produced, a storage device included in the charging-circuit means included in the charging-circuit and acting in synchronism with the impulses therein for commutating. fiO directing or selecting the impulses so as to render them suitable for charging the storage device, a receiving-circuit. substantially as described. 17. In an apparatus for transmitting signals 65 or intelligence through the natural media from a sending-station to a distant point, the combination of a generator or trnnsmitter adapted to produce arbitrarily varied or intermitted electrical disturbances or effects in the natu- 70 ral metlia. a charging-circuit at ttli:! distant point adapted to receive corresponding electrical impulses or effects from the disturbances or effect5 so produced, a condenser included in tht~ charging-circuit, means included in the IS charging-circuit and adi11g in synchronism ,..,·ith the impulses therein for commutating, directing or selecting the impulses so as to render them suitable for ch.1rging the condenser, a receiving-circuit and means for periodi- HO ' cnlly discharging the condenser through the receiving-circuit. substantially as described. IH. In an apparatus for tr~msmitting si;~nals or intelligence through the natural media from a sending-station to a d;stant point. the com- }S5 bination of a generator or transmitter adapted to produce arbitrarily varied or intermitted ckctrical disturbances or effects in the natural media, a circuit at the distant point adapted to ;eceive corre~;pontling electrical impulses ~HJ or disturbances from the disturbar.ces or eff'~cts so trarismittetl. il ~tora~e device indudz_•d in such cirptit and ad:tpled to lw cha n~t'd t! ten•l;y. a ri.:cPi"!i n~~ -('! ;·,·t; ;1 c1 .r: r:: ~c, · ·d wttil the :)tora;.;~.: device. a recci·:er indmh~d ~;:~ in the r~n~ivin;.{-circuit and a device for closing the receiving-circuit at arbitrary intervals (Jf time and then·~JY causing the receiver to be operated by the energy hiladelphin. and ployNl to control the current through tho 5 State of Pennsylvania, haYe invented c~rtain wia·eM connecting tho two. Connected to tlw 55 new and useful Improvement~ iri 'Yirelcss secoud11.1'Y poHts 4 of the transformer are re- Telegrapby,of which the following isaspcci- spectively tho ground-wire 5 and tho \Viro f.i, fication. to which iH Cut·ther connected the condense•· 'fhis invention relates to impt'o\·cmcnts in i, lun:in~: the wire 8 connecting it to tho 10 wireless telegraphy, null has spocialt·eferenco gt·onml ut ~·. IC it Hhonld he dnsired, an nil· 6o to an apparatus in which static induction i~ connection may he omployod ancl is plncetl 1\!'4 used for operating the receiver. shown in Fig. 4. Another object of my in\·ention is to tlis· . The receiving apparatus consi:its of tho pense with the Hertz oscillators now so gen- gr·ound 11, to wbich is connected tho wire 1:!, 15 erally used anll also the imperfect olcctl'ical which is connected to tho batteries 13, a wiro 6~ contact or coherer. 1·1:\ ('onnccting theMe b1~tterieH to the cup 1·1, Another object of my invention is the pt·o· which d"mp!i n.nd holtlM tho ferrotype-dia- vision of a system which employs two griJltntl phr·Rgml5 in place. Hccnt·cd to thi!i cnp is the connections at each Mtation,although a ground rnuuet· cnp Hi. Tho wi:-o is nhm conncctctl to 10 and an air wire may be employed, if so de- tho diaphragm. 70 sired. 1\[onntcll upon tho posts 17 is tho strip IS Another objert of my iuvent.ion is the lli'O· nf mica o1· any resilient insulation mnteriaJ. viRion of a system which is easily tuned, so It i:-i so mounted aM to uo Cree to vibt·nto nt n or that any number of apparatus may be oper- cet·tain tmriod or pitch, depending upon itl'4 25 ated at the same time without in nny way length. C1U'ricd by this strill hy means n 75 affecting the other. post l!J is n metal IJIILto ot· diHk 20, \vhich iM Another object of my invention iH the pro- also fr·cu to \'iut·nto with !"n.ld Mtl'ip. Connect- vision of a trn.nsmitting appm·atus in which l'tl to thn Kt.l'ip amtl also with tho post 1!J hy so is employed an alternatot· and n. lt·nmJrormet· means or n wiro 21 is n Mpring-pointet· :!:!, which cause vibrationM to pass through tho which i!i connectctlto a Jm!it :!:.J, HO ns to hn.vo a So earth or air to the receiYing apparatus, which :-\light sJn·inA motion, nml upon it:-~ Ct·eo eml i~ is provided \vith means which m·o positively cal'l'it.•cl tho tlouhht·hmulctl contact-point :!l, operated to offect a relay and suuntlet·, thn:-~ which is ntlaptetl to always l'41i:,:htJy contact dispensing with the 1lert1. oscilln.tm· :mel t-ho onu of tho points :!.i nr :!tj, whit•h, with tlw 35 coherer. wil'l'~ :!7, hnttl•t·y :!:-i, l't!lay :!~t, wil·o :10, arul Rs To attain the tlcsh·ell objeetM, tho in \'·en tion poi n tet·, mnkc a t•ircu it. .\n adjust in;.:·sl·t·ew consists of n system of wireless telegraphy :>I is used to \·ar·y the IH'l'~suro of tho :4pl'inr:· embodying noYel fcatm·c~ of constntction antl poi ult.•a·. ~;:.! i:-1 a nun- hultu.·t ivo t't"sistauce COmbination Of. parts, SllUSt.aut.ialJy a~ tlis- whil'lt takl'S lip ~e)f.intlUctallCO o(' the l't•lay. 40 closed herein. The al'lnatut·o :J;J l'untt·uls tlw sounUl'l' :;& 90 In tho drawings, Fi~ure 1 b a tlia~r·am- t.h:·ough its eircuit ;J.i as t•unlact at. :;li nntl :;; matical view of tho entire system. Fig. :! is , i:-~ made. .\ gt·uuntl-wit'l' ;;~ is cunnectctl \t) I a sectional view of the t•ccciving llll'iLlts, atlll 1 the po:o;t 1:1, and, ifdesit'l'd, an ait·-wit'L':;:tmay Fig. 3 is a uottom plan YiO\\~. thot·euf. Fi~. ·I be Plllployetl. 45 is a diagrammaticnl \"icw u( tho entire sys- Fl'um the fure~oiu~ dt•sel'iptiuu, taken iu 95 tem using n grouml and au ait· cotHluctor at i ('uuucctiun with tho dt'll\\'ill~~, the upt•ration t'ach station. is l'L'atlily u ndl't·~toml; but, hl'iL•Ily stat l'tl, it i~ Referring to the dt·awings, A tlesignatcs a~ follows: .As the source of clectl'icity hen• the transmittin~ appat·atus, ar11l g t.ho rceC'i Y- ctnl'loyctl is an alternator, tho same is eou- ~ . , '" ~ ~..!a .. . '714,NS ~:~"~i r ,; 'rent from Jlowlng I through the primary of the wlr88 ln the transmitter and to prevent A ·~·'.transformer. When the key is pressed, the abort circuit. '; ~~·:.·. olrcult Is c108ed and the primary or the trAD8• What l olalm 11 new f8- ·. '. . former la energized. thli «!atiator. IUt &1t8r• 1. lttltdlftlli)'IWtu, I tt&ti~UiltWt, which ft; ~ . 5 natlng potential at the grotittds, '.rhts aieHds : out electrostatic waves at the gl'oUHdt thea@ waves being radiated ovei' the· surt~ae of tb~ . ·earth In mach the same manner.*'& tipples itt · a pond wh~n a stone is thrown thereiii=thi~ 10 is, it varies t.he potential at dltterent points ·tn ita path. When these waves reach the re· t!uwpt1se8 1 18D8t'lt6f 6l 1tuutuattug pot.@ti.i tt!lt~~ t!UHH~«!lhJD8 lrmu ~atd ftt88ti~ td 118111'-i 1'8~d @lt'th•pl&t@8 'h.t'OUgh A Ottt't'@Ut Ot' ld.i s. u~ttt!•IH8rgr t'@8tr&hUttg tttlltis• A tt'lfiiffiittlf wht(Sh 6omvri~s iDeaus ;; fot' g8bttl'ltlHI hllh~pijt@titill ftuctti~ttitjg en• ~rgy. coututotlon& from ~atd ttuuuHJ to sepa· celver, a change of potential la caused at the rated earth·plAtes through a current or kf... i~~~lver's grounds, causing variations of po- netic-energy restratninp: means, whereby elec- tentlnl between 16 and 20, thns causing the trostatic energy of high potential is im- ~o 15 plate 20 to vibrate the pointer. The relay is pressed upon the t'arth. now energized, as the pointa have made a posi- 3. A transmittei-.which comprises a source tive contact, and thus the recorder-circuit is of fluctuating electrical energy, a primary o! operated and a signal transmitted and re- a trao!former in tho circuit of said source, a ceived. With this system it is poBSible to means for controlling the energy in accord- 85 10 operate a great number of transmitting and ance with the signal to be sent, and connec- receiving apparatus without interference, as tions from I the secondary of said transformer the plate 20 bas a certain natural period of to separated earth-plates through a current vibration. If these impulses are sent In the or kinetic-energy restraining device, whereby same period as the natural period of the strip, electrostatic energy of high potential is im· go .25 the plate carried thereby will (ret ita maxi- pressed upon the earth• mum swing, hence will record t be characters 4. A transmitter which comprises means sent. Should the periods of the transformer for generating fluctuating potential differ· not be the same as the strip, it will not get ences, connections for said means to sepa· ita maximum swing, but may be affected to rated earth-plates and a condenser between 95 ,so a certain extent, which would not be enough said generating means and one of the earth- to record the characters. The transformer plates and means for modifying the 1luctuat· which fnrnishes the varying potential shoulJ ing potentials in accordance to the signal to have the same period as the strip. be sent. I would have it understood that in place of 6. A transmitter which comprises a source xo" 35 the transformer and the alternator I may em- of fluctuating electrical energy, a primary of ploy an Induction-coil and a battery, an ordi- a transformer in the circuit of said source, a nary break being used with the coil and being means for controlling the energy in accord- run at the same period as the diaphragm of the ance with the signal to be sent and connec- ~eiver. This furnishes a varying potential tions from the secondary of said transformer 105 40 and will operate equally as well. to separated earth-plates through a condenser, The condenser in the transmitter is em- whereby electrostatic energy of high poten- ployed for the pnrpose of keeping the poten- tial is impressed upon the earth. tial up, as it bas enough dielectric to raise the G. In a signal system the combination of a potential very high, and also giving two nega- transmitter which comprises a generator of uo 45 tive grounds instend of one. fluctuating potentials, and connections from The battery of the receiver is of very high said generator to separated earth - plates potential, being about one thousand volts, through an energY!·restraining means; anu a this being done to keep the diaphragm under receiver which comprises a plurality of plate! a static field, thus making the same more sen- in inductive relation, means for permanently r15 so sitivein thesamemannerasthecommon mag- charging the plates, and a local circuit con- netic field in magneto-telephones makeR them trolled by said plates. more sensitive. 7. In a signal system, the combination of a In the apparatus an air-wire may be em· transmitter, which comprises means for gen· ployed and if used assumes the relative posi· erating fluctuating potential differences, con- 120 55 tiou aa shown in Fig. 4. nections for said means to separated earth· I have found by experimenting that the plateR, and means !or modifying the tlnctuat- groands of t.he transmitter and receiver ing potentials in accordance with the signal Mhould be substantially the same distance to be sent; and a receiver, which comprises apart-~ay from twenty to thirty Ceet-and a plurality of plates in ,inductive relation, 125 Go also that the distance between the parts 15 means for permanently char~ing the plates, and 20 should not be over one-eighth to one- and a local circuit controlled by said plates. fourth of an inch, the best results being ob- 8. In a signal system, the combination of a tained when the enumerated parts are sub- transmitter, which comprises means for gen- Htantlallythe distance apart as I have herein erating high-potential fluctuating energy,con· I 30 u5 stated. The purpose of the condenser 7 is to ~ restrict the amount of current through the nections from said means to separated earth· plates throngh an energy-restraining mean,s, . . ~ ~ ~~~;;;~~~~~-----' "Jl.w.J · · · ~1~~J~reb \li.~ea;tbl!tl il ~l!t.it~l !i lllill~lii.IH8d ':I'J/~kr'.J:;· ·< .. ' ., .· fi4Jll4a ~k-:1;:' at .'. wideft-dtf ferent ~~~tli\ts.; ill'i! tttid ~.l'~~~~v~f'J fhtt!luatiHi! VHt~Htint~~ tutd ~mut~~timHi lttJiti lillid g~Htif4td6t' ttl 8@VIltlit@t1 81ift11 ~ tdlt~fl ~t:··~.,·}~: whtohcomprisesll11tuti11tyutvt~t~~ IH tudu~t~ thfa~gh IH 8fl@flf=f8sffliiHiHI ~l!li11~i ltid 8 f8 ~:~Y}lve relation, menns for pertnanettt.ly CjtUU'tf• =r~·.--· 5 ing the· plates, and a local clrcutt controtted ot t'f!~a1Vat'1 whttllt e!UU1Vt'is~9 dVl1d9Jtig p1~&W91 ~ htglt-pot~utlnl tte1Ur(!U tJUUt'lfY (!OtttttJ(Jt~d to ;_ : ~ by said plates. enhl plates through an earth·clrcult to per· . . · 9. In ·a signal system, the combination of a manently charge the same, nntla circuit-con- transJDltter, which comprises a source of flue- trolling menns operated by the reaction be· 75 . tnating electrical energy,a primary of a trans· tween said plates upon tbe reception ot a to former In the circuit of said source, a means signal. · for controlling the energy in accordRnce with 15. In a signalsystem,the combination of a t~e signal sent, and connections from the sec- transmitter, which compriMes a generator of ondary of said transformer to separated earth· fluctuating potentials, and connections from So plateti through nn energy-restraining clevlce, saicl generator to separated earth - plateR 15 whereby said earth-plates are maintained at throngh an flnergy-restraining means, and a widely-different potentials; and a receiver, receive•·, which comprises plates in Inductive wbichcomprisesapluralityof plates in imluct· relation to euch other, means for normally ive relation, means for permanently charg· chargi11g said plates to a high potential, 85 ing the plates, and a local circuit controlled means controlling a local signal-circuit oper- :zo by said plates. · · ated upon f111ctuations of charge on saicl 10. Inasignalsystem, the combination of a plates due to received signal energy. transmitter which comprises a ~enerator of 10. In a signal system,the combination of a fluctuating potentials, an..!~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~n~~~!:, ....~. ;. . -~- .. ...: "' : . ·i ! :::~. J ·. t .. ... ;,. ..'~·-,··:t .i ' ~ - -- - ·' J -· ..... - ::: ;;, ... .;..~~~ ~~ . ·.. .. ~- -~ ~ , .'...._..... - -,...y.. .. .....~..~,,',. / - ' '~-~.c'z;. ;;: ~..~ .,. ~~. _.l~l-· ~~..!.:- - -- l. r ""o i r. i. PAT~~TED DEC. lJ, 1904. S. MDSIT~ . .~.~P.~.R.t..TliS FOR WIRSLESS Tt:LEPHONY. J :Hii:t1'S-:Hl.El~T 2 lD' t q : ..7 ~. ' - - - .".:'":·"' ! ,. ' ' § . r"""'.-:;-:~-=-""'-. -- 1·~··:.. !, I I : m I ! I I I /~,i1 I _: --· I i . ! . '"""' :. .., ·. ! 1'- • .' i . ... • # - ~~0. 777,216. UNITED STATES Patented December 13;1~0~. . . ~ •. i • . •. pATE1:~-T OFFICE. ~: : - ~ H; :\llJ ~I> :\1 C~rr~. OF STEI~ A:\I.-\ :\UEH. A CSTHL\-1 I lJ ~<~A HY. .. ~·'·' APPARATUS FOR WIRELESS TELEPHONY. SPECIFICATION t'orming part ot' Letters Patent No. 777,,q16, dated December 13, 1904. Appllcatlon tlled November 24, 1902. Serial No. 132,547. )[G:o!IT~. olliei'nl a powet·fnl sour·ee of Pleett·ieit,\' Band 1\ wire ot'thPHo,Yal Ilun~arian Pu~talandTcle~rnphic. 10 to I'L'on. which fGrm wherch.r the microphone produces ct.ll'l'ent..• :.. 15 n p:u't of thi:-' speeilieati<">n. impulse~ which in its tu1·n increnscs tlw \'ihra- 65 TIH' prl'Sl'rtt inn•ntiun rPlntPs to impron'- I tion of the telephone· mcmht·anP. The de- ·· nll'nts in dPrices m· apparatus for Plectl'ica11.v I sct·ilwd connections I cnll the Hspconcfar,\· eir·- . rff· gttt·:aennst.mdiit~ttianngeelsanwgilltah,o!!uet. tmhuesuiscc, ~9~1~: sciognnnaelcstion\g·e't-· ~ ~cuait . '~ wir eF1r7omconthm~eccto~nwtia~cht 1Gof the a som·ce dou hie kP,\" of e!ectr·ic- zo wtre~. · - -· · · It.Y 1H, and thence n wtrc lt) to a swttch 2D 70 · In ordet· to maJ,;,. t lw in\·ention ily undPt'stood. I will now lleseribe more rl'adit with ~·ef· 1 '! with contacts 20 man,\· contact~ ns nnd 20'. ther·c nrc This switch has lb micr·ophones 2:! 22' en·ncl' to th'e aecompanyingdrawings~ wht·r ·· c:ut into ti. circuit 21. (In the drawing-s only in- 1 t~·.·o such rnic:·ophonr.s nrc shown. and consc- - Figur·c l is a <1 iagl·ammatiealt·Ppl:escntntion ol' two identieal stations..:\ and B. both 'of which mny he 11:-iPtl fo1· scmt;ing- an'l rceci\·ing nw.s~ag-P:-:. Fig. 2 is an er.!;u::.!·"t) front clen1tion of a tPiephmw in f:omwction with n micro30 plwrw. Fi~. :) is :i \"Prtic.'al sectional \·iew .; ·,·,!"~dr on1,v two contacts.) The wir·p, 21 thPn i 5 ·. i~ r.o~a.~ctcd to the primar,\· coils withiri the :-~ccorH.I:i't·,,· coil.s 11.· A wir·e 2:1 tht•n connPcts the pt·inmr,\· coils with the contact 2-l: of tlw double kt>y 4. From contact 2;) a wir·e 2(; sti'Ptclws to t.he tclephonP ·2i. ami a wirl' ~H So tht'tlll.~.dt Fig. ~. Fi.i!·. -t is n top plan \'li'W of fl'nm the teleplton<' to tlte g-rou:HII'd (~,\'lirtdPr a t:l'l'tain dotthiP :\lot':-" kt•y 4. herPiJmftt•t· n•- 1~. Th.t~~G ~>nncctiops l call tlw •• primar,\·. feiTI'd to; and Fi:,!·. ;) is a sidt• \"it'\\' of \\·hat is ' circuit.~~ · shown in Fig. -t. . ! Tlw opPr::.tion of til('. app:u·atu:-: is t!tp fnl-. 33 Eaeh station ·~on:-:bts of two circuits. tlw !owing-: If station A dPs!rP"' to eallnp slation Ss .:: micTopltorw and till! teleplwne circuit!'. and the H. thP switeh 2~J is laid on e~mtact :10 or· :111', mi<:ropho:w-t:irenit in tt11·n ha:-~ two circuits. aceordin~ to wlwtlwr tile microphont• :.!:.! oi~ tlw primal',\' and the ~~~~·nnd:tl',\' eireuih. :2:( is liS('d. I r m!L't'opholll' :!~ i:-' to IH· ll'<'d, ..:\hollow lHHiy 1. pn•fp,·ahl,r c,\·lindrical in thP contact is madt~ at :,!n and hot It kr·y:--: of 40 sltapt~ and of eopp<•r nt· nth•r suitahlP matt>- th1~ double key -t: an· dl'pre:-:s•~'l. Tit .. cin:niL r)o rial. whielt ma,\· nt· ma.\· no- h~· lilll'd with a i:--: now clnserl a.s follows: Till' etll'l'l~nt !low.' t:lll'l'l'llt-.!.!<'rll'l'atin:,.!·liquitlori'I"!;IJ'ol,\·tl'. i:-;Pilt- from tlte sonl'!'l' of I'IPf'tt•ir·ity t;-.; o\'t•J' lir!l'- .lu•tltlt•d into th<' .!.!I'Ollllrl :tilt: i~ t:onner·tpd hy win• 1~) to :--:witelt :!~l. eontad :!fl. lllil:ropltnl!t' titP linc~-win•:.! with till' eor1ta~·t :-~of a donl!IP :.!:!. wire :.!L to tl1P primal',\' iruluction-r.:oil:--:, 45 k•·.\· ·L whost' hamllt' end is "'>rmally lwld up : thenee hy wir<· ~:~ to r.:ontact :!-t of til!~ donhl1~ 95 hy a eon traet iI" spr·i Tl.!.! -+'. : kr.y ~ to con taet. 1f) and O\'P r the wire 17 to . 1 ~ ?:J ~ to In tit till' spt~t.:ilic·ation is ltollnw hod,\· l aa~n.d. c:laim;--; I •·ylirult·r. ~hall rl't'l'r ·· alt hnll_!.!lt tht~ hattr.r,\·1~. TIH! ClliTPilt impuJ.,cs .!.!t~ncratt•d h,\' adnatirt.!.! tl11• tnierop!JOnt• :.!:2 will in- ·. If (;.:IllS - ·'!<. ~ it ntn\· lu• of ol ltt•t· :-:hapP nt' t'ortll. From tilt• · dneP in tur·n :-;peowlnn·c:llt'J't!rJls in tlte f'oil...: II ~. rso contn'•·t :, of t ht• phone 1t:h~.e otu' hand wit·c 1·!-. on>.t' and wit'P 1~ to tilt> ~!TOll n. wiJ·p Ill led <',\·1 indc I' Ill, hnUPI',\' wt;,i:t·pon~.thlellint·at ·hoeprhIotnapnd'i.'. o\·e I' wirl' : : :~ptt:lr.'i\l~ml'-lttm·•iJain·rl.ler,\u·:(ti'tpai.nsp·ealamlrniatldwt 1(1f'd:P-o>ditlP·ltp'odlt'tih·:-ie\nwillP:il,lt.hl·:ic-'lJI'Hat'~:l-:T>-S~>nCl'tHt semiplId'(Lt.',(•'pflnooItitI-l'lti.iP;h,It\:·.Pd•<..·'~ia~-·..4..0 5 f), to contnc:t G of the .doubli~ kP,\' -l. tlll~lleP to~: tril'it,\'. ntil'roplwtws. pt·itwu·y indttelion-coils ro cont:u·t d<'t'l. T=~h. l~wtierele2p,hoannde to the <•mhedded t~.rlint:t cut into this cit·c·uit. nnd thP mic1·opltl'imhr·,,· itHluction-eoils zo )4: to C,\'Jindcr 1;), thi.'I'Cb,\· betwet'n the two stations. clIofs. inhgowtchne~rc.it•scttati-t tion.' H desires to talk to stat.ion A. the don- ancJ 11. double' 1\e,\·. a sccondat',\' ciJ·euit. Com- I 1 pr·isir1g :i soHt'ee of electricit.\·. sccond duction-coils, adapted to hp infhu'nePc.l ar. b,\' r insaid .55 hln ke,v 4 of station B must. he depr·t'.ssed, the i prilll:tl',\' induetion-coils, a tPiephonP. a miel·n- switch ~m turned into till' l'onlnct cot·r·pspon:.l- I phone ndaplt•d t'.l he actuatPd h,,. said 'tde- in~ to the mic:'i·oplwne to he used, and thP de- l pl10m•, a do11hlt~ lw,\' and metal c,\·linder·s em- 6o \'ices OIH't'ate as nho,·e descl'ihc~i. . ! bedded in tlw ~Tound and conrwcted to tb(~. . 25 It is C\'idc•nt that elmng-cs nm,\· ht~ made in ' secondary line ends. and a telephone 'JI' tclc- thc interconnection of the rarious parts with- 1 phones connected to the orH: grourHit!d c,\'linout ~teppir~g- be.vond the scope of th<~ in\'cn- : det· and to the said double kt',\" and tiii'Oll!!lf' tion. ; said key. in its position of t·est, to the. otl!e.r 65 'rlmt I claim is- ! g-rounded metal c.dinde.t·, all suhstant iall,\· i1s 30 1. In apparatus for· wil'eless telephuny. ;•. : and for the pur·po:-;c set forth. IH'imm·.r circuit conqH·ising a sout·ce ofelee · : In testimony that I claim tiH' forcgoin~ I tt·icit.r and microphones cut into the ~aid pri- : ha\·c hen•unto set m.r hand thb 4th da,\' <>f"'" mar.r circuit. n se<"ondar,\· circuit. adapted to . ~orembt~r, 101.>~. be influenced b,v the said prinuu·,\' circuit, a. SIU:\lC~lJ :\ICSITS. 35 telephone cu~ into the said secondar,\· cin:uit, : \\"itne~sc~: . _ a microphone telephone and am,!,eat1anlctclytloindheer!a'r:itnna~atcidd by ,said ~econd- · FIL\XZ H~-:rTr·:I~, ...\r.,·r·::-:T,' S. Ho<:t:t·:. - . , - No. 81~,942. · PATENTED MAR. 13, 1906. A. F. COLLINS.-· WIRELESS TELEPHONY. ·J.PPLIOATION FILED J. UG. 21, 1905. 3 SH"EET8-SHEET 2. I • Z3 e 8 6 7 ~WITNESJ]b . o~:.a.uu,--~ ~k~. (J' INVENTOR Jlrcki·eTreiierich; Coltina BY~. ATTORNEYS ·- No. 814,942. . PATENTED MAR. 13, 1906. : A. F. COLLINS. WIRELESS TELEPHONY. APPLIOATION FILED AUG. 21, 1905. 3 SREETS-SREET 3. . 7;~a· ;~: 2 -=-7 _7?'~10 -:2 ./1 } 2 3 41 :71 d c - 6 - } e j 3' .,... s I WITN£8~ t:il;·. INVENTOR h-chte_Frederlelc Collz'n.o. BY~- ATTORNEYS · ·uNITED RTATES PATENT, OFFICE. ARCHIE FREDERICK COLLINS, OF NE'V YORK~ N. Y. WIRELESS TELEPHONY. No. 814,942. Speei.ftcation of Letters Patent. Patented March 13, 1906. !:pplication filed August 21,1905, S~rial !lo. 275,0~6. To all whom it may concent: · J Heretofore no provision has been made for 55 I Be it known that It ·ARCHIE FREDERICK amplifying or intensifying the received pul"'" CoLLINS; a citizen of the United States, and a· sations emitted by the'" transmitters de- resident of New York city, borough of :Man- scribed, and a simple telephone-receiver has 5 hattan) in the county and State of New York, been employed to pick up and tr:u1slnte the have invented new and usefullmprovements impulse'S into speech. Likewise all experi... 6o ~ 'Yireless .TeleJ?hony, of which the follow- ments in wireless telephony using r:ond1.Ictor- lng IS a specificatiOn. · . terminals embedded in the ean h or other ~fv invention relates to the art of trans- medium have been made bv means of ordi-: 10 mittmgand receiving arti~ulate speech elec- nary telephone-transmitters, whi~:h in corn- trically betw.een t'!o or more stations VY'ith- mercia! practice operate approximately on tJs out connectmg-wrres, but .emploving the I twenty-five volts and one- h!tlf ampere. I earth or other medium as a means of propa- Fsing of necessity a transmitter hu ving this gation;,and it relates more particularly to the limitation wireless telephony by this method 15 transmission of impulses mto the earth or has been successful over ~ompurat1\ely short other medium by means of a direct or alter- distances, since where a current in excess of 70 nating current having .a higher voltage and 1 th!lt stated is used it burns out the trans- greater amperage than It has been found pos- nntter. sible to employ heretofore and the rec.eption NO\v the object of my invention is to obvi- 2o ?f the~e im_pulses and the~ 3;mplific~tion and ate this difficulty and _to provide for t~e use mtensifications· at the recern.ng-stat10n. of any voltage and ~ny amperage Without 75 It is well known to those versed in the art regard to the transmitter Froper, and in so that if a telephone-transmitter, a source of doing I render the transmitter absolutelv in- electromotive force, and the earth or other dependent of the current traversing the earth . z5 medium are connected in series bv terminal or other medium and I also amplifv the re- conductors entering the earth an;y variation ceived impulses so that t)1e reproduced So of the current due to resistance changes in SFeech will be louder and more distmct than . the transmitter will _produce a difference of. heretofore. _ potential at the termmal conductors forming · Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 show diagran1matic- 3o contact with the earth or other medium and ally.various modifications of the transmitter when a difference of potential is established arranged in accordance with my invention, 85 ·at the two terminals connected to the earth a and Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are modifica- current is established in the circuit of which tions of my receiver. . the earth forms a. portion. Equipotenti~l ~1Y. met~od of t!a~smitting consists, sub- 35 surfaces are establiShed around each term1- stantl:llly, -m modifying a current {of suffi- nal, and while the greater portion of the cur- cient electromotive fr·ce to produce an arc- 90 rent flows directly betw~en the terminals a light between the electrodes of any conduct- certain portion taking a less direct path flows ing material, such as pencils of carbons or ' from one to the other in arc-shaped paths ex- substances employed In the production of 40 tending from the conductors a considerable arc-lights) by means of either shunting the distance, or this arrangement may be so current.,. as shown j.n Fig. 1, or by superim- 95 Inodified that an alternating current may be posing a direct or· alternatin~ ~urrent on the made to produce the same results-e. g.,. a circuit including· the arc-lignt, as shown in transmitter and a source of electromotive Figs. 2, 3, and 4. · 45 force are connected in series with the pri- In Fig. 1 the circuit represented by A con- mary of &:'simple transformer-coil the termi- sists of a source of electromotive force 1, the roo nals of the secondary of which are connected arc-light 2, and the conductor-tern1inals 3 3', with the terminal conductors leaning to the forming connection with the .earth or other so earth or other medium, in which case the·:resistance changes in the transmitter ca.use the medium. In parallel with this circuit, which may be designated as the "heavy-current" current mthe primarv circuit to create, ac- circuit, is the shunt-circuit B, dt!rived from ros eording to. the law of induction, an alternat..:. the.heavy-current circuit A and in which is ing current in the se~ondar'Y circuit of which included a telephone-transmitter 4 and a re- the earth or other mediu1t1 fonns a p_ortion. .sistan~e 5. . Any modiPcation of the derived.,~ -=~~----- A ~ A A-~ ~ ~ ~ -: :· . ~~~~ ~~~~-v :>' ::;::~;~~1,;:~:i~~-·y.::-::~··:'~':~-~~:·::~ ~-~4,9~ - • -~ ...... o;.··' . · circuit B by virtue. of· a change of resista1;1ce rent. flowing in C pro~uc~~ identicaily . . ~u.e io a varia~le press~e ~f the diaphragm same.effect upon.tlie CirCUit D that}~e cur..:· ·Is rmpressed upon the circuit A, and the tem- rent m the circuit A has upon B, With the peratur.e of tlie arc _and its resistance indi-· final result that an alternating curr~nt hav- .5 cates a. corrhesP.on~1ngA anTdhiprop:&"--=~··.,..._.J?"'_~-··~·- -~~~~~~ . :·;: ·;" _. ,-.: ~~~,.~~_!"~_:.\}_-I~;i=~_:,4~(~.~z.;~~:w~~~ii?.~s,:-e~-h~-ii-~f,~:i~(~~~~~r.,_~-~--~~~-~"-l*':I:~'.H~~--~"i:;r~:...~.~·.;-...0..~.~.!.~r..~•;.-~:~l1f~~t.i:~f"iX~.-~48~~.~..t.%.~.~~1~_-r¥~.t9,.J.4.._..~.>.r;.-.&.--!~.~-.'~:?>~:~~~f_.;kr.:f;~¥·f·hiv.~.._.~·."f~·~.r-.7.r~.~-::_-;~~~~~~~,_\~~'»~}.~;":'-f'"·-"~~-~t~~ts.:;~:~?.;~-~~~~~~~~/~-::~:-·.~.:-:::-:~-t.:-~:\~,.___._;" ·.•·~;'~:-~r~~'t,-~a-!~~~--~~. - _:~~~4~fle}!!~~~1 ~'~~~~~~ !~:·. ~;eJ:m:Ut;~Ji~iftiev~!iofa:!~~fu~~ > ·1 nden5e~ 5', Fig. 6, in the _circu~t B. ·· -. the So-calle~ "speaking-arc" is not new, and . 1 ."Fig. 7. illus~rates a ~o~ca~wn. of my m- -I~o n.ot claun tliat bro_adly, but only the_ com-· ·, . . entiOll ID which t~O dist~~t ~IrCUl~S are rep- . b.mat10n of the ~eaking-arc and th~ dtsper- .7 o :·· nted by ~ B. The circuit A mcludes a s10n method here1n shown and described. . ·urce of electromotive force 1, an arc-light It will be seen from a ~omparison of Figs. 1 "'=conductor-terminals 3 3', embedded in the and 5 that the sameinstrumentalities may firth or other~edium, a~d o!le w~ding 4 of a serv~ !or bot~ a transn?tting-st_ation and_ a . '"ansform~r-coil.. The circuit B mcludes the receivmg-statwn, and m refe!_Tlllg genenc- 75 ~'posite winding 5 of the transformer-coil, ally to the transmitter 4 of F!g. 1 and re- .· ·· telephone-receiv~r 6, and 8. condenser 7. ceive~ 4 of Fig: ~ in the claim I employ ~he ·· ·s arrangement removes the telephone-re- genenc term of :'sound-converter," mearung ~:eeiver from the circuit A, and thus insure~ its the~eby_ any mea~s for converting sou~d- ·.:Safety. · . . waves _Into electncal waves or electncal 8o ·..:•:t-'Fig. 8 shows a form of my receiver In waves mto sound-waves. . !~;bich the circuit A includes a. source of elec- Having thus described my invention, what · :iromotiv_e force 1, an arc-light~, and conduc- I claim as n~w, and desire to secure by Let- ~tor-ternunals 3 3', embedded m the earth or ters Patent, IS- . 10~~ther me4iu~.. The ~ircuit B_ is in parallel IWith the circuit A and Includes the pnmary 4 ,of a transforme.r anq a resi~tan.ce 5, or a co?~~nser may be substituted mstead. The cir:Cuit Cincludes the winding 6 of a transformer, i •condenser 7,and a receiver 8. 1. ~n a_wireless telephone or telegraph ~he 85 combmatwn of a source of electromotive force, an arc-li~h~, a cir.cuit connectin~ the same and havmg the conductor- termmals embedded in the earth or other medium, and a circuit containing a sound-converter for 90 it'(.·Fig. 9 shows diagrammaticallvthe arrange- transmitting or receiving; said sound-con- l!;nient I employ for.utilizing' the well-known verter being in- a circuit of its own outside ttjproperties of selenium. The circuit A con- the main llifluence of the arc-light circuit, Slsists of a source of electromotive force 1, an ft~~~t(-. ..rfug . .":'J . - ·· :n...~d as -a:··di~P.&:me. gap_ to]>r~~c~:t~e ~~n~i-·clC?~g·:~..._· p~ ~ ~-:.he~ded. bo~t attache~ to ·;:~ · · _ densers. · throwing- This may-~ the switeh ""32 cut out of actiOn ·by to the position shown- -~the movabl6 .justing the c·3oaowpser!>a3t1m··5g4,thwiehaedreebdy,b·obivt ad58, ·-'; · ·1 5 in dotted lines 31.-- .-30 _and 36 are relays tor --~he -mov:able.- plunger 55 may be made to 7C : closing t4e circui~ .betw~en the sec?ndar]r~vent any electrostatic disturb- and 3H are open the discharge takes place arices produced by opening and closing of onlj dnce every p~riocl. ~Consequently by the~key from affecting the receiYer, and a 15 ope:::atirig a key 25, which controls the cur~ wire netting 62 forms a screen over the 3J rent fi·om ·a battery. 2-1 through the relays whole device, lea.d cm-~red cables 60~ 61. 31) and :36,~ the '~i~cha~g~ may be made ,to copnecting key 5!) and leading ?Utside "the occ~_:r sa:v .1000 t1mes per second \Yhen tne w1re nettmg so that_ no operatiOn of the k~_r :2.3, is ope!l and ·300 times. per second key 59 wig produce any electrical disturb- 20, wi1en tne ~i:e.-: 1s clo~ed.. B-r th1s means the · ances outside the screen. 8c dc:t3 :1nd dnshes for signaling may be. made In Figs. 8 and 9. sho~ing the sending to h;l":·~- :1 ~J.ote o:f 1000 per second and the transformer 28, of Fig. 1~ the primary :md spaces a ncte of 500 per second. The tips secondary are. formed. of strips oi coppe!· ,,f the eL~ctrocles of the spnrk gap~ as shown 63, 64~ wound edgewise and supported on · 2.5 nt -±:3. m:-t~· he mad? of •Ya!er cooled disks, insulating frames 6.5: 6t3. The transformer 90- 5brrwn in detail in Fig-5. 3 and ±. Fer this mav be made in round sections. or square pnrpo~e I nse a CO«)ling coil H and a circu- sections as. here sho~n. The I)rimary n3 lati-ilJ,r pnmp 4::i. The rotating spark gap and secondary 64 are preferably made ad- may bP. inclosed in the casing 4f)' and the justable to and from e~1ch other by sliding :Jo !·notin!!" rE~k J..l may be keyed on to the on the axis 67. ·By constructing the trans- 95 sh:lft 4-~ of sl:.;n,-~ :1l-:o the alternator 11. In Fig. 1 is· an antenna 2t1. grounded at :w, former out of strips iri the fashion shown a very great adn1.ntage is ohtuined o·.-er the anrl 0pera~j-,.-e1~.- c~m!l€":~ted to· the secondary use of cylindrical forms~ as by this rn~an~ ::s r:f d1P t!·~·msf:1r:11er :28. 28'. shewn in de- the -windings mav be bruu!!ht mnch rlo£er :n tci i_l in Fi!!~. ~ :1.nCl !.>. 27 represents an an- to each other while still leaving th!! ·list:tr:.ce 1oo tenna. irl!hdnn·~e for Y!lr~·in!! the tune; it . bet-ween turns the Same~ and since the in- i::; -~hown in detail in Fi!!S. 10 and. 11. 12 dnctunce varies as the snnare of the n11:n· :1nd 13. . ~ · her of turns per ~ch. tl1e total len!!th of "F:!,!.· :_: ~h0'T;; :1 partial side ele;·ation Of \Yire may be very gre:1tly reduced and the -!0 :·h?. ~1:a-::k _·.:3p~ in which 46' is the outside size of the i:ndnctance mav be made vel"'-r 105 casinz. -!:1 :he rotatin2' disk. 37 an electrode. much smaller. ~Ioreo,·er. ~the m11tnal iri1_ :h7:. gr:ne.:-r~tor. 4 7 ';i ha~d-wheel carrying ductanee between the primary an•l ~t>eond. a. scr~;\· :1nci n~.lt 48 "h~reb'i, tli~- case 46' r.;nd. ·~lectr:;cie 37 maY be rotated and shifted -!5 in rosition with ref~ren~e to the dvnamo 11 so ~s to e~n::.se th~ spark· to be produced at ar;. muv be made verT" much ~reat:.lr than in L1e ca~e where the· round ._.conductc.rs o~· tubes are used. 110 Fig~. 10 anJ 11 sho-,\ one form .1i f~1~ the nroper noint o:f the potential cnrve. antennre indnctqnce 27 or Fig. 1. I::: ellS In Ff:zs. -3 and 4 sh0.~dn!! the details of form I use two~ spirals of flat iron •.-rou~i.d t!1t: statltJnar-v el.z:ctrocles. -43 is a water edgewise. A trolley bar 63 bridges acrn::s 50 cooled dislr. ~made hollow as sho~n and the two spirals 101. 102. and slides on a rod 115 to milled so as to be aenern.llv round on its 6!) when these spirals ·a-re re,:olved on their Circumference but ha-re lts surface con- shafts 108. 104 which are connected to- si:;t of a number of plane fuces. This is gether by sprocket chain ·70 ~o that when th~ :foand to be adYanta!!eOUS for insurin!! the pulley 71 .Ls rotated both spirals 101 ana 55 con~tancy of the spark The disk 43 has a 102 are moYed in the same direction and the. 120 hollow ux!e 4~ le:J.r1ing to the circulating bridging trolley b~r 68 is caused to moYe pnmp 4.) 5hown in Fig. 1~ and .50 is a tnbe backward or forwJ.rd and therebv include for proj~cting the water to the point of the a greater or less ntimber of turn.J betwee~ di~!{ 43 nearest the point wh.ere the spark the coil terminal.s 7~. T:J. -This is \en~ ad6o t:~k.es place between it and the rotating vantageous for tunin,z. and moreo,·er th~ 12: dlS!{ -±1. ·tuning can be accomplished without chance In Figs. 5 and 6 showing the relay3 such of the operator being injured~ whil~ the as at 30 in Fig. 1~ 51~ 52 represent fixed spark is passing. ja"Ws, and 53, ·54 the mo-vable jaws of the Figs. 12 and 13 sho"W another fonn of ~ relay. ·55 is o. movable plunger for openin~ntenna. inductance in which I uoe a oingle ~ ~- - ;~·':'-'''.~ti;'·:;l:r· ;~}. if; ·>}. .- ·-"·c .. - ... .. ·:.~'s>~'~ ~ c··. . . .· . . - "1 coi( 74~ inside of which· are a number of a c~ndenser, 105 a prim~ry of a transformer~ I disks 75, 7;j, 75. These disks ··are pivotally 106 the secondarv of the tr:m.5former-: mounted on pins 76, 76, enga~ing frame 105, grounded at 110~ iO'i a. tuning induct~ce~ and attached to an insulatmg connecting 5 bar 77, so that on rotating. the handle 78 108 a ti,·ely slowwitcYholtaangde~1p0r9~faenraabnltvennnoat.e:.!t. ~renbg- :~ 10 attached to one of the disks the inclination of all the 4isks to the surrounding coil 74 may be varied. "\Yhen the disks 75 are in planes parallel to the planes coil 74 the inductance in of the turns the ·coil 7'1 oI~f . 5.000 or 6.000 Tolts. sfp~arrmker gap- 113 is used, and (thou desired) the dynamo Is used on the preferably no g11h1ogneenmeraart. b~eg rtort.;mt~ry: u_.;:ed 1t a Tolt- age of 5.000 Tolts or 6.000 Tolts directly by ;s largely annulled. 1Yhen the handle 78 is its armature windingS. Tnis is found. w turned so that the disks 75 are in a different giYe a higher efficiency not only by domg plane to that· of the turns of coil 74 the in- away with the losses in the transformer but dnctance of 74 is not annulled and is lar(J'er also.. for· other reasons which are not as yt>t- 15 than before. In this wnv verv exact tunfn(J' cn82ae~nIcnt8ibo2e~Fnishg8af2.o~d..r1-8;!2;a,srhnioen~ws8iun0l2a'"atonardnsw ,81nannrteedwpnnr8e~3i.s~e e. and connt.masts. 8-l hori- 20 zont?l <:_onductors such as shown in appli- cants l.. S. 1:2th. 1H02. Patent Xo. In these a 70fl.738. of lona: w:l,·e ar.-r\i.u~·!i!un2s"t from _the side· 83 for example will produce an effect in 83 of a clitferent phase from that 25 prod_uced in 84. an(l a maximum effect ''·ill mfuenl~lvtalklnvodwenn.iobnusttrawtehdicnhndhawTehicbheep!l:1erxtlpyt.'~r:- ,;.;: fogtsipnaruafoooBiipw-nmte"val,eiehnwrYcemtaetifhrrnraveeeoycicadnrwtneeoghsiasdreitsgihnotesahlefcdist5rlhoaaecehefsdltffiofiejibgincsucdrheiigseeudtnnaisaLncnahIsyO"pdy-dp'!a>ii:amGnts~nlhcm5-tp~heaohelratenurrba!ofst5lb!ySo.tpelasa~rt!po.Yrldhtbnk~?~ttdr:lt1is·onLf.pco~'ta1r•ohrr•._h::lcra:'~~-.1- with la-rge amounts of power. By me:1ns l1t s;. ~~' not be obtained. Fot· this reason I ·lend the c:-;u.).rrSeG~ntprferofemrab8l3}.r S-! b\· means of conductors attached to about the micl- t~hibeleod thteor deYices hamlle .amounts of power sianhnosd,ur· cnhuhtaielriwzeaew~-i t~ahhs eIt~oaomlbart;et.'in"n?- 3? ijruc·!sJutGiitnagcnotdnhteasicneocinuop(nJl~'iltnnhgrv~e qnencv whose ddiisscchhaarrOg~'esY! oalstagfoerislopwracatnicd:1lallyso_inodnee- pendent_ of the time which the Yolt:1ge 15 ap·· plied. Havina- thus described m' inY"ennon and 11.~ dilelsuisrteratotesdecittisreusbe:~. what I Letters ciaim as new Patent, is the ·and fol- turns. an'l dectl'lf'al constants of the trans- lowin(J': 55 former E7. the transformers !JD and 88 are ~amb·l.enmtto.s •:a use in the the effects conducfors produced by S.) nn(l 86 to the co- mcH}e m P.hase. Thus by means of the re- eo s,-oertshma tg th~ew.r~theahse10r0elIa~aimon able may to be arrange it correct for · .. ':nn·~ a.rrrnng or bemg: osirdebeSi•)n~o f the sent antenna. Oltt fron1; or th efsoesrnirtiwcnon8u-~±t.sfraornrt:n~nh!·e!~ 1. fn wireless te]egra.ph apparatus, combination of an oscillating circuit the con-· 1~.1...\ taining tionary at. esrpmairnkalgs~apawgiethnearaptolur~ralaitymooYf asbt:ll.e- mt>mher of tating pnrt the of tshpeargk-egnaepratmoro: uannteddlo?neana~ roto change .the sp_nrk. frequency for. Signalmg, l~.J Inni·incaulsttmofo~-thoenstpsaormk egaopf. the statiOnary ter· In F1g. 1.'5 is shoYrri another arrang-ement. Here cycle d11y2n~imso,a. :::team 113 a turuine: 111 rotary spark gisapa~ ;)00 11-l :L In wireles tdegraph apparatus, the )31~. combinati taining :1 on sp awrkithg~apn oscillatorv circuit con\Yith several stationary rftr. ... _.. ~,:;~~~e~~t!,;fu~~!~:::rgof~; ~~7ihr:'t=~~:~fi~h~fd 1~a~:t~~~~;d'~ 761 . 2J spark g\lR and means to adjust the position said inductance being formed of flat strips of .t}fe stationary sparking electrode to vary to provide for low _ohniic resistance. . . -~ 5 the sparking ..poin.t on .the potential <;urve, 3lld key operated means to change th~ spark 5. In high powered wireless .telegraph apparatus, the combination with an oscillating :::.:~ '1 fi-equency. · · · . ·· · circuit c?ntai~ing a rotary sp~rk gap, a con- --i 3. The ~ombination with an oscillating denser, 1nductance, a protectn·e spark gnp 30 ; circuit having a pluralitY of stationary ter': around the. rotary gap and a secondary of a ; 10 mirials forming electrodes of a spark gap transformer, of a generator, a circuit coh- ~"lei·ein, of a series of rotating elements taining the primary of said transformer~ an a forming one electrode. said stationarY ter- extra inductance~ and a key arranged to mina.ls containing c'ooling means, sur- alte.r the effect of said induciante for sig- 35 .n>unding casing around the revolving ele- nalinf!". substantiallv as desc.ribed. · ~ 15 ment and the series of stationary terminals In ·-testimony whereof I have hereunder protruding 'therein, and electrically 9per- signed my name in tl1e presence of the two ated .mea...'1S to change the number of acth~e subscribed witnesses. . . t~rminals. 4.· Apparatus for wireless telegraphy, REGIXALD A. FESSEXDEX. ~o .con1prising the· combination o:f a, generator '\Vitnesses: circuit, indudance therefor. an oscillator~· JESSIE E. BE~T. d~cuit including a rotary spark gup, an aux- FLOHE:XCE )I. LY.ox. · Copies of this :paten~ may be obtained fDr five cents each, by addressing the "Col:llilissioner o! l'atents, Washing;ton, D. C." ". - 1,220,006. J. H. ROGERS & H. H. LYON. WIRELESS SIGNALING SYSTEM. APPLICATIO• fiU.D •ov. 10, 1116. Patented Mar. 20,1917. mTED STATES ·PATENT OFFICE. lA.llfES HARRIS ROGERS m HENRY B. LYON, OF HYATTSVILLE, ltARYLA.ND. 'WlltELESS SIGNALING SYSTElL 1,220,005. lpedlc:aUon of I.cttersl'atent. Patented·l\1:\r. 20t 191'1. AppUcation !le4 lfoTembu 10, 1111. lerlal :Ro. UO,act. To all1Dhom it may cone~: rntus in the wireless signaling system here- Bf:' it lmo"·n thnt" we, .TAltEB H. RooERs and Ih:~nT H. I.~1·ox, citizens of the Unitecl States, !'Psiding ·at Hynttsville, in the count'\" ~ of PrincP Georges nnd Stnte of )Inrylrm,l, haYe invented new and useful Imp~nts in 'Yire]c~ Signaling Systems, of wbtch the innftt'r described and claimed, alld illus- . truled in di::~gr.1m in the nccompa.nying drawings, in which- 80 J.'igurc 1 is 11 system in 'vl1ich 11 single an- tennn. is shown below the surface of the enrth, but im;uJated therefrom by being following is a specific:J.tion. . mounted within a conduit; Our invention relntes to the trr.nsmission Fig. 2 is a similar view showing two an- 85 10 of electrical impulses or oscilln.tions to n dis- tennru ext.cnlling in o~posite directions;" ·. t:mcc, primarily for the purpose of conT'eJ- Fig. 3 is n vie'~ sim1lar to Fig. 2, hut with ing intelligence, n.nd it pertains to m('nns for the instruments of a sending s•.ation; and both sending nnd receiving. Fig. 4 is a simil:tr Yiew showing in wholt> . In sy~·ms of "n·i~le~ sending and receiT'- lint's the nntenn~ consisting of insulated 70 15 mg now in genera] use, one or more con- "'ire buried helon- the surlnce of the ground. ductors or capncitil'S are employed dispo~d nef~ring to the drnwi:lgs, signal in..~ru­ abo\e the surfnce of the enrth, which con- ments nre indicated ::~t 10, nn<.l in Figs. 1 and ductors or capnr.ities ~r\·e to rndinte or re- 2 are those of the l"«'t'i,·ing station, v.·hile in cei\e the impulses in the ~nding or receh-- Fig. 3 the insh·uments of a ~nding statior1 7$ 20 ing of rn··~ges. Such eleYated conductors .are shown. In rigs. 1 and 2, 11 is B detedor are costly to erect Dnd maintain, RS to obtain of nny typ(', preferably an audion, 12 a telt>- efficiency nnd long-distance transmission it phone, anrl 13 and 14 ::re the usunl con- is necesS:lry to hn\e them nt considernble clis- densers. .:\ ny desired type of i_nstr:uments tan~ aboYe the surface of the earth. 'This and arrangement of connecting ctrcu1ts may 80 25 necessitates expensive to''"P.rs and masts, nnd .be employed. moreol"er both the conduct6rs nnd the towers The surhce of the earth is indicnted nt 15. or rna~ are exposed to wenther conditions- and the antenn:t at 1ft This latter extends wind stonns, ]i~htning, snow nnd it'e-'\\"hich in a directi(ln snhsbnti:tlly hririzontal, and often impede or entirely pre,·ent the opera- as sho"·n in the figures is preferably buried 85 :lO th·e use of the sYstem. "'\Ve are awnre t!Jnt ht»lo"· the surfnre of the enrth. Referring it has ~en proprosed also to employ a con- particular]~· to Fig. 1, the antenna is mount- ductor eleYnted nbove the earth in connec- ed within n ronduit or pipe 17, preferably of tion with n bnried conductor. any snitnhlc non-conducting material such Our inYtsntion hns for· it~ principal ohj<'Ct n~ ·terra rnttn. The monnting within the 10 sr; thC' pro,·i!"ion of n sy!:-tem not snbJe<•t to the l-nnduit rnay II{' nf n!tV preferrt'rl type, thnt nuovc objections; a system 1n '\\"hirh the shown hcin~ h"# mounting the nntenna upon communication, both sendin~ ~tnd receivin:!, n S<'J"i('s nf Jngs or projections 18 extending is clenr nnd l'ffc.cth·e; in "'·hich the communi- upwnrdly from the :bottom _of the co!ldui~ c:~tjon is SE."ll'eth·e nnd the direction of trnns- 1· rom thr c~nri of the condmt connection 1s V5 4o mission may be rendily determined; in which macle ~tw..t•n the :mtenna and the signa] inmultiple trnnsmi~sion may be effeded; and sh·nm~nt~. The :mtenna is thus intimately in which the ~nding and .receh·ing of mes- aAAod•1teri with the e:1rth throughout its sages to nnd from stn tions on land :1ncl on J~ngth but is insulatE-d therefrom nnd, it is w:lter rn!ly proceed independent of wcnther lx.-Jie,·ed, a cunsider:1ble portion of the 100 4~ conditions. ~rth's surfnce nht>ut the Dnf..enna. thus co- Vie h:n·e discoYered thnt signn]s cnn be opcrot('S "n·ith i he latter in sending or receiv- ~nt and rt't"t'h·ed with great fncility hj the ing oscillations. employment of wires lm:-icd lx-neath the The co(jper"tion of the :mtenna. with ~ ·surface of the ('..nrth but insulnt.ed therefrom ~ound cnnf\R<:'t ion or a seeond antenna is. 105 60 ,;ubstantin lly throughout their length Rnd d('sirablc for prnrx-r trnnsmission or r~p­ ertendin~ in diruction sub~tantiAlly para_llel tion of signnls. nnd in Fig. 1 we have there- to the e.'1t1h's surface, so thnt while the wtres fo~ shown tht- other siu~ of the instruments a"'a~ not jn rlire-:t contnct with the earth they intimately associated therewith. ar. The invention con~ists in the nm·el fu- tures and combinations of circ>J.it.s and appa- connE>Ctf'u to ~'Tound plate 19. Fig. 2 is an tmboutent of the United !5tut.eH, i&- ing arrnnJ!ement and instruments mao.y be 1. A. wireless trJn£mission nnd recejltiau employed instead of those shown. system comprising an nntenna e.xtt•nding in Referring now more particularly to Fig. direction snb~tnntially parallel to nnd buri£'<1 4, in place of the conduit or pipe, an ordi- uncler the surl~~ce of the ea1·th bnt it.sul,Lted 85 30 nary 1nsulnting rra\·elop for the &ntennn. is therefrom substantially throu;!hout it, shown at 25, and fr~r this purpose the an- length. · · . ~nna m11y be an ordinary insulated wire of 2. A wireless signnling system conqlrisin~ the proper size nnd length. It. may be buried electromagnetic wu\'e ~ihrnal instrunuml<;, nu benca.th the surface of the e.n.rth, as already nntenna extending outwn1·clly therefrom, a ~G 15 explained. second antenna e.xtendi11~ in the opposite di- The inYention ·is also applicable to the rection, S:lid nntennm bein~ pal111lel to nnu surface of the earth where there is water. buried under the surface of the enrth but in- For instance, on ·the sea coast the antennm sulated therefrom substnntially throu~h.out mny b~ run out from the shore into the tla-ir length, snid instruments being connt""Ct· ~5 40 \\•ater, and although insulated from the lnt- ed between said ant.enn~. ter it· is so closely associated therewith thnt 3. A l••ireless tr:Lnsmis.:iion nnci reception tt,er~ is a co()pention between the antenna system rompri~in~ nn ;antenna extencling in and the surrounding w:tter in the senrlin~ clin'f'tion subst~ntially pandlel to anrt buriL·d and recei ,·ing of oscillntiuns. 'fhe in~".l)nted un,le!" the ~:;urfa~ of the cartla .:a~ICl a c·un· 1 oo 45 &Ultenna. may nlso b6 employed for sending cluit. in which sai,lnntennn is insulatt·tl suh- ard receiving signals to a.nd from ve5sels in stnntially throughout it.s )pngth frona the~ the manner fully set. forth in our abo\·e men- enrth. · " · tioned application, i~ being hel~eved unnec- In testimonl "·hereof we hnn~ hereunto essary to fully d~ee these arrangement& set our hanaratus is of cou~~ on the vessel. 10 & o.nd St.1te of :Maryland, have invented new .Any dP.Slred e1ect.romab'net.ic W3Ve signal· and useful Impro~ements in Wireless Sig- . instruments mn.y be employed, th015e shown naling Systems, of which the following is a being merely illustrative. s~ific:s.tion. • . • From the foregoing it will be seen that. the !Iy in,·ention l"elates to radio signaling, radio conducf.or constitutes with the electri- II 10 nnd has for its object the pro,·ision of an ·cal connection through the Tessel a Joop improved system fo1 use in connection with oseiJJating circuit which will oscillate in re- Yesse.ls. particulArly submarines. sponse to electromagnetic waves bPi!lg re- The in""'ention comprises the employment eeived. or set up by tJte sending insfrcments. of an insulated ra-dio conductor or antama A suitable tumng condenser 23 is proTided 70 16 suitnb~y mounted upon the submarln& but to tune this oscillating circuit to the proper insulated therefrom except at the outer ends :frt'~uency. It will also be obsen·ed that the "'here it. is in electrical connection with the rad1o conductor is carefully insulated metallic body of tht~ vessel Electromag- throughout its len£t}J betwee.n its ends, so netic "'ave sending and receiving inslru- that it cannot nulke electrical conn~d.ion 71 20 mcnts are tlrranged t.o be associated with the ~ith the v~l, or the water when lbe sub- said conductor al a. point. intermediate its matrine is submerged. ends, in any suitable ma.rmer. llhile I have described a. specific embodi- The in,·ention consists in the novel system, ment of the invention, this is only by way and arrangement of apparatus and Cll"CUiis ·of illustration, and it will be unrlerstood 10 !S hereinafter described and dn.imed, &nd that modi.ficntions may be made vdtbout de- shc·wn in the aceompn.nying drawings, in purling from the invention. For insta.nre, which drnwin~ the electriCAl connection between the ends - Figure 1· shows a. submarine ·vessel of tbe radio conductor ma.y be made by a equipped with the invention, a portion of metallic conductor other taian the bull of 81 3o the vessel being in section. and the wireless the v•.sc:el. apparatus and circuits for receiving mes- I c~aim: .· . sages being diagrammatic; · · 1. The combination with a vessel, of a Fig. 2 is 11. diagrammatic view ol eonven- radio conductor extending longitudin:llly tiona] sending apparatus and circui~ for thereof but insulated therefrom and irvm tO 35 use with the system of Fig. 1 for the purpose the ''atcr except st ilo:; ends which make of sending signals. eleclrica.l connection with the ,·esse], an e1ec- Referrin8' to the crawings, 1q indie3.tes tric~l connection between sa.~d- ends of the the metallic hull of a subma.nne veesel, which may be of a.ny type or construction, rad10 1 conductor through GBJd vessel, a.nd · electromagnetic sigr.a.ling instruments assn- 15 (0 11, 11' indicate an insula~.emu~m·tic Mignal instruments &alCia&.ted ..,.·ith Raud rlldio conductor between ita enda, and a tuning con· 10 denser in circuit with snid conductor. In testimony whereof I have henunto set my ha.nd. JAMES HARRIS ROGERS. Ottl• e1 Ut.Sa ,atlat aar" •Malut t• In ••• IMk, '~ aur..tac tU .. Ce..s.toau of htata, -~-.c.· 1,303,730. J. H. ROGERS. IADIOSI&JIALIIG $\'STUll. JPP\ItAtiOI rn.u JAI. • '· un. Patented l!ay 13. 1919. UNITEP STATES P .A.TENT OF'!i'ICE. J.AKES HARB-:S li.OOJ:U, OJ' I!YAT"l'Svn..LE, lUB.n:..urD. ~IOSIOll.A.I.IllG SYS'l'Ell. 1,303,'730. ,,.d£aaUoa •t Lcttcn :rauat.. Patented )lay 13, 191D. AppU~tdoa Alc4.Juurrll, 1111. lcr1al Jle. 170,US. u To all teMin. may coacera: In carrying the invention into efi'td the Be it known that I J~la.& lliuJa Roo· met.a.llic covering, screen or cn.sing of th6 11 ua, a citizen of the United States, resid- radio conductor or anten.n& is nude &ee'· ing at Hyatt.~nille, in the county of Prince tiona!, the aections being insulatt'<) from 1 Ge.orgea knd St.a.te of Maryland, have in- each other by rubber haDe, such ns pnleD veJ!ted new and useful Improvementl in h06e, or equi"Jale.nt. R~iosignaling ~y~ of wt1ich the fol- Th& invention roru;ista in the non~) eon- 10 ]owlng lS a 6pectficat1oo. 'traction and arnngement. of spparatn11 an,l My inveuhon relat~ to radio signaling parts thereof · for senrling ond n.uh·ing 10 systams and a.pparntus for &e.nding and rc- radio signals hereinafter de::;cribed and ceiving 6ignals through apace by means of cla.imed, and illustnted in til& nct:ompany- electromagnetic wav~ and it l"el&tes par- ing dra.win'fS, in which drn.wings.- 11 ticularly to that portion c,f such &y&tems l4'igure 1 1s a dingn.mmo.tic view shou-ing known as the a.ntennL . the antenna. buried benbath the surface of lA I have discovered that radio conductors the earth, receiving instrun1ents being •~ or antame ar& highly efficient. when dis- ciated with the antenns; ~ horizontaUy or substantially parallel Fig. 1• shows & conventional arran_gement 70 to t.he surface of the earth but compl~Jy of &ending instruments which may 0<- auO- insulated .therefrom and inclosed in an in- stituted for the receiving instrumentlS for 20 closing metallic covering, &ereen or casing transmitting s.ignals, it beiug understood practically throughout their entire length, that either the sending or r-ecei ,·ing instru' but insulated therefrom. Th~ metallic CO\"• ments shown in Fig. 1 u-e to be U5e(l in 71 eri~ which thus the liantctleorsiinsginthseulaatnetde,~ztAaIC1 ebsuut fro:n p the 25 elect-romagnetic wal"es, in receiring, and connection lvith the arn.ngements shom1 in the F irge.m1a'inisinag. lloingguirteus~·hnnl section of one of transmits them to the antenna within at full the couplings or section connections, sho\Tn &tre.ngth and el"en with greater effect than on an enlarged sca.le; 10 when the antenn& i~ used without the cover- FiG". 1• is a. trans,·era& S&.""tion taktm on in~. .A highl~ ~ffident action is thus oh- the hne c-c of FiJ?. t~t; IO t.a.1ned, the sta.t.ic 1s reduced, and at the same· Fig. 2 is & \'iew smular to Fig. 1 showing time thE' ant~nna is fully protected from de- two nntenn~ e.xte.,ding in opposite di~ fArior~tion by the corroding a.ctinn of earth tions beneath ~he ~rl~\ce of the enrth, the 11 4nd water. , connectio~ for ;:;ignnling instn1mcnts being In such a. systan it has been ·found ncc- loca.ted between ih& a.ntennze nnrl also be- 16 ~a.ry, in order to obtain the best results, to neath the surf~ of the earth; employ radio conductors and casings of very Fig-. 3 is 1. view iimibr to FJ~. 2 but dloY- considerable length, that is, 250 feP.t, 500 ing the antenna resting upo11 the surfaee of JO feet, 1,000 feet, or even 5,000 feet or more the eJt.rth with the ~gnlll instrumt!nt~ upon in length. With the use of such long con- or above the surlae&; 40 ductDrs and casings, however, it is found Fig. 4 ~ & view similar to Fig. 3 but show- that th~ static increases in proporti ronnrcterl to th<'. r~spc<·tin~ Pnnt.s which may be sub- ancl to the C'oil 2H nf the in closr~ circuit. , . _:iiJ rac5~.ioAc>/ --~;;:;~? ~o @1-=~.z. C _/. ~J~I Re L _ _ _2_0_- ~-M M "· ,·, .. ·• 1,322,622. J. H. ROGERS AND H. H. L'tON. WIUUU SIGNALIIIG SYSHM. ArPLICAftOI IILU lOY. 10. 1111. PatenWd Nov. 25. 1919. J UlllTI-UUt J. 28 . ~6. / ..!12 ..Z6 26 2~ ~ -Z.3 -ZL ~; ...ze J. H. ~OGERS AND H. H. lYON. WIRELESS SIGNALING SYST£•. A"LICATIOI fiUD lOY. tl, nil. rntentcd NoY. 25, 1919. l IHtlTs-IJIUT J. - ······-- ....,./ / . J/')G?<-) • JO . UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. .JAX:ES E.. ll.OGEXS ..l.lfD lll!:.lB.T lL LYON, 0!' l!YA'I'TSVI.LU, ltt.AltYL.Ur.D. WlltELESS BIGN~LDlO SYSTDIL 1,322,62-~. lpec:11caUoa of LcU.en htcat. Patented Nov. 2-5, 1D19• .lppJ:1oat1oa !led ......-:- 10, 1111. Serial Jlo. UO,ICS. To all JI'Aom it 'IIUlY concern: npp~r.1tus in the: wireless FtiJPlaling 1:J5ta.a 11 Be 1t knoll'"n thnt we, J.Aln:a H. Rocr~ hcrCJnuftcr c.lcscrJbeU and cl:umed, and illus- anrl HE:sn1· 11. L1·ol', citi1.cn~ of the United trntccl in clingrnm in the ner.umpanying States, residing nt Hyattsville, in \he county . tlr.1wings, in which_; · •o · 6 of Prince Georges and St!lf~ of lfary]and, }t"igtn-c 1 iR A system in which a lingle ]un·e in,·ent~ new and useful Improve- nntennn is sho,vn buried beneAth the aar- ntents in "'irclcs..; Sibrnu.Jin·g Systems, of fnro of tJ1e eKrth, the signnl instrumr.n~ be- which the followin~ ~ a specification. ing those of a receiving ~t:ltion; Our in,·cntion l'elates to t..'1e transmission Ji'ig. 1• shon-s the system with th<' antenna 10 of t1cctrical im:vulses or oscili:Ltions to a dis- lying along the surface of th~ ezLri.h in tance, primarily for the purpose of convey- intimate cont:u:t there\vith substantially a1 ing inteJli~eru·e, and it ~t:uns to menns for throughout its length, the signal instrument.a both sending antl receh·ing. bein_g omitted; In systems of wirelt~ sending and receh·- F1g. 2 is a ,·iew similar to Fig. 1 showing 16 ing llow in genl'f':ll u~ on" or more conduc- t-.·o nntcnn;e extending in opposite direc- tors Clr c:Lpacities a:-e employed disposetl tions; 70 the nbo,·e the surface of the earth, which con- Fig. 2- is a ,·iew similar to Fig. 2. the an- cluctors or Clpadties serve to rnrlinte or re- tenme being shown lying along surfuCf' aaive t.he impulses in the sending or rec-eiv- o! the earth in intimutc l"Ontact. therewith 20 in~ of messages. Such elel"ated conductors su~tantially throughout their length in- nre crn;tll" to erect and maintain, as to ob-. ~at~d ·of beinf buried ~neath the surface, 76 ta.in effic1ency and long-disfunce transmis- an,] the signn instruments being omitted t sion it is n~ary to have them· nt consider- Fig. 3 is a ,-i~w similar to Fig. 2, but w1th able distance abo\"e the surfaee of t.hc earth. the instrumP.nts of n S(>nO~ntes with n ronbct upon "ch 10 ·the ea.rth substantially throughout its entire bus wire. T11e instruments may thus be con- . rn Jen~. ne<-ted wit.h any one or two or more antenn~e. coOperation with the ~ntenna we may, The invention. is also applicable to tho and prefP.ra~.Lly do, employ another earth surface of the earth wh~re there is. water. 10 conn~tion, t hLc; being shown in Fig. 1 as a For instance; on the sea coast the anknnm II ground plat.e 17. may be run out from l!!hore into thP. water or Fig. 2 is an embodiment of the invention along the shore on the surface of or under in -which tuo antennae are employed extA!Dd- the und. In .this way the sy&-tem is useful ing in opposite directions, the second an- for life-saving stations, Jight-ho,tses, &e. · 'l5 tenna. lo being conneeted in place of the The system is also ad~tpted to the nee of 10 · ground plate shoW'D in }"ig. 1. This ar- vC$8ls at sea, induding snbmarin~s. We rangement is more effective th!!n with the u~ {\f the ground pla.te.. · Fig. 2• shows t.he a.n~nnm 16' and 18' ex- :!0 fenrhng in opposite directions upon the sur- face of the earth Rnd in intimate contact have demonstrated that the receiving is highly efficient wht.n tl-Je antenn~e are ·lYing on the bottom, as Hho .rn in Fig. 9, either in fresh or salt water. The antennm may a]~ 15 be supported by floats along the stlrfa~ of t.herew!th substnnt.ially throughout their the water, as shown at 18• .ira Fig. 8, or h.ngtb, the signal in;truments connected be- suspenrlP.d in the wder abo,·e the bottom. t:""'ee11 the ant.ennm being indicated by on'! A specific "embodiment of this last men- 35 m~mhcr of the indirect cOupling. tioned feature of the invention is shown in 100 Fig. 3 shows the same arrangemP.nt as Fig. Fig. s· where 36 indicates a boat or vessel, 2 hut with sending instruments instead of 161 one antenna and 182 another antennL receivinb inst.n:.ment.s. These c·omprise a gf'ne~tor 1~, keY 20, transfOJ,ner 21, spar1c .co gap 22 and condenser 23. Any other send- l"rtg arrangement and instrumcntf; JOllY be employed mstead of those shown. The antenna 16' may be mounted along the side of the ves:;el but preferably insulated Or therefrom or atucherl onlY at the bow and 10& traiJ tmYnn} the lf..em, ·~rith vessels of wood or other insulr,ting material it .may In order to obtain the ma.ximnm cflicicncy e\·en be mnuntOO im;;ide. When the vessel it i:; desirable to have the nntennm dis~"fl iH iron nr other metJtl, the ,-~c;el itself .may 45 in a. line nt ri,:rht ang1e.s lo the wave fmnl'i.. be emplovNl '-.c; this antenna, provided the 110 nnd in order that this may be nccomplishcd capncity 1s not too great. for the different di~ctions \Vf' prtJVtdc Rn· By this sun.ngen~ent it will be seen that tenn~e extending in different directions but ,·r.ry long anit.nnte may be used. The length substanti!\Jh· horizontal or pat"t".llcl to tl1e of the smtenna mounted upon the body of ~o surface of the e.arth and either on cr under the vc:ssel is only limited by the length of the 111 the surlaCP. and in conla.L-t "'Vit.h the enrth throughout their lengths. Such an arra~ment 1s illustrated in Fig. 4 where tight anttonnSE are sho,l'n. These are desi~ated lG, 15 24, 25, 25, 18~ 27, 28 and 29. The instn•ment.s &!"! shown connect.rd to antenn~ 16 and 18, bat rnsn• be t'Onnected t.o any other two or morn. Somclimes it is ~ce.ssary to connect to sevcrs.l Slllte.nn~ in order to ob10 lain the. best re.crulL"- The signal instru- ments nay be connected by a.ny soitable a.na switahing dP.viC'l~ to a.n-v two or n1ore of an- t.PnnE the direct.ion"of trs~nission thtrJ ~_rt.,inecl. Usu:lll,Y the ronn~ion won1<.1 Yesse], and u mn.ny TeSSf'Js are over three hund.red feet lon~, and some a.ro 600 to 800 f~t, the n~ary leng!.h of antenna for ]onr. di~..anec work is readily accommodated. The othr.r anfJ!nna. trailing from the stern 120 of the -v~l, m!ly oo ~t least R.c; long I!!, or · even longer thnn, t~J~ 1\ntenna mounted upon the bOOy of th! v~.::L If desinbltt, th~ and the otl1er a.nton:n~ described rna; be ~ pln.eed by multipl~ st.n.nds.. · lU The "ntennA 18' mRy be 1. wire al1ow~ to tnil astern, and will approximate the horiz.onul, aceo:-ding to the speed. FiM 18- nsay be added at. intervals ~on~ the wire., u · ~' be nu.do with t."IJc po.m; of opposi~ly utend- ohow.11 in Fip. 1 and 7•, t.o inc...,.,. this ~ ~ ~~;;;~~~~r====:.ll 4. aCtion. The signa.} instruments are ~­ A wireless system for signaling by elec- II cioted with these a.ntenna} in any desired tromagnetic WllVt:.S comprising signa} instru- m:lnner, as at 37. ments, an an~nna extending outwardly '\Vhen npplieJ to subm~l"ines, 'it will be therefrom, a.nd a second antenna extending 6 Befn, therefore, that messages may be sent in the opposite direction, said nntennm 'be- . .n.nd received while running partially or en- ing parallel to the surface of the earth in '10 tlrely submerged. .. . contact therewith substantially throughout. In a•xordance with the patent stat1ite.~ we their lE'ngth. and JVeans for connecting s~id. have described what we now· believe to be instruments 'between said antennm. 10 the best embodiment of the "invention, but 5.· A \virelc:~ signaling system comprisir1g wa do not wish to be understood thereby u.s signal instruments, a piurality of antennze 75 of limiting ourselves or the scope of the inven- n.ssociat~d therewith each extending out- tion, as many chan~es and modifications may · wardly in direction parallt:l to the surface be made without ~eparting from the spint the earth in intimate contact therewith sub- 15 of the invention and a.ll such we aim to in- stantially throughout its length, and swi~h­ clude in the scope of.the appended el&ims. ing means to selectively connect said signa.l IG For instance throt~ghout the several fig- instruments to any two or more of said nn- ures, the signal instruments a.re shown asso- tenn&!. ciated with the a.ntenna or a.ntennm by -in- G. A wireless signaling system comprising 20 direct coupling, but may be associeited there- signal instruments, a. plurality of antenn~e with in any other ma·nn~r desired.· It wi]] in pairs associated therewith, the members 85 be seen also that while the signal instru- of each pair extending outwardly in clirec- ments are shown diagrammatically above the tion parallel w and below and in intimate earth, they will in practice often be actually contact wit!.! the surface of the earth, and 25 located in a pit below the ground level or switching me:1ns to selecthely connect said entirely unde~und between the antennaE. signal instruments ro said antennre pairs. 80 . This construct1on is shown in Fig. 10, the pit being indicated at aa. When the an- 7. Iu combination with n. boat or vesst.l, an &ntenna. thereon oolow the surface of the tennze are entirely underground, the effects water extending in direction substantially SO of Jightn~1; C•n the receiving of si~als.o.re parallel r.n the surface of the water, and elec· nearly ehmmuted, so th3t only slight cbcks tromagnetir. wave signal instruments asso- 85 are heard instead of loud prolonged hissing. cin.ted wilh said antenna.. It will be understood that the system S. In combination with e. boat or vessel, works with either sustained oscillations or an an~nna tbereon extending in. direction 35 damped wave trains. . . parallel to and under the surface of the 'Vhat we claim and desire to secure bv water in contact therewith, and signal· in- 100 Letters Patent of the United States, is- · struments for elect.::-omagnetic waves ~i-. 1. A wireless system for signaling by elec- ated with said antenna.. · tromaWletic waves comprising nn antenna 9. In combination with a boat or vessd, 40 e.:t~nding in direction substantially paru!l.el a signaling system ·comprising e!ectromag- to and under the surface of th~ ca rth and 1n ·netic wave signal instruments, an 2lntenna 106 intimate contact . therewith substantially on sa.id boat, and a. second a.ntenna extending throughout its length, an additional earth in the opposi~ direction, said antenum bc- oonnection, and elt!ctromagnetic wave signal in·g parallel to and undf.'r the surface of the 46 instruments l."'nnected to snid antenna a.nc: · water and in conu.ct therewith ~ubstantidly said additiona.l earth connection. throughout their l~ngth, and es.ch connec+...ed 110 2. A wireless system .for signaling by elee- wir.h said instruments. · tromn.gnetic waves comprising signal inst.ru- · 10. In combination with a. boat cr vessel, a. ·ments, a plul"ality ~of antennm associated signaling system comprising electromagnetie 60 therewith extending outwardly, thsreff\..""m w~.ve signal instruments, an antenna. on said in direction pnrallel to the surlace of the OO:it or vessel bel.:>w the surface of the wa.ter, 116 earth and each in cont.a~t with the earth sub- and a second :1.ntenna ~xtending rearwardly sta.ntinlly throughout its length, :md menns from the vessel below the surface of the wat.e.r, for <"onnecting said instruments between two said in ;t.rument.s bei11g connec~d between 65 or more of said antennm. · · said ariterwze. . . . · 3. A wireless system fQr signaling by elec- In testimony wherr:~f we have hereunto l!O tromagnetic wa.vP..s comprising signal instru- set our hands in pres~:.nca of two subscribing ments, a plurality of antennm ftssociated · witnesses. therewith extending outiVardly therefrom ao in direction parallel to and below the sur- face of th~ earth in conta.ct therewith sub- J'.A1fES HARRIS ROGERS. HE~""RY H. L YOX. st.mtiallv through it known that I. CHARLES l-1.\1<\ J·:Y HOI·:, :t citi7.L'fl of the linitetl States, residing at 'rl•idmnn. in the conntv of Isabella and the 5 State of ~liehignn. ha \·c innmte<.l new nn<.l u:-;eful Impro\·cme'rlb in the Art of the !:-. :-:ho\•.·n iii -.:•riv ... \',·ltir it. i.LI' lt•i'llli!l:rl~ oi' thP ~in.:nit l.:\i:t!.:: ~l'··ritt•l(·:! :;.l !.i. :rnd (i. itt thl' ~:lt.rt• lrt:ttrll·t·r :t:-- tlt•• I' ai 11;;. ti':ili."!;rit- liO till!! st;ttiun. (lr fn t!Jt• fbnn· til~·~·,. ~~n· P\... L'•lllllH>ll('lll:-; Transmission of Electrical Power 'Vithout l'ttl'I\~Ilt fhn\'ilt!.!' litl'nH~It til•! a!tel'nator .\.. \Yircs~ of which the following is n. speci- ( }ne i..; allitfl;;:t r.tiJn·t:\· dt:gt·,..:,·::-; h•ltind the :,!L'il- fication. l'l':itl•t.l l'l:•c(l'oJiJ:I;{j\1' rlll'\'l' :tild eit't"'lrl:tit':- {){r 10 This i u \·ention ha~ for its object the trans- tht'Ollt,!lt tl11· t'it'i'tlit .\---('-(;::...-(i 1--:-A. tlll' Ill i::;sioll 0 f electrical l'llCl'g',Y OJ' power in the gre:tt :tll~!'ir· (rf pll;!:--t• d!ll't·n•nl't' ~.ll'ing dtll' tu fot·m uf alternating currcnl from a tran:-;- tlrl' ll ...l' nl' till' l'l':rc·t;llw:o in H'l'il'~. as at C: ntitting: :otatiou to a distant l'P<'t•idu:!! sb- t!ti~ COlllpOii•.••:! \\·iil lu.• lt'l'llll'd t!Jl• \\'attJL''·"' tion wherL' tlH• clll'l't'llt i~ utilized to OJ)('l';tte· e(JillPOlH!nt. Tltl· dJrPr '''Ji•tJ>nllt>!lt is lll'a!'J\· 70 15 dectri~;d dl'\·in•:-.. all witlt.-,nt the ti:O:L' of ill ph:t:-=(• \'· itb till' !!('tll'i'ilt:•d l'l(•(-t;·cJtiJCI( i\-·l' iutel'Jilcdiatt· wit·l'~ m· otht>r :-;JWl'ial l'ondtw- forel' ;tnd l'il'l'lil:r!l•s t'lll'ttll!.dt t.hl' eir<'llit tor~. ..\-C- <~::-- <; ~- L - H- ( L:--- (; 1--.:\.: this ~Iv method entploys the principle of rc::;- l'OltlpOll('lll wiJI he f<'r'Jlll'll thl' lJU\\'CI' CO!:t- unaricc in alternating current circuits wherc- J>OIIl'lll. tlll' l'lll'l'(~llt :!IH_l ('J('l'tl'IIIIIOti\'1' f'ol'~t· 75 ~o in current~ arl~ propa~ated entirely by cqn- l>l'inu· ,.l·t·\· m·ad\· in rdt:r~:e l~t>e:rtl<..:l' tht> ~t.'P::­ duction, and i~ to be di!l'er<.'ntiatev currents are in:lliccd at n distance :!!"> hv r.lec.tro-mnznctic or dectro-stntic fields. Ii1 the llra wi1lg-. an altcqpttin~ current cir- ]JC~IJtt·;tJjzt• I'!!C.'ll otilt'i'. .\! ( ~~~· tt·:Jlt:-=!itif.lili!..!' st:tticm. the• '.\·art!•.•:'·:. t'OIIll 1 n:~t•nl nr:l\· Itt• k<.'l;, ~o \·en· low br n~!n~ :-"11 Hic·il'ni! .,. !1 i!!h 'r:.•:• d;tn;.,. i11 ;!'riP::-. ;t; at C:.that i~. tiH·~ltfl::t tin:'litcur- cuit in \\'hich tlw imprr:..;!-ietl' clectt·omoti,·e force i~ out of phnse "·ith the current is r:•nt tlll'oPgh tlw J.!Tuund l>Pt\\'t'l'll (; 1 :tntl <;:.: r)J' ,·ice n·r·.,a Jlta·; l.>L' lll;!dP '.'t't"\' ~mall and· closed b~v connecting- it nt two separated since cn•n that is' nf a low pc)\i'e'r fnd.o1·. tlw 85 :-w points to the earth. This i~ ~hown in the ]n~s .of pr''HI' rlttl' to tlris l'toaltll'l' lll:ty he> I cl iazr:u11 bv an nlternator ..A in series with a, nmintai1wcl :11· a \'PI'\' low fi!!lll'l' im!C'rd. ·c t~nr1dl'll~l'l' and the tt'l'lllinals of the cil'cuit. <'on~itlPJ' nnw tlw c·irc11it of the'· pmn~r com- g-t'OUJHleXpolllldl'tl in stand- !JU ail h:b :t wattle:-;s component and Rpreatls ont in ard tC'xthonk~ :liH1 gPner:tlly acceptecl. a nnn- all directions fl'Om the g-round terminals G, rt>nrtir" rt'~istance in a cil'cuit ronbinin!!' . and G~ at the tram:mitting station ns in(li- ('ap:wity nne! indurtnnrf' in .:::nrlt propr.rtionc;: eated bv the dotted lines. If then two gronnde'd tt•rminals n:~ and ti-, nt a distant -10 receiving st.ation be c•onnf'dl'll to n. suit.-tbh~ n~cl'irin~ c}p,·ic(·~ they will lie in tlw path of :o;Oilll' OJH' lira• ol' Clll'l'l'llt flow front the ti':IJlS· mitti:~g :-;tation :11111 an <.'lPdromotin• force, l'\'f'Jl tLouglt n•ry ~light. will he itrlprP~~rd 45 upon th(' t·rer.i,·ing· ~in:nit. ..:\ l'C':td:rnec in- n·o(llltrd into th<' l'C('Pi,·in!!' cil'('llit. of ::.:uch th:tt '2(;r).fL cqu' ~tls 1 '].(;).fC' \\'lrt'l'" f i:- tltt• fr,••rrtt•Ju.;y of tlrt• t·iJ\·uit in n·t·l<~s. L i:- tlw indrrdanre in lwnriP~. Cis tiw eapacity i11 f:ll':tcl~. willl)('.tl'a\·c·rsl'd by 100 :t l'lllTcnt \\'ho:-1' m:P!l!iiiHlr i~ rh•tenninPd nnly hy tl11' Pll'<'ll'on.tntin· fnn:e illl}ll'l':O:~Prl r: nature and dimPn,ions a~ to prolt•ctrntllnti,·r fnt'C'P. that is. of nnit\· powt•r f:tdnr. :tnd it m:ty hr nst:>d to a~tnn te <>lecrrir.al rlr,·ice'. This i~ rcpt·~~ent­ fl."l rd in tlH• cli:tQT:llll lw :1 ,-:1!'inh1~ inclnct~ncP L :trljn!-'tnhlc• .tn r·nm1b·rhnlanc<' tll Pllln:t• :·,·::i.,t:lllt't• nf tlw rir~!Tit nnd r;f tilt' lo:1d H ~n lltl limit th<' :1 11H>tmt nf tlw ~~lll'l'<'nt f1m,in!!. .\ccnrdiit,tZI.v, by kt•L•ping- tlw ohmic rc~ist- - .' - ·' ... ~·-. ..~·· ,.. - - --- - 2 ;ti\CC of tlit\ .l'll! in• ('jl('LJit }ll\\ l'li.Oll;.!h :t!l(} SO :r.l'l'il!lf.~lll.!.!' tltt• \·ar!o:l.·. parts of tlic ::.ystPIIJ a.~ to i:np:'L'l:'::; .tilL\ higlrl~St pu~~ihle L'le<:t.l'un:ot j \"l' fotTl~ :~l'l'OS.-:o: tht• tCl'llllll:llS U f the lua..l " H. Ill~: pmrPr t·unq>o:lent of the cmTent flow- tilhl!~-!t!...t.;h:; nl'dOi!llli':il n:r-•lit:ln in ordt>J' io i:t• :d•ip to pit"!( np s:dHr·iPnt eltlTt•nt at t !:P to f':'!':.'i\ !'l' opt'l'i!tt• t!H• l:!n:--!· ~<'l!:,iti\'1' :.!a dP·:·it'l':o: lmo\Y:t t" i•l:·ctrit·al ..e;r'Pi.'(•. \rith !1::.. :o-_\'~t<'ill fhi:~ ent:l'J:J0\1:-j \'.':t~tl~ Ol lJ0\\'1.'1' i:o: :n·oidPd :1nf1 it is ]>t1~:--ibh• hy Ill,\' -llH'tl,ncl r,, trnn:--mit ~~o,•:t•l' thrnn!!'h 1he !.!Tot!wl o1· othl'l' l\l('tiitl!;l \\.it iloP.t wi'l'l'S \':·it.li :t )n:-:.S II J' au unl~· a f1:action of O!ll' pt•t· c:ot!t ollwr tl1a :; ir···i1. <:npper a!1rl !1i('1Pt·ti·if· lossi~;-; in the :1 p-· i ,:,_t·atns employed. Jn p~·a(·tie:1.l npplieatinn t~\·ery C'ff'ort is :,~:ttl•· I!• il!•·n·:t~t' lhe re~istance lwtween the ..... t:~·tnrHflc··l tt•r:ninnl:; (~ 1 nnd G:: nt the. tran:=:- "rnh•ictt·tiron.~ntosttiaYteionforaen~d therC'ln~ incr0a~e imprPssctl upon th<' tlw :..!Tonnd<':l ;.:pn_•r:tl hmHl1·erl ut· a thons:md ·r:•i·i J,pjo,,· tl:e ~nrf:tt.'<'. Of com·sc the ter- tliin:d ... :lt tit(• l'I'('Pidn!.!· t'IHl mnst be simil:l:·h· eollllt'('lf•d to tl1~· ~:nnr. n:ttnral con-· d lll't () 1'::-, fl ;, ( claim: TIH· art of tnut~r11itting electrical powet· l ilt·.-:u!!h tbl' rn l'th iiS :1 medinm from a transmit:·;!;~!· cire11it to a rrcch·ing circuit~ which :l:t c;m1p1·i~t>=-- the> prntlttction of alternating U11 t·m·;-r·nt ... of pow<'r f:H·tor Jess than unitv. the i::.prP~:::in~ o.f :-.aiel cnrrC'nts on an "earth p:ith and tlw i:wrt•a:-;i ng- of the po,,cr factor ul' :t p:1.rt nf s:1id ~~nncnts in such rccci\·ing ei ren it. .!..!"l'Ollllrl f('l'Tnilln}s \r.: :ll1f1 (;, !lt the l'f'CCiY- CTf.ARLES HARVEY ROE. I - .' - , ... J. H. ROGERS. . RAbiOSIG!fAUNG SYSTEM • •u .APPLICITIOI UUD 2, UU. 1,349,103. Patented Aug. 10, 1920. . : _z/~_z. ~:JO ~- .· -Z2 s=e-21!!1 -u-~ 29 .·• ..zg. -Z6 A~ . /7·- ~22 ·-1~ ~ 2B · . 22_ ; 26 2 :2- :20.. -: l :, :ee ~ 29.:- 2~ · · 2,9:- ·2..3 UNITED STAl'ES PATENT OFFICE. .TAMES HAlilllS llOGEJUS._Ol' HYATTSVILLE, X.utYI.AllD. JLA.DIOSIGNALINO SYSTEX.. 1.:1-t!l. 10:1. lpcdicaU~~ott.cuenJt•tcaL J>uh•ni<"cl Aug.tn, 1020. .t..pplic:aUoD tlc4 Xa7 I. 1117. lerlal Xo. 1~-175. Tu,,ll w/,nm illltD!f CtMrt~n': · I~· it knuwn th:at I. .Luu::.:s HAam~ Uut•- J:us. :a t•iti~t·u uf tluo Uuit'"d Stuh~. n~irl- ill;! ill Hy:atl~,·illt·. in tlw t•uuut~· uf Pri1~''" i GtteU';.!~ unci St:alt• uf Marvl:aurl. lmvtt Ill- vt•uttod 1ww nm1 u~·ful lmprun•m.-nl:i iu J::a~iusi;nulin;! ~~''.Ill~'\, ]uwm;.: 1~ n !o'}>l'l'&fi,·nhcm. u(_ whit·h tht- fol- lhu~· fur ·tt·t·t•h·in: sib'ltal:s. wl~ill• in Fig. 1• tlw iustJ·uuwuts fur ~nciin;! "iJ..FJual~ are 1o0hown. In Fig. 1. 11 i:; n tlt>tedor of anv t_\·p.·. pa~·fcr:abl.\· :ail> aamliun. 1~ a tl•lephone, 10 auhl J=l :md H tht> usual <·untlt>nsers. Any cllo:;il't•rl t~·pt.· uf iu.!o!Cl'llmc.mts nnd nrnnge- nwut ,,f c•unnt"t·tin•r t·inuits mav be em- pluyMl. . · . ,. · • . lly inv..•nttnu ·rt-l:att~ tu r.arlau lliignnling lu Fit:. 1• ~ritahlt- ~noin;! inRn1n1ents 11 10 or tlw to;Cnnin~ nUtl l"l"t't•ivi::~ uf 2\i~rJl;al:; nrt> c•om·t-ntiunaJJy sht)\\"Ji. Tla~ compri~ thnm;!h ~pat~ hy lllt-nn~ uf t-lt't·trcuuugnc.•tic· n g~nt•r:atm· J;"i. tJ·ausfonnt-r Hi. spark gap · ll'nn·s. :ancl it )M"11aiu!i JJ;arti•·ulnrl_v tn thtA 17. •·unclt•JJS<•r lR nntl kt-\• 19. · cli~jKJ:\itiun uf tht> rarlin c·.autialt'tur or nm- Tht• · nl~ fnrtlll'rl tlt>- •li:"4·un•rt•tl that J!'I'UUllth·rl r:ulin •·untltlt'tnrs ~·ril»t•t1. · or anttounw nn• hi~hlv t•flit·ic·ut wht-n tli~- ::?() unci 21 ;11"(' t'ro nntt·nnm extending in )"~1 hm·i~nntaJly or ~ubstantinll~· punallt-1 clitft'J'l'nt clih'l·tion:' fmm the !\lgnnl in:,t,·u· tu rlac• :oolll'fuc"t• uf th.. t-nrth. :uul ~urroundt•d nwuts. n111l un• !')•uwn :J~.c;rx·iat~l with these 71 20 ),,. u1· in(·ln~·cl in :a uniform nwtaUic ~n~n inl'-ll'UIIIt'lll:-. l•y itulin..·t (•tulplin;!. a~ roils 22 J;l':H"ti,-ully throughout tht•i1· h·n~th. hut in- nncl 2:S uf 11 tr:m~fur·uwr. The~ antf'nnar !oillhth"tl tht>1~f1·um. Tht> ;athauta~t'$ uf lung IUn\· t•xh•ntl in uppo~itto tiir~dions. nnd in prm:tr:at" (n!-= llisrin;,!nisht-n frnm tol'1't"l) an- cu·,f,·a· tu attain maximum effi,·i.vn<·~· urrnn;:;e- h•mm~ art" thus ohtaint-rl nntl tht> nhj.-diun- nwnt JU ~) that tht>\" muY l>f' dis- 10 26 aahlr t•fft>C1!\ uf t-c.•&1:lin fol'ms uf !"tutir e-cm-: pu~.O iu' u lin" :at ri~ht ;an~lt>s to thto 1\'&\'t tlitiun:-. na'\• ..Iiminat..n. fa"SC·J"il-·d nno c•laimt~l. nnci illn~tnatt'tl in thP aac-.·nmpaan~·- am•nt i;.; fully ri~·a·i~(l in npplil':ation ~.No. J30.ti03. wlaic·h lms :c:in··~ k»u~l llS P~atent Nu. l.-122.fi22. t1at.-ri N''"· 2~: 1010. 16 Tlu- illll<'JUUl' Ul't" t•ut·h inc·lust-cl in • ru~ tnllic· Sc•J't't'll shuwn n!; u uwt•al pipt" 2.a. in in:,!' clr:awin~. in whit·h tlr.awin;..115-- whic·h th~ aOCt•nn;a is muuntt>d by sp:u~rx ur Fi;.!lli"'P 1 il" :l cli:a~rnmmatic· ~it•\t' Mhn\\·iJ1:,! clisk:; 2~ uf iusulatiug nmtt-ri;al. J-im.·h aA por- thf' ~·t't"t"ll for tlw :antrnnu• 1't>:--tlng npun t 1~~ ,,.Jain. c;Ja.v. fih(•r· or lht• t"CJ'tintlt>nt. s.• thut 10 16 snrf;u~ of. th•• enrth. rt><·toi,·in;; in~1rmnt'nts hc.•inz; !'huwn as.'iLI("iut~l with tht> nnh•mm•: of F*aC"f.u1ii-u!2!'hicnm~·~trcm\n.tt'O-nnt\~·enwtihoinc·ahl :unan;;t·nwnt mn.\" ht- suh- ~titnh•tl {nr thf' M-..h·in~ iw.;trnmt·nt~ fur whilt' t•n•·la uuh•nna ~ itwlcr...•d :'iuhstamtiallv u!Jlha~· ·a(sm'n!cucla;~lauawlununtttv•itd'filt'fllltml•ut'0nrt~thhf iawln."iin;rsc.·rt"t'n fur th.. r.nh•nnre lc•dl~l tu suit tlu.• •·mulitions nnrler whirh t•lc-natt>•l nlJO\'to thc• snrf:tl."l' u{ .th<' (':ll1h. tht> ~:wh !'oo\"!)t~ua io; to wnrk. :mel maY be sen·rctl in!'lt,unt"nts......~h·in:,!' or tran~rnittin;-. ht-- ]llmch-~cl ,·,•. a tlaou!'aucl fet·t. or· morr. The 100 .c~ in;! mt>re)~· indi,·ntt"d h~· ont> of lla_. •·oupling pipe.· m· :-.t·n-t·n m;ty lit• c)f iron or othf'r mt-tal roils: Jillit:alt)P tu :H't'fllllp}isJa tht> pUt'pc't~. AflU rl~Fi~iu;.·.! :\ is t>nW<'llt!h'hthowei~nt~ur!thaj.-.e inof f<'l'\·t>s to prolt'<'t tlu· untt•nna from c~rt.ain Muti(· <·mulitinns which would or mic;ht in- thea ..arth: tf'rfl're with tlat> ~nclin~ or r~inn~ of 10& r>O Fi~. 4 shmrs rlin:rn(llmnth·n11~· a mrxlitieoa- ~i~nls. . tion: and . J liP sm-f:1c'(' of du, P:tJ1:h is indi<"ntf'd at 28. Fi•r. 5 js n simi \'f'lltftm tpp!iecl tt' l na r h,o·inetwo :rda\'ofl'tS':i~nll.! ~t•luw·h inns and ing sinr~Fnils!. 1 thP :1ntl·nnrr :mrl :tre shmrn ri'Sting- th~ir npon inrlos-ancl in a' suhmurint. . t·ontnd with tht ~urfac"t" of lhf' t"'trth sn~ 110 •~ ~' · thellt•-fit>~rurlin"in' stt~r the umen cir:an-inJ,!S. ts, which 10 in~inrdltehne~ihr.i n c l 0 6 i n~ g , -------------..~~~~;;;~ ~ ~~ r====:.ll -~ Ff·n·rns :t rr ~hown ,!:;11ppcr11c.•rl :1beJvr tlu• r-;ur- uil ~iu-h :1s istlrdin:u·ih· U!.(·rl in trnn~r.:,nnc·r.:;, [:H"t' nf thl· t-ar1h. :m~ JJtl-1Y. or m:t)' not 1,.. fur the purpns(• nf jnTVt·ntin~ hrnslr tli:o=-. lll::ml,.fr•d tht•rP!mm. ln 11m:; lit,Hn•. ~s nl~ ·~h:rrg•·· this bt•iuc; indar:tt•·d ,., 34. in Fi~. !l. 4 :~n•l r.. th~ St-nrling nr.d n-."<'h·- .. Jn a~a:or·daru·t• with th~ pHte-ut 1\f:ttuh~ 1 &6 & in~ iu~ nmwnf:;. whit·hPVf'-1' is c-oun~t..d fnr h:rn• d~ct·i~ whnt I nnw bf.li~n· (() bt• tht! liS{' nt nnr. ~iv.-n t ime•. is mc.•J\•ly indic::ttt"tl ht'St t•mbodimt•nJ nf t},(' in\·Pntiuu. but ) flu. b~· one.• «"eul :'?3 uf thl' c·cuplin:. • nut wi~h tf') he.• unci.•n;tnc'W'I 1h,.r..hy .as limit- ln. Fi~. !3 fht» antc.•nnte :~nrl thc.•ir hu-lu~ing in;! IIIYSt" Ir or t ht• :Cc'ti('K' , , the.· .invc.•nt i~tn~ ~~~ F;r·rt'c.•ns nrc ~hown hut'i«·d hc.•ru•:tth tlac.• Mnr- Jn:m,· c.·hangt·s nnrl mutiific:ttious Jtllt\" ],-. SO 10 f,.,.r nf t1w (•:u·th. in whi~h ,.,.~, the.• im4ru- Junrl~· without dc•p:trting ft·nm the ~pirit ,,f ln<'nt~ nmv he in :1 c.·m'Pl't>d (•h:unbt·r 29 lKt- the iln·..nt:nn nnci ar11 Stlf'h 1 nim to hwlnclc.• )ow ;ronnd to :111tc.•nna 20 nwl s.·rc.'t•n or rirx- 24". nnci in~trumt~nts 2:1" ht•iug c-nn lle'f'l<'rl1o nntc.•nna :!I :~r~d S«'J't'l'll.nr pipt• !!4''. 20 Tn this -n·ay two ~c.·(!=. uf instrunwnt~ mJty he. In· J~ttt't~ Pntrnt of th,.. Unitt•rl Stntt'!. j!l;- . r..\ rnnin !-Oi:,!11:tlin; !"}'Sh~n f.'f•lllprising nn nntrnnn t•:xtrn• ling hnl"i;.;mtH lly snh~tnnh:1lh~ 70 punaJJrl to tht• ~urfncl! nf thtt f":trth~ ~i~1~l ll!lo<•d SitnuitHnt'tllt~Jy. hoth ~(S fur ~.•nding m~tnnntnt~ n~~t<:intc.•rl U"ith ~:tid nntrnM nt or 1"\.'f't:>iving. ut· mtP ~·t fut· ~cmrlini: :mrl th~ nm• tntlnthl :t grumirl rmm~tion nt lh~ othf'r nt hrr ~·t {oi· ''l't't•i ,·in•". In u~ing the ll't'llt··~-;ndan.» of thr r:n1.h- 25 I intrnrl tn clc.•si:,!'llntl' thl' ~urfuc·~ w1u:n• thrrtis watt•r :as Wt'll :1! whc.•r·c.· thc.•rc is l:md. The' encl. nncl n mt•t:1Jii~ N<"rP<'n in .intim:ttf' rnn-. tnrt "·ith tlac t-nrth snJ,stnntinlh· thron~l1emt .T5 its2·•le•nf•rrthnrnlinoflsih::w!nl:ot1siinng~s~~·isdtrumnct.t•·nonmpnr.isin~ nn . inn•utinn is .tlarn·fnl'c e4mtlly npplic.::tble tn · nntt•tmn P~trrJrlin:,! horizont u11~· ~~~h~tnn~iu 11~­ honts nr n·~!"-<'1!-=. p:u·tic·nfndv suhrnuritws un purnllc.'l to the snrfnre of thP t-:n-th. tn~n:\1 wltidt it is oJ~l·:tti,·e wl~t•tli't·r uf1ont nr ~nb- m~trnnwnts n~Srl<'intt•rlwith ~nirl nntt•tmn nt 10 SO mt.·r~~·l. Snc.:h :m ('mhurlirnent of the in,·en- onr ttncl :mel :t ~t·utmtl t•omw<.·tion :1t the other tiun is !--hown in Fi:,!'. 5. in whirh the ,-es.~l f'ml. nml :1 mrt:t11it· !Ct't'i!n upon nncl in t•on- is i~clirnt~c.l n.~ 30~ nncl tlH' ntl1l'r parts cl~i~­ tnct "·ith th~ c•:u·th nncl iJwlosin~~ snhl nn- nnt<'\1 :ts m 1· lt;s. 1. 2 li1Hl :t so that theY re- tt'nn:t snl)!ott:mtialiY thrcmghcmt it!:den:,..rth hnt •tuire no further cfpsr·riptic1n. Tht> ~·Tt-tons insnlnh•(l tht•t·t'ft,;m. II 35 ~.J Jlre prefPralJJy e:\tenelt'f) through shc.autin~ nr hull. ro th:tt ench :mtennn is indnst'rl suh-. nn!t1t.'nAnnntutixitu~nsti.•'rnmgilhionr~t.7s.tymstta~11m~·l'~on'mbp~r~inl-nltiinn~lalny !'tuntiulh· thrott;!hout its Jcn:,!th within the· p:n1111t-1 to the surfnt~ of the t'urth. ~ugna1 in- ,·essel. 'The ::nnmrl plate 2(i' nt the fm·wartl stnunents a~"SOCintccl "'ith ·s.,irl nnteonnn nt Pnt:l Hit· SC!"t'en 1mriN1 l)('nrath 32 ~ ns to swin:,! frwlv with th~ mm·t•mt>nts tht- snrf:u~ of tht- t-nrth anci inclm;in~ Aid u( the Ycssel. lmt i~ ir't!-'lllatt>cl tho.?rt-ft·um ns nntt>nnn snh~t:tntiallr throughout its Jen~rth a=t shm~n uin~rnmm:Jt?l·ully :It 3:}. The nn- but. insnl:at~cl tht'nafrnn:. t<'nna 20 is ~unnrd~cl to pl:lte !W' in urn· snit- In t~timnnY -n·hpr•N>f I hnvc hereunto Rt 15 46 nhle m:tnner. Ground plat~ 21' is sin1il:arl~· m~· hnncl in p~·net' nf two snbst·rihing wit- monntc.·rl on hruC'kt•ts :n'. a2'. :1t the slt'rti o! nesses. the Yessel. nml is ('Onn<'decl to nntenn;~ 21. Tlu·~ plafl's maY be mounterl in :mY other .JA).{E;; HARRIS ROGERS. ,!:;Uitnbll' mnnner: · liO In nil vf the Pmlxxlinienl~ uf thP im·ention 'VitnPSses: Au:x .J. HA!"SON'; the pipe or screen is preferably fillcc1 with WALTUX C. CAnttou.. J. H. ROGERS. UDIOSIGMALING STSTEI. &.9 .. ---= _-:.: ---=---..-:-==--:-...---.J.--==:----=.=-=.--.=-=-=--==:-!.-~=-== . ,... ··-'"~~"'-'-''~''"!·.·',,.......','.'.'.~'-~..'...'..!. --~- . tlu.~ ..~., UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE • .TA.lllES llARlUS BOGEBS, 0!" HYATTSVILLE, 11-!RYLAXD• •JU.DIOSICiXALlNG SYST:Elol. lpccitcatio••tLcttcn!'.atut. P;lfcn(~rl .~n;.:. JU. 1H:!O• .ApJtlic:o..U'a f.lc4 1aaa&i7 17, JtU. kri~l !fo. 212,15~. 2;, oJ.J. Ulli•.J'I'I II. HltJ.'i CIJPtCTJI:. . n~ it kno\" tl lh.;t. I. .Luu;~; Ji.,~UJ~ Uooua;, !ht: C.-onnt:ctiun fur £ignalin~ instruml'nts be'- 6b · 1nc lcx:ill.:d bd Wt"t'n the :tntenna5 und ulbo u •·ili:~.tm uf the Uuitt.~tl Stoat~. ~idiu,; aat htaru.·ntb thtA ~uriJ&c:~ of the ~1th: Hy;tlt:ivlllt-, in tl,e c·uunt\' uf l 1riau-e (ie«Jr~~ 6 t~Jtrl ·Sttth• of M~n·lantl:Jun-e inn·ut~ Iu~w :anti us.oful lmptu\t•ruents iu R~aali~ignaling · Fig. 3 sho\\·s nn o&nt.touna int·aSt.otf ""c"·ordinno to tb~ innmtion nnu lying upun tht- sur!ac: ~~ the ~•rth, a grount.l t•uma'1.·t iun awd Lha ao Sy:-,1t.•ms. uf which the !ulluwi.ng is a lll>t"Cifi· nustruments coni:Al"Clt-tl l)\•twt.~n the a.n~uua t·utiun. · auul the ~round ronued iun ; lly in vc-utiun l"~la.tes to radio aaigna1ing Fig. { ~ ll T"lt1\' similMr to Fig. 3 sho"- 10 ~y~tc•ms :md a ppan.tus for a;ending and ·1'!1- ing twr• antffinao ir•.stt>acl u( un~ unt.en~Ul tt.."•t·Jitv•idni•'rO~~Uia;g_n!emttilcs: t h\\'rMu\'ut~gai,b ~van= UJld it hy me-.1us of re}utes par- aucl A &,;round t'ftnntd.ion : . u 1-'iJ!. a i!t II \"iC\\' !:iimil:u· to Fig. f but ~how. tir·ulnrly to lluat portion of such ~yt..tt:ms ing tlu.~ .auttADC<~' Enppurtcrf ltDo\"l' tht sur- .Jtnuwn u~ tin~ antcuna. f~&.~ uf the ciLl'th ~ut in close pru.ximit.y 1~ I h:a \'t- tfjSt.,n·e~d ·th.at nu]iu ..-ontlucton therdo; . . or untt~nnu• ·au-e highly cfJici~nt wben tl.is- Fij!. G is ,;ew ~imilur to Fig. 2 in which 70 pwit•rl hfJrizuntally or sulMstantiatll\" oaraUeJ the unteJuutt nn tiho.,.·n suLmergcu iu water. to tlw snrfut.~ o( th~ eartb but roniplet.ely u~ferrin~ to the tlnwiugs, ]0 indicllles insulnttad theu~(rum und incletted in llD in~ the sigrual 111.--tnaments, whic:h in Fig. 1 nre lO c:lu.::iiUjf.. mtAtallic cu\·erin~ &-rt"eD or casing .those for ~c~i,·ing liignals~ whilt 111 Fi,.;. pr•u·t aret JJ r t hroughont tht-ir entiJ-e lrs1b'ih~ 1• the instrumt.nts for semlin~ si~ttls art! Ti lmt iu·ml~ttAc.l tlu•n·froan. Th.: mt!t:liJic ccl\·- &ho••~· Iu Ji"i:,!. ·1, 11 i~ ». rlct..."!tur of uny ea·in~ tJJU~ inc.·)osing th~ :mtenna. but f1'0m type, p~frrabJy un uudJon, 1~ as tdt!phon.:, whic·h the lutte~ is insul:tt~tl, takes up the nnd 13 auul H the usuul c'Oud~u~n. Auy 26 &.·lc.'1.·trum:agnl'li~ wun.-s, in r~:civing, and dL'5iretl type of iJSlrumtnt.s and nrrttn~- t r:Jnsmil.:' tlwm to thu autc:-mm \t"ilhin Mt full , mtnt of connecting circuits 1nay l.e t!Jn· 10 fitn·n~rt h unci even wilh gr~at~r efl~-t lhan ployed. wlJcll the llllh.•Jm~a iti u~d without the cover- In FifZ. J• suitllLlr scndinJ! fn.~rumtonfs . iu!!. ..-\ highly cffi~it'nt. :trtion is thus ob: ure t·on\·t-ntiqnuJly sbo\T'n. Th~· rornpriu JO t:ain.-rl. th~ statiC' j:; redu<·etl, and &Lt the n gener:ltor 15. transform~r IG. spurk ~·PH, lkllHu time the antenna is fully protected t.-oncle~r 18 aUtl key 12. · U ,,ffrom tlt.•h•rioJ'Iltiun by the rorroding :action The nbm·f-~ntioned instrumt'IIL<; :~re "'"11 t>ttrth und Witter. · . . XDUWD in thf' :ut 01' r-.1dio OJ' magnt-tll' Wa\"C Tht.• in,·er.tion t"'n.tii2;ts in tlae noYf'] -con- tii~alint:, antl nt't'd not he furtta·r rlt.'srrih~rl. .36 Htl·awticm nnal ur·run.gement of »ppan.atus 20.i'i an aut~mht f<.•r ra4diatint: ,,r n·~iving ant! pxu1~ t.hcn"'f fur ~ndiu~ &nrl rer..·ei,·ing elet:trumngnl'ti~ \T"ll\'f!li, o&ntl as !iih,,,,·n in Fig. 110 rudio tiignaJs hereinafter desrribcd . una 1 extends uorizuntally or sm~antially pur· dn i111cod. :wd ilha~ratt>cl iu the accompamy- nllt.•l to thP t~trth's :surfa~l· nucl burk"d ju ill;! ~lmwinqrs. in ~,·hi•·h dl"tl:vin~ . 40 J··l~!lrt' 1 ~~ aa thagr:mun~tfJC' Vl~w !\howUJI!' tht> earth. This 3-rltenna mnv hnts ~ing ~~~ci- indcJ~J \ or ~:nen rithin n mttnJlic· ('0\ 21 whic-h mav b.: u 'ering, CllSin0 rnht: 01· pipt U afc•al \\'ith tl1e ~111terum: . . of lf':ad, irnn or nnr ,;ther .,;uitahl&.· naetul. Fi~. t• f'hows a t'On,·cntionul armnPemP.nt 'l'ha! aut.enna is .iusulatttl frum th... IDl'l allic 41 uf ,;(•nding instnnnt-nis "•bic-h m:tv he sub- t~1itutt-d r.••. tht! n."(?i,·inzr instnunl'nts for &."0\'f'ring or t'".tsi~ hy nieuns of ins~d:llion ~2. It 1\·ill tim~ 1)(' s..oen that wlul.- the 100 tJ';llll':mittin~ Jii;,'ll"IH, it lleinl!' unrlttrslooo :.ntenna is huriNl. in tht f'lrth it i:; c·nm- thut ('illat"r the Sl:ndin~ or rt'ceirinq instns- pletd\• insnlnt.,l thtrefrom ant) frc,m tlJt! meuls ~}HJwn in Fig. 1 nre tu ~ Ul"eit in c:on- met;aJHc- c:on•rinJ! or ~"iin,:!. 60 nt-<·t ion with thr. :u·nm~emenls shnrrn in thf' The J'f'\"ti,·in~ in~rumt:nts ~l1u\vn in Fig. n·mainin~ fi;!IITf"S; two Fi". in;! 2 ~InSttltl n,m;r(A. \ \(' 's~i~mteinldninrgtoin Fi~. 1 shownpposite di- l"l"Ctiuu~ bcnt:1th the surf».ce of the ~rtb, 1 nreo n~~"·intt·d witla tl1.- nnt .. nna bv nwan~ lOS of An inrlnrtin• rouplin;t c·omprisin'g "·incl· ing:i !?!1 an•l 2-4 of u tr:msforr11,•r. bur m~y ht.• e.s-~ia~tf:d. tbt'rewit.h in any other sui~Ll~ 1,No,i~ . . maniu·r. '111e other terminal of \Yinding that it b·nn~e<"eSSDry to clescribe aucl) an ar- •• 24 of the coupling is connected to ground· rangemmt in this Application. • Dt 25. : It has ~n slAted that the in\·ention is ap- : Jn the t>naLodimt-nt of the in,·ention shown ~licab1e to the surface of the earth where . · r, in Fi~. ~ thtt ground connection id replaced there is waterJ. nne such apflication heinJt by a becond antenna 20' extending in a di- illustrated in .1:" ig. 6. It wil be un•lt!ntoocl 70 Tel1.itJn difl'e1~nt from the direction of c.n- aiBI' that the in,·ention iH also applia~ble to tc.·nna 20, the ~iJ.,Fll:tl instruments being con- ahips at se.a, hut ns the employment of my . · In nc~·trrl hdwe-t·u tlu.~ :tntennm liS indicate<) hv ·new antenna arl'Dngement in such eonnet-tiun 10 tij1• winllin~r ~4: of the inuirect coupling. is obt'iout -it is thQught ·that illultntion ill thi:- fiJ!nn> a)!;(, is shown the urran~ement bv unnecesury. 71 whkh the H;~n:t1 in!rtrnments are Joc.te(l In aecorc.lan<:"e with tl•e pntent liblutes l in the dl:ltnl)t>t' 26 lx•Jow the· fmrfnce of the llA\"e describf.f] "·hnt I now Lt-]ieve to Le t1~ t>arth. best emboUin~e.nt of the in,·ention, but I clu 15 In t1w- ttmbudiment of the in,·tmtion Eho\\·n not "·ish to be unclcmood theftby u limit- in Fi::. :;! u single :mh•nnm is ttmploycd and ing myself or the scope of the in\"fntion, aK 10 is l"hnwn l'Xh•ndin:,r horizontuJJv SuhsfAn- muny rhan~ IDU modifiC~~tions mMy be an :tlit:HalIl.'W· Jlt'.:hll"i1ull.c..•.l with tl1e iuclosinJ! snrfnce metn11ic o·f the rnrtb. or con~rinl! Jll•U~e 1rithnnt departing from the aphit of 1hr in,·cntion and a;uch I aim lo anc:huJe. 20 rn~in:,! a·t~1in~ npc>n the Jo~Hrfac:-e of the e.nrlh, in the ti('O~ of tJae appended elaims. n·l1ic·h ];lft.er is mclic-:tlt>fl nt 2i. \Yhnt 1 d~tim as new and tlt"tiire to ...Ocure 11 Fi~ ol ~hows an orrnngnment J.imilnr t.o hv uttrrs Pntent of the Unite•l States iw: l,.i~. 3 but with ti•P t•mplo)•ntt!nt of a HE"e· • J~ .\ r:tdio siwmling 1n·stem romprisin;r •n ond Hnt<'r.na :..>u' in place of the ground con- a.rilennst P.Xtt>numg horizontAlly suL8tanhnlly. ~5 Jll'ct inn ~hown in Fi~. 3. paraHel to tJJe ~;urfnce of the earth and insu- Fi~. S ~laows :tn :1rr:m~Pmttnt ~imi1ar to laated tbttrefrom, a metallic co\·ering indus- 10 Fig. 4. hut "·irh tlu~ :tntt-nnre t;]i:.dt~l~· eJ... in~ airl antenn• Lnt insnl~ttecl tht•refrom Y:lft•d :abovr the ~m·fn•"f' nf iht enrth bY ancl in intimate cunfiad with the earth HUhnw:an~ uf st rul-; •Jr piu~ 28. Thus whilt- tli~ stnnti:dh· thron~hont its JenJ.,rth, s.igunl in_-. 30 nnlf'mu~ e~t.pd ~u\)q::nti,.Jly pnr:al.lt-1 with f.iJ·umcmts uS*,;:inted l"ith snid antttnnn, and . ••f the surf:H·~ uf 1l-r~ ••:111 h. I ht mc•tn llar. t"'\'Pr- • l1:alnru·ing l"fmnection (Jil the oppo:~ite aitle 11 in~ nr· c·n~in;; i~ unt in clirt'("t f~mt nc·t with ~icl in!ittnmwnts. tla· c.•:trth b111 is -~·p:ar:all••l tlll'l't'fr·um hy :t · 2. -A nadio ~ipta1ing_Ryst~m rompri11in::nn· fhort ~;p:u-c. 1t m:t ~· or m!'y not ~ insu- nnh•nrm e~~ ndmg horJzcmtn Uy aulJHbntia lly S5 Jateu: from thr ..~rth JW('urnm#! tn th.. mnft•- J'nr.tlh•l to tht- surfau't"of the t-mrth and insn- rinl of w.hi<"h fJ,,. strut~ ut· pins ~8 at'\• n•sul•· nh-.1 tlu•n•frnm, a nu~hllic c:o,·ering ineloa- 100 thd is whrtlu~r th~v nrt' of rotulawtin~ ur of inJ! tcnitl nntennn bul insulntecl tberefrona non·<'nt:rJuctin~ m:1terial. nncl in coonbd "·ith thP ·r:trth Hllbetantially Fig. (j !oihO'\TS the• emp1o)•tm•nt uf twu nn- tlarunJrhont its IPnbrfh, ancl t~iJ.,rnlll instru- 40 tenn:t:' submer:!t'cl J..enenth the snrf:u"C• nf the• Dlt'llbJ al'iSOCinted with !1\atid untmna. t:trlh n·hrre thel'l~ is w:1ter! the w;ttt-r 1M-in:,! :l••\ rndio si~nnlin~ !>y.stt-m romprisingatn 101 intlir.:tlC11 nt ~V. Hen- tlw mt•tallie rcn·t-rin#! nntt-nn:a l':dt•mltn:,! hori~untnlly tmb;twntiolly or rnsin:t is in ("fllltnd with tht• wutt>r, but J•nrnll.-1 to the surf:.~ce o/ the ~arth atul in!Ju- the :mtennm nnci thejr Ntnncctir.;.r circuits :tfrcl tln•Mlfrnm, a m~tnllir. co\·ering inclos- ·U art' insulated from the n·:ah•r. in;! SHirl antenna hut insubtPd •then~frnm, It "Will be unt!trstnod tlwt while I h:n·e s:ticl metullir C'O\'eri~:,! l~in~ hurifli in the 110 t:hoWD anu dl'S<.·ri~rt :trrattO'~mt"nfs t'IDlN)()~·- rurtJa in intimnt~ COl1 (1 UCf. therewith NUht;laJl• ing my invention in whi(·h on(! nntenn:t 1incl tin1Jv throu~hont ihr length, anti 1ir-rnnl in- albo tw{)_ antenn1P art~ rmploy{'(l, anv tle· &1ruinents a~JCtattoiJ with !\~tiel antenna. · &0 sired number mov l>e n~ecl. ancl it is desh.,lble 4. .A r:ulio si:.,'"Tlalin;! sy~;tem comprising to ~nve thrm extend in tJ!c pn>pt»r clirectiou !iignnl instruments, nn ant.P.nna e~tentling 111 tO obtain the nuaximnm t-ffect both in !ienu· ont"tTnrtlly therr.f,'Om. a scrond antenna tx- iug anti waYes. n~ivinJ! uf the For this purpose a. electromn~netic nnm~r of nn- tteenhndRin' t~rinm~ a dif.'erent dir~:tion, hnrittf] in tht> e:trth lmt aiel atnintnlatt5 sr.rihed in my said npplif'at1on-b<'nea.th the he r·er<'i,·ed. in~tea(l of :t pl11r:Jlity of C"oils snrfaf'e of the ground. and to further pro- n~ shown in Fig. 1. ThP t'nds of t !11• <'oi I ·U5 teet it from atmospheric disturbances, I :\in this modified lll'l':tll,!!<'lll~'llt :tl'l' t'f)Jl!H'f'l- co'"er the snrface of the grotmd above the re- ec} to the oscillation transfornwt· -L tlw ~Pr.~­ cei'"er with n. metallic screen, as hereinafter ondarv of which is ronnt•(·ted to tlw \':l<'tlttrn 100 described. vnlve 'of receivct·!l. ,.whic·h is ~hown to lH• of In the drawing- accompanying nnd form- the ~arne t~·pe referred to in r·omJr.C'tlon with n:z a part of this specificatlon Figure 1 ·is Fig. 1. Th<' arra ngr.nwnt ~hown in Fi!! 2 diagrammatic view of a recei'"ing station likewis<' comprisrs a ~c·re<'n 1~ dispo~t>d mbodying the preferred form of my inven- along the surface of the ground. 105 ~ - tion, a diVided collector of the general typo From the foregoing it will b~ ap,m1·o~ ~;:~~~~ 1,3~3,002 · thnt the c1ft1cts of ntnwsphcrie clistm·h:uH:~s in both al"l :\ngem~nts will he ~rent ly re- duced bv r~,t~on r.! the fnc·t that. t ht> cc•llt•c- tors arc.lw.w:t!h t.1•' surf;H·c of the grountl, 5 ancl from th(' !nd thnt the apparatus is protcC'tctl h.v n condttctinA' Sl'l'('en n~ainst •lis- tnrhan•·es propa!!ntecl in \'t•rtil'al clirl•t·tion~. In nthlition tlw ':lrrnngem<'nt sho,,n in F'ig. l. l'mbodying-, ns it dot>s. the prineipll' of 10 my rnrlicr applit·at.ion, stiJI furtlu.•r <'limi- natrs the l'fTeet of static uisturbant'l'S by tlw l!Sl' of the tli,·iclt•cl cnllt•etors Bv n•as1111 of this nrr:Ln;_!l'llll'nt static . "\Vhill• I ha\'c shown the l.'olll.'ctorl':i iucl.o:-il'll in a dmmher Lt>llt'ath the snrfac"L' or the ground. I hu. \'l' th•monstralell that t hesc <.~ol­ il•ctors nmy· l>t" blll·iml in till' {.!l'otmd, :tncl :!."\ Ihat sUt~ces:;ful opt•ration may lm luul when theY arc so lml'i~d, c\·cn thou:.d1 tlw wit·cs forrning the l"tJIIt~dors nrc not co\'~rcn tl~rt~t~d· nt thP surfa<'c of the ground over the collector. :I:J 2..\ rcct•i dng stntion for racfio si~'1la1s, nll portions of which are hcncath the snr- fnec of the ~r·ound~ in eomhinittion wiih a t•outlllt tin;.r serccn dispost>cl nt the sm·fael• of tlu.• ground over the station. 40 :t .\ l't•c•t•h·i ng station fo1· r;~dio si~.ua ls, c.·ontpri:-.;ing a loopccl t·olLcdm· (lispust•cl hc- ncaih tllc surfnce of the ~1·ouun o( dt!Sil'ell l'l'Cl'ption, a dctcdor eirt:uit ns;-;ociatcll with saicl eollcdors, alltl JU(.•uns <~OliUlH>ll to both saicl t·olled.or·s fut· clifft•J'rll- tiully atfcctin~ the dt'tedoL' cil'l~uit Ly sta.tic impulses l'C•"Cl \"l'tl iu !inic.l eullcetm·s. · UOY A. 'VI~AGANT. 1,365,679. T. APPLEBY AND L M. KNOLL RADIO A~PARATUS. APPLICATION FILED JUNE 14, 1919. Patented Jan. 11, 1921. : 3 SHEETS-SHEET I. \ T. APPLEBY AND L M. KNOLL. RADIO APPARATUS, ArPLICATIOI riLED JUN£ 14, 1919. 3 SHUTS-SHEET 2, A .F'.:re.d_ .FIG-_6 _ 1,365,579. FI6:.Z T. APPLEBY AND l. M. KNOLL RADIO APPARATUS. APPLICATION fiLED JUNE 14. 1919. Patented Jan. 11, 1921. 3 SHUTS-SHUT 3. A FIU:.tJ_ UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. TBOXAS APPLEBY AND LLOYD M. KNOLL. OF PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNORS OF ONE-THIRD TO CORNELit;S D. EHltBT. OF PHILADELPRIA, PE.NNSYLV ANIA. RADIO .1-.PPARATUS. t .:u;.;,5;u. Specification ot Letters Pntent. I,atcntcd Jan. 11, 1921. Application filrti J'un.- 14. 191~. SeriRJ No. 304.118. 'f'o,di rrhom it ''tt'!tt.·ow·,,·l,: lo k. • had to tJ.<.• llt'C'OlllJ>anyinno· drJWill"e'S' in 55 Bl• it kuown 'that Wl'. Tuu)I.\:' .\l'I'J.t:r:Y wltH·h: :ITld Lr.orn ~I. K~111.I .• c·iti~l·ns of tlH' l 'nit<·d ~tall'.;. r'·:.-i.fi11;.! in ti11· ,·ity and «.'ounty of of Fi;.!lll'l' I i~ apparatus, oaut\p·irTlreama.mbsa~tribc­, ~ Philacll·lphia. :'Ltt\· of P,•nn;.;ylnlllia~ ha\'c iug or rad ia ti ~~~-roi I mdo:;cd or :-;ercl'neu in\·l'nkd 'l'I'Ltin Jlt·\\' and ll:'l'fttl Imprun•- l1y tla• l':trth or l'tflli\·:dl•nt. 60 Dl"nt:-; in H:ulio .\ l'l':t rat t:s. ~' f wl• id1 tlw fol- Fi~. ~ i~ :1 ~i1uilar dt•w of &l modifietl furtn lowin!! i~ a =--p~t·ific·ation. wlu·rl' twu rotatablt• t:oils at an ang-le to each a Our inn!utiou r"latl'::.- to tlw tran:--mi~sion otlwr arc cmployctl. · o of lai;.!lt frcqm·:H'Y l'll<'r~·~·. a..; ek·<'~r()·.radi:mt Fig-. is a diagrammatic view of appnra- cnl'r!!\'. througl: tlw natur:d ua•d1a lor pur- t·us irn ol\'ing :;tntionary radinting or absorb- 65 - po:-;l•~.:· of :.-ig"n:dia~. trau!"m!:-;sion of intt•11i- ing c·oil~ at an au~Ic to l'lll'h other buried in 'rl'Ilt''' nr rm•~:-::t~t·:..:. ~~r for· nn\' otlwr purpn~('. th(• (';lrth or otherwise scret•ned. -:- Our inn•nti,;il r·P:-:id<':·~ in h;,th tran:..:mittin'! Fig. 4 is n diagrammatic view of absorbing 15 and rt-t't-i,·in!! npJ,nnttu:; f,.r JHH'po~rs of the or raclint iug enndtrdors di8pOSl'cl at. :tn anglt~ c·haral't~'l' t'P.ft~t-rt•d to. pnrtir·uhrly for pro- to <'r rt•_fe~rPcl to in burit•tl in the t':lr~h or simil:1rly serecned in whi· h a p:11·t or th<• l'llflr<' r:tclwhng- Ol' :tb- <"niip<.•ration with :tbsorbiug or ra•liating 75 :snrhin:! ~ t r11dllrl' i~ J:ltil'l' or )p:;;::; <'nmp!ctely stl'nd.llrl' (lil-'IJ(,:-;ed aho\'P tlw t'nrth or o11tside ~m·r·mindt•:lll\· :t natm·::lrw·:linm of.ht>r th·ltl air. a:-; for t'X:trnplt•. tlu• Pnrth ot· \\':ttt•l': or ,,f Ftih~l.· G:.,its'l'la'l'J\J'iiu<'u~·· str·w·turc. of n rotatable ratlinting or 25 snc:h rncliatin!.!' nt· :th!==nrh;n!! :.trnrt11rr may :dJsorhing • nil st1·neturc burit•tl in the earth lJl' t•ntir•·l~· or in p:n·t ~imibrl.\· morP or les:-; or· simi In rlv s<·n•t'JJI.'d in HS:-,ociation with 1'.1· 80 •·r:mpl<•tPly irwlo-:f'd in a :mitahl(• serf't-n or ,Jintin!! en: ahsorhin!.!' :-:tru;·tun· ahon• the ··a!!t' h:n·in:: tlH' :-::llllC' or· similar t•fl'Prts :1s the c•:trtl• ~~r t~X~t'l'l~a I to the l-t:rc<•nin~ means. t':t i·t h or wn t('r. Fi~. 7 i:-: a 1liag-r:tmmat.ir ,·iew illu.:;trating ~ so l n <.'Oil!H'dion with rPr~h·in.!! apparatu!: !illlltipll'X apparatus. Pmployl'tl n~~ a r:ulio <'nmpas:-:; hcC'ans~ of rli- Fig. S i~ :t \'it~\\', j::utl.\ cli:tgr·nwmatic anll 85 I'P('ti\'t• rfTrdo,; ·~~ ohtainNl. Fot· Pxamplc. hv partly in peJ'Sjx•et.in·. illnstrnting rn(liating n r:,btable nl•"nrhin!!' t•oil !==frll'·htrc. the nC'CU· ,n· nh~orption strudlll'e togi:ther with con- r:wr of clt'trrmin:1.tion of (lirrrtion of n 35 SOII.r C of r:Hliant C'TH'rg'\' i:: somdimt•S mntc. r·ia!J,· iTltPrf••r"·l •,•·1th h~: nhi<'d~ :·!s c·onrhwtin,z ill:t~s·.·~. nr· •·:11·:1! fo~~n•:tt:,·n.-.; li• ·:t· t.l•t• ::l'- Ill'< tion~ tlll'rl'fq :mel in.4rnml'nta.1ities 'o- n "l ;(' (':l t; T1 ~~ t1!1'!'1'\\' ithy n ~h ieldt!ti,. field. or both, 40 :1nsinrr :1 ,.:,r:;:fn11 ~r the.• d·.•!t·t·min<'illlirec- nr tiPrl rr •m thC' tnt:• tlirrctinn. By emplny- m('nt Ot!r inn•:ttillll, hln'.'''\'<'r. t1!1' •l=StltTb· :-:hiddirt'!' Jl).ean~ "·i~hin ,~:hich is burierl or disnosr~i :1 •. nil (; of :lllV suitable llllmber of t!IJ'~l:3. rut::t:tbl<· hv tlw sha rt (l. about a \·erti- cnl axh ,,.Jh..rcby th'-! plane of fhe eoil C may 95 he c:tl!~f''l t•> point in any d('~l to the con(luctors d nnd e, spon~·· in tl•l' rc•r•f'i\·i:l!! :tppanttt:~ an' morP with wltir·h m:t\' l1~ asf-io<'i:ttermionic 60 f'ur inn n~ iCJrt r·:·:-:irl"=" :dso in mill! inlc·x :tp- rldt·· tnrs :tn•l amplifiPrs, wlwn the app:trntus p:tr:ttll ... ..,( the• ('h:!r:td,·r ht·r·l'ina rtt•r de- ' ~c·rihctl. ~ ' o r For ms an i11ustr:ttion of snrnP of tlH' manv our structure may take, reference Is is ll~Pd :!s :t r:11lio •·ompa:-;s or dirl'ction finclcr, 10~ ..,JI!ii!!. tH' to :111,\' suit:tblP ~our('£' of hi:zh frPquenC'y '»<'ill:ttions when the npp1rntus is to be use~ lor tranomitting. Carried by the shaft a i~ ~J" ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~~ ~ompnss . . the 1,368,1179 srnle or rnr•l D, with 1rhi•·h .·o- " l'nl:ttai.J,. urljnsl:thh• t•nil nr int'rah·~ n Hntionan poiutl·r ;. tlu.• sha~t '' nncl tht•rt•fon• the c·oil C au.J t'nlllpas. c·ar·d I> wlto~l' c·ir· u:t c·apa. ity I\,. 111 ,,. he• \riu·u IIIIHII·Ha·tplp:I"J\t·~·talttPus nit~riaulsJPido I)C'•\in"1l:wrnr•tnthtaPbl:ta•pJp,.,a. ratlttut•:-:luiu~ tlti!w"l'icHl •ca•l:- B. a radio a, :t dir·c•c·tinll li11dc·r or· dir·t·t·tioualh· ~l'lt•cl in• rc·n:in·r. th;•rt• i. a:-;:-:o ·int-·d with 'the• c·oil I compa~~. for t·xamplt• tl:t· :-ha !'t ., i:- rotatc•d until the (·oil C a!-=~llllll·s that p.,:-itiou ;.!i\·· L:: and c·c,lldt•r,:-,·r :q,par·.llu:-:. till' c·oil K a ~uitaltll' cle~l·din:.! L::3hl'ill~ rotatt•d wi!lt re- 70 · ! in:,r rith('r rnaxin111m, ruinimtllll or otl~e·1· l'(lt'l'l to tlu· :4.11ionary c·oil:-; L ancl L, until rritic·:tl l'l'!'JHHl:-:t• in t!h· r\·t·l'i,·iug apparatu-; n lll;tximum ol' ruiniruum l'PSJH>ll!'l' is oh- 10 stoom·,t.h·t•l'rol·fla·vr:~ccllti•atn, upon :1 ship whit·h ·i~ ~h·t·rin:! into a laar- clircdion of tht• ~om·· t' of radiant cner!!V. f Lor at or in thl' ,·:einit \'of ·.·:llir·h the r·oil C \Y!tile two l'od..; (' nntl (\ are shown. it wi"ll is instnll('d. · 15 It ha:-; Ul'l'Jl fnund that whl•n• stil'h a radio compa~s is in:;;tallt.•rl nt•nr mas~es of conductin,!! matt.•rial~ or rwar nn~ymnwtri<·:tl t•arth formations ns a hill Ol' c·liff. a cli:•tortiou or the electric or lll:l!!IH•tir· fields: or hoth. tak:·:-; 20 place, with the I;esult that for eritil'al re- sponse in the re<'ch·in;,!' apJJ:tratu:-; tht• plane of the coil C will not c·oirwicle trnlv with the plnnc in whieh the source of t•:uli:~nt t~w·r~\· is di~posed. IImn~n~r~ by loeati11g the aJ;.. he uncll'r·tot,d afs,) that ottr inYcntion rompr·i:-:l'~ tht• liSP of only otll' of tlll'tn. OJ' of more of tltl•m. Tn Fi!!. 4 in lil'u of <·lo~<':d.c:"•i:fe'tro\ln\h"ciltuEhC'rtocosrrp;-eN;rirs with llwse conduetor~ arc the 8 acljn:-;tal,lC' illdud!lltC('.~ an1l ··onclrnsPrs L, K :lllll L,. K::~ and adjustable indudanec or1 c·t1il L:: l>l·ir:g- !'lJtat:tblc with re..;pret to the 25 sorbing- stnrdnrC' in sueh po:-;ition tlut it is indu··t:tnl·•-·:-; L. L, :1s clcsC'rih<•tl in ,·onnt·c·tion wlwllv or lar!!l'h· sttrromH1l':l l>\' tl11• ,•:lrtiJ or with Fi:!. :1, \\.ith tlw irHlllC'taJlc•t• L .. is a:o-so- 90 rqui\':liPnt. the· t•nors iutrocftH"t·d Lv tlu• 30 tat'nf~orl'utYP'i(."h'.·;iCa:lhtei•d!llwt'n,defi~iehrt:\:.o·.t·crlniivt!io~1~hh1llyllJaW'r!rt·lleornctrmlHul~tain\.•cl C\'l'll without :.;;m·h tions ;._!'l'nerated by any :-:uitaL!c source for 35 c]inp•.~n!s!·e~raihtnor\!u'!rC~tmuarthtcre.rCir:taImr:t:h1f1y's1rcf~nluw•rnrfma·oprerCo. j'.tPhtcoht.eumgnhobrseinlt·obirs-· prPft•rt'ctl that it be l'lltin•lv Lt•twnth the sur- 40 fnce E... priT~Cn's J?i!!'. two 2 thP · ahsor·bin_g !':trurt.ur·p c~om- coils C nnd (\. e:tC'h of nnv suit- nl!Ic> numhrr of turns. cli..:pos('cl nt nn' nn~de Win ttt1h1erCe'nssp~rrto fto r:1C'h ntlw:· atHl rotataldc a~ Fig. 1. The l'oils C. (\ are shown conm•C'frcl in :-:criPs wifh l':teh othrr. 45 thnngh it .'·.·ill lw und:'rstootl tlwy may be ('(~JJnrdccl m p:lr:tl!('L 1TPJ'I' w::tin :~nv ~nit- t rnnf-im itt iu.z }'llrposl•s. · l11 Fig.;, tl'" !-lirnilar· tD that aorfT:JFilig'!".Pi!4I<~'J~)lt fisarsunh~sL··1o1rH1t·iParlnlys 100 ont· ot· mon· ~~oll!lll ·tors C:: ancl (\, i~HlHC'- (:tltl'r~ L~ K... Tn ~'L'l,'i.c·Ls:.!oarndnth:·•o·rn\<\·liP·;npsP!r':striKtn1h• lvK:!n:a-:nspinathrnnytfhtt:os•tia!;nst'tret!snf.nwinl1!~iC'~htrmndauyrcb.l'. l'It]H'r a . Tn Fi!!. :~ tlw eoils C' and rn the r·qi! :o:'rndnl't' IIIrns. "hidt C i:.; pnrPff r. ~' na_tnh~rl·rr. prt'f<'rahly at hd\Y('('n tll'·ir cnonilsnn!!lfc' l.rqnT:dn to the intlur- tn·c relation to both coils L, L, is disposed C!ir';~l-l:r-n,•ari,oy·innd!Lu.!rc·atopnfpr:~atrn·,d,ytntssnuctli•toa'n'·bnl:e•Tdd l)trudlll't> art• 70 or reception in ~eneral, or for directional :-laown n~ nlun·t• the •·nrtlt or· outsiclt! of tilt' transmitting by impressing UI?on both the an- :-:hit•ldincr strtu:turt.>. it i:-; to bt• undt·r~too(l tennn structure and tbe bur1ed or shielded that th;.St' c·o:mt• tions nucl instr·umrntali- ~tnacture hi~h fref(Uency oHCillations from t it-:os mny ulso lw l;m·it•d or ~hit.llclt•,J. For· 10 uny suitnhle sour,·e. t•x:unph•. in tlw l":t:-;t•s of 'Fi~s. 1. :! anc1 fi 7 5 Innrran~mentssuchssindicatedin Fi~.5 tht_) l'tlt'l•ivin;.r appnrutu~ mi:.rht ),,. in tlw u.ncl6, wherein in addition to directive trans- ~lllw ··hambt-r or c:a ritv with tlw rututnhlP mitting or receivin~r structure there is em-· coil stnwtnrt·s. .\ nd '"in c·onneetiou with pl<~v~d in co(jpera.tion an antenna strut'ture, immcJ\'ahlt· shit-lc.lt~,I or ),lll·it-cl strul'tm·t• a:-- 15 tl1e..entire combination has uni-lateral char- in Fi~~. :{. 4 anti 5 the (•onnrction.;; there- so uctt:'ristics in thnt in a direction opposite to from nud :tpyurt<·n:lllt nppat·atu~ may ~)<' that in whi<."h maximum tr3nsmittin~ and receiving effects are possible the transmittin~ and receivin:,t effects are zero. In these. c3 ~20 combinations the buryinl( or shielding of the dire~·th·e elements; OS conductors CJ, of Fi~. 5 and c-oil or coils C of Fi~r. 6, does sc~puratt•lv shH•Idt•tl. o1· DJtl,\' ht• tltspo~•·cl m a t:!mmb~r o1· ,.a ,,itv in tho t•urth m· simi·· larh· ,:o~}Jil'lclt~tl. " ..lit~re tlw c·otuw<~tious ur•· al,o\·(' I£1"Uilnd m· out."'iidl• the shit•Jdin~ stru··- t46 co hu·e--, U8 diagJ'ammuti<"ally iJHli··ater) ill ~orne of the figures, :-;uch nne tions rrray not interfere with the uni-lateral charac:ter- themselves act somewhat as nntennre. and istics, but increBses the capacity of the appa- so tencl to IH"oll~I'~V. the a~soeiatl•cl tl':tnsmittin~ ap- thif-1 conne··tion eaeh of the buried ur shield- ptu·nhiH nluv l1e similurlv shit.>lded. · ctlstruct.ure:-s may have its own ~parate and "\Ye do riot claim us' om· in\·tlntio't tlw cli~tinct eoupJini,r. lik(• p, ,.,, with the "co- c:umbination of an nntennu ~t rudurc• m· 40 operating 11ntenna. ThnM, mt•sMa~e.., from a pnth eooperutiu~ with a clirt'.tional sf I'll•'- 105 pJurHHtv of transrnittin~r stntion:i locatP.\1 ttu·e in tr·nm~mitting or· J'CCt'ivin~ npparntus in cliff~'rent dire· tions from the ~eivin~r fcu· ~a\~( ting uni-latPrnl operation, but clnim ·apparatns sneh :ts shown- in Fill'S. 5 and 6 :t!i· our· invention in ~neh combination t 1•<~ mnv he simultaneously reeeivecl in tlu~ afore- 8hieldin~ by nutnml or artHLiul rnc:tn~. as 46 mf'ittionerl multiplex' arrsnJZ~ment he~·ause etu·th or metallic scrt'enin~ strurturr. tht) L,,, or as to each of surh trnnsmittinl( ~tations a clir~ct.ional struc·ture of the cnrnbinution. c1ifl"erent uni-laternl muximnnr recr.pt.ion is l•'m· the sake hr·ln-ity. in the appended Jlffl:sibl(~ at the ret·ei\'in~ ~tntion. Rnr.h mul- c·lai~ru; wt~ c•mploy tht! tt·r·m ·•r·atlio'' as rc- tiplex appnratns is indi,·nted in Fitc. 7. latin~ to unduln torv. im pul~h·r. cJt' r ilu'll- 50 whertlin two shieldecl radiatin~ nr· ahsm·h- tcll'y ~lectri(·nl effects h·amnnittPc1 through J 1 ,, in~ stru('tHrPs~ ns rotatable coils C :uul C,, t1w nntnr~\l mN1ia. co-a<."t with th~ same nntenna st.rnrtnr~ A, "'"hn t we• rln im is: whi··h J:1.tter i:'i conpl~d to them by the pri- 1. Th~ combination with r:ulio transmit- mary p and Re(·ondnriPs A and 111• 'Vith the tintr or· nl~orption stnrdnrl• · nmprisina a .56 SP.•·ondnry 11 are a.--sociuted the concl~n&er K, rntary coil. of nu•an~ fm· sl•i,•lcli 11g- sai1l 1::o :mil r.onnectin:,r f'undw tor·s d ~tnd ~: while l'tl'uc·ture. 'vh~n·hy .-li~tort i11n:tl "1Ft•,·! s arP with the se<."nnclurv .f1 \·ariable c'mcltmser · 1(::• are ancl nssocint~d the the connElttin~ •·c~duc·t•cl nnd tlw eli r(Jf'l ion:t I c·lr~tr·a tc·r·i:-ti .. i m·rt-asehy cli~tor·ticmaJ efTt>dH am r·ecluc·c!d nncl :1._cTlihr•ecticuon~ablindumtmicoc~nr;wslitih··•·uint•lior~ltlJs~·du. n s ;~ miti --==::1~~~~==~ ~ ~ ~ 1,380,079 ~ tin#! or nhsorption strul'ture comprising a the circuit of snicl coil to the fr~quency of 86 rotary coil. o-f a natural m~dium otlwr than the re<·eh·eldetl 11. H:ulio ret·ei\·inl-! apparatus cornpris:uttl to or from whir·h 'said t•oil lllployin~ ]on~ cable eolleding me~ws; t:u·cmt connected to the coneentrated energy which ('ubles p1ck up in<·reasest~:(~ons St:~tion and many ships at sen. 50 In:,r conm•dec·ted at eaeh en<1 of _:,:~ said c·ircnit. X ED\Y.\HD THO~L\S .JO~ES. .-. ------------ 1,373,612. E. C. HANSON. UNDERGROUND LOOP ANTENNA. 'APPLICATION fiLED MAR. 19, 1919. J" . .71z)g'.-:t._I, . 4 2 Patented Apr. 5,1921. Eig. 2 · WiTNESS:. d·c8.~ INVENTOR. ~adrf.~~ ~~ UNITED $TATES PATENT -oFFICE. EARL C. :a:.L'J'SON, OF ·w.ASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF CCLU1d:BIA.. UNDERGROUND LOOP-.~'lT:E:-l'NA. 1,373,612. Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Apr. 5, 1921. Application ftled March 19, 191~. Serial No. 283,517. To all to hom it m"JI ('oncn•n: In .Figs. 1 and 2, the loop antenna sys- Be it known that I.- EARL C. HA~so~, a tems are shown buried in a cor.rluit. This citizen of the rnited States. and resident of conduit may be of any suitable mat~ria1. In 'Vashington. Di5t!'ict of Columbia, have in- 5 venterl ti. new and useful Improvement in rntier_~round Loop-.\ntennre, of which the follo\ving is a specification. 11-v innmtion reb.tes to underground an- tenn~t systems for receiving radio signals, 10 a~Hl more partieubrly to underground loop forms of ::mtennre. some cases it would be feasible to emoloy 5·5 heavy insulated binding around the coln~ohi­ cr tions of the loop. Con::;idering the phennmenon indu('ed curr~nta in t~e verti~al loop coil, Fig. 1, from progressmg rachate!J wa.--re tr:tins per- 60 pendicnlar to the surface o: the eu.rth. it 1s ~ell known in th\3 art that radiat-e!.l ,V.aves The. object oi thiE invention is to pro- de not penetrate earth or water to any ap'.·ide n. loop :1m:enna ad~1ptecl to be inca~ed preciable depth. To utilize this nhenom~non in a condu!t and burieC. beneath the earth. in an underground leoo ~vste..:::n. t11e coil 65 A furthPr prcvid,~ such object of the in,·ention is to. an nnileq.:.-round loop antenna ·shown in mensiO•~;:,- FiO'. anc't!?. p.1~l .ni.csetlc ons •h·.j. truct Rnr.•n ed n. or snch eliG, ent' ,n as to wi~h filter ..:nib inserted at interv:tls in the h1rns of the loop to pren~nt r~sponse to shock impulses produced by strny waYes. 20 Referrmg tG the drawings, n!i.ow only the top ccmvolutions to he cut by the progre~sing w·n.ve trains, thus induf!- . ina -..~ currents which ,w~1l n-, ctuate receivinoo ~ 70 apparatus connectect to tne te.L:lliin!lls 3 Figure 1 shows diagrammatically an nnd 4. un show in diagntm vari- :Moreover, the antenna forms a part of n. 90 difications of the invention. the vessel loop conductor of which the hnll of the ves- indicatetl in outline. , sel forms the other part. Ting to the drawings and first par- In sending, the sending set is substituted y to 'Fi~. 1 and 2 thereof; 10 ind.i- for the recejving set and key 25 is mimipu- a vessel of the subina.i·ine type, having latecl as usual. 95 11ie hnll or sheathing- which includes Instead of ·havin~ the antenna. extend m· upper surfa1·e as w~ll as the sidPs from end to end of the vessel. one portion bottom. 'Yithin the ,·esse] is located an thert>of. as 11, mav be replaced by a capacitv ,·~~··--u..... or rar, and si~nal · by these arrangements. . associated w1th said conductor. .. 15 In accordance with the. patent statutes, I .7. A rat.1io signal syste~ ha · have described what I believe to be the best oscillating loop circuit comprising embodiment of the inYention, but I do not lie hull or sheathing of a vessel wish to be understood as thet~by limiting ductor extending longitudinally myself or· the scope of the invention, as inclosed by and ha ,·ing its re~mecttv~ 20 many changes ·-and modifications ma.y be·. eh•ctrieally eonnected with made without departing from the spirit of ends of ~aid metallic. hull or the invention and all such I aim to inClude tuning condenser in circuit with within the scope of the a-ppended claims. ductor, and signal instruments 11'or instance~ a plurality of a.ntennre may be with snid conductor. · . ·25 employed instead of one. ' 8. The combination with a vessel 'That I claim is: ·metallic hull or sheathing~ a closed 1. The combination with a submarine yes- ing loop within and inclosed by sel having a metallic hull or sheathing. of shenthing. a conductor•extend an antenna extending longitudinally within· side of S