VOLUME 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMENTARY MAHLON LOOMIS NATHANSTUBBLEFffiLD AMOS DOLBEAR My.Aphrodite Constantine and Katerina Love Conquers All -~ SECTION 1 COMMENTARY For An Their Marvelous Assistance In Obtaining Forgotten Knowledge Concerning DR.MAHLON LOOMIS MR.NATHAN STUBBLEFIELD DR.AMOS DOLBEAR Respectful Thanks To The Archivists of MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY POGUE COLLECTION Ms. Dortha Bailey TUFTS UNIVERSITY Ms. Tringalli AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS My Very Deepest Appreciation To All The Wonderful People Of Murray, Kentucky With Whom I Had The Great Pleasure Of Becoming Acquainted Thank you dearly Mr.Bailey Mrs.C.Baker Ms.S.Alexander The confonnity of any system with Vril energy determines the system's success. Vril eidetic experience threads through material configurations. Vril threads self-articulatein the ground. Vril thread self-articulations represent mysterious Vril expressions. Andent technologies employed Vril eidetic transactions with especial regard to place, position, alignment, height, depth, and structure. Vril continuity is distal experience. Vril threads transact eidetic experiences. Vril threads are eidetic projections of eidetic worlds. Geometric material configurations direct and collimate and direct inertial detritus ofVril transactions in inertial space. Specific minerals and metals dissolve, absorb, shear, and cavitate inertial space in the native states. Vril spontaneously emerges at specific ground points. Self-generating Vril energy needs modulation only for the powerful transaction of empathic exchange. Vril energy operates in a world entirely separate and different from the inertial sphere in which all electrical technology operates. Vril energy is first detected through visceral responses (Galvani, Mesmer, Starr-White, Abrams). It is magnified in some instances by appropriate tuning mechanisms to yield its eidetic content (RDrown). Vril communications utilize self-differentiating, self-collimating, self-directional Vril thread connections; whereby spe- cific eidetic transactions remain distinct and capable of seU: organization. Visceral omni-sensation occurs during speciflc eidetictransactions. Thesense of"whathappens there...happens here" typiftes this transactive sense. Vrillic bilocational experience represents action at a distance where no connectivity or interstitial travel exists for the partidpanl Inertial threads merge and lose signal identity in conductive media; Vril threads maintain their seU:articulatingintegrity. Isolated batteries are eidetic reactors. Battery materials in mutual contact orpromixity engage viscero-eidetic transactivities with inertial space. Vril thread dynamics seem to proceed in deranged and mysterious expressions. The observation of this strange Vril thread language does not enjoin the examinerwith an eidetic experience. Touch contact may quench the activity ofcertainVril transactors: gaps are required. Vril energy ingaps often increases with increasing distance from a design. Vril projections release V ril Light into the inertial space. Vril Light is pure Lighl Galvanic metallo-configurations are Vril transactors. Vril Light appears in speciftc metal and mineral configurations (ground and apparatus). Devices may entune the manifestation ofVril Lighl Special materials areVril Light stones. Vril Light is pure light. Vril Light does not require frictive actions to "produce light". Pure Vril Light is organismically vitalizing. Vril light is formative radiance. V rillight does not destroy its conductors. Vrillight is phosphorescent in densified inertia-detrital spaces. Certain diffractors arrange Vril phosphorescence (Plucker, Crookes, Tesla, Mac Farland-Moore). The enhosting of the pure mobile forms experienced in Vril eideticworlds provides true motance. The enhostingofthe pure light seen in V ril eidetic worlds provides pure Vrillight. Vril conduction leave·spedftc crystallizations in minerals and metals. Peering into these patterns transacts sudden understandings to recipients. Vril threads passage through such Vril crystallization with especial clarities of insight resulting in sensitives. Vril Light is formative radiance. Vril Light gives eidetic translation among and through V ril Templates. Basic V ril contact may be achieved through a simple iron rod in the ground (Stubblefield, Tesla, G.Starr-White). Enhancing Vril communion requires simple Vril Technological aid. Vril reactivities permit technological manipulations of deep space and deep ground Vril channels. Lost V ril threadways may be reo-accessed through simple artifice. Vril entunement may be achieved with relatively inexpensive devices. Vril operators require sensitivity, patience, surrender, and devotion. The enhosting of the pure mobile forms experienced in Vril eideticworlds provides true motance. The enhostingofthe pure light seen in Vril eidetic worlds provides pure Vrillight. MAHLON LOOMIS The development of"leakage telegraphy" in the middle to late 1800's expresses the very thought of a wireless communications system best. The idea ofelectric or magnetic "leakage" best emphasizes the notions contained in the disclosures of the very early experimenters in wireless research. The diScovery of transformer action byJoseph Henry was later utilized to effect signals; across space. Leakage was also derived from experiments in which telegraphic exchange was achieved across deep bodies ofwater. Dr. Mahlon Loomis hadsucceeded in transmitting telegraphic signals through a distance of 14 miles or more with a very ruggedly simple apparatus. These experimental verifications were performed shortly after our nation's Civil War. Dr.Loomis was granted a patent in 1872 after severe criticisms by an unbelieving academic consortium. Dr. Loomis was in communication with another inventor whose work dealt with obtaining energy from a special aerial funnel (Benjamin Ward). Dr.Loomis developed an aerial generator capable of driving industry with free power from the "electrical seas" which he found in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The beauty and shock ofdiscovering such an individual at such an early date has never lost its mystery to me. While the patent itself contains an excellent description of his system for natural-wireless signalling, we had to consult other sources to find relics of his notebooks and various sketches. Dr. Loomis had successfully and repeatedly demonstrated the transmission of signals across a valley between two very high peaks. His use of no battery source is absolutely entrancing. What we have here is the very first demonstration of wireless telegraphy. Hand sketches provide the historical account ofthese remarkable experiments. The terms "electrical sky layer" and "electrical ground" has made this historical document noteworthy. Dr.Loomis believed that an electrically active region existed in the sky itsel£ Furthermore, he believed this layer capable ofpowerful activations. For him this layer was a sea of electricity. This remarkable metaphor was later echoed by others (fesla, Moray). Dr.Loomis conceived of this "electrical sea" as providing electrical connectivity between distant points on the ground. Entrance in this electrical sea was secured with metallic conductors. Two very separated parties could be effectively united through the "aerial conduction paths" thus provided. This invention is the record of a truly unprecedented arrange- ment. From reports I have obtained, Dr.Loomis actually succeeded in making several such communications at ina:easingly great distances. Dr.Loomis and his assistant launched two very distant aerials into the "electrical sea" with kites. Induction coils, Leyden jars, or batteries were never used. Such artificial charging mechanisms were not required. Dr.Loomis merely provided a telegraphic key for the transmitter aerial. A galva- nometer formed the receiving circuit. The "free wire ends" of each terminus were driven into ground via copper rods as shown below. Those who obey and respond with Vril transactions and intuitions are amply rewarded. While telegraphic cables were laboriously being strung across battlefields and countryside, Mahlon Loomis was dispensing with both cables and electrical power entirely. ·Vril transacted knowledge demands only surrendered participation. Presentations of unexpected wonder follow. Vril transactions of this order draw humanity into full expressions of conscious-raising technology for a singular purpose and destiny. The conception of Loomis was entirely unprecedented Dr.Loomis was thoroughly convinced of the existence of the "electrical sea" which was independently asserted by others in later years (fesla, Moray). While some point out that an ionospheric layer exists, we of course emphasize the fact that Dr.Loomis' kites never exceeded the height of4 miles from sea level Loomis believed that oxygen was electricity. This strange theory is vitalistic in foundation. Loomis drew intuitively designed mappings of the "smooth electrical sea" through which "ripples as smooth as glass" could be initiated. His drawings show the presence of"ions" in regular sequence. The elevated probes of Loomis were thought by him to engage modulations of the pre--existent "electrical sea". Thus in absence of applied electrical power, Dr. Loomis was engaging in wireless communications across very great distances (in excess of 20 miles by 1866!). In Dr.Loomis' amazing drawings we find remarkable conceptions which depict aerial batteries for the deliberate extraction of "electrical energy" from the overlying "electrical sea". Electricity was a term improperly used by sensitives ofthe day. Dr.Loomis described plans for a special trans-continental telegraphic network which utilized mountain ridges and eleva- tions. Loomis chose speciftc Vril active sites upon which to poise his special elevated copper terminals. Dr. Loomis made use of Galvanic Vril principles in his use of dissimilar metals among some of his aerial assemblies {zinc on one peak; copper on the other). These diuimilar metals certainly intensified his results. The developments of aerials and grounded capadtoiS began to manifest their appearance during the American Civil War. Aerial batteries do not function through electrostatics. The empirical experimenters were discovering the laws of a forgotten energy sequence which involved initiation through high voltage sparks. Though Mr.Dolbear's apparatus had no visible spark release in the secondaty circuitry, yet it worked successfully through a distance of 3000 feet. Many engineers have assessed this result to be that of ordinary magnetic induction fields (the "nearfield'). Dolbear's design patent indicates telephonic transmission: audio signals. As well known, such undulations require antennae the length between New York and San Frandsco to be effectively radiated as transverse space-waves. Thirdly, the primary loops were never meant to be aligned with respect to one another; this rules out transformer action ("leakage telephony'). It is impossible for them to make this claim for Loomis' patent there was no current at all in his devices. The "electrostatic" equilibrium established in each elevated terminal could never be analyzed by conventional techniques as capable of radiating such energetic transfers of signals. NATHAN STUBBLEFIElD The most misunderstood demonstration of all these yeaiS and breeds of rare such instruments was that of Nathan Stubblefield. This remarkable and unknown inventor first began research on leakage telephony systems. The impracticality of these systems was obvious to the inventor. Vril energy operates in a world entirely separate and different from the inertial sphere in which all electrical technology operates. Vril energy is first detected through visceral responses (Galvani, Mesmer, Stubblefield, Starr-White, Abrams). Much ofthe results obtainedby NathanStubbleftELD were entirely viscera-eidetic in contentand not electro-acoustic. These designs did not require electrical energy, nor could they operate in this manner through electrical energies. Electrical energies are inertialized products. Electro-detrital products cannot yield viscera-eidetic experience or transactions. It is magnified in some instances by appropriate tuning mechanisms to yield its eidetic content (RDrown). Earth batteries are flowing capacitors which transact Vril viscera-eidetic energies. In the Stubblefield systems all energy is drawn from the ground. Those who would accuse his device of operating because of mere magnetic induction must examine the facts more closely. This design is not a good "battery". It cannot develop the electrical output wattage required for such operation. Neither are there electrical currents in the ground sufficient to achieve these results. Vril semi-sensate preelectrical energy is the means by which these results are achieved. The Stubblefield cell is inert in appearance until approach- ing the ground. The cell assumes a special dark radiance when ground emplaced. Terminal wires become especially black in radiant sense. Further developments which remain largely unknown except among excellent persons with whom I have conversed. Most academicians are not qualified or personally equipped to appreciate what has come down to us through the local telling of encounters and incidents having to do with this elusive figure. His claimed ability to " .••take sound, light, and heatfrom the ground directly.••" are not the mere fictitious nunors which some have imagined. I have the documentation of these as facts. Through the use of(plasJna/vacuumtubes) Mr. Stubblei)eld "drew light" from the earth. In the very deepest sense of his claim, Mr. Stubblefield did not view his work in a metaphoric sense; he did not use the phrase "drew light" as a metaphoric way .of desaibing the transformations of earth electricity to "power arc lamps". He was directly referring us to the phenomenon which was legendary in the foothills of our land: that the ground literally does fluoresce at times. Ghost lights, spook lights, and will-o-the-wisps are mysterious displays ofVril Light. Nathan Stubblefield succeeded in producing the powerful transference of "ground-light" to empower numerous arc lamps. Examination ofhis components and equipment reveals those components to be (electrically) insufficient and incapable of achieving those uncommon results. With common minerals and metals (configured and convoluted) he succeeded in achieving the uncommon. Too numerous are the local reports of unannounced visits made to the Stubblefield land which was "all aglow as if in daylight ... it seemed that sunlight was coming out of the hillside". Nathan Stubblefield perpetually insisted that he had "taken light ... directly out of the ground". Accounts of spontaneous "natural earthlights" have their source in the native transactivities ofVril which permeate speciftc zones and districts. The popular Victorian use of the term "electridty" was adopted by those sensitives who used the word when referring to viscera-eidetic energies. DowseiS "feel the rays...feel the currents". Galvani and Mesmer also "felt the rays...felt the currents" while across the space between metal plates and poles. No doubt Nathan Stubblefield sensed powerful underground energies of the kind we ascribe to Vril. These viscero-tonic sensations guided his placement ofthe "magnetoelectric" cell. The actual employment of subterranean "electrical waves" is unlikely. Stubblefield employed Vril threads in his systems. These produce no electricity; while producing certain viscero-tonic sensations not unlike those received from a small shock coil. Many inventors had intuitively envisioned and described their sense of "electrical ground return circuits": wriggling currents necessary to the "completion of the circuit" (Farmer, Wilkins, Bear, Ader, Vail, Rosebrugh). Stubblefield never replaced his carbon arclamps. Their members never burned .out. These lamps were run to full candlepower continuously and never caused fires. This means they did not give off heat. What was the energy which releases light without heat? What energy releases light without burning and consuming its it is that these bulbs act as glassy waveguides of an unknown housings? What energy is it which can radiate from an entire energy which has eluded our investigations; in which case the hillside in absence of arclamps? Stubblefield eventually re- documents of the past provide us alone with valuable and trieved such light directly from the ground itself...as witnesses persistent mention of their reality. recall. They did not see lamps. The Stubblefieldsystem oflightingwas clearlyputforward Nathan Stubblefield emplaced his cells at the roots oftrees. in his company brochure. Nathan Stubblefield was honest "to Heavy wires were used to connect with the original arclamp a fault" as many conversations with highly a-edible witnesses housings. These were hung in the trees. Mr.Stubblefield had to mention. His failure to assay the ground in central Park {New "work on an area" in order to obtain the "right points". It was York) with a subsequent failure to meet the claimed require- in these points that the "currents could be felt". Once in place ments of his claims in communicating through the ground} the activity ina-eased and self-magnified. Eventually it was caused him to retract his offers and company disclosures. He effortless to obtain this energy anywhere in the area. would rather have retracted the entire fortune rather than fall This tra.nsacUvity proved not to be plenUful or available in in with certain scoundrels who had been attracted to his work. Central Park. Mr.Stubblefield found points to emplace the cell The ability of electric currents to traverse stone ina-eases but these were not nearly as strong and intensely active. He with the stony content Most of the Central Park material is needed more time •.. which was what he did not have. When basaltic in nature; which Dolbear found increased radio con- it was suggested that he try laying hidden wires everywhere to ductivity. Therefore I am led to believe thatNathanStubblefteld "fake the demonstration" Stubblefield walked out He was too was not utilizing mere electrical methods, and required more honest to fall in with the rogues. time in order to dowse the Vril veiDS. No (doubt with time) entral Park would have proven not Stubblefield had managed to draw all the necessary much more difftcult a place to derive Vril energy with the utilities directly from his Kentuckian earth. This is ofcourse due Stubblefield design than any other place. Time and the to the fact that he was most familiar with that land mass and its continual drawing ofVril threads would transmute the district peculiarities. neither should we assume that he was simply into an inaeasingly transactive zone. using ground conduction methods; as can be attested through The enhosting of the pure mobile forms experienced in careful examination of his battery. Vril eidetic worlds provides true motance. Stubblefield "drew The reconstruction of Stubblefield's all-valuable work is a out..motion from the ground". The enhosting of the pure light priority among many of us. we· have bee~ experimenting with seen in Vril eidetic worlds provides pureV rillight Stubblefield some indication of success along these lines. It is to be "drew out light from the earth". remembered that Nathan Stubblefield was not working with Ancient legends tell of special glowing stones whose electrical energy as we know it No amount of electrical power radiance was like blazing sunlight...at midnight. Vril Light is could possibly effect the lighting ofhis arc lamps or the heating organismically magnified. Vril Light may not be inertially of his parallel-plate (aetheric} heaters. - radiant; affecting organismic participants. The perSistent permeation of V ril forms throughout the Too numerous are the local reports of unannounced visits history of intuitively designed technologies fs significant and made to the Stubblefield land which was " all aglow as if in noteworthy. Stubblefield double-ground systems match the daylight.•it. seemed that sunlight was coming out of the parallel forms seen in altaric systems and other archaic architec- hillside". Nathan Stubblefield perpetually insisted that he had tural configurations built for the identical purposes of distal "taken light..directly out of the ground". (empathic} communications. The numerous accounts of spontaneous "natural Stubblefield claimed that he was engaging the subterra- earthlights" have their source in the native transactivities ofVril nean energies ofmysterious "electrical waves". While no such which permeate specific zones and districts. V ril Light is pure waves may be measured by modem inertial means, Stubblefield light. Vril Light does not require frictive actions to "produce could sense them directly. We therefore realize that Nathan light". Stubblefield (along with most of his vitalistic contemporaries) Stubblefield illustrated the fact that Vril threads in the was calling the Vril energies by the then-contemporary term ground were intelligent and self-articulating. By eliminating "electricity". transmission lines entirely Stubblefield showed that Vril was Stubblefield claimed that he had "taken light, heat, motive the true means by which all previous telegraphic and tele- power, and sound...from the ground directly". Stubblefield phonic messaging were effected. Vril was the instantaneous sustained vocal transactions between a static ground station ..... presence which responded to Vril-organic stimulations. The and a moving vessel Water as a conductive medium for responsiveness of Vril to human modulations and need was electrical signals is problematic. Freely moving charges do not known by the Templars. · readily exist in salt water. Fresh water is more problematic for Small arc lamps, vacuum carbon arcs, and Geissler tubes those who insist on electrical explanations. require more potent applications of power. Plasma arc bulbs The Stubblefield "battery" could not develop the needed produce a far brighter and more natural light under greater power for the effective attainment of communications through application of power. distances claimed by him. Unquestionable in Stubblefield's Stubblefield actually drew out living Vril Light from a design is this dependence upon special V ril modulating effects ground region through the use of these types ofbulbs. Perhaps and interactions in absence of electrical energy. The Stubblefield "earth battety" was the integralpart ofhis ground wireless system. Strange aerials were employed in St later designs which were galvanically composed ofparallel iron rods surmounted with moderate sized nickel plated spheres. These were empirically found to increase vocal ground exchange and cannot be explained as aerials by electrodynamic theory. Stubblefield employed self-interacting Vril threadways in all of his designs. All of his discoveries centered around the energeUc transactions derived throughhisVril cell. Stubblefteld repeatedly claimed that the patent office had misrepresented the true meaning ofhis telluric cell when calling it "a battery". Stubblefield never claimed to have derived electrical power to drive lamps, heaters, motors, or telephonic arrays. Nathan Stubblefield claimed that he had derived light...luminescence, heat, motion, and vocal transaction with clarity...directly from the ground· itsel£. The ground itself was said by him to contain all the resources and technological means by which humanity seeks the fulftllment of its dvilized needs. Self-generating Vril energy needs modulation only for the powerful transaction of empathic exchange. Meucci, Stubblefield, Rossetti, Tompkins, Bell, Dolbear and others discovered excessive anomalous vocal transactions in absence of applied power through the ground directly. Significant in each of these designs is the required organismic activating presence of the human voice. The human voice as organismo-auric modulation engages Vril transactions. Stubblefield achieved the Vrillic transaction of vocal expressions directly through the ground itself. In absence of articulated lines and guide wires, Stubblefield managed the successful transaction of eidetic impressions through long distances. His legendary means for determining the accurate position and presence of strangers on his land tract had nothmg to do with trip-wires and mechanical sensors. His sudden appearance at the precise spotwhere thieves were stealing his meager aops led many to speculate on his magical abilities. · Highly reminiscent ofVril directional detectors and locators developed by Dr.T.H.Moray we realize that Stubblefield had also discovered native phenomena which enabled the distant V rillic discernment of organismic position aaoss the ground. Vril contains the motive strength of the universe and evidences sudden spontaneous fractures in the earthstrata. Vril generates heat and may be successfully endrawn for use. Vril heat is espedally sensate above faultlines. Vril deep channels are vibrant and demonstrate sudden sensate movements. Vril threads discharge and arc aaoss surface fissures. Vril heat emerges as disturbing tiny black waves. Stubblefield succeeded in extracting "heat directly from the ground". A wonderful anecdotal letter is presented here. This rare footnote in the history ofNathan Stubblefield provides us with powerful and surprising insight concerning his use of V ril energies. There are spedfic points on hillsides which are perpetually covered with patches ofdark green vegetation. These spots are usually slightly more depressed in elevation that theirsurround- inggrounds, and may be found alongsunken rille-like aevices. Standing upon these spots releases viscero-eidetic experience. Visceral portions include body warmth, sudden absence of wind and cold. They are followed by absorptive eidetic experience in which partidpants are "drawn into the softening ground". Stepping off these spots immediately exposes participants in the surrounding bitter conditions: cold, wind, discord. Nathan Stubblefield was a specialist in determining such Vril point sites. His placement of the magnetoelectric cell required at the transmitter site required care and time. The success of his placement was determined by his own careful sensitivities to the Vrillic presence. Mr.Stubblefteld as a "terminal plug" not a battety source. Mr.Stubblefteld did not rely on wetcell packs in transmitting vocal messages. Mr.Stubblefteld charged his wetcells with energy taken from the ground. His long-distance telepllonic ground communication system (in excess of 2 miles during certain tests) prove to be totally anomalous when electrically examined. Reports exist concerning the clarity of tone" which N.Stubblefteld transacted from a mainstreet upper office to his distant cabin some 6,000 feet cmtant from town. StgnaJJing to his son by tapping his one-piece telephonic transceiver, Mr.Stubblefield was immediately greeted by his son's quick, loud and clair-audible responses. Mr. Stubblefield's telephonic transmitter and receiver was a simple tin snu.ft:.box which assembly was connected with ground directly below the office. Several features of this inventor's work prevent against accusation and academic assault. Stubblefield had numerous qualified witnesses throughout the years of his public demonstrations. Most were allowed to examine all the materials as photographs indicate. Stubblefield's offer to construct a powerstation based on his magnetoelectrlc cell prindple for the town of Murray was rejected because of the initial expense of the project ($5000 at the time). Stubblefield charged wet cell batteries with excess power taken from his magnetoelectric cells for use in other experiments. His snuff-can cigar-boxspeakerphone worked remarkably well from town (Court Square) to his farm cabin almost 6000 feet away when using power from his cell alone. How signals may self-articulate to such distances defies electrical explanation. Stubblefield office system was a transceiver which was simply tapped to signal a call-in. This infers that the power was always "on" at both termini (both were transceivers). Ifsuch a system required wet cells then he would have had a major problem replacing these every day. Electro-inertial currents were not active in the designs of Nathan Stubblefield. Energy similar to that operating in the lamps of Dr.T.H.Moray was received through Mr. Stubblefield's devices. The patent office would not permit Stubblefield original proposal for a "magnetoelectric cell" for reasons contained in electrical theory: where there are (supposed) no undulations there can be no induction. Neither Patent OfticenorStubblefield were correct in their naming the design; though Nathan Stubblefield had reasons for calling what he sensed by the popular term "electrical waves". The Stubblefield cell exceeds all the other earth batteries in that it actually can conduct impressed organic modulations from the transmitter site to any recipient equipped with a receiving instrument. Nathan Stubblefield claimed gradual success in the development of articulating devices by which privacy of message could be sustained. This infers that (irregardless of other ground rods) the Stubblefield system maintains its initial power output undisturbed. Only an enormous output ofpower can obtain the volume and clarity which was continually witnessed at distances up to 2 miles. Arc lamps were connected to trees .•• and the wires ran straightinto the soil neartheirroots. Theircontinuous operation throughout the day did not in any way destroy the buried cells or require the enormous amounts of wet cells ordinarily required with inertial systemologies. The restoration of "bumt out lamps" never seemed to be mentioned in these reports: the arc lamps appeared to have been permanently twisted above their ground connections. The design stimulates V ril transactivities directly and requires only proper material composition and alignment. Thereafter the organo-vocal expressions provided by a caller succeeds in stimulating Vril channels. Vril responds to emotion. Songs and expressions of emotional intensity stimulate corresponding life-encouraging sympathies in Vril. In Stubblefield's vocal transactor the receiver determined the V ril connection from the transmitter. Vril capacitoiS increase the tones of whole surroundings: sounds are heard louder and highly clarified across a volume of space and ground. Stubblefield heard the natural whistlers in the ground with his equipment. Such developments were studied by others (Mwgas, Shoemaker, Tesla). It is significant that Stubblefield managed the powerful excitation of small carbon arc-lamps with Vril energy. When the Stubblefield system is sufficiently charged with organic energy it suddenly develops sufficiently excessive ability to light numerous arc lamps, heat homes, "exchange vocal transmissions with clarity to great distance". Stubblefield magnetoelectric cell was powerful enough to light several arc lamps in the absence of primary (inductive) vibration. No such ground electro-vibrations can be detected today; and St did not bury these cells below 6 feet depth. These energies are reminiscent ofstatements made by other inventive notables (fesla, Hendershot). Stubblefield claimed the need to "work on an area" before "success is achieved". He needed to sensitively discover the "right spots" to bury his cells. The cell produces incredibly insignificant amounts of electricity: certainly never enough to transmit through even the 1 mile distance between Court Square and his cabin. These activities were witnessed by numerous credible witnesses constantly in that opened public locale. In examining the Stubblefield design we quickly comprehend why Vril threads were absolutely absorbed into the buried configurations (copper and iron are notable sensate transactors). He saw his cell as a plug. His concept ofnatural energy was that it was an ever-present pulsation which could be utilized through a suitable "interceptive element". His need to find the "rightspot" and "plug into the natural power" are matched by his truly anomalous achievements. He reached a slight impasse when attempting the transmission of vocal exchange through Central Park in new York. His lack of familiarity with the rocky soil there required some time for sensitive examination. His lack of time alone prevented him from locating the Vril active points. The time span given him was less than 24 hows. The stub system was a true broadcast system and required fixed ground stations. Electrically the Stubblefield cell is disappointing. Engi- neers have expressed this fact. The cell produces less than 1volt and far less than lf3 amp when placed in salty water. This condition far exceeds even those which are presented when burying the cell. With such energy he simultaneously raised several arc lamps (not incandescent lamps) to full candlepawer for days on end. Lamps apparently did not bumout. Inertia free pure Vrillight does not frictively wear out conductive minerals and metals. Stubblefield claimed there to be incessant "subterranean electrical waves" which could "furnish energy for all society's needs". Nathan Stubblefield describes and outlines plans for inter- continental communications through his methods. Vril heatwaves are sighted above asphalt roads in winter. V ril heatwaves are seen emerging from recent roadcuts and excavations as well as from certain grounded iron posts and hydrants. Theirvisceral experience ofgreatheat meets surprise when discovery is made that the radiating objects (or sites) are actually "cold to the touch". Eidetic world transactions are responsible for these anomalous displays ofheat. Suchsites are also "electro-active". · The natural extraction of V ril heat and Vril radiance reqUires concise understanding ofVril transactivities. Sensible heat is felt near large grounded iron objects. Intensely wavering lines of dissolving inertia are often observed against the perceptive field ofview near water spigots and faucets. Sensible heat may be felt near gorges, dig sites, and rock fracture lines. Insensate and semi-sensate Vril generates these displays. Sensible heat is felt when parallel plate capacitors are grounded in the right points. Such sensible heat cannot be measured with thermometers. Gripped photo tubes ofcaesium release great sensate heat when pointed at Vril channels. Such designs are often cold to the touch. Fixed transactive "sense" distances are discovered with such arrangements. Other grounded configurations involve the release of a strange peripheral luminescence. Such warm and golden light is peripherally seen amid dried fields of vegetation after dusk. Organic matter reacts with Vril in strange ways. Other investi- gations have proven that a non-luminous lightform is radiated when gaseous discharge tubes are connected through grounded rods. Nathan Stubblefield developed Vril energies capable of heating a cabin, driving a special motor, communicating for miles with clarity, and raising many arc-lamps to simulta- neously brilliant candlepower. Such derivations of energy are Vrillic and non-detrital in their origin. There is a fundamental energy concentrated in the ground. Electridty is not the means replace the need for setting up expensive and fragile telegraph by which these feats are accomplished. One ancillary goal of wires. In orderto achieve the effectofground when using a line, Vril Sdence is the discovery and development of non-detrital Dolbear had to reverse his tbin]dng considerably. His design (pure) energy manifestations. encorporates the mirror-image ofground (for wire) and capad- tors {for ground). DRAMOS DOLBEAR If ground represented a tank-like "electrical capadty" for Dr.Dolbear employed capadtative systems for the transac- the line, then to use ground he would have to supply a tion ofcoded signa]s. Amos Dolbear's patent {1886) revea1s the correspondingly large Uuacial "tank". This we see in his • first ofBcially recognized ''wireless" arrangement for distant disclosure. The relatively large pJa.te.ca.padtors we recognize is communication in America. The obvious features. include the just this needed "tank" for each end of the "ground line". notion that signals do articulate and travel through the ground Electro-vocal exchanges require huge capadties. These huge to their destinations. tanks are missing in Dolbear's design. Dr. Dolbearreplaced the overhead single telegraphline by Dolbear's patent for a ground activator is notewo4by using the ground itself as the conductor. The desaiption ofhis considering the academic time-period. Dolbear's patent tllus- several experiments employed the use of "opposite polarities" . t:rates his intuitive sense that energies of some form were for each terminus. The transfer of "currents" could only travelling through the ground. It is significant that his paient powerfully take place when the polarities of transmitter and illustrates this energy as having an "undulating" quality: the receiver were opposed. Vril signature. This significant necessity revea1s the activity of Vril in the Manifolded capadtance (used as aerial) in place of un- system. True electrical energy is never transferred between the folded capadtance requires explanation. Consideration of termini by such means. The absence of aeria1s significantly Dr.Dolbear's design as electricalreservoir capable ofabsorbing provides us with a comparative measure of energetic transac- and expelling electrical impulses realistically fails. Dr.Dolbear's tions taking place. Dr. Dolbear's device did notmake use ofany design would never work without extremely large manifolded spark-release at the secondary side ofthe induction coils. Vocal capadtoiS. Addition ofsmall aeria1s did not measurably inten- undulations were delivered to ground through rods. A tele- sify the transacted signals. phone transmitter was used to transact vocal expressions When identical material configurations are aligned prop- through an induction coil. Dolbear's device used audio cur- erly they mutually transact eidetically by translating their rents directly into ground. partidpants into thesame world-place. Dolbear discovered that The opposite polarities of transmitter and receiver were signals altered in quality and clarity when transmitters were necessary in the articulation of "ground current". Later devel- placed upon speciftc minera1s and metals. Experiments with OpeD made use o~ ground ray-guides to further amplify the double ground configurations releases sudden eidetic trans of transmitted signals. Such guides enabled Vril articulated sig- surpassing quality: experiences which are unmistakable and na1s to enter subterranean depths through eidetic projections. not easily forgotten, The arrangementdisclosed in Prof.ADolbear's previously Dr.Dolbear investigated the production of special undiscussed patent gradually became the design "of choice" shadowgraphs obtained through the use of strong electrical among others. The sudden move toward high voltage em- arcs. These photographs were taken through a table with the arc ployed induction coils with arcs and gaps. Dr.Dolbear used the just above a photographic plate. The plate was in the table induction coil in a manner analogous to that utilized by drawer. His mystical nature was fluent. He a1so developed the Rossetti. Dr.Dolbear inverted the symmetry however: using the electrostatic telephone. The documents speak for themselves. ground in place of the tlne wire. Dr.Dolbear intuitively designed Vril cabinets which ex- Varieties of designs which "shock the earth" are found in tended the Vril aurae among communicants. One obseiVes the hundreds of subsequent patents. European patent collections enlargement of the human V rillic aura among those who contains vast numbers of these diagrams and schemes. The engage in conversation and who converse through telephone$. "wire-less"theory became dramatically more detailed when These portions {striations) of the aurae enlarge when such new discoveries based on these wireless telegraphs appeared. persons are seated in rich organic settings (wood cabinets). Dolbear used the use of ground itself as "the line" to SECTION 2- MARLON LOOMIS . . ,..,.,.1111.......... :.·fl~.~,.r.r. l-1 , ~... ·.-:· - ·.. :-. ~ ~ .., . .. ,. ,. , -~-· ~.~ ~ UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. - --· - MARLON LOOMIS, OF WASBINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUliBIA.. IMPROVEMEN-r" IN TELEGRAPHING. 8peci8catJoD tormiDg part ot Letten Patat No.lft,871, dated Jaly30, ir.t. To all tclaom it may COIICtn&: with the atmospheric stratum or ocean overly- Be it known that I, lliHLON Looms, den- ing loc-.al disturbances. Upon these moantain- . tbt, or W aahingtou, District ofColumbia, have topa~ I erect suitable towers and apparataa to in,·euted or di8CO\"'ered a new and lmpro,•ed attract the electricity, or, in other wonlt', to M~eufTt'legraphingandoCGenerating Light, disturb the electrical equilibrium, and thua ob- Heat, and .Moth·e-Power; and I do hereby de- tain a current or electricity, or sbocka or pnl- cla&re that the following ia a full desc:ril)tion sations, which traverse or disturb tho positive thereo£. electrical bod,r or the atmost•here alMn·e and The nature of my inveution or diaeovery con- between two given points by com.municating aista, in geueral terms, or utilizing natural elec· it to the negati~., el..-ctrical body in the earth tricit1 and establishing an electrical aarreut or below, to fonn the electrical circuit. circntt for telegraphic and other purposes with- I deem it expedient to use an insolated wire out the aid of wirea, artificial batteries, orca- or conductor aa fonniug a part of the local ap- bles to form such electrical circuit, and yet com- paratus and for conducting the electricitydoWD municate from one continent or the globe to to the foot or the mountain, or as far away aa anuther. may be convenient Cor a tele:rat,h·oftlce, or to To enable others skilled in electrical science utilize it for other PUll)()&es. to make use of my dia1e0very, I will proceed to I do not claim any new key-board nor any describe tho arrangements and mode or oper- new alphabet or signals; I do not claim auy ation. ne\Y register or recording instrument; bnt As i (which n dispensing waa first use with d in the double telegraphing, )waiureu1 'Vhat I claho as my ian·ention or discovery, an(l desire to secure by Lettel'8 Patent, 1- . making uae or bat one, substituting the earth The utilizatio11 or natural electricit)" ftoom instead or a wire to f~o·ne-halr the circuit, eleT'ated points by connecting the oppoaite po- 10 I now dispense wit th wires, using the larity or tho celestial and terrestrial bodies of earth as one-half the, "rcuit and the continu- electricity at 'different points by suitable con- oats electrical element far above the earth's doctors, and, for telegraphic purposes, relying surface for the other part of the circuit. I al· upon the disturbance produced in the two elee- ' so dispense with all arti8cial batteries, but use tro-opposite bodies (or the earth aud atmos- tbe free electricity of the atmosphere, CO·Otler- phere) by Bn interruption of the Continuity Of ating with that or the earth, to suppl.r the elec- one of the conductol'8 from the electrical body trical dYnamic Coree or CUI'l"ent for telegraph- being indicated upon ita opposite or corre- ing and·for other useful purposes, such as light, sponding terminus, and thus producing a cir- beat, and motive power. cuit or communication between the two ·with- As atmospheric electricity ia Connd more and oat an artificial battery· or the further use of JDore abundant when moisture, clouds, heated wires or cables to connect the cb ·operating currents orair, and other diasipating influences stations. are left below and a greater altitude attained, liAHLON LOOlUS. my plan is to uek as high an elevation as prGC· Witnesses: tfcable on the tops ofhigh mountains, and thus BOYD ELIOT, penetrate or establish electrical connection 0. C. WILSON. - -- - - - - was Mahlon ~~is ~onducting· ext)c:rimc::nai·J!A . ·~aerial. telegraphy" before Marcom . J~.,..... ·.:.. by Th~of~ M. Hannah --~----:"", ! ••• E·vERY6NE knows that Marconi is genef!illy credi;ed -chtt~setts, ~nd Philadelpiua:~I~ ·~s·s~ -whil~-pra~cing­ with making wi~elcss communication practical. Al- : in Ma.ssachusetts, he receiv~ ·a.~tent for a m.Uieral- most no one ~nows that :i nO\~ nearly forgotten Ameri- . plate tkaoli~) p.rOC5 for "'~king:arti&cial"teeth. I~ can dentist, Dr. l'Yfahlon Loomis,. conducted· wireless _November, 1856, loomis and h'is bride of a few to c., cxpet!~eots iri Vfrgini~ eight years before Marconi . month~ moved. waslii~gion, 0.: whe~ he .began was born. That l\larconi and ·not.Lobmis is now ~ailed · .a den tal practice which .he-~as. to~aintaln 'of£ ~~ on the ."father of radio'' is due largely to a matter of ti~- · for the n~xt 20 .years. A' few years later, about'' 1860, ing-Dr. Loomis was_ simply a generiltion ahe~.d of his· he became interested. in electricity-~ and exprimented time.· with forcing. plant gro~ by rfteans"~.C" buiied .m~tal ·Born July· 21·, 1826, ·in -~pe~hdm, -~e-.v_ York;.. . plp1es -t;enn~e~.-t~·-batterfer.-Hc~s to'. have a-· l\Iahlon Loomis was the fou~tlt"of nhic ch~ldrcn horn ' c~ic:ved 50me success with these expcz:iments, but the to Professor Nathan Loomis a descendant of J<~~,,h · ·high c95t'of. the batteries ruled out any ·pf!lcrical. appli_. Loomis who sailt·d from England to MassachuSetts jn cati'!n of 'the t~hnique. . · · . · 1638 and a year latl'r was.. nne hf the fimndcrs of Wfnd~ . . ·· Loomis's experiments i~ wire1~~s tefe~phy began sor, Conncctkut. i\J.ahlon was not the first. of his family to exhibit in\'l'ntivc and mcchankal talent; llis a sumctimc between 1860• and . 1865. lions involved study 'of electrical cHhiaSr-g-.e6srs-.tt'm"·-·in·'v·e.tsht~ig~pa--' f;tthcr -\v.ots a founder of ihe AmeficmJ Et'hcnteris ancl per atmosphere;· he hopcd·that this natural sOUrce O'f Nautical Almanac. An older brothl'r, ~c. was :m c:lc.-ctricity could ·be used JP teplace -~tteries. Ysin.g inventor with several patents to hi~ cn·clit. ·Jfe also' kites attached to metal wires, he obserVed that a wire cxpcrimcntec.l with cll·ctridty, ami it may have l>et•n sent aloft at one· place wo~ld induce,a Row of.'elcttri~ from him that ~lahlon anruirl·d his intl'rt·st in things dty to ground through another .kite "wire sqme distance dectric4tl. Anotlu:r sdt·ntifi<.·;tlly-minded n1emhcr of the . 1 nwny. Out of these experiments' grew hfs bChe£ that· family \\'ils l\1ahlc_,~l·s cuntempomry, Prufcs!lior Elhts · l.ciClllli~. who w:ts a fr<'lJllt.'nt contrihutor to the 1\rm•ri- WII Jounwl u{ Sc:i«'Hl't.' :uul othl·r journ:ils, writing pri- rharily on lllt'tt•nrolo~y and astronomy. - the: earth was surrounded. bv an "aura" ·whic.h he t<.·rmcd ,lt.•·cr .,.'st:-atic sc~:~~ He furthe~' ~licv~d ·th~t- if the '\tntic -~a" .were penetrated by two aerials· of suf- fil'it·nt and CtJU:il h~ight,. it ·would be possible .to tf:!ns· Ahout l816; l\ 1ahlon's family rnovl·c.l to Sprin~vall·, nl!t signals __bct:-v~cn t~cm. The distance coveted; he: Virgin'ia. Fror11 tlu·n·, in Sl'ph·ml~t•r, lij·IH, 1\lahlon· · hc:licv<.·d, could he ol~nost. unlimited.• JAamis himSelf Wl'nt to (~1t'Vl'la11CI, Ohio, to study dt·ntistry. Ahout IHSO, hl· returra·cl to Springvale to nmtinuc his dl·nt:d • work. As _a travc·lin~ dl'ntisr, Itt· l:th·r practi~·~d ~arious ly in Earlvillt:, Nl·w York, CambriJgcpon, ~1assa- t·xplni•wd the cun<.·crt this wny:· ".. ~ by: e~ending i' to ai wire to a certain olritndc it strikes an ele(tric c~nent. whkh ~viii communicate oil Qther' wires· ~e same height." ~ . _·... . .. · ·· ~· ' . • •. ;,: · ·· · ' I • • - . . -~.",r. PI-1 ,~_.,~_,~_1111_.,.,r~_..,,..1~1~ ~.- -, r~ . . ~ • & Loomis's discovery, .:-vhich h~ called· ·"aerial=..teie..~ium ·o(:.k-t&OusaDCk-oH~.i1ibfi. --~~--. ~ • gtap.hy,.. was ~ccess£Ufly qemonstta~ 'i~-~1866 in ._ :planned !'.to. telepph f!Om~a-liigh.:-~~·~~~- 1- ~ .. V~rgi.?ia's Blu_e R!dge Mo'tnt~~n~~- ~ ':he~pr~nett ~~-:- ~ountainsto~~~ig~~t.~'kofth~:AIFS:~V.e. pro~ent scentJSts and electnoan_s, ·LOomiS. tra~s·~--.ln-18~, a_ group ofBosion-&n aers a ,.!'•. -.t1!' ,.~~~.~1 mitt~dsignals_between Coh.octon ~ou!l~~n a.qd B~rse··. ~~··~~Dlj~~ tes~,-but the- Bl~.~.·.·=.···.f.l Deer Mountam. (LoudOl\n·County);a distance of abouL ~fc of i86~ WJpecl" ~em out and the-leSIS~ 14 miles. ·He used ··~c) c;tdinaty-Jqtes-·~thpteeiS of·-···· poned;.nie -~ ~~rtune Welt1;~~0'VJ);,#4~j copper mesh at~ached to t&e.~d~rside 'of. eac~; ~e ·-:-'later 'wheif~- pup-~ Ch!ca~-p~ ~-~ kite "strings'' were 600-~t-lo':'g ·P.iec:~ of_ copper .~re.' • .liy the ~hic:agO. ~.,. . . ..:·, ~:·--:-·-~~r:=;~~ Near the grou~d" ~th wires w«;_re. con11ec:ted to' gal~ .. _. . _Meanw&ilei ~mis's .experi~ents.hact~:.-~.~ vanometers (inqicators of·el~nc current) and then to .·. attention of~atorCharles Sumner, ct.~~ ground thro~gh pools ..of wate(~-~lte_mately_ Jhakin ....-l~ho,..mmura ed. b -a re . ...... ;·· _ ...t . • • ,. ' - - and-hreakin 1 n.e ga .vanoqte~c;r Wit . ."introdu~ed _into· the Senate; on Jan~ar:y 13. 1869, ·~ its. kite 'wite resultc~ in a"d~flcction or the ~r ·COif-'...:.: "Loom.is. Aerial Tel~ph' Bm:·~e .bill a5ked; Eo.I ai( neded to the other wire, and 'n this wav "messages"--act of inco~ratibn for _die Loomis A~l .~elegraph_' were exchanged between the .stations.-~ • : . . ·. ' · . 9o~pany' a~d- for itn, appropriation o.f $50,~ tO per£ec:t 7 ~h: de~ails of the experiment are .desCribed -in~oor:n~~disc?_ve~·a.~.~ ~~ke it pra~i~;,}~. s~p.pos.~~ Loomis s dmry: · . ....,. _ . _ 1'1t request Tor 1 1charter .and 6~apc1al ass!stance;Jte The equipments and apparatus. at both sta&iohs we~ exactly alike. _The_ time. pieces of both parties ch•~scvhm·gsubcehena~seht·o· uarlakaen•.d u ~s arrang~d that at prem1rrute the galvanometer at one station should be attached, to be in circuit with the ground and kite wires. At t~·e oppo~ite station scpnrntc nnd delibcrnte hnl£-minut~ connections were m:1de with rhc kite wire and the in!tntment. TI1is deflected, nr mo\'cd the needle at the- other siation 'with the S&llllC ViJ,tur and predsiun BS if it had been" attached ru an ordinary hattery. After a lapse of Live minutes, as previous)~, a;!inged, the same _perform· ance was repcart.-d witp---tl~e. SOlme results....· It con- tinued ru rrnnsmit SIJ,tnals' only abOut three hours when tlte cit'cuit became inopcracive by the moving away of the upper electric body. Shortly ;tfter the l~luc Hidgc demon~tration, Loomis suct;:cedetl in trnnsmitting signal~ two .miles between the. Loomis Com,parif'J»roposed to transmit from the Umted State$ to Euro~ the·same .number of, messag~ as _r~endy ope·tted transatla~tic cable. and to do it at · .- , . . · · one:-s1xteenth .the cost. It was mtroduc:e;d 1nto the House. the following July. ·: _::. Asketch 9f.the Loornia telcgrapli:aet on~ · fi1e in the patent officc,.dt Waabingt~n. · . From the Literary Digest, July 29, 1922. •. .. . ....... ~~ ...... •. I -'--···~--~-_·.-..:~·-:·:..:~--. -J'· -~· .:-· ~ . -~ .. .. ·. . ships on Chl·sapl·:ake Bay. llere, however,· he lowered ..·-. · \vires over the sidt.'S of tlie ships .ami trnnsmitted . through the w:uer. ••• I - At some time during this period Loomis reportedly livetl .in Lyndthur~ ami he rnny h:t\'C cnntinucd his \vircless l"Xtx·riments in the mountnins nl·ar that city. As a furtlwr ll'~t nf his tht·oril·s, Lomni!\ wantC:•,r to artempf wirl'll·~s cnn1nmnkation hct\\'l'C~ rvtt. Sl;mr- ., . ta, CalifMnia, nnci Mt: ·Hood, Orl·~on, ~ distam:u o( I ahout 275 mill'S. App:1renrly l-,cl·ausc of a l;tck uf . money .(ht• l'stirnate~l. the c.'XJ>erinwnt. would cost · ahour $20,000), lw. ah,uulonc.•d this idea in fa\'or of n ..... mtll'h mon· ;unhitious sdwrnc.~ which lu.• J",l'c.•tl \\'oialtl · , atrra~t finanl:i;t) hal·king. What he proposed wns· noth· - . ing lt•ss than t ransatlant it· wirc.•lc.·ss communkation- . · Arnc.·rica to Europe hy ritdio! Bdi~ving, n!(':alway!', rhat the scc:rt't of wfrrlc~s ·tay in ruaching ·an ·etl~l:t.rified · ... • ~- • ,s;... -. ' • ,._ j ·.... ... ·~ ~ ~rl ~.r,;. r~-~~. . . . . . . 111r1r..,r...,..,.-·-·...~ ,. ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ . . In • additiop to • Senator • Sum- n~,., • :the Bill .. was. sup- ~ • - - - . 0 any . other ,m• •~ain . :OIHipo&-·the-glohe.iiicitliei Wn•;-~ • - ·ported by· Senators ·~driclt, Porn~, Wilson· an.~i- . ~. ?uctor, ~l?:i~ ~.all..pien:e.-this. p~e-an~~Y~ ~~.;J 11 oh~t.hs eprls~.·~sO,t her and stehneat~Qdr. sl·,.\.~ha9~wes~h._eurt.dr~i..di!~r·u.ol.~.e_dC.lOD.JoPoUm.ti~see··a~no-d-~-~~:_p- retcoa:rC,shs-~_evhi~-b!~r_.a.~stni!ao~n,;__·,m'~\~ad~r-r'.mY.d'tRhae~tl~~e~··n;b~gyd:w:a:nJ.ayun::'aJgi-rau~eiueddr_-a.a-s~oydfnsctaeomE..-:·~..-·~:·.:•l committee and act1on ~~:~-s· r~peateaiy.-,.~elayed.-~.~t. CJf .JJoiatfoa; 'conviHiolc: mto- hinnan -~guage,--the-··:-: Loomis's supporters refus~ · to .be :.diSCouiiged.·_ A_:_- :: -messa~-~- th..e.. ~~J.a~at' the~int_ of.'~t. _&~t~:: lengthy discussion of of Representatives-on t~hea·.ybi~2I0tQaOnICd _~pIl,acJe8"1i:n2•t..h(Ae Ht iosususee: ~ · · .~~t~~~~m~~!Y:-.. ·-:·n.o,ug:~· · •• . the. idea · •. · of_ npples o.~· w· a·~ero~-;- ~·· - -nfproroowmprwiataht~ieo·nobsqillypl·.r)othvCeisoinoqnguersh~t~isvominna.g.no.fJa.olirlnei_nacdoy_¥An.ib:etaieironi~:g,.hratehm~eo;_vaeopdf- . Ohiq, who had iptroduced .t·he bil~ ~nto .the· Hoq_se,} ~_:.-.-•gw~ph.klT~ecep~1.e~o~E~ ~Wl.~e~a~ ld~~~g.~t~ ~~9gnmne;ms~uulDc~~..:.~uC~s~et.,~dJ. ~?~nne-.~yJs,Sp~.atto.pi:te~e.r~.psl.n..~(-aaoJ~..l.~l!~~ot::h~~~~ePd~!p-In!tn.~ h.~~._:__-_ said in support of _it: "I understand that· the high¥" authorities on electricity in America and. in Europe Abapllri~J ~1u4,gh~&•.~-~.~~e~S:,U•!ntdtJaFre_rC:haf'Cl?l1~1us:lsup..sia'l?d~.ed· ~t. . · ~ ... . ~ a sustain the theor~ upon which the project is based.". . Hcpresentauve -~~: ~~~ha~, who, w1.t~ · . Senator · • Pomeroy, · . ILmEQat~hone-ribiese·'sbdepoltnaten',U..~Wth~i~thntohu!e'tC~~ W-r-l~ntieonk~orev·. ec:~a··b.tlPhe.,aOts.saticeb:C~leeor~fdpamhcg~iinjtgtyo.. · . - • . • h~d seen Loom1s s aet1al tdegr~t>h demo_n~trated, was .. slif?uld be a~c:Orded th~ undertaking. . , . to· remain one of Loomis's m~t faithfui-· ~pporters. In other cities, edi.tdri&l ~mment ~nged from~ pc;>lite · t? He and Representative Conger.were largely responsible scepticism ·outright ridicule. ·Typical ~as.'tlie com• for keeping the Looinis Bilf alive through neatly_ four .ment of the ~ew York-Jounull_ofCommBr_ce (Febru: years of Congressional opposition and ·apathy. . ary 5;•1873): i:'- ·. · · ._ ·· ·· . . . ·· During the same deliberations, .Mr.... Conger ex· plaincd the principle Cf;t-io~ of "aeri:~l teJeg· raphy" in the foHowing way: · • • . ca~1s· mg cJcctrt•c:t1 \'I'br:lt·tnns. . or.,. .- · - Wii\'CS to--. pa· ss · around the world. as upon the swfacc of some quiet lake one W:t\'C cirdt't follows.anurhcr from 'the point of disturbance tn the remutdt shores, so that from.. As we· understand the Loomis pbn, it is something. to ~is ~-IF_ect- -a~d ~ders arc caution~d n?t to !au~h ' too bo1sterou~l~ at_ at! .~ -~~ .~~t to-~E~.!_!t..,.till ..-Mdtt~mreon·cs·nrtr·.a·ltec.d~1.w. a•s th · _e Spn·n~;,ti•celd, M h_ ·. assac usetts R~- 1mblr.can (an ISSUe! of 1869)~ In truth, ~lr. Loomis IS !' d~amcr, and an illustr:llion of :what• ~0~ ~id of ... .... A Mkt-tefa of tla;! Iu,..~ .Hiclf(C! expc~rimt•nt, with expla·n~tory ~oteA. Signals· ' Wf!rc Ment hy "Actial Telegraph" betwcpn the two ata~iona. -- . -.. . --'-~:-·_...... ·i . .. .•. .. .,,..·.. \ ... I - . . . ~ ... , . .• .' ' .·...-~ ~ ... ~- ·~ . ~-·· ,..4.,..__, • _.:. .. ~· ' - - - -- =:. ·S1m1lar ~ents-were-~ad~ b).·_o~sa _pa~rs;~ 1.. '""·: ihe •c~.least,.~"'4 p.~g~bly .bti.;~~;!!. ""l ..... . On January 16, 187,3,-the Laomas ~tll:was ~riijfr-~~~..U~ ~ ~ •~P~ a.!ltenna..;an~ ~)#.i:Df brought to·~ vote ~ ~~ .~ena~e ~nd wu. p~d by a- .:Mo¥.p:af9~dy, it ip~ ~a.t :~Y .:.in.!¥-Ft9!i~ vote of. 29 to 17,, wit~ 3? s.:nato~ absent.:. 'Jte ~~d ..·~ -~~ ;Mie.~.t he:pr_Odu~. ~~~~-t~~lv!!.krl! shows that h~ithe~ of Virginia's. senJors-vot'ed·_oh the ·~ ..unkDo~gly,·-p~~. ei~~niagne~c:.:~a!_~~j!j bill. _Five· ~ays~later.P.resident.:Grant·siga.Ccl~~~-~illt~·~~ils ·oE•.~-pl~om~--~ haye Eo~~!-~1 .. .thus. inco~rating _the ~mis Ae~al ~el~pn C'4m· ·.i«~~~~.:.~hj~;~~e~~-~~ ·~~;=;: party. What had-J>ee_n ac~1~ed by all_·o~~as':Actuall~.~~tr.?.S -~~~~~rc:ou~~.~~ nQt ve~y- much. Not· only)1aCI-the request.for_.&~~cia~ ... -a-~ae.sparl:-pp. ~J~-:-th~ wor~d'~·Sisti, ;.···: :;~?" aid been stricken from the.bill-and-this ofa,;urf'e~"'JIS~·-;::· .U~Eortu~i~y,-. t..Oonn.:s~~d o~. transmi~~~~~ th;- a critical setback to Lc;>omis~ plans~but the extW ~f ;.. -~not very~se~l. ~e-·depended _upon :a~heric:~~-::~ the company's corporate powers~$ tes~ to tric;ity·for his.sPurce oE poWer, and this" waS, net..very-;.._ District of Columbia. It ~ould operate elsewhere ~o~ly · rell~bie, .Md Q'e :was~· not· able t9 det~. h~ signals be-~ wi.th the consent of the state concerned.· · · ... cause·tfifi-~tector had ·not yet l?een invented. F.uither: · . Dr..Loomis did, how~_vc:_r, h~~e .~e· satisfaction· of re-.___~his .. plan..Eor:li~tit ..coi;s~imte:rtiODril~ ~ ceiving, the first United States· patent eve~-grantecf for-· t~in!x:\.voula not_ ~v.e su'cceeded. But useful or n9t;-'~ 3 system of wireless telegraphy. The pa~ent,. N~..:J.~9,-· .. he J,j~ -~PSII\~t ~gnals: over a c~nSICI~&le distance 971 and titled_ ..Improvement in. Telegraphing,~vtas...:.___~J!jout the:aid of~~ires. Had he'~J~le to develop issued July 30, 1872, two years befo..re Ma.~CQni, '*!as his giscovery~ ~e might no~ be recognized as the..m..: · born. · . ~ • . . · . ·_yentor of r;~dio;the United States.might.. be ~own. During the remaining years of his life, LOOmis prnc-- a$· die birthplace or ~dio~ ~nd Virginia the" state ~h~e- -•• I ticed dentistry only to the cltcnt necessary to piovi~ it was fi~t~e~onstraied. . · _ · . · •· · :: himself with sufficient funclS with which to continue · his wireless experiments. In the late '1870s,' he began· l'onduc.:ting experiments in. the mount:tins of W<.-st Vir· ginia. On two peaks ahout 20 ·miles apnrt he .erected oi . Loomis naay·have comiucted sorli~ hie. . ·. · experimenttt near Lynchburg. . .... steel m:tsts atop wooden t,)wers (these· replaced the kites of his earlier experiments) and reportedly main:' taind fairly regular c.:mmnu~il'ation betwec!n. them for. months at a time. During these later tests .(about -1878), he is sai4 to have coni~un~catcd by .telephone as wen :\S hy tc)cgrdph, a}d\otlgh it is ·~Ot ·clear· how : this was aCl.''Omplishcu. . • I On Octohc:r 13, 1886, itfter a week's illn~ss1 Mahlon l.oom~ died at his hrnthcr's country home ~ Tc.-rr~ Aha, WC:·st Virgir\ia; he was (JO yc:us oi.J. At the time"" of his hrotlwr's clt·ath, Cc:orgo Lc)Cllnts • remarked: "During his la!'it illnt'ss ~tt.• was tiplifted and strength·· - . . ... ..... .. . " .. ..-. • ' • - - - - - - - . . : . J - ·"'·--:-·-·....;·-· . .. ~:...;.---- ,• -r · ·•. ·. . .......... . ....... . ·. ' ..;" ··: I - ened hy dw consc.:imrsru·ss that the \vorld would some·· of . time undt•rst:md :mtf n•:\lizt• the grandeur f1is dis· l'OV(•ry." 1ft• also I_ _-,~~-:· ~~:.!'·~~~:,~~;~-~~·-··.· :-~: .~ .-~-..:__ ·.- . ·.--~ ·. ; !-- ~---- .:-·- . :....~~- ': =~::· . ---; .THE PiO.NEE-R ~IN•.. TELEGR.APH-INC'WITHO)J~T-- -~ . ·___ .. --r- •.• .. - - _ ...~---~ .... )::i~.WIRES. --· --. _,'!". :·. -- . ' .• •., • ·· J • ""'t. .~; 1G~orgt~mis. · .' · -··. .. · ·. · • • . • ·II£-- . . •• . . 1'he :ic:coapanying illustr~tions are ·(rqm original sketches by J;)r. ~mis. . , . . THERE..is_·r:~thirig ne"! _u~de·~ .tl~e~~-- _i;;g~-·w?dd~ut_.wiustra·ti~, w·~re. pu~~­ sun, S.ther experiment, Dr. Loomis _perfecte~· ~tation in all res · __'. . · .. _plans......fu&-t~egraphing-wit . ·. J es a een connected wtth a- ;wJte ·connections between ·poi~ts however in· the ordinary way.. ~n thi.s manner clist~nt. llis invcn~i?~- \\;as. ·c;11led. the -~-~mmun.ications~ere .:kept~p-:-:-untit· · Ae-naL.T~egraphJltss first successful the fact was thoroughly demonstrated experiment a(- a•ny ~onsjderablc rtlag· that telegr.aphiog: could be qone.JI.S: nituclc was made abf)ut 1868, irom the · · rF:u\ily without ~.-·with conne~ting tops, of tl!e Blue twI~oldgcp~·~1!111 ~1Ve.snrtg~'Pm.,e·akssortolef~' ~ircs~at_ least ~e~~n.'Pbin~s:at-~~is· ~1stance apar~.·.' • · ·_·-: - · · ~i.· i ~·· .. Cl~l~tccn nulcs apart. A full a·c- Dr.. ·Loom&s -.-was..?~l~t.e-d..._th· :the count of these opera~ion~, · with . _a" .1sitccess :of the ·e~~-e-~~~~;:~~~-~hc;>ugh·. - -I-1 - - - - .·~ ~ . ~ • h~"had Cromised, and preparations · of water:·· The, two strata of water of were nearly completed, }Vhen the different temperatures thus ·connected financial cri!'is of "IU"ck Friday" oc-- to the same battery ntad¢ a 5=oinplete currecl in \V:tll Street, involving f1is- . cir!=uit, and enjlbled c:o~mu.nications patron~ in ·tossc~ so, serious that to ·pass .between .the two veS'Sel~ ·with·· they were ohliJ..!e·d to withdraw their out other conn-ections. ·The exptri~ promi,.;ed aid: lie returnef,l . to 'ment resulted in complete suc:ce~s. · \ Vasr\jngton a net re~nrncVith both wires :and aU artificial batteries, using tire . · u.•oM-n· r.anP•domae·crco~ym: p-a•n•~t a.,n~g:ov'~-p·a·thpaecrs r ..... '. thoe~ pets.Dr.- ! • • I earth a& now to form one-half of the cir- · Mahlon Loomas. whach were referred to - cuit, and the continuous electrical element f:tr abo\·e the surface of the earth for the. otlte!r p.ut of·. the circuit.' · · · · ttChaoke~m·nCmoafmtrt'?emme itottenheeAcpf¥pi1lrn~Ppraaantea,dntat;sornesflae:srrt eTdyhe~atroy:, be t.he ·re· :at .... Aft_er Aettin_g fnrth -at son1e length his mvcntaon or Ius theory, he asks. Congress fur Iars anunadpeprrospurcihatiroenst.orirctfiiCotnys. -th-:rosusCannndg.rd~o~l~- · aaltahpcteepr-9ruostsp•oe.t.~"t!hatlac(:h.sowy~na~~rlt·a_teonemt~1~~co~~.r-abObteleche!eecavchne-(r.mahwpehitatowhnogatunewttlse~eghsaro~tJmhupethe~ au impose, to· enable: hini. du'ring the next yC':ar to In presenting c&:Jm1in~plpeetct:iti·tohne- demonstrat t dC'sire ..to ion. say th:tt I I>C'rforrn a duty, and I· content myself cabl!= or merats of .wares. at; but . I1 I 1know. commen n d othi the negnteorfprta.h~·ee of the papers yroeufn~rgrem~.ant.o He asks to ..ha\'C: .has the: $of!!mattee on with rcmarkinK .that: it . is either a Jffeilt Appropraahons. ·· , ·· -. e!£1po~ot cuhnodfinrrmtt:hoaokenesphrlon&inre'cx~pi·res~rsosfat 5nmvca:nr~kis~n.a an ·opmao.n. great I do upon • • .· · ·• · : . The· motion . was ultimately 'the m:ttter : · . . awg~rseeidn~ctfoin;itepluy.t 1tht. e I :~sk the rcft"rt-nc:c: nf the C01mmittcc on r:ateJit!'." pc:.tt•taon tp po· stpo· ne<·1·. -·.l'Y·Ia·111o-n.... L.o·o·m.t. •s~·· o b.ta·•m·ed· · · • · letters patt:nt fpr _Ius mveptton.:. The Rt'm:trl~c; were m:tetitioner. Wn! it ~iven? in~prov~d·n1od~·or tt'ltgrap~ing aiul.gener·- J.,•t lht" n:une be rt"ncl, for T w:mt tum to attn~ h.,;ht, hc.•at lWei· motl\'0, JlOWt'r. . . . · h:~':e the b~nt'fit u( it, w!!oe.ver he. i~.': : "1'he nature or my invention or.'di,coy- . I h~ S,l).{n<'tl Ctu~:r Cleric: ... 'Ibc fCtltJon l'f:1hlon l:nC)I!1is; M. D.' . I. as-. enr:ayt.ucraolnsci:sltesc':"t.irnicitgyc- naenrdaCetsetarb.lm~~s1t_oi{n'K,utailinilailt¥·.. Mr. \V1llry: '.ft " n.ot .an apphcat on, ural ~lectrical curren~ o~~·t l~r tele- a.;. I undc·r~t:uul 11, fur a J>atrnr, or any·' Kr:aphac and other ·puq.,Oiei.Without the tluu..c of th:tr duar:u~tr-r." }1 ~· Sumn.rr: ·;But it is for. an ~ppro· (lrl~l Ill!!· wh1~1 Will he a llllJSIIttlte for I p:~tt"nt. . M r: \Vihon: lw arne ·to tlu· C"n.1mmhiot(~le~ethoen (,l~eat itteino.nu.wilIt fin not know thnt· th~_rc •~ anytlun..c an the nit! o('wiret, artificial hatteries'or·cablu to form such eledric;al ci~cuit; •ttd' yet con1~ 111UiliC:ttt! rro\n tone .''I:ODtiq~nt Of the I(IQbC o/ tioci"t'a'Tnnoo~ethet~onr~·ibnlaelco)out~or•·t · · :imkiylJdeidse·Ionve1reylc, cItr.i.Vcailll delcrtbe thd :a,.. 1~mef\ta aAd mode:• t\t ' I ,.. ' • • \ 17w~c~.~}J 1!~,:..~~-~~·- - operati~n:~ As .in dispensi~g · wi_th th~· .~. OhiQ, 'in a ·speech :before. the Jlouse, .dca~b1~ "Ware {wluch:w~s first u~e.d ~n tel~-· said among. other .•hings: . . tgurta:p~nhgmtghe). anu makmg ·earth instead use of of one, subsua wire to 'form ·• .' · · - · • .. · . . -· .. ·· ··' ..The .practicabilitY" of this project .'pro- one-half the circuit, so I· with botli wires, using tlie now earth daiss pense one- posed for an-~erial Telegraph is a question · which l .und.entand has puzzled some of half the circuit and 'the continuous electri• · the inast experienced' electricians of.. ibis cal element f:tr' above the' earth's surface·. country. I .diot profesi to· know a.sy•· for the other part· of the circuit. L~.also . tl1ing more· of thi ·subject thall' a child, 'but disp,ensc: with all artificial batteries, but use · I understand al1tlu: ·highest authorities· the: free electricity of-:the ·o~tmosphere, ~o- on electricity, botb in America and ·~turope, operating with that• or the earth, to supply - sustain the .theory .upon .which this ptoject. the electrical dynamic force or current -for· is based•. No project of •hia S9rt was·ever telegrapfting :tnd other useful ·pun)oses, demonstrate~ wilhout experiment and ·triaL suc(1 a~ light, heat, and motive power; ·I· art.d expenditure.· • It was · what . was said . ••As atinospheric electricity is • found belOre whe~·the first application was made ·more :tnd more when moisture, clouds,. ·to C6ngress for· some. sort ofapp'ropriation h~ted c:urr.cnts of air and 'other dissipat- . to demonstrate tiy tri~l-.nd experimen.t. the in){ iilflucnc('~ :\r(" left be-low and' a grc::iter . practicability or the magnetic. telegraph. altitude :ut:tiucd, my j,t:m is to.st•ck as high .. We fteard in this chamber the.other night. a~ elc-\'ation _as practiC:lbfc on th~ tOpS 0~. W~l\..,~ ~grQt .CoVent.' Of .h"Uituin •bistorf- hrgff mnunta1h:o;, and tim~ trenc.-trate or es· W:tS being ceJebrated, that tfl.C: first .ez:~diav· . tahlish c.-h·ctric:ll connections with · the• .• ors • o£ demonstra~ion · were absolute fail· atmo!ipherk stratum or ·oce:ui overlying iard. · The only \Yay to know whether what. loc:tl di!iturbaru·t·~. Upon thelie mountain . is her~ prop9sed is practicable, ~ither· for tnps, I cn·ct suit:thle tf~\~crs :1nd ~pparatus purp~~e! of telc:g~aphy or ~qr the purp~_~c to attract tht· clectrJcJty,-or an other .o( utahzang electr1caty Cor laght.or heat·.Sr- words, to dist urh the clectric:al equilibrium motion, is to tzy it; and lhere is no 9Y to and thus nhtaiu a current of electricity, or try it, I apprehend. without· sorne' c6"sid- shoc:ks, nr pul~ation!', which tr.sverse or ~rable use of .capitaL- •J pra7· the ·House to no uisturh tht• po:o;iti\'C. C'l<"ctrjcal body or the .. consider it favorably and allow it ·to 'pass. atr~10suhcrc afu,\·e :pul _hch~eco two giv~d If good comes of it•. there can Lbe_..no pornt~. by t'nmmnnlt'~atmK 1t ro the' nega- . harrn ~ ·and favomble actaon by the ~{ous~· ti\'C clcl"trit·~al ho«ly in the t•arth bt"fow, to of Representatives ·on the bill .will signify form the cll·\·tril':'ll cirC"uit. I deem it ex- . to-the World th~t the House is disposed l!l pcdi<'lll to usc· :\11 insul:atrcl wire or cqn· consider, and not treat with 'derision :ant\ du~tor :t~ formiiiK a part nf the: local ~corn, every endeavor to ·better. in so01e. nppar:uus arul for c."nruluctintc the tlcc:tric- ~ort l!le c:ondi'tir• .of individual :and 't>l· ity down tn tht· font n( thc:·mnuntain, or as lec:tivc:. nu'ln.•• far :tw:ty as ma~· hr coiavrnirnt fnr a tclc:· gr:aph oflic-t•, or to ut ili:r.e it fnr other I" · 'or · a, p~r1· 0u.'~.· ' ( 0 more than. ten , • purp,!sc-s. • · , . years, endang .an 1873, Lo(~nus-s or "I do rant daim .any new k~yho:trd .nr .'\erial Tclegrapll was the s~llje!ct any any but new w·w wh:at na·1l~potec_ao,l;:aaftli·umr·t'oa~rs>.argcmn::ctyln;rti1n1vInMgdl~tmi~nntnorutomrctllnenlltlil.\i, c:nvrry, a11d clt·sirr.. ·to !lc:c:urc: hy lettCTs m:my ilewspapcr criticisms. Some '·were: (I'aspos~'1 others treated ~o 1t n·~I1' ~\1'Ic wath th t e hger·ar~ut.attt~trts,. or patc·nt, is the utili:r.:ttion of natural dc:ctric· impor~ancc dc;serv.etL "The Was lng-. sty fn~m t"lr,·at.t·cl pnint~ hy rns~nrc."tintc the ton pai>dt:c \ll'i a ritlc \Yerc the ttcr c: · \ _orrp~wp~iorn_ntSa~Jllch-hyRll'c·h~s«•u·snittayohf-lnetfi.Ctch'mc•trus..lc.u~slclty:ot!o'anltltnndl-na•cl!ll•tdr-tftno'"rtr:--cgtt:v\~· ... . . . l:fR.' M.\I1LON. LOOUI~ •• · 'Presidt'nt will brcomt a law. The propos•· tion ou which· the bill is basrd is to tele· gr:aph (rum .a high point o( the Rocky Mountains to .the hi~ehest attainable .peak ' • • • I stand th~re is a propositioll ma~c by the cof!!Pan)' to transmit the: aamc: a~y.ou,nt of nfiHagea that th~ cable transmi~cM .ill any paiL year for onc:-sixrec:nth tne n1onc:Y. --Cl!Lhe.Alps. · -AL GKb1MMnt-•tOWfl'-1s-to be paid. . . , • . erected, on the to11 o( which an apparatus II r.; •..The House. Com-r,ll'tee 'on Com· C"apahlc of ~oncentrating electricity 11 to be merco Gt tlicir mcc:tinl{ yesterday agreed to put, by means· of which, it ia c:l:aimet.l, :1 . report favorably on a bill 'ntr~'"~d by :-tratum of\1UmolSpherc will be reached of Mr. Bingham to''.incortlor:&h: the Loomis· Jtcculiar dtf:{.(,ic sensibility. It is cl;~imc:d• Ihat tllc: sliHrt. t llulaation at .one tower Aerial vldes f1o'rel·eth!gero\p\.h,e C.oofm1"t1llaenyA•.e•rTihail ~tebl\1e1grparpoh·.. will ,,r,tlucc: n c l'rre&ll.,~ula:ation :at 'r lltll3fatus invctntcd by Dt. M:ahlon Loomis'". the othrr." · • ... . the: \veil kn9wn dt:.ntist of this city. ,No 1f. "We see many comments in our e,c-· cnm~tctillt(· wires arc to be u~ed, the in- cCuh~aunt)K:lelslyin (.rtclJi.C!laprteJnstion~.thwe iAt!•c·:ria:1rltjTficdlaclarbaapth· : tvoenatdcrt>crtl:aalhm~'ia"lltfittuhdae!t b~· extendfnlf It atrikC?- an a wire ele~tric. tcrw:t, e:ahlc!l, etc.). 1he Suntl:ty Chronic/1 C\lffl"nt wluch will. c: mmunacatc · to. all was the to this afiyrssttt·mJl:,lpaenr ctlo~tdoraawd·vpoucbalitce: attention a libcrnl . oprtuhveirtlcwslrtchlat~tthtehoc·at'palmtal'1thqecl;kah' pt.haJfT-~h.ec=:btlwlol . . ~ppropriat.ion by Government to put it antn practu·:al working orc.Jct. \Vc under·· cmotqlJliooan:mdtoorlslarMa•athfl.onnec· dl;eo.do~fannlad,JiaAml~e.xaasnJdn~.r, ! • • I • • I - .,. ........ ...,. , , -~rrr~-~~ ..... ..... .....1111,....,...-·-· ~ '- ~ . .. . -~ • -- - - city, P. R. Amidon of ·or Boston,: and Isa:aC:· Lukins Delaware." · Wertdei~·: Phillips.. : delivered a lecture in Bo~ton on "The· Genius· and· Mech:1anism of the Saxon Race," and drew ~l .. _beautiful picture of what elcctridtv is ,·ct destined· to :tc-~omp.lish, in which he said: ·' · ".\Vc ·stand to-day.." and laboriously lay a · • wire to . San Fr:m-. cisro, five thousand miles away, and with one: man at t':tch rnd of the win~ send a mess:al{c:. · ._:msl ·think- it a l{rcat .achievement. Uut the men at eadt end know wh:tt is sent, and cnnlcl.·hetray tite confidence reposed in them if they pLc:ased. \V e think we have rc::ached tJ1e goal i but t.he palicnt ingenuity of the Saxtm bloQd, of the Yankee race, will ~c:ep :tt work until poin't of the c:lectrical period he 'speaks ·of than perhaps he imagines. There is ac this moment a citizen of Washington, whose I name ·is Ur. M. Loomis, who is prepared: .to demonstrate to any ..t:ientbt in the as finally in your granclchilclrc:n's day it will .world the 'truth ana pcacticability of what :wnd a mr~sage frnm San Franci5CO to Mr. Phillips advances, a mere theory. Host on without a wire. Nn 111:\n at eith~ 1, Dl". Loomis has ,:riven many of the ~est . c•ncl 'will know \Yhat that mt·ssaJCC: i5, ancl it will run both w:iy5 a~the scune time. We :an: oi1ly touching just ·on the ccll{c or fringe nf the K:irmcnt, ancl uncluubtt'dly rlectririty, supc:rs~dinl{ steam, ·\viii light years of his lire to the study or electrical science, and has • proven to his own satls- .. faction, and that of o\h.crs.- the utftity of . tbis gr~at inntor as a means of c:omnluni.. ·cation of 11Jtht and hrat, An:· he lab~ra under tile_· aame 'from his brow bUt. simply to rescue obstacles; and as restrained by aome.opposition; and' we rear th.ttl unless the Govern- 1·~om. 1 19 • r g e f. t u 1n' ~·ss. t h e ge~tU·'S,· · per: mcnt or some liberal gaft of capital renders··· sastent efforts and dascouragmg strug- him the ai(! rcriuired, his gr:and id.ea. wifl ·~ gle_s of t.he briglna~ inv~ntor of. the h:n:c to w:ut for a mote enhghten~d •ge. ~ ~ystein of telegtaphang wathout wares, Tlu~ .should. nor ~e•. and we ~ope that· which involved every principle claimed or Amcracan· pr.tde wall not ·suffer Jt to pasa out of our hands, and the credit and Jtonor· to be. of · · · tecent dt· ~co~~ry. . Th , • e .mertt be reaped by others." . . . tlhs gra.nd. concept!on..a~··:o.f the ._ ·4. JiNt t'et-~~ 1ts prnctacaWlity, ·made Numerous extrn\:ts !t'om ·contem~ ;more th:m a quarter~~ a century ago; poraneou~ publications, speakh1g in belongs. to the Uqittd States. After. mo~t enthusiastic terms o( the dis·· 1873, until the time o£ his death in cqvcry and urJ:ing upon U>ngress to 1884, th~ struggles o£ Dr. _Loomis; con_~_idcr favorably thc"petition for a · single handed and alone, to 'win 'fo~ stiltable appru.priation . to enable the ·his . discovery a recognition of · its di.;covercr to demonstrate the truth ·wor.th fornL an· tpisode in t.he hist- of his theory, mil{ht be added to iht tory oC. Americas\ invention an~ of a hove. Some of the lending pnpcrs crt'·:. hhman. H(e both .interesting .and pa- thnt d_;cy, however, regarded the__~roj- •th~tic.. : ---.·------- I ,. . r • ... I . '• I-•• I - - ,. .,.. ,,.. ~r~l-1-..,_,_..,, .~ll..l.. lllr,..".,.llr".._l-~1.~~ ' MARLON LOOMIS-1872. '0111111111 In 1872 :Mr Mahlon Loomis, an American- dentist, pro- - - posed to utilise the electricity of the higher atmosphere for telegraphic purposes in a way which caused some excite-· ment in America at the time. It had long been kno~ that the atmosphere is always charged with electricity, and that. this charge increases with the ascent: thus, if at the surface of the earth we represent the electrical state or charge as 1, at an elevation of 100 feet it may be represented as 2 ; at 200 feet as 3 ;· and so on in an ascending series of imaginary strata. Hitherto this had been considered as a rough-and-ready way of stating an electrical fact, just as we say that the atmosphere itself may, for the sake of illustration, be divided into strata of 100 or any agreed number of feet, and that its density decreases pro rata as we ascend through - each stratum. But Mr Loomis appears to have made the ~- further discovery that these electrical charges are in some way independent of each other, and that the electricity of any one stratum can be drawn off without the balance being . . d b ra1 d. ·b · i - I- · f 1 m1mediately restore y a gene re 1stn ut10n o e ee- l See, amongst other accounts, the 'English Mechanic,' September tricity from the adjacent strata. On this assumption, 8, 1876 ~ 'EDginee~ng,' April 13, 1878 ,; aDd .the Fren~h jouroal, :La which is a very large one, he thought it would be easy to Nature, ~uly 8, 18t6. For Bourbouze a earher expertments, see La tap the electricity at any one point of a stratum preferably Lumiere Electrique'' August 19' 1879. · an elevated one h w ere the h atmosp ere · IS ' ·· comparatively undisturbed, which tapping would be made manifest at any distant point of the same stratum by a corresponding t fall or disturbance there of the electrical density ; and thus, he argued, an aerial telegraph could be constructed. The following is an extract from his (.American) patent, chted July 30, 1872:"The nature of my discovery consists in utilising natural - electricity, and establishing an electrical current or circuit 1 for telegraphic and other purposes without the aid of wires, ~ artificial batteries, or cables, and yet capable of communi- eating frC?m one continent of the globe to another. . ....; "As it was found possible to dispense with the double wire (which was first used in telegraphing), making use of ~­ but one, and substituting the earth inst~ad of a wire to form the return half of the circuit ; so I now dispense with both wires, using the earth as one-half the circuit and the continuous electrical element far above the earth's surface . for the other half. I als~ dispense with all a1·tificial bat- teries, but use the free electricity of the atmosphere, co- operating with that of the earth, to supply the current for telegraphing and for other useful purposes, such as light, heat, and motive power. " .As atmospheric electricity is found more and more abundant when moisture, clouds, heated currents of air, and other dissipating influences are left below and a greater altitude attained, my plan is to seek as high an elevation as - practicable on the tops of high mountains, and thus establish - J j ~ ~ electrical connection with the atmospheric stratum or ocean overlying local disturbances. Upon these mountain-tops I J . . ~ll~ ...... 1 _ 1_. _~...~- _~.111a1 a. ~-.~..-.._1_1~-·~ 1~~ .!~b:=~=~~e~!~ ~~~~~-·--·~(1,, ~ or, in. other words, to disturb the electrical equilibrium, and thus obtain a current of electricity, or shocks or pulsations, - which tmverse. or disturb the positive electrical body of the - atmosphere between two given points by connecting it to the negative electriotil body of the earth below." To test this idea, he selected two lofty peaks on the mountains of West Virginia, of the same altitude, and about ten miles apart. From these he sent up two kites, held by strings in which fine copper wires were enclosed. To the ground end of the wire on one peak he connected an electrical detector-presumably of the electrometer kind-and on the other peak a key for connecting the kite wire to earth when required. With this arrangement we are told that messages ~ were sent and received by making and breaking the earth connection, "the only electro-motor being the atmospheric current between the kites, and which was always available -except when the weather was violently broken." I - So 'veil did this idea "take on" in the States that we learn from the New York 'Journal of Commerce' (February ~ 5, 1873) that a bill had passed Congress incorporating a - company to carry it out. The article then goes on to say: b ild tall "We will not record ourselves as disbelie\·ers in the Aerial Mu a ""!ery A towter alson h t e hi h g allest willp~ak f 0 h dt e Ro k chisy . . ountams. mas , o very t , stan on t Teleg.raph,. but. w. a1t .meekly and see what the Doctor will tower, and an appnratus LJ!Or , co11ectm' g e1ectn.ci•ty 1 WI•11 top do w1th Ius brllh. an.t 1dea DO\V. that both Houses of. Con'gress the who1e. F rom t11e 1oft1' est pew_,t of the AIps will ri·se have passed a bill 1~gtre1·ssssmaet'dn, nt tl H\ 1east, t tl1e mdoconroptortalut.mnkg p rest'dent Wl'l lau.mcomwhpoanllyv fvot.rs.toh1nmnr.y; Con.and l s1· gn the b.. ill ; all of whI'ch anoth.er very . tall tower and d1't.to .mast, w. 1'th electncal affair. At .these sky-ptercmg heigh. ts 1•ts Dr corona.1 Loom. ts · IS some • • evi'dence that at· r te1e0grap11y has • ano t her s1'de than ecolencttenn.cd.tstyt;haant dhewewicllanrneoatchsaay stratum that he owf .ialltrnloota.dedTwheinth, the nd1culous one. The company rece1ve no money from Lthoeom.G1·os vpe1rannm, e1•nt tI·,S .asnodmeaths1m'~ gnoton. et.h1' sAescur ewcet-.aunndderresatadnedrs the are estahi"Ishing h1' s ground-wt·re connect1' ons the same as m· ord.mary messages tbee1tewgreaepnhst,hehemafsete·1tsopcso,ntfhideenet1ecthtraiftiedhestcrca1ntumsenodf cau.tione.d n.ot .to laugh too b01steronsly. at It, as also not to a.u mak"mg the c1.rcu1•t comp1ete. The m· ventor c1:u·ms to -~ behave m 1t till demonstrated. - The mventor proposes to h ave prove d the feast'b1'l1'ty of th' IS gran d sc11eme on a sma11 scale. We are told that, from two of the spurs of the Blue Ridge Mountains, twenty miles apart, he ~ent up kites, using small copper wire instead of pack-thread, and tele- - graphed from one point to the other." At intervals in the next fe,v years brief notices of the Loomis method appeared in the American journals, some of which were copied into English papers. The last that I have seen is contained in the 'Electrical Review 1 of n'farch 1, 1879, where it is stated that "with telephones in this aerial circuit he [Loomis] can converse a distance of twenty miles," to which the editor significantly adds a note of in_terrogation. The fact is, however. much 1\Ir Loomis and his vVall Street friends believed that dollars were in the idea, the technical press never took it very seriously. This is shown by the following cutting, which we take from the New York 'Journal of the Telegraph,' March 15, 1877 : - "The never-ending procession of would-be inventors who - from day to day haunt the corridors and offices of the I~~~........r-~ ~ ~ ijtjni i::ri~ai:::.:·; ~p;p:;.;; ~ Electrician's department at 195 Broadway, bringing with j - - He announced that that much-talked-of great discovery of a few ye8.rs ago, aerial telegraphy, was in actual operation right here in New York. A. M. Palmer, of the Union Square Theatre, together with one of his confederates, alone possessed the secret ! They had un- fortunately chosen to use it for illegitimate purposes, and our visitor, therefore, felt it to be his solemn duty to ~se them. By means of a $60,000 battery, he said, they trans- mitted the subtle 1luid through the aerial spaces, read people's secret thoughts, knocked them senseless in the street ; ay, they could even burn a man to a crisp, miles and miles away, and he no more know what had hurt him • than if he had been struck by a flash of Iightning, as indeed he had ! 1 The object of our mad friend in dropping in was mP.rely to ascertain how he could protect himself from Palmer's illegitimate thunderbolts. Here the legal gentleman, lifting his eyes from 'Curtis on Patents,' remarked: a 'Now, I'll tell you what you do. Bring suit ~aainst Palmer for infringement of Mahlon Loomis's patent. Here it is' (taking down a bound volume of the 'Official Gazette'), 'No. 129,971. That'll fix Palmer.'" -- In conclusion_ of this period of our history, it will suffice to say that between 1858 and 1874 many patents were taken out in England for electric signalling on the bare wire system of Highton and Dering, with or without the use of the so-called " earth battery." As they are all very much alike, and all unsupported, so far as _I have seen, by any experimental proofs, it would be a tiresome reiteration to describe them, even in the briefest way. I therefore content myself with giving the following list, which will 1 Thia lunatic must be still abroa.d, for we occasionally hear much the same thing of the diabolic practice~~ of Tesla and ~[arconi. be useful to those of my readers who desire to consult them. Name ot patentee. No. and date ot patent. B. Nickels. 2317 October 16, 1858. A. V. Newton • A. Barclay. 2514 November 9, 1858. 56 January 7, 1859. Do. J. Molesworth • H. S. Rosser W. E. Newton H. Wilde Lord A. S. Churchill. H. Wilde 26:3 687 2-'33 1169 2997 458 3006 January 28, 1859. March 18, 1859. October 25, 1859. May 11, 1860. N ovemuer 28, 1861. February 20, 1862. December 1, 1863. Do. T. Walker. 2762 October 26, 1865. • 2870 November 6, 1866. Do. 293 January 23, 1874 - -- -- - - -- - l . .'PU\ :·1lp. &ll- &alaau>:wben·~-l\ : .-p& .at-a]tUI'!.O ~ft!lA'PtiM• .&a4~e_rr~l'.L•h• jiow AL01lft8ai~~---•u_e.D.d6=ilfttdb::=:::~::;:: 7011. ~-~· ·ae84~·a~a.\:.• ~----~.-.-. :··-::·· ~-·-·.- ;:- -~ -..:- ~ .. •~: :~··.; ..-~ ·.... ·.~ r. \, --~.,~- :• ~ r.c;·:..t • -·· .•....~ r' . .. h&a .woitked tor .me . .::'-·. IIIIUi · ·;·- •· - • rs p~ .'. . • D . ac :- -:~•%1!~~ • a q-wi:\!t-~ch ·a·:· ,m;_, de•toe at p~aeat. r~-. ua!nw \~,,.\em 'G-tlact·out thlaga .• about the .u•lde_Dt!fl•ct noiaea laterf'•n w! t.h r&dio. reoe!nnc. and &bou~ .,adl~.t aad a\~t·to.· .'1'~• ·one- I ~ w~r~lq· wl\h -aow l• .· 'l1l~errul)t~cLlJ-7'.-a.._litUa...co.ppeZ.-'W•~·r-W,heel·.~-~\~-Tctl\a~e -:-- .- i a ~o~· -~he cur~nt. cns~y ...a~ac!lar'ge~. from .the &nte~J.DA ·thl'O-a.g~ the ~ongea~__p_~'!l~_.!.! __ the wheel.·· Whell··the ··•ol\age· la. hl'!h-·1\-;f11Jna - -· · al_l tour • .- Soma of ua oaa hear ! t click:at our ·rece'l•lag atiatloaa aon'bdeo~r·Yte-r_AIlDai1~dh~earoec-f ow_hrl!·~t-.t--.l; ts-.-h- ~- A.- ",- P- l:- J-- 8- D~~ lr-~- ~~----)- o--Df----- t~- h~-e-~-~..1Lt-~!-~d~~!.1•'o._}.~_.c-•~··• ~-.~.•-.-• ~ At·IM8]'here h7 ·set,ti1l~ U]) D~roua 'Loomis "&1l\.8iUl~ w!th·c1o~k. . . o,eiat.ed spaT~ gal'• lfa•illg ·_ d_'l tferen~ t..imali i~te~TUpti~ll~e:-J.a·-a·· · - -large· c_~r~le arouJSd hlm azacl h1s reae.l•lq av,.ratua. , . ,-!~:· . . _....,.,..- •. . . . \." • • .. . • I . "" . . · · . . •· .':'•; · "I~·tnot~man ~n•e\~rat.~ starr reader·, '\~t ao far._a.a·.,I ~. __.t!a,._~~a w? . a. · ~&Ye Crf'~~trlooked . ·t.he. ·l'o•.•· 1111.litlea: ·ot \h• . .Looala· a~e11na. ., - • • • : • • •• • • • ---- .-- - • • • • • 0 • • • • •• • • •• "Loomis WftS "itwe.y ahe&d of 'his t..lme.,. P.ia 'J)&t.eDt was· DO\ .O~l7·,0r. ·- C,~1UlfC&tl~ without wires. O~t- fqr t&k!~'electriclt)'·f~om·the'·--. atmo-.phere. ··Pe ·ap1)'"ttntly dld not re&~ois· tLOC·O~d!Dg to~-the· radio_·. ~heory, 'but the ide" .he- 1'"-te~~~~~~tk• t h A t 2 wAy'. "~--~:- __ ----::-r~----- ~~-· _ (lifot.e: Pe-rh"-"P.• he d ld reAson eolDewhat aacGrd!Dif \o the . ."rac!to theory". .rn nr- ~o~m~t•••. :ttt·ary' •• f1ad.'\he· f~ll~w~'ll~! ~.' .. - -·· "Tlte ea!"~h Ia like \he laalde of A ·le).dan:jar, ··and .\ha 11-l'"Oer strAta of "he· R\111081''181"11 like \he ou\afde -of A leyden jar; ... • , 0 .. • 0 and the t'ii\.,rYeD1'1l~ air lt.ke· the iflaas ..of. a leydeD jar.".- • : · .... :,:...____ ---· ! - • .. ,._••- .. ~~. . • • •:: ::-~.~ . ~ }18 BAld h8 ~oped to be •.ab.!e- to a_••· \he 11SeCODdttr)" OUrr4Jat."• • .. : A.nd ,,, deaoribe.d what took plAce. a• "electrio WATea". '. . . : -· ........... ·--·-.···,..-··' -- ( liar7 TexA.JlD& Lo~m! • ), ·.\ .. • . .'J'w8·1«tn~-.,.~•~ine ar,tolea tellia~r-•~o'l"y o' ,_hl_oa-~~~~,.ared- a ~..,~~~ ~ o 11 ~wa t . , ,, • · •· !• : \ I • RADIO lrzlrS, Jfo.,e"'ber, 1922, arttole.._by S. Jt. Wla\ers . " _,. :, \ WIJ~ELl!SS 'J1AGA7.IlfE, London. ?!nKlaad, May, 192A,· b7 Jl'ranala llo\t ·· - I -I -' ';r1rf•P,.:.a-a......"'~.~.......,...."'~.~ llll,....."....,....-•--·"1111t•~ -~ ' . - . ~ -- :~oa . · p·~nla\lo-. . -Ji»~•.'b'~t~:tlnpo~£Jn.~aa1.~ta;;:1-li~~a-o ~-~~'~;~~~~~~;=~~~~:~~~~~~. -the lt,..,a\191l whioh haa-·aow \raaa:toftlacl- ·· .•~cl~wMob.".18·;: .-~f~~~- .. ooaa!clen~ .t~- gre~J.··' eleo\r.!oal' 1••~\to~·:of ~.~....,. -~&r;.··;· .. ..!:' ~ .af .:..or~ .. IOC.la waa \h!r'z ;!••. ah8.a \he r•allaa, 111i~eeata .. Wile Seaat.e•a reooria P~•~l\, .· . -~-· ·~~ ~ '.: . . WASH_ING'!O' -~-~~G ·S~ -: _._.· '_~;_:_~---- ~-~----:~ . . I· . .. · A'Pril 30, · _-:_ .1909 · ·. ··· . ..' .. . - 'i. , . '· - ·--·. · . WID'£ESS VIA ~Ins· . . . .• • . · .. ~ '. . t~; . . -- .. Wfreless telegraphy· without the u•e ·of a'Peoial lnat.rumen\a may be _poasi ltle by eX'P8TlJMDt 110.. l'l"ctjeoted. oatald·• of -Waalilzag\on. . Old· ~esid~nta will ~~co~leo~ \b&\.for\7·1'••rs ago, before ·etthe~·~coai or Pertsi&D ·w&Tea wer~ ·e•er heard of. ther' ~&a &~ lD Waah!Dgton· named Kahlon Loomis.•. wh·c;· d•al~re~.~ \hat·· h4 had_ aolYed·. ~Jl!. p~bl~ .. of tranam! t~aloa· wi thou\ wires '\h!"ougt\ ralalng 1n t.ea to & .~rea\ . ·. R.lti_t.ude and t:.-.l~grAl'hin~ :)a,_tween l.hem. · 'l'hi·a. atoz:y ·~·· beea.r~~~rred • - I to.preYloualy ill \he· Star.· tooad•-hlmaelf. will be.reaolleated ly . aome ot the olde~ ·waah1J18toi&1&Da~ ll• ~l&t• '~d- that. I ·he-:·h&'d . ~ I • t.raaaiaitt.ed · mesa&~... .4oo mi lea •. There waa ao mach~ 1'nter'ea\ ·ln h. la W.. CJi'k at ihe .. time thR.t a S'Pealal· bill was 'P&aaed ln CoDgTeaa tqco~poratln~ a com~an7 t.o oR.rry out hla pl~n•. .• . ~ - 'l'h.la OOIIa'P&DY waa wreaked la \b. J)&Dlo of. 1973 • . -W~t.hiilg ·-~·· waa :~. .. ,....... thought of the mat.~er uDtll Marooal demoaat~at.ed the poaalblllt.7 of wl'releaa t.ran~~1~st~n • ·• ·• . • ,. , .. I - T~e ad~e'a.t..~~, the box k1~• ..~ t~e ~t.ten\lon_ ot.ao1e1l~·1t1o meri·be~n~·· t~l"ned. ~o ·k~te fl7in~t .a~ ,h~~h alt.ltud•~•--l~:..waa. to~ad..t.la.,t. a a_trong .· curr~~tnt of eleotrlolt7•&• geaeratetf, eapeclalt7 when·\he ld\e waa flown by wt~ft 1Dete~d of co~d. !he Weat~e~ ~r.au ta· at P~•••a' a"ndln~ up box ld\•• aYer7 day at. Mount. Wea\har, Va., ·atad. haa to-Dd :it necessary to uae plano wire In f'l7lD~·\bea J!-t rre":~.... ~lid\t.·a •. :It·. ···. ~­ WAS found,· alao,. t.hat. l t wAa Deoeaaary•t.o laaulate the ~ el ·on ~1'l!oh \be ~~... wtr~ waa wound, nwln~ t.o th~ atroag ourreat.· that. waa broa!ht ~o~ tro~ . d.-,:., the t1louda, eYen on olear when t.httr, .~. an: ~~veara~o• ot. a at·~~~· . . . .. nox-kJte flyln~ haa reoeDt.17 beeD \rled b7 Paul"Swol'•• .. naldea\ ot Falla Churoh, who h~• but\\.& Dumber of auah kttea and. flowD \h••·· · · ~artl7 for Amna'I!_D_eD~-~~~--.P~~-l_r_~~_!':_~oleat.lf!o o~••"•'io,a, :·'·He hat utlllwlaK U touDd auoh a at.roD~ ourr•nt brouR"ht.· 4oWD \he wire tlu~_,_·Jta.~li•~&IM !:::;;::~:!~h t.he po,a~l.ll\7 ot hdel•~-'Phlo ,.... . ....i j ~ . ... .. ~ ~~ ·~·-~=~.-=~~·t1J 1.1.~~:~::1_1~· - - . . .. ... . - ...:~SC·.IJ.:ft.·IF.IC Ala:aiCU . .... rs'UPPI..m·;-m- f.t .•0. ~ .1834 .. .. r .• . •• • •! ·• • . ·.~• ·-!,X.·?...., -- ·-· ----- . . ---- .-- ---~~~:_-~~f-. ~~1~~:~~j~~-- ._~...·-~ . ,~~- .~ . ~:~~~:. _:_· _>·~T~·~ (Dnund copy ayatlabie to· publ!a' ln the i.lb~arf-~t. Coll~aa.)_..~ • . -.· ~- .t· ~- ,•~ : t -":'-- ... 0 : · - · - . •- - - · - : ' - · . - - - : - - .- . - .' -. •- - - : · - - -:-::::· •• ·~\ .., 1 . ~t-:J.;:l '!A' ~UL~· PROJJI!C'l' ~~ '~DL~s· ~z~EG~.· . .. ~:I·•. :: ~ ' • . . • . . . . • : '.!, .. ·.-i: :' "It wi 11 · probab1;r· be .Dewa to 111oat readers. \.hat ~ wire1eaa. \ele~&-ph ":'- .• com-pi.ny waa t'noorpo.zatecl l;y .act· of· Coap~,.~ . .l:r.l.: ~~··· :r•~r _ia?3. :.··.!be :: ·.. . cOmpu7i corpo~atioii .... · •!l!~~tle~ :'the.·r.o~..-...Aerl•l, 1'elepa1th~ ·.~ _"!\~·...: . merabf!rs· Chamberl wer·s: Jl AlD ot t,hlon Waah Lo011d'at'· Alez&ader~r -P. lq\oD, .P. -P. ·Mn~cloll l l1o Of ,t. !' 1 o -ad·· atoD, Wlll ·.&Del tUI --•.--~--~·-~ ·taa!·ah-~I.~1re!l~:'7· 0 • • ~ • I I, • • • ., • • of•Del8W&re. and to !nar•" I\ •'· •• \he • ~P-•-~lt~ot·S~2.,\qoooh,o&' oYoe & oaplt&l atoak lf 'u la\erea\ ot. ~f t.20,0,0.00 .. t·he .. oa.,&Jl7 . ·· . should be re,'.ut Ped. _ · · · ·• . . · . · . · · .· ~-- · ' ' ·• .~ ·.. ' • • I I - - - • • • • . . • 01,111"''·.. ~ .w.-hiact• for -··. • ~7·7-&ra.:·' .. • --· :·"·:."'.·..~~..~~ ;-~-·.-··­J·-· ~·Loomis_. was of :aa lBYeza\1~' .t.ln-D o~=~_lld •. a :cl~·. ad . ---- ·a~parentl~ bad &D eztr~=-17 ~ltt1~.~\ \l~• tia&AolaL17·~-Pro~a)l7 ·. · ~ ·the JIIBjOF pari O.t his illaome we'D\ ..-!.ato Jda ezMriJMD\a. He .hd 'a· ·.. • ,. •cle: : ?~geta'ble -sa?deD: l_a.Spr~1i.rt1el_ci ~hicli·u r!rp~·•p with 'b11?.1ed· wli-es ·· · for e~ec_t?ioA.lly·· heatlq ·.t,he-"M11-.-\o .a C;.-na1Jl ;(aaperature. P.• 1 b.~lo~n~ ·~hlah ·~r• heaY1lT .. co&te4_w! ~lLB~~ct..p~_!n\~ ·. ·;..& a coDd1lc\oJt.--- - jJt .elec~ri~i ty, . with ~hlch lie hoped .\o. o'b~&lll eleot-r.! c. ))o.P•~· froril·. . .· _t_h_e_..__a__ta,a_~p-h--er-e •. . ..:,__ .....· . . .:.~---.· -------.. . . .... ·--------~--.. . ... -- · ~ .·. ·--;··-;:-..· ·-:---.- ... .. . . . Dr. Lnomi • •rote· that the ·11u'J)je'!' · strata· ot•.the &t.moaph~re.. 11 a n-eat _... : e 1actrlcn 1 "•~"-. ·.:nt·a. ~ert&llll1 ~aDtlo!~atea · t)le· '"Pa&Yi S"111'• .laye~". . · Pe use~ kt t.ea fo?" aertala 'Aild oa.Ile~ ·h~a _•7ate~ aerial· ~alepaphy. · - - ... : t"irty years b'efore ?larcoil-1 · "iDYentad . tMe ki ta aerial•~".· . " . .·. . . ... . . : ·•. . ..· .'· .-· ~~ :...;:..: ·-~. ~~-. ~- -. -. .· - ... _:- . . . ~ . • • I Dr. Ro·R•~"•• of P,-at.t.a?i l1a, sale! .''He:1i&cl~th.a:..a.ztt&l :·.. --,h~r•-1• ·IIG::- .... ...:.-.- doubt_;about ~-h~t-~. ~· :ua~d t~ _'hans )~Dg. Jll:eoe.a. _o~ copper ·wire fro·~~ ··.. · · -~:.a ]!.1.':!'~!~~~~- ~~·~- C~ppe~ Wir_ea_ \?"OUJht .-~~~ll- !_~~~- t~~~~~-~·.'~~~ ..:._ ·:.'r.~··. . . . . . . ... .. ··=-- .·.. :. .:...·. -- . . _lo~er end a. always hact .. t·o -be· grouDded ..11 . · -r ·• ... . · • • . .•. • ~. ~ . _ • -~··· !hte~rds. ~f t~.e ft-lJ~~us· ·uiuid_- lD·. OOJ111eotto~.·~{t.~ t.he~'f· ·gr(,'u~c!ed: ·.... · . • aeriAls &re Tague •. · Apparently the taduotlon coil• ~so-metimes · · · employed t wl t.h ··~ -Mor~~ ·. 'el~«raph. )(ey• .'~n;: ~ "~~der: ·\he· r.e~el-.:l~g .. - ---s~t-a!_t1i1ozin_~.·g__Paot~wpe'Y!~,rt,~~rhici• ~A.Yorite ~leotr!o.! t·my8tf.ohrodh·i~'ae:1cma~~\noi"~haat?leoz~i... ·.. ~tehra~.\&pqat· · ·. · •o t. hi a ...,. •. bttcf\aae he .,ad 1! tt.le moiley to d.o tiJiinga ti'!,tll. lii t'ta · •· at a.i~pleat form,. thfa ma·t)\od. CoDa{'a)~d me~el7. COnDe.o~iDg a· .• ~· P:" lYf'n~meter betwe~~ ·~he. aeri.&-1 wire &nci. the: ~round. •t/' the trl'tia-:· : ·. mftt..l"nR and &t thfll reoelYlng e!ld of. the. ".llue•~ •. ·. WheD atraoapl'lerio . : el·e-ct:r"!oi·t.7·· ~a~. ~b.ai-~ed 1 -~~·· _ga~~~~t~z:. ·~~~~=-~-~~.:..c!.~[,~.~~-!1~-•. ·· --J..~ . ...~ ·Then, by t,_Jc.1n~ the •1r~ ~~io\i,..baa.' ~,l.ila8 become kDo,u _.&a- t_he ·"lef!d•!n'"• - tt:nd 1'1A.kln~ p'nd brea.Jdzig_· the clrO'Gi t from· \he~· &6rial: tl'\:.=oae·~-~~'"'-:- R"l..-&aomitter binding post a, he .cAtJaec:t hla ~·d1St.u.Mance--ril.t1te · .· :- _ eleetri~sl. e\'ernm~nt ha3 just se- cured hi.:> personal l!er•:ices· !or the uppllc~- 1, t1on o! his ln•:ent!vn t•> pro,·ide communi- ' circuit) the tests were perfe·ctlly tory at an elevation ot 2,100 a· : mountain eleva,.tlon ot 1,200 teet . 1 and results were v~ry-§'trong at _disti::Lilc~:l i ot tourt.een miles. These expe1:-tments : made Slmply by kires covered with Ilight gauze wit'e ot copper, held- wt I 'l:'er_; fine Strfng 01" tether Qf the SalDe terlal, the lower connection With end o! wliieh the ground tonned by lytng ·.an ~ativn betv:een K~:,· \Ye.st an1l Havana. an•l to extend It to all the \\"est Inure,;. In some l]uarters it rs said th~t tbls Is a no,·~i tm·ent.icm. nl!,·er b~!ore dreamed of. co-l·iT~I-no a oonl of '1\"ater. galya.nom.:>ters werl! · In · .·-· circuit eon: nectf•)ll at tho! two di!Terent ets.tfons and each lm!>uls~ or lndlcn.tion was a.a pe as. t_hat ot the ALlantlc cable, and th:J.t l·l:tn:nnl !s th.: tlrst t.) p1·opus~ it. qutrmg VP.l"Y nic~ manfoulatton."- ' ,, Ott:.!r~ cla!m that it ha;; long been knfJW!'l to b.: !~:l~lble, an.l experiments are r•~!crreu The Hartford, Conn., Times, In calllrig ten~lon to the subject, said: · ..._ I tQ by n:any sc:.entlftc lnve~tlgatcr.3 In the same line. t"ndvubteuly oC this latter da.ss 1 our oy·n Prt.il. Jo;;~ph Henry v.·oulu hold · For T-wenty liUe". _ "Loomis built a kf_J}d ot ~ telescopic-- at the top ot two ·nfgh h1Utops, ~' tirsc plao.:e, !or h~ demvn,;trat~·l in 1S-t~ th~ twenty miles distant, and frorti m01king ot signals from constde'rable dis- tances anti through many obstacles. But lt Is not my purpose to discuss the scienllti~ asp£cts o! the case. but to !urni~h purely hi.storlc:ll !~cts and to pro,·e up a steel rod, b:r which a ceitain current .ot ~lectrfcitlo-' was -r~ached. ·. m6nths at a·ttme he has been abie 'to to graph !rom one tower to ano'ther.·'. ~. Of late he has done ali. his talking that l!ahl•m Loomis, an American, and a. citizen o! ~·ashiugton, Is entitled to a large share o! credit. assistant, twenty. miles away !rom the connectfon being aert:ii only."··~ Thus his great claim was proved .. rm such · circuit. It w-ns further de:>cribed as dl~­ pensln~ with the t:sual \\"Ires and In using the earth as one-halt the circuit and· the contlnuou~ electrical element tar abo,·e the earth's s·ur!ac'! lor tho! oth~r part ot the circuit. The means pro\·hlctl tor reaching the uppP.r stratum o! electricity was the erection o! towers, high poles, kites or other apparatus on rn.Juntain or hilltop.s or 1 ele\'ateu pla-rapllf.., · whole:j telegthp ' ·pre- ' .'0\"er ad ':Jl\·e- · ~::_:__,.\!' - :;~ his discovery. -- - - Som~ time bc!or~ he had secured ent Loomis had memorialized Ccm1rr~~ss an appropriation~ ot $:i0,000. to estabUsh the pract1c;3-b!Uty ot _...,.,.oslr...-.;':'1 telegt·aphy. · ·. ::.'· · · . •. ~ .-. · ···: . llr: Charles_ Sqznner, ·iri. prese-ntltig pcttt11m tn the Senate, said that "It fs talnly a great caso o! moonshlr:e marks an epoch In the ·progress 'lf to' as tlon.. " . ·~ ·_-,, __ ·_··.·.· .After. considerable discussion appropriate reference 1t .was ·1·eterred the commit tee. on patents. ·.:-:- __ . • Senator Pomeroy ventured to lndor3e Loomi:i scheme. He said: "I believe I have seen t\\·o- or three experiments I think there Is somethlns- In lt. I ba.ve !cen It tested In a small wny .and I am Inclined Alter to think re!_erence It l\'111 to_ the scu~cmcmelettde."e' - -· ·on ·p£ ents It was .succe~stvely referred to· committee on co~merce and fhe committe~ on to1·e!gn relations. from tne_.la.tt.er '"o( which Senator Sumn4;r reported -ildversely and It ~-as defeated. •· · =··" ·..-. :, ~:-~ .: Et!orts in '_co~- •>P"'"· ·.•:. rn the Hvu:3c 'ot Repr; 'Ltfv~~.·.-· hoi--. wa: e\·er, Loon1is' plan ·met·~ Cerent- receptJon: ';It quite a .dlt~·: _m~f!?ncu ·b_y j n_epr~se~ta.u..=e _·John A._j "~-.!f!.! tPhesntnr~se:trl,v.aa.nnida pafvae~:--. t ~ treed his pro!.:s.si0•1 f•1• a. peri:ul ~.._'" ~" t twentY geniu:s, yea~. and Ju r in gH e~hihs:J.~J imge- rpeaa tteni nt~\ ·de nstel vye- J: era! He in h venti ad a o!n!asngo-!uivn.e:,lutet.:np~rament, was · . o! ::t. social and kind!y llature. genero1:1::s to a. !ault. wa:;; on lntlm::~td !!ociaJ t_erms wltll a !!ome ot our most p!"orr.inent clttzen~. such v as Dr. James C. Hall, Peter l:i"orce, JC?hn W. Forne)·, Prot. s::non ~ewcomb, "\\_m. H .• t c 13~\\·ard anti others. _....,. . · n graphir.;:. ~en~t·ating Ught, heat and moti>'e Truateci lD the Future. h power. anrl a:her'\\·i:;e to make and operate ,, sny ~r.achmt:r:; run by electricity Cor any Jjurpose. . I L'>:'p~ralioQ. devoted himself wholh to the pro>mot!on ot his enterpri"'le, but the times "·er:.: unp1·optt1ous. Tilt: great licancial Cf)llap.:;e took place ln New .York and capita!lsts could not be lnduceti to I Yt:·riture in such a. chimerical project as thi:s appoaared to be. The Umitatton of his chartP.r tu thP. District of Columbia. was es- p.:cia.lly unfortunate and ru!nous. _ · HaYin:; sacriftced health, money and bu~­ lness to this gr~at ldca, aCter _several years' struggle he retired to a farm in Vi:-ginia to a~alt the da)· wh-:u -others more fortunate than he should reap the gJor)·. . Lnor~i~~~- Enrl)· Llfe. Mahl.:;n L.jc:nis "'·u.s born ln Oppenheim, near Glo\'ers,·llle, Fulton count'y, N. Y., on the 2l:::t .o! July. ;iS2J. He· was a son of i' I Pxoi'. Na.than Loomis of Sprtngftehl, ~tas:5. He died ot heart !a.iiure at the c()un~rY o residence o! h!s brother, Judge ~orge_ g o! Loomis, a.t Terra A!tll, W. Va., O.c'tobe_r _13, l 1856, at the age sl:xty, a.!t~r an !Uness o! t ·only on~ ·week. Hi~ brother remarks: b "During his last lllne~s he was uplltted· and h strengthened by the co~1sclousness t_hat the s "'·orld realize \'lo·ould som9 tbe grandeur tima . u ot bls ndldsl~!0r\s"t4aUn"Yd·. and He seemed to be 1ndl!'!erent as to hJs huving the glory and renown o! lt, b~t he "'·anted mankind to enjoy the fruits ot ~1s dis::ov'=. eries ·maintaining th:J.t lt would be. ,the· meo.~s ot establlsbin~ :i brotherhoo~ among t·he nations and races that nothmg e~se_ coulfl 'a.ccompllsh: and _would glve to ~he children o! men granJer anJ truer concep- tions ot De:ty than now prev:J.lleJ. T)'lert- was one th()ught that at t:mes brought S6d- ness to hi.3 heart. 'I know that I an: bY some, even many, reg:~.rded a:; a. crank....,bY some perha.ps as a. !ool-!or allowing my· self to the sacrlftce- o! materia.~ advanto.ges He aeter~·ard remoYed to Butternuts, Lewis county, 'N. Y. Hl:.> granMather wa3 a Dap~l:;t. cl~rgymar:. and had a la.rg': fam- I Ily ot chil•l!"en and grandchlltirl!n, ~h~ch he kept together anti a.ll lived which had tltty rooHns. At in on~ length_ no h~ uusee-, cided to rr.!~r::t.te and went to Sprmc;vale, \! near Lewtnsville, about tw~nty miles !rom l\·ash1ngtf)n, and purchased a lar~e tract, "'·Nch he df·:id-:d. gh'ing e:1c..h o! hts sons a g· farm. At that tlme .Mahlon Loomis "'·~\~ c1 about ten years old. H~ ha.u the bo;nefit o. rr. th~ di:;trlct school, but his e<:}ucauon was rr almost wholly derived from hl:s granll!ath- !r cr's anJ father's libraries and thelr in- c! su:u~,!1o:!.;!,_~o·· t.h_~r. "':~!e }?ot~ ma" or cu~- tc t-o abandon a lucrath·e pro!ess1on and pursue thl.s lgnls tatuu~. but_ I !tnow t~at I am right and 1! the pr.;.;;ent generation ·llv~.s long 'enough the!r op::~:ons will be changed • I -and their wonder v;ill be that they dl. I '• .. i ·I ·! I ·' --- j;·.;: l. ' ~ ' •l I • • . I. I ~ I ' J 'I ·. ((.·p . : . . i j .. ' ) . I .. . I,.~ ' .· . : .. , '" t ,I ... ·' .·.· ; . . :. ~. ~ . ~ ··:·; -~ .• : f. :' :_:: •. .. . . .' ·'.· ..· •.: .. -~ ·. ·t:. ·,·.· I ..... ; ': -.. :. ),. ~ ·.. . :; • ! • ··~l - I I - - - -~ "r•"•• .. ~.~ I • • I - __ ,.~"! - · ·:. ..._. J ... ..,· • - .. ~'r,;~·--·-~~·~1111~~~-=·· 51~~ '-r _. . . -. ~ • -- I • • I - I - I - - -,~rI ~r•fP,.I-1~-.~"'~~-.."~~ ~"'~~~ ~. ~-r-Ir IFr _.-1-1 ..., • ~ ~ I -- - ... -. : ~-:- - I ~'. ~ I I ~ ... I ..,. .-.-. ·..:.. t. .. :. ! • • ............. - • - ! ••• I - : ;. -·: . -·- ·. ... . . . ·..· ·~.: . · : . ~-.:~ - .~- . . : . ;· ··-·.-.·. · - · -. ---~--. 7"' . . . 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States_ of.A.men:ca ln.:_ C,ongriss ·a.Ssemhleil, ·. • .· · 3. ··'l;Unt •• MnhlOil. ·L: Oo~is.. ~ ·• ·.t A•!e:•:f~tider•. E Iiloii;~a" ri• ~• ~.;wiili~fu:- ...... " • •• - :N: . .;., ; . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . ·. .;.. .. ' . ·. ·: .. : ·:· ... ·-. . vr ·,_. 4 Obamb~rlain,. of. ashir1gton City, District p{·Colu~bia~; )?.·. . .. --. ~ . . ·.· . . . . . • : .··_· . •:.·.· . ·_ -: - ·. ;> It ·Ammidon, of Bo~ton; .~l~sa~huse:tts, an.~l .Isaialr Lukens, . . , ' - --·--,· ·.-····--·- • e I.. • o ... ' . . . ~-:. ·-······ --.---:--::.·-----::-:-:---~·-~ . 6 of Deln..wnrc, - - · - - . ··- _..._._·_·· - a.nd '' ·.their · ;. . .as~9cio.te~ ..· ~- . .·a.nd. s'u:c..c.-~s..s...o·r. s; ar~ ·her~by.'.. . . ... 7: i~c.Qrporate4. a_nd· tiuide ~· body ~;~~:...o..:.=·:=,~;:;_..-.~.-~:,..-~·~- .·~...4-=,;••~~•~:~"~'::;~~.~•~•:~•f::·.~•$.:.~;!:;-;:-r~~-~~·~.:!10~,';t•~(•'_t:i_.·~·;.;.~;; -~· 0 -'·:_.SEc~ .. 2. 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" --· ·--- -- .,. - .... • • - .. ., ..... • #••.-....·-·-·- ·- . . . - ,. •• ,~~ ~ • • ...:..--:- . . · r.~~ -- • ~ ~ -• 4 ~ • e . _~,_ ~ . .:... . • . ~ -~ ~ .... ~ c:- .-.~ • ~ _ -tlli ,.___ ~- .._ ·-... ~ -~ ----~ ~ li -·~ -_e. dl . . . . :. . . , t(!f... -- . • . &_ ..» ~ Q -l ....... - - .;. -~ ·~---~-~--~ . I - - - 1 - 1....,-.., ~~,..1,. 111 .r...,....~...-1--1 ~.~ ~ - communication. and these arc distinguished primarily by the way in which continuous radio frequency power generated in the transmitter is modulated. This investigation sought. in part. to discover evidence indicating whether Stubblefield's devices could generate radio frequencies. For a general overview of broadcasting's technical archaeology see Elliot N. Sivowitch, ••A Technological Survey of Broadcasting's 'Pre-History.' 1876-1920. JouRNAL OF BROAOCAS'TlNG. XV:I:I-20 (Winter. 1970-71); Robert A. Chipman, "The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments.'' Unit~d Staus National Museum Bull~rin 240 (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1964), 121-136; W. James King...The Development of Electrical Technology in the 19th Century... Uniud Sraus National Mu~um Bulletin 228 (Pap~rs 28 and 29) (Washington. D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1962), 231-331; George W. Pierce. Principles of Wiul~ss Td~graphy (New York: McGraw-Hill. 1910), 75-107; and R. A. Fessenden, ..Wireless Telephony.'' a paper presented to the 25th annual convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Atlantic City, New Jersey, June 29. 1908. • L J. Hortin, '"Did He Invent Radio?" Bromicasting, March 19, 1951. 5 Edward Freeman. "Stubblefield ... and Radio.- unidentified periodical aniclc in the Stubblefield Papers. 1 Note of A. H. Wear and Son. Murray. Kentucky. dated April 23, 1887. Stubblefield Papers.. T Telephone interview with Bernard B. Stubblefield. Florence. Mississippi. June IS, 1970. Bernard was the oldesl surviving son of Nathan B. ·Srubbleficld. According [0 Bernard. the '"vibrating telephone" parent was the second ol four U.S. patents his father ever had obtained. The first patent was for a ..lamp lighter.- A third patent was approved for Stubblefield's electric battery. and a fourth was granted in 1908 for a wireless telephone system. A Canadian patent was granted for the wireless system about the time Slubblefield developed his 1908 device. I Evansvi/1~ Pr~ss (Indiana). January 17, 1937. Stubblefield Papers. • Jim Lucas. '"He Helped Bring Radio Into the Home. But - Tulsan Loses Millions.- unidentified clipping in the Stubblefield Papers. 10 According to the 1902 St. Louis Post Dispatch story. and the report printed in White's book. Bernard ..... would be able to carry out and finish the system or wireless telephony should the father die. so closely has he been allied with every step in its discovery and development.- (White, 299.) Bernard was born in 1888. He lived in Murray. Kentucky until about 1915 when be joined the U. S. Army for about five years. Later. he sculed in New York city engaging himself in a photostat business. He was never employed with any radio manufacturing, distributing or broadcasting business during the years foUowing his brief Army career to his retirement in Mississippi sometime in the 1950s. Telephone interview. Bernard B. Stubblefield. 11 A daughter. Mrs. J. H. White, of 610 Pulaski St.. Little Rock. Arkansas. told a reporter ·•. . . that an estrangement between . . . [Nathan) . . . and the family .•. [occurred}. We went different ways simply because we could not get along together.- LttJe Rock.. Arkansas. Ga:.~ru. February 23, 1928. 12 U. S. Patent No. 600.457, dated March 8. 1898. The brochure described the battery as ... . . simply a solenoid of copper and iron wire. the separate clements wound close and compactly about a soft iron core • . ." The -- - I- ~ . - ~..: ·~ ·-~-~~~ ~~11~ 11 .~....~....~..._1 ~"~r ·--~-~ ~ ~ 1111 ~ ,_,. ~-~--• ~~ -~ ~ ' . ~ - - -- time, did reinforce the mystery about the technical capabilities of his early devices. And, Stubblefield's public demonstrations did involve voice transmission without wires. Beyond those documented facts, the "Hertzian secrets" of the "black box" used in his experiments, if there were any, most likely died with him. Footnotes 1 Rainey T. Wells. '"Heard First Radio Broadcast... The Fratunal Monitor (undated). Nathan B. Stubblefield Papers. University of Kentucky. Lexington. and the Chamber of Commerce Stubblefield Collection. Murray, Kentucky, hereafter cited as the Stubblefield Papers. In preparing a final draft. the writer discovered that another collection of Stubblefield material bad been microfilmed by the Murray State University Library. Permission for access to that collection was denied.. At present there is no way of knowing bow much duplication there may be among the above cited collectioas or to what extent the collection contained new maner. The write:- wishes to acknowledge the guidance and counsel of Or. Lawrence W. Lichty, the University of Wisconsin. in the preparation and refinement of this paper. The writer also wishes to ac~nowledge the help of Mr. Elliot N. Sivowitch. of the Oivisioo of Electricity and NucleM Energy of the Smithsonian Institution. for technical and bibliographic advice; Mr. James Johnson, Stubblefield historian and ExecutJve Director of the. Ch::1mbc·r of Commerce at Murray. Kentucky, for advice and ··opposing arguments:·· Or. Don Le Due. now at Ohio State University, !or some legal research: Dr. L. J. Hortin. Director of Journalism at Murray State University, for advice: Mr. James Skelton, a student of electrical engineenng at Michigan State Un1versity from Calvert City, Kentucky, for technical and patent data, and Mr. Bernard B. Stubblefield. the son and assistant of Nathan B. Stubblefield. for additional information valuable to this study. z The inscription read. in part. '"Here in 1902. Nathan B. Stubblefield . . • inventor of radio--broadcast and received the human voice by wireless. He made e~pcriments 10 years earlier . . :· Anonymous, "'Nathan B. Stubblefield. Inventor of Radio.- Unpublished paper from the verticle tile (undated), Library, Murray Stare University. '1"he Hermit Pioneer of Radio is Honored After Oe:llh... N~w York Sun, May 17, J930, Stubblefield Papers; '"Another Inventor of Radio... BroaJ~nsrm~:. January 1. 1937, 3: (Advertising brochure) William T. Stubblefield... Before It Was Known... (Miami, Florida: William T. Stubblefield Media Brok.ers). The first published account of the Stubblefield system in a scientific journal was Waldon Fawcett's 11le Latest Advance in Wireless Telephony.- Scimti{ic .Am~rican, Volume 86 (May 24, 1902). 363. Trumbull White, in his book The Worlas Progress in Knowledge, Sci~nce and Industry { 1902) wrote a full description of the Stubblefield experiments based largely on an account published in St. Louis Post Dispatch, January 10, 1902. Other summary articles have been published since I 930, but these are mostly a rehash of the 1902 sources. 3 Broadcasting means the dissemination of radio communications intended to be received by the public, directly or by the intermediary of relay stations. (Communications Act of 1934, Sec. 3.) There are various forms of radio -- - - - -~ - Stubblefield devices did work. However, the important question was whether his devices contained elements which might have been a basis for, or consistent with, a new and slowly evolving wireless technology dealing with radio frequency oscillations and so-called ..Hertzian secrets." According to Stubblefield's onetime attorney, a case could have been made in support of this allegation. But the available technical evidence about the 1892, 1898 and 1902 devices was sketchy and hardly conclusive. The development of radio telephony as we now know it evolved from the experiments of R. A. Fessenden and others who used radio frequency oscillations. Stubblefield·s I 908 letters patent did not contain descriptions or drawings indicating capability for radio transmission and reception. Instead, his system utilized an audio induction technique. This was greatly different from the production of sustained radio frequency oscillations with superimposed modulated infonnation. The competence of persons testifying about Stubblefield's experiments cannot be challenged. But their competence about what was in Stubblefield's ''black box" is certainly subject to question. Only Bernard, Stubblefield's son, had access to such information. Bernard Stubblefield has stated that his father's devices did not involve the generation of radio frequencies. Any litigation had to turn, in part, on that question. Interestingly, Bernard was not involved in the plans for litigating Stubblefield's claimed rights after his death, although he would have been the most informed participant. There may be more evidence about the 1892, 1898 and 1902 devices, but it has not been brought forward. Stubblefield's story does illustrate how the devices of an ambitious experimenter with limited financial resources could be absorbed by the heavy promotion of investors seeking to repeat a windfall like that of the Bell telephone. The Wireless Telephone Company of America had a long way to go to match the headline accomplishments of Marconi and other experimenters, and Stubblefield probably was correct when he concluded that the emphasis of the company was simply selling stock. Based on the available material, and the fact that wireless voice transmission evOlved from the experiments of several persons widely separated by time and geography. it is clear that Nathan B. Stubblefield did not ..invent radio broadcasting." His vision of "broadcasting news of every description," while not sensationally unique for the - -- - ,. •r .,. , , , ~'rP 1-1.....~.. ,. ..~. 1111..,...,..,..... I-I~ ~.- -., - ~ ' . ~ - he quietly lived out his existence in a small shack about nine miles nonh of Murray. Some observers reported seeing mysterious lights and hearing weird sounds in the vicinity of Stubblefield's home. Two weeks before his death, Stubblefield visited with a neighbor, Mrs. L. E. Owen. He asked her to write his life story, since, "I've lived fifty years before my time. The past is nothing. I have perfected now the greatest invention the world has ever known. I've taken light from the air and earth as I did sound." And he told her about a ·~hole hillside that would blossom with light."la About two weeks later, on March 30, 1928, a neighbor discovered Stubblefield's dead body in the shack, which was locked from the inside. Nothing else was discovered except a few scraps of paper and portions of his apparatus. On March 28, I930 Murray ctuzens and two of Stubblefield's daughters unveiled a small monument to his memory. Since the~ several prominent Murray citizens and others interested in gaining recognition for Stubblefield have gathered evidence to support the claim that he "invented radio." Patent papers, correspondence, news- paper marerials. affidavits, parts of the original coils and equipment are open to the public at Murray, Kentucky. Conn Linn and one of Stubblefield's sons, Nathan, Jr., traced the wireless patents with a view of filing an infringement suit. Linn told a newspaper reporter that the lawsuit ..... would have upset the financial structure of the radio world and required an accounting of profits worth millions since radio began its career."39 An undisclosed New York law firm told Linn that their claims were in order and could be verified '4 ••• to the final detail... But the statute of limitations for the filing of a claim ha5 passed. In 1950, Linn wrote to Vernon Stubblefield, a cousin of the early experimenter: "I went with him to Washington, and helped secure his initial patents. Had I stayed there, and helped him finish the job, he might have been living today as a world renowned inventor, and both of u.s rich enough to make John D. Rockefeller look like a piker. Don•t you think I am right about it?"•0 Comment Stubblefield did transmit voice without wires as early as 1892. There is enough corroborative evidence in the form of affidavits, letters. newspaper accounts, photographs and drawings to conclude that the -- - - - - - patent on April 5, 1907 which was granted on May 12, 1908. His system was now limited to wireless voice communication between moving trains and way stations, moving highway carriages and way stations, and ship-to-shore communications. It was a uland mobile·• system instead of a ..broadcasting" one. The letters patent specifically included the use of a stationary ..transmitter'' and "antenna/' with receiver-equipped mobile vehicles passing adjacent to the elevated "antenna." This ,language was contained in the letters patent: Surrounding the path of travel of the vessel, and preferably elevated oo poles • . . is a coil of considerable magnitude. This coil . . • consists of an outer casing . . . within which is placed a conducting wire comprising a plurality of convolutions . . • each of which is insulated from the other. . . • In principle, Stubblefield's 1907 device envisioned the transmitter operator, speaking into a telephone transmitter and through the circuit, producing a varying current corresponding to that passing through the coil of great magnitude [which) . . . will be inducted in the coil [in the receiver] and the speech or other sounds will be transmitted to the operator on the boat.le A similar system was depicted in what appeared to be an earlier design located among the Stubblefield Papers, and involving a transAtlantic system using a submerged wire, whose idea was to induct signals to ships on the surface. The 1908 Stubblefield letters patent were quite vague technically. except with respect to the point on the use of electrostatic inductance to accomplish voice transmission. This has been corroborared by Stubblefietd•s son Bernard, who, at age 82, recalled that his father used two systems of wireless telephony. One was based on "ground radiation,. and another on some kind of ..magnetic radiation... He could not recall the details of each system precisely. But he stated that the devices used in the early wireless experiments did not contain an apparatus enabling the production of sustained and high-speed oscillations. After the 1908 patent was granted, nothing significant occurred in the technical development or corrunercial exploitation of Stubblefield·s wireless telephone. In 1913, some officials of WTCA, including Collins, were convicted of mail fraud. 31 Except for an occasional experiment, observed by some of Stubblefietd•s neighbors at a distance, - - - - - - - ducted his experiments in Murray, also had developed a wireless telephone system. Collins attended two of Stubblefield's Philadelphia demonstrations and, according to a fiyer later printed by WTCA, he had published an optimistic account of the company's future in the June 28, 1902 issue of Electrical World and Engineer. From the standpoint of appearance, the only difference between the Stubblefield and Collins system at the time was that Collins used small zincwire screens instead of nickel-plated iron balls on top of steel rods.30 Collins was well-published in the scientific journals. With his emergence in the WfCA stock promotion, Stubblefield's device appeared to have lesser significance. Since that time, a few persons, in their efforts to seek recognition for Stubblefield, have claimed that Collins and others acted in collusion to steal the Stubblefield system. There is some circumstantial evidence supporting that view, but it is not conclusive. 31 After the Philadelphia tests, some unknown events occurred which caused Stubblefield's withdrawal from the company. He had previously signed over all his patent rights to the company in exchang.e for stock. On June 19. 1902 he wrote the secretary of WTCA charging that one of the stock promoters was u ••• practicing fraud or deception as usual. . ... Stubblefield's letter showed him to be obviously disturbed about an undisclosed incident, indicating that the practice was swindling him ••... out of my inventions, and the defrauding of the public.. .''3: Another incident possibly related to Stubblefield's letter occurred during the Washingto~ D. C. demonstration. He told an old friend that someone wantedStubblefield to use a wire connection between the transmitter and receiver during the tests on land. "... They said they- could sell more stock that way. I wouldn't do it."lS Stubblefield returned to Murray referring to the New York ..crowd" as "damned rascals."3• In August 1902 \VTCA distributed shares of stock. The promotional brochures made a distinction between the Collins and Stubblefield systems, but did not in