BY DAVID W. THOMSON III AND JLM D. BOURASSA Unified Force Theory, Dark Matetr and Consciousness Illustrations by Jon Lomberg SECRETS OF .THE Cover Illustration Pictured here is the Aether Unit. The "surface of distributed frequency' represents by the double sphere, and relates to electrostatic charge. Forward, linear time is but one aspect of quanttun frequency. Forward time and space come together when dark matter enters the rotating magnetic field of the Aether, and produces the subatomic particles of visible matter. Subatomic "particles" exist at various levels of geometry. Mass has circular geometry. The electrostatic charge is spherical in geometry. The strong charge (or electromagnetic charge) has toroidal geometry. All physical existence comes together in the Aether, which has double loxodrome geometry. QUANTUM AETHERDYNAMICS INSTITUTE Secrets of the Aether Ue.av Anliol l3e51 W,'rhe5 I� y6ur 51-Vel,! of Itze 4� fiAe I pit 'I 5"(�5 //Iode !. Unified Force Theory, Dark Matter and Consciousness Third Edition 2007 ISBN: 0-9768128-2-7 2004,2005 - TXul-224-594 © Quantum AetherDynamics Institute 518 Illinois St., Alma, IL 62807 Published by The Aenor Trust POBox 4706 Salem, OR 97302 SECRETS OF THE AETHER A special thank you goes to Angelyn Ray forher invaluable volunteerediting of the Secrets of the Aethermanuscript, and forpolishing it from draft fonn to final copy; and to Lorisa GanlinerofThe AenorTrust forherassistance with editing and publishing. We also thank ColleenThomas formaking it hermission to get the AetherPhysics Model out to the public. Table of Contents PREFACE IX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• The Crisis in Physics ....................... ix Re-discovering the Aether............... ix Einstein's Question An swered......... ix QADI's Aether Physics Model........... x QUANTUM STRUCTURE ........ 13 Not Just for Physicists . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . 15 Scope of the APM . .. ..... . .. .... . ..... . 16 A New Dimensional Analysis ...... 19 Systems of Measurement . . .. . . ..... 20 Units of Dimensions..... .. . .. ... .... .. . 23 Quantum Constants........... .. ... . . . . 24 ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 27 The Aether ............ .......... . .. . . . . . . .. 30 Einstein's Aether . ... 32 ...... ................ .. Dyn amic Space . . . . .. 34 ... .............. . . .. ... Geometric Structure of Aether ....... 35 The Physical Universe .. .... . . ........ 37 Unified Force Theory. . .. ...... ... ..... 38 Primary Angular Momentum . . .... . 39 Zero Point Energy ... .. . .. . 42 . ...... .. ... . GFORCE 43 ................................. What is the Gforce? . . . .. . . . ... . . ... ... 43 Gforce in Three Manifestations . .. 45 Quantum Measurements .. ........ ... .. 46 Electromagnetic Structure . ..... ....... 48 Electrostatic Structure . . . . .... .... ..... ... 50 Gravitational Structure. ... ........ . ..... . 51 The Cause of Existence. .. ... ..... ... 52 AETHER 55 ................................. The Shape of "Emptiness".... .. .. .. 59 What the Aether is . . . .. . not . . . . ... ... 61 Aether Unit.. ..... .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . ....... . . 63 Spin Structure ............................ 65 Aether Dipoles............................ 66 Aether Structures ....................... 67 Granular Aether Structures ............ 71 Golden Ratio .............................. 79 Pythagorean Concepts ............... 79 Structure of Atomic Nuclei .......... 83 Science of Complexity.......... .. .. .. 86 DIMENSiONS 89 .......................... Definition of Dimension............... 90 . Miscon ception s of Mass ..... . ......... 91 E does not equal m . . 92 ........ ....... ....... Nature of Dimensions ................. 93 Linear and . . . . Distributed. . ...... . . .. . 94 Length and Reciprocal Length.... 95 Single Dimension Length .. ...... ....... 95 Distributed Dimension Length........ 96 Three Dimensional Length 96 .............. Time and Reciprocal Time ..........96 . Single Dimension Time . . ...... ... ..... ..97 Distributed Time . . . . . 99 . ..... .. ........ ... ...... . Distributed Frequency. ......... . 100 ... .... . . 102 Static Frequency . ...... ..... ............ . Mass and Reciprocal Mass ....... 102 Single Dimension Mass . . . 104 . ... ......... Charge and Reciprocal Charge. 105 Single Dimension 105 Charge . . ..... . ..... Distributed Dimension Charge......106 Geometry.................................. 106 Spherical Constant . . . 106 .. .. .. .............. 41t in Unified Charge Equation. ... ..108 Distributed Spherical Constant 109 ..... UNITS 111 ....................... 11 •••••••••• Quantum Units.......................... 111 Converting Charge Dimensions 112 .... Magnetic Moment. .. 113 ........ ... ........... Comparing Magnetic Moments.. ...115 Changes . . . . 116 ..................... ... .. .. ....... New Units ................................. 118 Photon . . .. . . . . 118 ... ........ ....... ... ..... ..... ... Light. . . . .. 119 ..... . ................ ............ ...... Eddy Current .. . . . . . 119 .. ............ ..... ... . .. Gyration . . .. . . 123 . .............. ......... . . ........ Friction .. . . . .. 123 .. . ............ .. .. ................ Drag 124 .............................................. Reson ance . . . . . 124 ......... . ... .. ....... ........ Diverging Electric Field. . 129 .......... ..... Irradiance . . . ... . .. 129 . . . ................ . ....... .. . . 129 Temperature.. . . . ... ... . .. ..... . ........... Units Grid.................................. 130 Supportive Electromagnetic Units.131 Opposing Electromagnetic Units...132 Electric Units 1..............................133 Electric Units 2 .............................. 133 Electric Units 3..............................134 Inertial Units 1...............................135 In ertial Units 2 . . . .135 . ..... ................ ..... Inertial Units 3...............................136 Length/Frequency Units 1.............137 Length/Frequency Units 2.............137 More Example Calculations....... 138 Kinetic Energy . .. . . 140 ....... . .......... ... .... CONSTANTS 147 ........................ Analyzing the Constants ...........148 Electromagnetic Constant... . ... 148 ...... 148 Coulomb's Constant . .................... Constant Speed of Light.. . . .... ... 150 .... C2 Constant . ... ..............,...............152 . . . . 156 Orders of Motion . . ......... .... ...... .. . Conductance Constant .. .......... . .. .157 Permeability Constant...................160 Permittivity Constant.. . 160 ................ .. Planck's Constant.. . .. 161 . . ........... ..... .. Newton Gravitational Constant.....163 Fine Structure Constants .. ... . . . 1 ...... 65 SECRETS OF THE , AETHER g-factor Constants ........... "...........166 Gyromagnetic Ratio . . 171 ... ..... ......... ... Aether Pressure and Density . ...... .172 ANGULAR MOMENTUM........ 173 General Structure......................175 The Electron ............................. 175 The Proton................................178 The Neutron..............................180 Proton -Neutron Angular Momenta 182 The Neutrino 182 ................................. Further Neutrino In sights 184 .............. The Photon...............................188 Graviton....................................191 Positron .................................... 191 Anti-Proton................................ 192 Exotic Collision Effects..............192 UNIFIED FORCE THEORY .... 193 Elementary Charge...................195 Strong Charge ..........................196 'Weak Interaction".....................198 Force Laws...............................200 Electrostatic Force Law.............200 Gravitational Law ......................201 Strong Force Law......................201 Relative Force Strengths...........204 More on the Stron g Force 205 ............. Casimir Effect 207 ............................... General Relativity Theory..... .....210 . Special Relativity Theory ... 211 .......... Natural Log ...............................212 ATOMIC MECHANICS 213 ••••••••••• Photon Mechanics ....................217 Light Radiation..........................219 Absorption 221 .................................... Emission 221 ....................................... The Dimensions of Light.. 222 ............. Power 222 ................................... ........ I rradiance 222 ...................................... Gravitation Generated Photons 223 .... Fields........................................223 Magnetic Field . 224 ........ ................. .... Magnetic Field Intensity 225 ................ Electric Field . . . 225 .. ..... ............. .. ........ . . Electric Field Strength.. ...... 225 ......... Field Interactions 226 . ........... .............. Nuclear Binding Force...............228 Nuclear Binding En ergy 229 ...... . . ........ Electron Binding Energy............234 Meaning of Kinetic Energy 235 ............ Toroidal Structure of the Electron .235 . Hydrogen Binding En ergy ......... ...235 Helium Binding Energy 236 ................. Other Binding En ergies 238 . ................ Sample Detailed Calculations.......241 Conclusion .. 243 .................. ................ Addendum 243 . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . Energy from the Aether ...... .. .....246 Expanding Un iverse 249 ...................... 250 Big Bang - Slow Bang .................. Magnecules 250 ............. ..................... PHILOSOPHY 253 ....................... What is Reality? ....................... 253 Motion ...................................... 257 Flow ......................................... 258 Orgonomy ................................ 259 Health and Healing ................... 261 Form and Beauty...................... 262 God.......................................... 265 Consciousness ......................... 266 Truth ........................................ 269 War and Peace......................... 270 BIRTH OF THE APM 273 ............. Discussions .............................. 276 Partnership............................... 279 THE BEGINNING 289 .................. APPENDICES 292 ........................ Appendix I - Known Constants. 292 Appendix /I - New Constants..... 293 Glossary................................... 297 APM Highlights......................... 300 New from Aether Physics Model...300 Corrections to Standard Model 300 ..... New System of Quantum Units 300 ..... CREDITS 301 ............................... INDEX 302 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Quantum AetherDynamics Institute owns the Aether unit related graphics in Secrets of the Aether, which may not appear in any other publication or commercial work without the express permission of Quantum AetherDynamics Institute. All the new physics terms, marks, and names presented in the Aether Physics Model are released to the public domain and may not be trademarked, patented, or copyrighted by any other individual or entity. The new concepts, new methods, and new theories presented in the Aether Physics Model are also released to the public domain. Concepts, methods, and theories originating with the Aether Physics Model and released to the public domain may not be patented, trademarked, or copyrighted. The work comprising the totality of "Secrets of the Aether" is called the Aether Physics Model and no chapter of the Aether Physics Model may be substantially reproduced or distributed by any means possible without the express written permission of the Quantum AetherDynamics Institute. Quotations and citations of the Aether Physics Model may be reproduced within the limits of the Fair Use guidelines of the United States copyright laws when proper credit is given. vii SECRETS 0 F THE 'AETHER vIII PREFACE The Crisis in Physics What a complicated puzzle the world of phy.5ics is now! There are endless generations of particles, dark energy that seemingly causes the universe to expand, MTheories, string theories, super symmetry, and on and on. Quantum mechanics, domain of the very small, and general relativity, domain of the very large, are the pilsarl of modem phy.5ics. However, they can't be unified within the curernt Standard Model. It seems that the search for a "Grand Unification Theory" is leading to a reevaluation of the very fundamentals of phy.5ical science. Re-discovering the Aether What if the ancient and universal idea of Aether proved to be the true foundation of reality? Acknowledgment of the Aether solves many problems in phy.5ics. A dynamic Aether would explain some of the most complex difficulties in the Standard Model. Imagine that the universe is an ocean of living energy. As the search for the true nature of space-time gains momentum, we are seeing that new discoveries and theories in space-time look more and more like the ancient concept of the Aether. Instead of space being emptiness, a void of nothingness, it begins to appear that space is the mother of everything. The "Quantum Foam" of the modem phy.5icist is a vibrant and dynamic caldron. Vacuum Energy is being explored for potential as a source of endless energy. As Dark Energy, it is explaining how the universe expands at an increasing rate. Because of breakthroughs in the precise measurement of the amount of mass in the universe (measurements of cosmic background radiation, galactic distribution, and supernovae speed), we now know that ordinarymatter and energy play a minor part. The Aether could explain the "missing mass" in the universe. The major paradigm shift is that space-time is a thing. Space-time is like a fluid. We give space-time a name, to differentiate it from the concept of a void of nothingness. That name is Aether, a tnbute to the ancient term for the firmament above Earth. Once you understand that all matter obtains its nature within the active "stage" of the Aether, then a holistic explanation appears that could be called nothing other than a Theory of Everything. Einstein's Question Answered Maxwell's phy.5ics suggested that space is occupied by a light-conducting medium, which he called the "Aether." In 1887 Michelson and Morley Ix SECRETS OF THE AETHER designed an experiment (the MMX} to find this Aether. They used an interferometer to compare the speed of light in the direction of the earth's 30-km/sec motion around the sun with that at right angles to this motion. To their smprise, they found no fringe shift, indicating that the speed of light was the same in all directions. This result is known as the MMX null result. In spite of the null result of the MMX, :Michelson remained a firm believer in the existence of Aether until his death. The problem was they were searching for an Aether they assumed was at absolute rest, a stationary and solid Aether. That incorrect assumption and the inability to find an "Aether wind" caused physicists to dismiss the Aether for over a century. A recent Scientific American article called "An ECHO of Black Holes" (December 2005 issue) postulates that space-time is literally a kind of fluid, like the ether of pre-Einsteinian physics. In the article, Professors Jacobson and Parentani state: "The unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics may lead us to abandon the idealization of continuous space and time and to discover the atoms of spacetime." The greatest discovety in science was the verification that all matter is composed of atoms, first proposed in 1803 by English chemist John Dalton. All disciplines of science are derived from that fact. The second greatest theoty came in 1905 when Einstein published general relativity, showing that the presence of mass and energy "curves" space-time, and this curvature affects the path of free particles (and even the path of light). We believe that the third greatest theoty, which is introduced in this book as the Aether Physics Model, is that all particles and fields have their basis in a dynamic, quantum-scale Aether. Einstein tried unsuccessfully during the last 30 years of his life to develop a theoty that would represent forces and material particles by fields only, in which particles would be regions of vety high field intensity. As a "knot" in space-time, a toroidal vortex of Aether explains the spin, charge, and mass of fundamental particles and provides the answer that Einstein searched for. In this book, we define the Aether Unit's geometry-and spin structure. As shown on the book cover, this 5-D representation includes three dimensions of length and two dimensions of frequency. We call this "space-resonance", and the parameters were induced directly from empirical measurements of electrons, protons, Coulomb's constant, the Newton gravitational constant, Planck's constant, the speed of light, and the penneability and permittivityof space. QADI's Aether Physics Model In February, 2002, David Thomson III discovered the Aether Physics ModeL I was seeking a mathematical basis for my Planck-scale Aether hypothesis. We decided to join our research, resources, and talents to fully develop the model, and incorporated the Quantum AetherDynamics Institute in 2004, with my position as Executive Director and Mr. Thomson as Science Director. Since then, our combined efforts have x produced substantial progress in the field of quantum physics and we are poised to create the next major revolution in physics. Our Aether Physics Model is mathematically viable and bases on the same empirical data as established physics. However, the theory goes much further, becoming the "Grand Unification Theory" by unifying the four known interactions, or forces - the strong, electromagnetic, weak and gravitational forces. Using the principle of reductionism, the forces are unified by a simple set of genernllaws explainable by the fabric of space­ time itself. Among other accomplishments, from first principles the Aether Physics Model accurately predicts the relative strengths of the forces, and the 1s 'orbital' electron binding energy for all the elements. We show that the fundamental constants in physics are not just random values, but have an exact value based upon a quantum-scale, dynamic Aether (the Aether unit has a precise value equal to Coulomb's constant times 161t2). The Aether Physics Model is stunnig in that it mathematically predicts and explains the measured values of physics with striking precision. If you are educated in the traditional Standard Model of Particles and Fields, I urge you to put aside your natural tendency toward automatic rejection of the revolutionary ideas in this book Open your mind to the Secrets of the Aether, for the riches you find here will be worth the effort of changing your opinion about the Aether. Understanding of the Universe can only start with an appreciation of the Aether. Within the chapters of this book, we will show that the Aether is a fabric of quantum rotating magnetic fields with electromagnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational dipole structures. Our theory identifies subatomic particles as angular momentum encapsulated in a quantum, rotating magnetic field With this model, all quantum, atomic, and molecular processes can now be precisely modeled, leading to discrete physics with new understandings . and insights. The theory is testable, coherent, mathematically derived, empiricallybased, and uses easY'to-understand Newtonian equations. Since the first edition of this book appeared in 2004, we have achieved many major milestones. We were invited to present our flagship paper, A New Foundation for Physics, before distinguhis ed scientists at the Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory conference held in London, in September, 2006. Our presentation was also covered by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The paper was published in the September/October 2006 edition of Infinite Energy :Magazine. A favorable editorial appeared on United Press International. Two more papers, Calculating the Unified Force Theory and Electron Binding Energies, have been accepted by the Hadronic Journal, a peer reviewed physics journaL We are in ongoing communication with dozens of physics PhD's. We now have an Executive Board, a growing Advisory Board, and a dedicated team of volunteers. Now that the Aether Physics Model quantifies the quantum structure and we xl SECRETS O F THE AETHER have produced our fIrst set of equations, the analysis must develop further unril it explains all aspects of the atom We should then be able to quantify the structurla aspects of asos ciated molecules. No other theory has ever come close to matching the scope and promise of the Aether Physics ModeL Beyond a revolutionary paradigm of the fundamental laws and taking all the disciplines of science to a new level, prnctical applications of availing the Aether could include benefits to humanity such as anti-gravity, clean energy, and fully developing biotechnology and nanotechnology. Welcome to the Aether Age! Jim D. Bourassa Executive Director Quantum AetherDynamics Institute xii QU A N T U M S T R U C T U R E QUANTUM STRUCTURE Tlx:AakrPhy;i£s Mali is a dislYf!term:Jd ifquaniWns/:iu(Jf:(IJ? While this book will showalternative explanations of certain Standard Model concepts of quantum structure, it is a tribute to the genius of the thousands of physicists and engineers contributing to the Standard Model theories and data. The Aether Physics Model depends on the empirically derived data that made the Standard Model useful. standard Model - Definition A model of fundamental forces and parricles that explains their behavior and interactions in terms of symetmire s and the destruction of symeeritm s.' The Standard Model of Parricle Physics, generally referred to as "Standard Model," is the name given to the curernt theory of fundamental parricles and their interaction. This theory includes: • Strong interactions due to the color charges2 of quarks and gluons. • A combined theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction, known as electroweak theory, that introduces W and Z bosons as the carrier parricles of weak processes, and photons as mediators to electromagnetic interactions.' I The American Heritage@ Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright C 2003 by Houghton Miflinf Company. 2 QUANTUM CBROMODYNAMICS (QCD), quantum field them}' that describes the propeeries of the strong interactions between quarks and between protons and neutrons in the framework of quantwn theory. Quarks possess a distinctive property called color that governs their binding together to form other elementary particles. Analogous to electric charge in charged panicles, color is of three varieties, arbitrarily designated as red, blue, and yellow, and-analogous to positive and negative charges-three anticolor varieties. JUSt as positively and negatively charged particles form electrically neutral atoms, colored quarks form particles with no net color. Quarks interact by emitting and absorbing massless panicles called gluons, each of which careris a color-anticolor pair. Eight kinds of gluons are required to tranSmit the strong force between quarks, e.g., a blue quark might interact with a yellow quark by exchanging a blue-antiyellow gluoIL "Quantum Ouomodynamics," TheColumbjaEDQ$lopedai. 6th ed. 3 WAND Z PARTIaES elementaryparticles that mediate, or can]", the fundamental force associated with 13 SECRETS OF THE AETHER The Standard Model includes (or excludes) many other theories concerning particle snucture and behavior, depending on which authority is consulted In general, at least as far as this book is concerned, the Standard Model includes all accepted modem theories contributing to the understanding of particle behavior insofar as particles are labeled photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, muons, pi mesons, quaffis, tau, and there are numerous others. Moreover, since the "mass equivalence to energy" paradigm is often a part of the explanation of Standard Model theory; the Standard Model may sometimes be interpreted to include Einstein's Special Relativity theOlY. TJx: Standard Mall is a ailaticn if interprftaims! � quantum jiJ;sUd do�, Wile tkAeJkrPbps Mallis at tim:s a wy rJjij!n}£r interpreamit iftk sam data. Therefore, we will refute some of the paradigms of the Standard Model and replace them with different paradigms from the Aether Physics ModeL The process of the Standard Model, more often than not, predicts subatomic behavior based on macro object characteristics (bildrlia ball particles with momentum, mass equals maner, fuel equals energy, force equals mass times acceleration, etc). The Aether Physics Model begins with quantum constants, looks for fundamental patterns, and then mathematically and dimensionally develops the theoty of subatomic snucture while allowing for new paradigms (primary angular momentum, non-material existence as the ultimate source of physical existence, geometric snucture of charge, Unified Force Theory, etc). This book is a foundational introduction to the Aether Physics Model, which, including a completed Unified Force Theory, already explains many previously unanswered physics questions. Nevenheless, there are at least a few unfinished concepts presented in this book as welL The Aether Physics Model is so fruitful in revealing the nue nature of the world that it will require decades to complete it in every aspect. So in some cases the reader receives as much of the theory as has been so far developed, with occasional suggestions for funher development of a specific newphysics concept. There is no claim that the Aether Physics Model is complete or that this book provides all the answers a physicist could ask The reader will not want to throwaway their Standard Model texts and rely solely on the Aether Physics Model, at least not Jet. Much work remains to bring the Aether Physics Model to par with the Standard Model. As part of our ongoing research and the fruitfulness of the Aether Physics Model, this third edition contains significant adodit ns to theory, and it drops some sections that were included in the first and second editions. weak interactions. The discove'Yof the W and Z particles at CERN (the European Laborato'Yfor Panicle Physics) in Geneva, Switzerland, in the early 1980s "WaS an impoltant confinnation of electroweak theory, -which unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces. The W and Z panicles are quite massive for elementary" particlesj they are roughly 100 times as massive as the proton. "Wand Z Panicles," The Columbia En�lopedai 6th ed. 14 -- -- - ----- --- QUANTUM STRUCTURE It is important to point out that the Standard Model is also not complete. And while the Standard Model may presendy provide numerical answers to problems not curnre dy addressed by the Aether Physics Model (half­ life of atoms, for example), the Aether Physics Model already provides key solutions to physics not presendy solved by the Standard Model (a Unified Force Theory, for example). It Wlllikrly � mmyph;sUists am errsngiE to an{iete tl:-eAetherPh;5i£s Maid, just as it ta:k mmyph;sUists mmy )WS totkuiq;tl:-eStardvriMail. The foremost difference betwene the Standard Model and the Aether Physics Model is in the systems used to analyze the data The Standard Model often removes all dimensions from the data and treats the data as numerical entities. This allows physicists to intentionally or inadvertendy stretch the rules of reality, invent unfounded rules, convert one physical order of reality into another, or skip over poorly understood natural physical structures. In the Aether Physics Model, the data collects in its dimensional and geometric form, processes in its dimensional and geometric form, and the equations materialize in dimensional and geometric form There is no room for rnisintetpretation of the physical structures or the data since we always account for the dimensions and geometry. Also, by keeping the dimensions and geometry with the data and the equations, the physicist is forced to give up old concepts of quantum structure when the dimensionally and geometrically analyzed processes don't allow for the maintenance of old conceptual structures. For example, the Aether unit and its geometry influence the physicist's guenodmeresttrayndreinmgam.ofporetsheenrtempirical constants, since the dimensions and One cannot convert the truth of the Aether's existence to non-existence "just because," as Albert Einstein reportedly did If the measurements and data show that the Aether unit exists, then the Aether unit exists whether or not modem physicists and engineers are clever enough to detect it direcdy. Not Just for Physicists This Aether Physics Model appeals to a wide rnnge of readers. Unlike the Standard Model of particle physics, nearly all the key equations in the Aether Physics Model flow with a basic understanding of algebra The Aether Physics Model has a potential audience of philosophical and religious communities, as well as the scientific community. Scientists, philosophers, and others will have an opportunity to explore this remarkably coherent, mathematically derived, and empirically based theory of quantum structure that unifies all of physical existence as well as certain aspects of consciousness. 15 S E C R E T S OF T H E A E T H E R There is an absolute truth regarding the nature of the physical world, and as will be seen in these pages, the physical world appears to have a non­ material origin. The physical world precisely quantifies because the underlying dimensions and geomeuy that make up the physical world measurements are real. In addition, since the dimensions and geomeuy are real, then the origins of the dimensions and geomeuy must be real. Nevenheless, as we progress in reductionism, we eventualyl run out of physical things to observe. Therefore, just as it is appropriate to look for the physics themselves, it is appropriate to look for the origin of the physical world even if it is non-material. Interspersed ","th the physics in this book are metaphysical hypotheses. As is the case for all metaphysics, whether of science, religion, or philosophy, it is up to the reader to evaluate whether the metaphysical concepts have any meaning at all. Ultimately, if some part of us belongs to this Universe, and it appears it does since we interact ","th it, then the quest for the metaphysical origin of the Universe might also be a quest for the metaphysical origin of ourtrue existence. Just as we will see how physical existence never becomes a definite reality though we follow the progression from the level of dimensions toward the level of human existence, we also will understand how"self" apswp to share this inability to find definite reality. It would appear that our personal identity materializes from our complex perception of the physical world Perhaps as we explore the experience of our mind as it relates to each level of physical existence, we might fmd courage to familiariez ourselves ","th the non-material origin of our existence and experience a true and complete metaphysical experience. Scope of the APM Many structural concepts from the Standard Model sub-theories, such as wave-particle duality, color forces5, flavors', up and down characteristics', and the equivalence of energy and mass' have no meaning ","thin the Aether Physics Model. These concepts and others fade behind a single structural theory of angular momentum and Aether units, revealing a fresh paradigm for understanding physical structures, which is self- , "Light," Theo, 6th ed. s nQuarks possess a distinctive property called color that governs their binding together to fonn other elementary particles" "Quantum Chromndynamics," TheColumbiaEn"p"adQIei 6th eel 6 "'This panicle, a meson, was made of a fourth flavor of quark. called charm. (Since then two more flavors have been added to the menu: bottom, in 1976, and tOp, in 1995. Each of these six quarks has a corresponding 'antiquark,' bringing the total to 12)," Alex R Dzierba, Cutis A Meyer and Eric S. Swanson, "The Search for QCD Exotics,· American Scientist Sept. 200::>: 406 7 �The quarks found in ordinary mattre are the up and dovm quarks, from which protons and neutrons are made. A proton, for instance, consists of two up quarks and a dovm quark, and a neutron consists of two down quarks and an up quark." "Elementary Particles," Theo, 6th ed. S "According to the law of mass - energy equivalence, developed by Alben Einstein as pan of his theory of relativity, a quantity of matter of mass m possesses an intrinsic rest mass energy E given by E = mcl, where c is the speed of light." "Matter," TheCAlumbiaEns;yclopedja 6th eel 16 consistent throughout. QU A N T U M S T R U C T U R E Note The foundation for the Aether Physics Model is the same empirical data used by the Standard Model However, we 1 must understand the Aether Physics Model within its own context and not necessarily within the context of Standard Model concepts. , " e �. "" Most of modem physics laws also cany over to the Aether Physics Model Ohm's law, the force laws, conservation laws, and nearlyall other physics laws operate the same in both models, although the dimensions of the units maybe different where charge is concerned The Aether Physics Model (APM) begins as an ontological' structural model based on empirical data. The ontology of the APM begins with the proper understanding of dimension and measurement, and with the understanding that space-timelO is equallyas important as the matter that resides within it. In tum, space-time is just one aspect of the Aether unit. Aether implies more qualities to space-time than merely the dimensions of length and time. In addition to length and time, the Aether also includes the dimensions of mass and charge. And as odd as it may initiallysound, charge has solid angle geometry. Space-time is actually space-resonance, as will be discussed later. The Standard Model of Particle Physics describes electrons, photons, protons, neutrons, and even things like gluons and qualisl as "particles." In the Aether Physics Model, these "particles" are not solid, nor are they pieces of something solid The verybasic form of physical existence is termed "primary angulat momentum" when discussing its mechanical structure. \1V'hen discussing a stable form of primary angulat momentum in general, we will call it "ann" (onta when plural)11. \1V'hatever process it was that first thrust onta into existence, it is the Aether that maintains the ann spin, and accordinglythe structure of all physical matter. Though it may sound counterintuitive at first, physical matter, as we know it, is actually a trace of the Aether. In other words, physical shape actually comes from non-material Aether, and is not an inherent property of matter. · . . .' . z 9 Deftnition: Ontological" "Of or relating to essence or the nature of being." 10 Definition: Space-rime - "The four-dimensional continuum of one temporal and three spatial coordinates in which any event or physical object is located" Space-resonance is the five­ dimensional continuum of two temporal and three spatial coordinates. 11 "There was a time when physicists regarded protons and electrons as particles, photons as waves. As we shall see later, this distinction can no longer be maintained. They are still often called "elementary particles," but as we shall also learn neither the word "elementary" nor the word "particle" fits the case. Let me name them simply onta (singular: on) after the Greek word for being (Ov, plural OV'[(l)." Hemy Margenau,.Qpm VistaS, PhilosophPcial erspectivesof ModemScience (New Haven, Cf: Yale UniversityPress, 1961) 118. 17 SECRETS OF THE AETHER F� sirxE rn:Itetr is cm1J1inrl WthinAe1kr, rn:Itert dre; ra rrme in sp1lE-tir.rP Ratkr, sp1lE-tirrP. rrIJ1l5 rdLttri:e to itsdf Matet r is carired through space-time like dust is carried in the wind and algae is carir ed in ocean currents. Aether has a fluid characteristic such that one region of space-time can flow past another region, like the Gulf Stream can flow past the Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Strictly speaking, neither time travel nor space travel is possible. Only the reargrain of the Aether is possible, and hence, certain relativistic-like effects seem to occur. A distinction rises between stable matter and collision effects in the Aether Physics Model Electrons and protons are two stable forms of matter, as well as their anti-particles, the positron and anti-proton. Neutrons are composite particles of a proton and electron and they remain stable as long as the bound pair remains in an atomic nucleus. However, the muon, tau, quarks, and other extremely short-lived "observed particles" are merely collision or "unbinding" effects. The collision effects offer some insights into the processes of physics, but are of little more use for quantum structural science than crash tests are for automobile manufacturers. Although particle accelerators are useful technology, one has to question just how many we need It would be far more productive to focus our scientific inquiry- on the actual physical structures of stable matter, than to focus too much attention on collision effects. The Aether Physics Model is science that lends itself well to ontological philosophy. The ontology of the APM is perfect in that it reveals absolute knowledge at the quantum leve� is based on empirical data, and it appeals to common sense. The APM is a kind of creation theory that shows a logical evolution of non-material, but re� dimensions into complex forms of physical existence. Conversely, one could also look at the Aether Physics Model as a perfect reductionism of physical structurse . Each physical form ultimately manifests as a collection of molecules, which in tum are collections of atoms. The atoms construct from units of angular momentum, and these units are composed of quantum measurements, which of physical perception arise from dimensions. Undoubtedly, the dimensions arise from a yet more primary, albeit non·material Source. This book focuses on that range of physical existence from dimensions to molecules. This book also explains how consciousness interfaces with physical existence. The reader should question whether reductionism should proceed as Zeno's paradox, whereby merely mathematical division reduces systems. However, if this were the case, what would be the physical principle for mathematically dividing something entity. If we reduce the entity, we find it builds from bodily organs and patts such as heart, liver, skeleton, and skin. We do not say that humans build from smaller humans. Similarly, the organs build from cells, which have a level of existence that is verydifferent from the organs. Moreover, the cells build from molecules, whih c are a more basic order of reality 18 Q U A N T U M STR U C T U R E than the cells. The atoms that make up the molecules are a }et more simplified order of existence than the molecules. The subatomic particles are yet a simpler order of existence than the atoms. :Moreover, the dimensions that make up the units of subatomic particles are a still more fundamental order of existence. So one needs to question whether the Standard :Model interpretation of so­ called "particles" is accurate since atoms are truly the smallest particles of physical matet r. :Molecules are systems of particles; and electrons, protons, and neutrons are subsystems of particles. By labeling everything a particle, the Standard :Model completely ignores the various observable taxonomies of existence. A New Dimensional Analysis The Aether Physics :Model makes extensive use of quantum measurement analysis, which is very similar to dimensional analysis12• Calculus equations are not necessary for understanding the essential structures of quantum existence. Therefore, the Aether Physics :Model is easier to comprehend than the Standard :Model concepts o f quantum structur.e Because the Aether Physics Model is fully compatible with dassical Mechanics Qogically modeled physical prr15xS(5), the APM is inherendy discrete. Theoretical,ly if a computer could compute faster than the speed of light, a computer model of the entire Universe could develop from the Aether Physics Model Just as the Standard :Model improperly classifies all forms of existence as particles, it has an ambiguous lexicon in other areas, too. In order to better use quantum measurement analysis, APM offers specific definitions for "unit," "measurement," "dimension," and "constant." Regardless of the variant definitions for these terms in our present culture, this bookwill use these words as defined in the following pages. There are two different uses of the term "unit" common in physics, namely units of measurement and units of dimensions. The differences between the two uses are significant when examining the structure of equations. Unit Definitions 1. Unit of Measurement - any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange; "the kilogram is the MKS unit of mass"; "a unit of frequencyis the Hertz" 2. Unit of Dimensions - an individual, group, structure, or other . I entity regarded as a structurla or functional constituent of a whole; "velocity is a unit equal to the dimensions of length per time"; "the dimensions of charge divided bytirne equal the unit of c=nt." 12 "The expression of any panicular quantity in terms of fundamental quantities is known as dimensional analysis and often provides physical insight into the results of a mathematical calculation." "Dimension, in Physics," TheColumbia Enc;ydqpedia, 6th ed. 19 S E C R E T S OF T H E A E T H E R In the case of the "unit of measurement," it would be far more logical if we simplycalel d it measurement, and not unit For example, we should call the kilogram the MKS "measurement" of mass, not its "unit" of mass. The term "unit" best defines, with regard to phy.;ics, a specific arerang ment of dimensions. This clarification would eliminate a lot of confusion. Systems ofMeasurement There are three generally accepted sy.;tems of measurement used in phy.;ics; cgs measurement, MKS measurement, and SI measurement. The hther Phy.;ics MOdel utilizes a new sy.;tem of measurement, based on quantum measurements. The SI definition here quotes verbatim from its original so= (unlike the MKS defmition just belo� because the SI sy.;tem is an unriu1.tan sy.;tem of measurement, which consists of units (the Ampere) as basic measurements. It is largelythe SI sy.;tem of measurements, and generally the lack of clear definitions for "measurement," "dirnension," and "unit," that petpetuate confusing terminology in our present sy.;tems of measurement Here is a brief overview of the various sy.;tems of measurement: r�""c'�o"'"s MalaU& amelits ==-'" A sy.;tem of measurement based on the metric sy.;tern, having the centimeter of length, the gram of mass, and the second of time as its fundamental units. Some cgs units are the dyne of force and the erg of wolk or energy. The measurements of the cgs sy.;rem are generally much smalel r than the comparable measurements of the MKS sy.;temn -, .. � . MKS Measurements 1I1:5��II'�'" A sy.;tem of measurement based on the metric sy.;tem and having the meter of length, the kilogram of mass, and the second of time as its fundamental ·measurements. Some MKS units include the newton of force, the joule of wolk or energy, and the watt of power. The measurements of the MKS sy.;tem are generally much larger and of a more practical size than the comparable measurements of the cgs sy.;tem The MKS sy.;tem provides the basis for the International Sy.;tem of Measurements (S1)14 and the new hther Phy.;ics MOdel quantum measurements. - J:. - _ . � ._ . __� 13 Paraphrased from "C{;s System ,It The Columbia EnC)dopedai. 6th ed. 14 Paraphrased from "Mks System," The ColumbiaEnQlClo�dai . 6th ed. 20 QUANTUM STRUCTURE 81 Malsaramet.bs - � INIERNATIONAL SYS1EM OF UNITS officially called the Sysreme International dUnites, or SI, system of units adopted by the 1 1th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1960). It is based on the metric system The basic units of length, mass, and time are those of the MKS system of metric units: the meter, kilogram, and second Other basic units are the ampere of electric curner t, the kelvin of temperature (a degree of temperature measured on the Kelvin temperature scale), the candela, or candle, of luminous intensity, and the mole, used to measure the amount of a substance present. All other units are derived from these basic unitsl'. Oment Definitions of SI Measurements by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIS1) as follows: The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second The kilogram is the unit of measure for mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilograml6• The second is the duration of 9,192,631 ,770 periods ofthe radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfme levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atoml7• The ampere is that constant curtner which, if maintained in two straight paralle conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x l0-7 newton per meter of length. The kelvin, unit of measurement for thermodynamci temperature, is the 1/273. 1 6 fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012kg of carlxJn 12; its symbol is "mol» Wben the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. 15 "International System of Units ," TheCplumbiaEncyclopedia , 6th ed. 16 "fundamental unit of mass in the metric sy.>teIll, defined as the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at 5evres, France, near Paris." "Kilogram," The Cplbajlw Enrn:;lopeclai , 6th ed. 17 "1 sec � 1/31,556,925.9747 of the length of the tropica l }"'U' for 1900. In 1967 the second was redefined to be 9,192,631,770 periods of vibration of the radiation emitted at a specific wavelength by an atom of cesium 133." "Second," TheColumbia EnQ'1;lopaied 6th ed. 21 SECRETS OF THE AETHER u.J��_ � �� The candela is the Iwninous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540xlOI' Hz and that has a radiant intensityin that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. Quantum Measurements: &cause the MKS system of measurements is most practical for everyday observations, it occurs frequentlyas the basic system of measurements throughout this book unless otherwise stated As already mentioned, the Aether Physics Model produces yet another system of measurements, devised so that all measurements base on the quantum length, quantum frequency, quantum masses, quantum charges, and the spherical constant. Quantum Meastlremelislt n APM � The quantum length is the Compton wavelengtht. and is equal to 2.4263 10238xlO·I'm t,. The symbol for the quantum length is lambda suire (Ad. &cause nearly all human-scale energy interactions at the subatomic level take place via the electron, the quantum mass is usually the mass of the electron and is equal to 9.1093826xlO·31kg 20• The symbol for the quantum mass ' is m suire (m.). When transactions occur with the proton, neutron or Aether, the symbol for the quantum mass is m sulrp, m sub-n, or m sub-a respectively ( ) mp ,m. ,m' . Consult Appendis I for the mass values of the proton, neutron, and Aether. The quantum frequency, symbol F sulrq (F,,), is equal to the speed of light divided by the quantum length and is 1 .23558998xlO,oHz . The reciprocal of the quantum frequencyis the quantumtime (symbol T sulrq, T,, ). 'I1 The quantum charges are the electrostatic charge (elementary charge squared) and electromagnetic charge. The electrostatic charge notates as . e' and is equal to 2.566969633xIO·38coul' . The electromagnetic charges : calculate from onn angular momentum and are equal to angular momentum times the conductance constant of the VAJIe1.tthteenr. The values are as eemax' , epmax" , shown later in this book and enmax , and ea' forthe eIectrou, are . --- 18 "The Compton 'Wavelength of any particle is given by the relationship. )"0 = h / roO c, where ).Q. is the Compton 'Wavelength, h is Planck's constant., mO is the rest mass of the panicle, and c is the velocity of light." Van Nostrond Company, Inc., VanNostrand's ScientificEOG)£lopaedi (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1968) 395. 19 http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-binlcuulValue?ecomwl l search_for-compton+wavelength 20 http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin!cuulValue?me I search_for-mass+electron 22 Q U A N T U M STR U C T U R E proton, neutron, and hther, respectively. Units such as temperature and light intensity base upon dimensions. For example, the unit for temperature is i.equivalent to the Sievert in the MKS system, and one degree Kelvin is equal to 286.966 Sieve�. .1 Because this new system rests on the Compton wavelength (quantum length), mass of the onta, and quantum frequency, we could refer to it as the system of quantum measurements. Units of Dimensions The Aether Physics Model distinguhsi es between units of measurement and units of dimensions. Nearly all of the units of dimensions in the Aether Physics Mldel are four letter variables that suggest their unit function. For example, cwrent is denoted as am; potential is pa:n, and resistance is rem. Ohm's lawwntten in Aether Physics Mldel units of dimensions is: potn = curr . resn The quantum measurements and quantum units can also serve as quantum constants. (The units from other systems of measurement are also constants, but they are not quantum constants). Two common quantum constants already in wide use are the quantum velocity and quantum angular momentum The quantum velocity is the speed of light and notates as the variable c . The quantum electron angular momentum is the Planck constant" and notates as h . (Ll) Units of dimension build from quantum measurements. For example, the unit of potential (pom) is a unit of dimension made up of quantum measurement: potn (1 .2) In the case of velocity, when the APM unit of dimension for velocity is used (velc) it can also be substituted with c . velc = AC · Fq = c Another exception to the four-letter rule is the quantum unit for energy. 1be Tibetan word "tshankha" means "energy with fon:e and power." Tshankha ceremoniously represents energy in the hther Physics Mldel, as the energy of stable onta has a sacred nature to it. (1.3) 21 "The first direct measurement of the quantum of action was obtained by J. Franck and G. HeltZ by liberating quantities of light through electronic impulses." W'here Is Scei nce Going? James Mmphy, Max Planck (NewYork, W.W. NortOn & o,mpanyInc., 1932) 59-60 23 SECRETS OF THE AETHER enrg = m, . Ae' . F,,' = tshankha also: ( 1 .4) tshankha = h . F" Since the electron quantifies as its angular momentum, tshankha is the angular momentum of the electron replicating (perpetuating) each quantum moment. Tshankha is thus the amount of energy expended each quantum moment by the Aether to keep "alive" one electron. Considering the number of electrons there are in the Universe, the Aether is indeed quite powetful and forceful to keep the spin of all onta perfectly consistent throughout all space and all time. Tshankha is also a reminder that the concepts of space and time as components of the physical world are highlydeveloped in the Tibetan Buddhist literature. ( 1 .5) In the Standard Mode� where variables such as m (for mass) and E (for ene� are used, the variables have dimensions but no values. As such, E = me' is not a true equation, rather it is an expression (or formula). If E and m had inherent values, as does the constant e , then E would equal a single unit of energyand m would equal a single unit of mass. E = me' joule = kg · 8.988x l 016 - smec- ', joule kg · ­ m' sec' 8.988x l 016 1 * 8.988x l 016 E is not mathemarically equal to me' , which in tum means that the "equarion" so often atbnt uted to Einstein, that is E = me' , is not a true equality. In the Aether Physics Mode� constants appear in place of variables. A valid equation describing a unit concerning quantum physics would also appear in terms of quantum measurements. For example: ( 1 .6) E * mc' but tshankha = m, . Ae' . F,,' In the APM, all quantum units have a quantum measurement representarion. (1 .7) Quantum Constants As previously mentioned, all quantum measurements and quantum units in the Aether Physics Model are also constants. Most essential constants in 24 Q U A N T U M STR U C T URE the Aether Physics :Model alreadyexist in Classical physics22• Coulomb's constant (kc ) , the gravitational constant (G) , the speed of light (c) , permeability of free space (f.Lo ) , permitivity of free space (co ) , Planck's constant (h) , fine structure constant of the electron (a) , and the Compton wavelength (Ac ) retain the same values, dimensions, and nomenclature as in the Standard :Model The values and dimensions for each of these constants appear in the Appendix. New constants, based on the known constants of the Standard :Model, are identified, their putpose defined, and their utility revealed (page 1 18). New constants and quantum units also appear in the Appendix. One important new constant from the Aether Physics :Model is the conductance of the Aether (page 157), which is essential for calculating and understanding the nature of strong charge. There are many important new constants, new equations, and new understandings provided by the Aether Physics :Model Taken as a whole, these physics additions result in a new foundational paradigm diffeting significantlyfrom several Standard :Model paradigms. We remind the reader that the Aether Physics Model as presented in this book is no more complete than the Standard :Model The value of the Aether Physics :Model, however, lies in the fact that its paradigm begins with a firm foundation of quantum suuctural existence and develops in complexity toward the macro structural existence wtih which we are familiar. The APM also quantifies the metaphysical pre-existence of the physical world and the nature of consciousness. The Standard :Model, on the other hand, successfully discovered subatomic existence, but incorrectly concluded that collision effects and forces were elementary particles. Therefore, we move forward with the understanding that the Aether Physics :Model is a fresh begingni , based on a logical framework, which in tum derives from empirical data. We pursue the Aether Physics :Model, not because it is the answer to all our questions, but because it leads us to answers regarding quantum structure more readily than the Standard :Model with its discontinuous sub-models. 22 "Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics thatvrere recognized and fairly-well developed before the begingni of the 20th century; mechanics, sound, light, heat, and electricity and magnetism." "Physics," The ColumbiaEru:;vcldpoe ia. 6th ed. 25 SECRETS OF THE AETHER 28 O NTO L O G I C A L F O U N D ATI O N ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION Ontology defmes as, "the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being23." Physics defines as, "The science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two"." Physics is the study of mechanics and until now provided little insight into suucrte; however, the Aether Physics Model reveals physical structure and that its existence has a non­ material cause. The APM reveals a true ontology based upon physical data. Scientists claim that their physics models predict the data, a recurer nt theme throughout the Standard Model and Special Relativity Theory. However, the data is the result of the truth of existence, not of the creation of experiments and theory. The experiments rrT?dSure existence; they do not iltS1l Mt it. Theories and models merely explain the data. If the theory does not appeal to common sense, then what prevents us from replacing it with a better theory that does? The Aether Physics Model is that better theory. Scientists claim the Standard Model is convincing despite the fact that the model itself defies common sense when explaining quantum structure. There is no attempt to correct the logic of Standard Model structural theories, as the underlying physics assumptions will not allow it. Instead of finding better explanations for quantum structure, we hear the only important factor is a useable result with regard to quantum mechanics. The Standard Model of physics lists the elementary particles as quam, leptons, and force carrier particlesu. Quarks seem to appear to scientists when two stable protons or neutrons slatn together. The protons and neutrons break apatt with the same behavior each time, and the resulting pattern of debris results in what physicists call quam. The qua1ks have a 2l The American Heritage@ Dicrionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright " 2000 by Houghton Miffnli O>mpany. Updated in 2003. Published byHoughton Mifnlfi O>mpany. 24 "•.. This evidence allo-wed scientists to develop the Standard Model theory of matter, which states that all matter is made up of combinations of six quarks and six leptons that interact with three types of force particles."' " Taylor, Richard E.," The O>lumbiaEnG)'dopedia, 6th ed. SECRETS O F THE AETHER life span of about W12 second and an isolated quark has never been found25. Protons bave a "half life" of loJ2 years or more". Is it likelytbat such extremelyshort-lived quarks produce extremelylong-lived protons? If neutrons are made of quarks, then what about observations of neutrons decaying into protons and electrons27 and protons and electrons binding to produce neutrons"? Likewise, there are the force carrier "particles." Physicists speak of gluons29 as though theywere real particles", but what evidence is there for a gluon particle? Does it really make sense for force to manifest as a particle? Quantutn Theory'l (Quantutn :Mechanics) exarernu s the structure and bebavior of atoms and molecules. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle32 states tbat subatomic particles only exist as probability functions. Wave-particle duality theoty (complimentatity principle") states tbat subatomic particles can bebave like both particles and waves. Einstein's E = me2 has been interpreted as stating the dimension of mass and the unit of energy are equivalent. Of course, in recognition of the imu:ional nature of many Standard Model 25 "Quarks appear to alway.; be found in pairs or triplets with other quarks ard antiquarks- an �olated quarlc has never been found." "ElementaryPanicles," TheCplnmbiaEJ1C$:loidepa, 6th ed. 26 BanyParker. Einstejn's Dream· TheSearchfora1JojfiedTheoryofthe1Jnjverse (NewYork: Plenum Press, 1986) 257·8. 27 nIn beta decaya neutron within the nucleus changes to a proton. inthe process emitgnti an electron and an antineutrinon "Radioactivity," The Columbia EnQ'Clopeida 6th ed. 28 "Other, less common, types of radioactivity are electron capture (capture of one of the orbiting atomic electtons by the unstable nucleus) and positron emission- both fonns of beta decayand both resulting in the change of a proton to a neutronwithin the nucleus- an internal conversion... .. "Radioactivityn , Thecnlumbia Eo�IQpedai, 6th ed. 29 Definition: Gluon - A hypothetical massless, neutral elementary panicle believed to mediate the strong interaction that binds quarks together. JO "Gluons are massless, travel at the speed of light, and possess a property called color. Analogous to electric charge in charged particles, color is of three varieties, arbitrarily designated as red, blue, and yellow, and­ analogous to positive and negative charges- three anticolor varieties. Quarks change their color as they emit and absorb gluons, and the exchange of gluons maintains proper quarlc color balance." "GllIOn," lk CphnnbiaEru;yr:IQ12edia, 6th ed 31 "Modem physical theol]' concerned with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material panicles; the quantum theoryand the theoryof relativitytogether fonn the theoretical basis of modern phy.;ies." "Quantum Theo'}'," TheGolumbiaEn<;e;Ip<:dQa,i 6th ed. }2 " ••• on the scale of atoms and elementary panicles the effect of the uncertainty principle is vel]'important. Because of the uncertainties existing at this level, a picture of the submicroscopic wodd emerges as one of scacistical probabilities rather than measurable certainties." "Uncertainty Principle," The Columbia EOQ"Clopaj,de 6th00. " OOMPLEMENTARI1Y PRINGPLE . phy.;icaI principle enunciated by Niels Bohr in 1928 stating that certain physical concepts are complementary. If twO concepts are complementary, an experiment that clearly illustrates one concept will obscure the other complementary one. For example, an experiment that illustrates the partiele properties of light will not show any of the wave properties of light. This ptiociple also implies that only certain kinds of infomution can be gained in a particular experiment. Some other infomution that is equallyimportant cannotbe measured simultaneouslyand is lost. "ComplementarityPrinciple," TheColumbia Enc�IQped.ia 6th ed. 28 ONTOLOGICAL F O U N DATION principles, any respectable physicist will tell you not to take Standard Model physics concepts literally with regard to quantum struture. We hear that physics models are merely abstract concepts of a poorly understood topic. Modem physics ignores any hint of a non-material, creating force for the Universe; it too closely resembles Deity as described in many world religions. Yet modem physics invents hypothetical particles with color, flavor, up down characteristics, and gluons, that mayor maynot exist due to probabilities. It is as though the Standard Model exists to deny the Universe has a Oeator, onlyto spread belief in its own myths. As we enter the 2 1� century, our measurement equipment and the materials we work with have reached a very high level of sophistication. We now know the constants of the subatomic realm to a much greater degree of accuracy than did the briltlani minds of the 19m and 20m centuries. Beginign with a fresh look at the precise values and dimensions of the quantum realm, the Aether Physics Model gives the world a real quantum structural physics, and thankfulyl , a real physics based on a real non­ material existence, which some might call God. It is not enough to point to the weaknesses and inconsistencies of an established or a proposed theory. A convincing argument requires the enumeration not only of the questioned theory's weaknesses but also a bettertheoryto take its place. And therein rests the general purpose of this book Presented are the weaknesses and inconsistencies of the Standard Model with regard to quantum structures as well as a bettertheoryto take its place. 1his better theory; however, is not necessarily new. For thousands of Jears prior to Albert Einstein, it was widely accepted that the physical Universe constructs from the existence of Aether in one manifestation or another. Albert Einstein ddi not disprove, nor did he atnpte to disprove, the existence of the Aether. In fact, on May 5, 1920 at the University of Leyden,., Einstein gave a lecture in which he defended the existence of Aether. What Albert Einstein set out to do in his eadier work was to explain the observed physical phenomena without invoking the Aether. Einstein found limited success, but he was not able to develop a Unified Force Theory or Grand Unified Theory based on his Relativity theories. 1his was because the forces are inherent to the structure of existence, whereas the Relativitytheories could onlyexplain the mechanics. Einstein was successful enough to advance science to its present condition, 34 MichelJanssen, Robert Schulman,nJ6zsef Illy, Ouistoph Lehner, and Diana Konnos Buchwald, THE Q)Il.ECIED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 7, THE BERUN YEARS. WRITINGS , 1918 1921 (princeton Universti yPress, 2002) 305-309; 321 29 SECRETS OF THE AETHER but with today'S developments in nanotechnology and interplanetaty and interstellar explorations, we are in desperate need of a more accurate description of quantum structur.e As it turns out, this more acaurcet theory of quantum structure once again invokes the existence of the Aetber. The Aefher 'The concept of the Aether was dominant in the physics theories from ancient Greece and India until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concept of the Aetber took many different forms. Frustrated because no convincing evidence of the existence of Aether was emerging, Alben Einstein developed a new approach based on his now famous E = me' expression. Mr. Einstein did not totally give up on the Aether, but he did usher in a new physics that excluded the Aether from science". Some early theories of the Aether presupposed a stationary particulate medium. Light seemed to travel as a wave in the Aether medium much as water ripples travel on the surface of water. When Michelson and Morley conducted an experiment to identify the particulate medium as absolute space-time, resulting in Aether drifting through the Earth as the Earth moved through space, they found no overwhelming evidence for the magnitude of Aether drift theyexpected However, they did measure an Aether drift. Dayton Miller later conducted extensive tests that verified an Aetber drift relative to the Earth at about ten kilometers per second". 'The results indicated that if Aether exists, it must drag relative to the Earth", which Augustin Fresnel also posited';. Since the prevailing understanding did not allow Aether to drag along with the Earth, many touted this as evidence against the existence of the Aether. This prejudice towarlr a draggni Aether also caused many to proclaim the erroneous assumption that the Michelson-Morley experiments showed absolutely no Aether drift. With the Aether Physics Mode� the existence of Aether is an essential aspect for explaining the phenomena within the Universe. Now that we have exact measurements of certain constants, we can deduce that the Aether is not in the form of a physically detectable particle, but in the form of a 35 "However, all attempts to demonstrate its [Aether's] existence, most notably the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887, produced negative results and stimulated a vigorous debate among physicists that "WaS not ended until the special theOl}' 01 relativity, proposed byAlbert Einstein in 1905, became accepted. The theoty of relativity eliminated the need for a lighHIansmitting mediwn, so that todayme term ether is used only in a historical context." "Emer, in Physics and Astronomy," TheCpluwbja ED(.:$lqpedaj , 6th ed. " Da}Wn C Milel r, �, New Series, VoL 63, No. 1635 (Apr. 30, 1926), 433·443 It is also noted in an article by Robert S. Shankland, Science, New Series, VoL 176, No. 4035 (May 12, 1972), 652·653 that at the soong encouragemem 01 Albert Einsrein, the Miller data was re-examined posthwnously and judged to be questionable due to the claim that Miller's results correlated with the temperature gradient across the interferometer table. For all of Milel r's extensive experience, it seems lllghly suspect that Miller did not notice what should have been an obvious flaw in the results, were it true. 37 "The outcome of the Michelson - Morley experiment would, therefore, suggest that the ether is drageg d along with the earth, as far as the inunediate neighborhood of me earth is concerned." Introductiontotbe TheoryofRelaciviPty eter Gabriel Bergmann (New York, Prentice Hall Inc., 1947) 27 30 ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION non-material Aether unit of 2-spin rotating magnetic field. A quantum Aether unit has the precise value equal to Coulomb's constant rimes 1 6K' . A" = rmfd = kc · 1 6K' The rotating magnetic field concept of the Aether presented in this book is not much difef rent fromJohn Bernoulli's "whirlpool Aether" concept: (2. 1) John Bemoulli's Whirlpolo Aether ",..., ."", = ""-" All space, according to the )Uung Bernoulli, is permeated by ,! a fluid Aether, containing an immense number of excessively small whirlpools. The elasticity which the Aether appears to I possess, and in virtue of which it is able to transmit vibrations, is really due to the presence of these whirlpools; for, owing to centrifugal force, each whirlpool is continually striving to dilate, and so presses against the neighboting whirlpools". The Aether has a non-material nature revealed through Coulomb's constant, the gravitational constant, the speed of light, the permeability constant, and the permittivity constant. The newly defmed and important conductance constant of the Aether relates directly to the electromagnetism of onta, as well as to consciousness. As for evidence proving the existence of the Aether, it does exist. An}body can do these two simple experiments to see visual proof of the Aether. The frrst experiment requires a magnet and cathode ray tube. The cathode ray tube could be )Uur computer monitor, lV, or oscilloscope screen. Just make sure )Uur cathode ray tube has a degaussing feature before doing this experiment, or )UU may permanently disfigure )Uur viewing screen. Place the magnet against the cathode ' ray tube with the north or south pole facing ''-'0 the screen. You will notice a pattern seemingly caused by the magnetic flux of the magnet as it reorganizes the electron beams. Once the magnet is flush against the screen, twist it back and forth. You will notice that the pattern on the screen does not change. Had the magnet been the source of the magnetic flux, the pattern would have changed since the magnetic flux would link. to the molecules and atoms of the magnet. However, the magnetic flux arises from the Aether and thus exists relative to the Aether. Twisting the magnet will not afef ct the magnetic flux of the 38 SirEdmund Whitrtaek AHistoryoftheTheories of Aether and Electricity;The dassical Theories (London; NewYork, AmericanInstitute of Phy.;ics, 1987) 95-96 3t SECRETS OF THE AETHER Aether. This experiment will work regardless of the shape of the magnet. The same experiment works with ferrofluid Ferrofluid is a liquid substance that reacts to a magnetic field Position a magnet below a dish of ferrofluid and twist the magnet back and forth, as in the above experiment. The magnetic flux will not move as observed by the ferrofluid not moving. Once again, the magnetic flux associated with the magnet is coming from the Aether and not from the magnet. In the Michelson-Morley experiments, the Aether � follows along with the matet r of the Earth and the atmosphere. The Aether is not a wind that blows freely through matter, except as matter becomes less dense. This is contrary to the expectations of scientists in the 1800s. In addition, Aether gives form to matter, but matet r also occupies and manipulates Aether. The situation is a bit more complicated than an assumed fIXed Aether with an independendyexisting matet r. An important early prediction of Einstein's general relativity was the advance of the perihelion of Mercury's Olbit, whose measurement provided one of the classical tests of Einstein's theory. The advance of the orbital point-of-closest-approach also applies to a biruuy pulsar s�m and to an Earth­ orbiting satellite. General relativity also predicts that the rotation of a bodylike Earth will drag the local inertial frames of reference around it, which will afef ct the orbit of a satellite". "Frame drag"ngi is another euphemism of the Standard Model intended to acknowledge the properties of Aether, but without callgni it Aether. Essentially, the frame draging of General Relativitytheotyis the same as the Aether moving with matet r. Einstein's Aether In the previous section, we provided an experiment for proving the existence of the Aether using a permanent magnet and a CRT. Although cathode ray tubes did not exist in the late 1800s, Albett Einstein wrote a paper at the age of 16, which essentially made the same observations about magnetic fields and Aether. In The GoldenAge of Theoretical Physics'" by Jagdish Mehra, Mehra translates Albert Einstein's first paper from German. We provide the full text of the paper as it supports and relates to the Aether PhY-'ics Model 39 Letrte 5 toNature,Nature 431,958 - 960 (21 O:tober 2004); doc10.1038/nature03007 40 Jagdish Mehta, The Golden Age ofTheoreticalPhysci s (March 2001,WorldScientific Publishing CompanY) pp 9-10 32 ONTOLOGICAL F O U N DA T I O N Conceming the Investiganoit of the State of I, o� Aether in Magnetic Fields: by Albert Einstein The foll fures are the fir.;t dst expressi�n of so;;; simple thoughts on this difcif ult subject. With much hesitation I am ! compressingtheminto an essaywhich looks more like a programthan a paper. Since I completely lacked the materials to penetrate the , subject more deeplythan was permitdte byreflection alone, I askthat J :1 11 this cin:u: mstance should not be ascribed to me as superfIciality. I hope the indulgence of the interested reader will correspond to the !rumblefeelings withwhich I offerhimthese lines. I I When the electric cwrent comes into being, it immediately sets the I surrounding aether in some kind of instantaone us motion, the nature I of which has still not been exactly determined. In spite of the continuation of the cause of this motion, namely the electric curer nt, the motion ceases, but the aether remains in a potential state and produces a magnetic fIeld. That the magnetic field is a potential state [of the aetherJ is shown by the [existence of aJ permanent magnet, , 'I since the princpi le of conservationofenergyexcludes thepossibilityof a state of motion in this case. The motion of the aether, which is caused by an electric current, will continue until the acting [electro-J 'I, motive forces are compensated bythe equivalent passive forces which arise fromthe defonnation caused bythe motion ofthe aetheritself. • The marvellous experiments of Hertz have most ingeniously illuminated the dynamic nature of these phenomena - the propagation in space, as well as the qualitateiv identity of these " motions with light and heat. I believe that for the illdl erst.mding of electromagnetic phenomena it is important also to illldenalse a comprehensive experimental investigation ofthe potential states of the 'I aether in magnetic fields of all kinds - or, in otherwords, to measure i, the elasticdefonnations and the acting defonning forces. Evety elastic change of the aether at any (free) point in a given ,I direction should be detenninable from the change which the velocity of an aether wave illdl ergoes at this point in that direction. The ' J velocity of a wave is proportional to the square root of the elastic forces which cause [itsJ propagation, and inverselyproportional to the , mass ofthe aethermovedbythese forces. However, since the changes I of density caused by the elastic deformations are generalyl I insignificant, they may probably be neglected in this case also. It could therefore be said with good approximation: The square root of the ratio ofthe change of velocityof propagation (wavelength) is equal to , the ratio of the change of the elasticforce. 'I I dare not decide as to which type of aether waves, whether ligbt or : electro-dynamic, and which method of measuring the wavelength is most appropriate for studying the magnetic field; in principle, after al,l this makes no difef rence. If a change of wavelength in the magnetic fIeld can be detected at all in any given ditection, then the question can be experimentally decided l whetheronlythe component of the elastic state inthe direction of the propagation of the wave influences the velocityof propagation, orthe components perpendicularto it also do; since it is known a priori that II in a unifonn magnetic [",ld, whether it is cylindrical or pyramidal in fonn, the elastic states at a point perpendicular to the ditection of the lines of force are completely homogeneous, but difef rent in the ditection ofthe lines of force. Therefore if one lets waves propagate 33 SECRETS OF THE AETHER '"""'''- .��"" _ "" ",£'Fa'5' that are polarized perpendicularlyto the direction ofthe lines of force, then the direction of the plane of oscillation w:lUld be important for the velocity of propagation - that is if the cornpot>ent of the elastic fon:e perpendicular to the propagation of a wave at all influences the velocityof propagation. H:J""ver, this probablymightnotbe the case, although the phenomenon of double diffraction seems to indicate this. Thus after the question has been �red as to bow the three cornpot>ents of elasticityafef ct the velocityof an aether wave, one can proceed to the study of the magnetic field In order to understand properly the state of the aether in it [the magnetic fieldl three cases , ought to be distinguhis ed: L The lines of force come together at the North pole in the shape of a pyramid 2. The lines of fon:e come together at the South pole in the shape of a pyramid 3. The lines of force are parallel In these cases the velocityof propagation of a wave in the directionof the lines of force and perpendicular to them has to be examined There is no doubt that the elastic deformations as ""n as the cause of their origin will be detennined [by these experiments1 provided I sufficiently accurate instruments to =ure the wavelength can be constructed The most interesting, but also the most diffICult, task ""uld be the I direct experimental studyof the magnetic fdd which arises around an electric current, because the investig.toit n of the elastic state of the , aether in this case would allow us to obtain a glimpse of the mysterious nature of the electric current. This analogy also permits us to draw definite conclusions concerning the state of the aether in the magnetic field which surrounds the electric cwrent, provided of cour.;e the experiments mentioned above yield any result. I believe that the quantitative resean:bes on the absolute magnitudes of the density and the elastic fon:e of the aether can only begin if qualitariev results exist that are cont>ected with established ideas. Let me add one more thing. If the wavelength does not tum out to be proportional to ,JA + k [sic1 then the reason (for that) has to be loko edforinthe change of densityof the moving aethercaused bythe I elastic deformations; bere A is the elastic aether force, a priori a I constant which we have to cletennine empirically, and k the (variable) strength of the magnetic field which, of cour.;e, is proportional to the elastic fon:es in questionthat are produced' Above all ti must be demonstrated that there exists a passive resistance to the electric cwrent forthe production of the magnetic field, that is proportional to the length of the path of the cwrent and inclependent of the cross section and the material of the conductor. " Dynamic Space Three axes of length in three-dimensional coro dinate systems generally represent the concept of space. This implies that space is equal to volwne. And for general purposes, if we talk about a room with space, we are indeed onlytalking about volume. 114 O N T O L O G I CAL F O U NDAT I O N In the Aether Ph�ics Model, space-time is more than just the three dimensions of length and one dimension of time. Space is united to time in such a waythat the two are inseparable, producing a single unit called double cardioid (dcrd). However, the coordinate �rns still in use today only include dimensions of length. We need a coordinate s�tem that includes both space am time. Further, whereas perception of space­ time through our bodies' senses gives the appearance of just one dimension of linear time, linear time is an illusion. In reality, the time dimensions of Aether are actualyl frequency dimensions, and there are two of them Together these two dimensions of frequency produce a spherical unit of resonance. While in reality the quantum Universe has the qualities of space-resonance, we perceive the ph�ical, macro Universe with the qualities of space-time. ,Another intriguing notion of Aether is that space and resonance integrate through a shared geometry. In other words, space and resonance are the same entity but viewed from two perspectives, which are orthogonal to each other. Geometric Structure of Aether Non-material Aether having geometry might seem a bit strange. However, this is exactly what empirical data suggests. In fact, after one has reviewed the Aether Ph�ics Model in totality; it is not possible to think of the Aether without geometry. gravitational polarity. The geometrical constant of the Aether induces to be 16JZ"' , translating to a geometrical shape of a tubular loxodrotne'l distributed over two adjacent spheres. Further induced is that the spheres have electrostatic polarity, the whole structure has magnetic polarity, and the spin directions have One fourth of the total loxodrome surrounding both spheres is a tube with a surface constant of 4JZ"' , the toroid constant- Because toroids have two radi,i the small radius and large radius, theycan have varying radii lengths but still have the same surface area. The toroids in the above left image have difef rent radi,i but identical surface areas. This is whyall onta share the same quantum surface area as the Compton wavelength squared It is because all onta have the same surface area that we can graphically represent them as twin tubular loxodromes (referred to simply as "loxodromes") while making use of the quantum distance squared as their surface area. 41 Dr. Lester Hulett raises the point that the loxodromes of the Aether unit are not exactly the same as loxodromes on a Mercator map. He suggests they be called something else to clarify the subtle differences in geometry. 3S SECRETS OF THE AETHER The perfectlysymmetrical representation onlyapplies to the surface areas and to the electrostatic charges. The mass, distnbuted frequency, and strong charge dimensions are not symtem rical in a given Aether unit. The unequal distributions of quantum distributed frequencyafef ct the general form of the physical Universe and give us shapes like flowers, butret flies, tree branching, leaf patet rns, snail shells, skeletal sucuestr, body organ composition, and every other patet rn that arises from growth processes. The unequal mass division reflects in the obselVed difef rence between electron and proton masses and their proportional strong charges. The toroid constant (4JZ"' ) represents the surface geometryof ",-spin onta. The electron and proton are examples of ",-spin" onta. Half of the double loxodrome has the geometrical constant of 8JZ"' , and is either the loxodrome around a single sphere or half a loxodrome around two spheres. A full loxodrome represents 1-spin, such as the photon possesses. The full ioxodrome around both spheres represents 2-spin, such as the Aether unit and supposed "graviton" possess. 1/2 Spin 4lt� 2 Spin 1 61t� 4JZ" 16JZ"' is the square of , which is the spherical constant. The 4" spherical constant is also related to the c' (speed of light squared) constant and describes the c' geometrical qualities (page 152). The mathematical function of the loxodrome path over the spheres is: f(8) = JZ" sin 82 (2.2) All physical existence ultimately derives its geometry from the Aether. The geometry, as shown in the images above, represents the tt1I1ilaeIl: spin paitims for the angular momentum to reside in the Aether unit. The 42 Wolfgang Pauli was possibly the most influencial phy;icist in the theory of spin. Spin was first discovered in the context of the emission spectnun of alkali metals. In 1924 Pauli d introduce what he called a "two-valued quanrum degree of freedom" associated with the electron in the outermost shell. This allowed him to formulate the Pauli exclusion principle, stating that no two electrons can share the same quantum numbers. W.kipedia http';/en.wikipedia.o.g/wiki/Spm_(ph»ics)# Hstory 38 ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION Aether images do not represent some kind of a particle or otherwise solid entity. The color-coding is intended to showthat each spin position is a unique "pathway"; the blue path is for the electron, gold is for the positron, aqua is forthe anti-proton, and red is for the proton. It is important to remember that the tubular loxodrornes shown in the drawings are aceaucrt only in relation to the surface constant. The surface area of each half-spin loxodrome is always equal to the Compton wavelength squared However, the small and large electron and proton radii vary in length, and therefore so do the sphere radii. The Aether, being a 2-spin rotating magnetic field, is flexible in this regard and allows for the centrifugal expansion as envisioned byBernoulli. The Aether is thus a "field" in which subatomic particles can exist. It is because of this geometry of Aether that it is possible to model the s. tructu.rse of electrons, photons, protons, and neutrons and their mteracnons. Further, the Aether includes the dimensions of mass and charge. An enonnous force (Gforce) emanating from a non-material Source acts upon the strong charge dimensions giving rise to the Aether. The Physical Univel'Se The preceding section is about the non-material Aether. To present the physical Universe in coherent tenus, we must understand the non­ material "field,» or enviromnent, in which physical matter exists. Once we have knowledge of the non-material Aether suucture, we can easily produce a mathematically correct and discrete view of the physical world The reader should understand that the phrase "mathematically correct" in the Aether Physics Model means that not only the values and operators are correct but also the dimensions. In other words, all of the mathematics used in this book reflects real world suuctures. Ax the core of the Aether Physics Model is a mathematically correct Unified Force Theory, the first such theory to exist in modem science. The Unified Force Theory develops from the concept of distnbuted charge and fine suuctures of the onta (fine suuctures are proportions of spherical elementary charge to equivalent spherical strong charge). The strong force is mathematically (since 1950) and experimentally (since 1996) proven to have a charge that complements, but is different from, elementary charge. But, the theory and the experiments that proved the existence of electron strong force were not seen for what they were because of the investment in the pi meson (pion)147 hypothesis of a strong force carrier. The Casimir equation is the proof that the electron has a strong charge and that it obeys a strong force law. When examining the Newton gtavitational law, Coulomb electrostatic law, and the strong force law, what seemed to be four distinct forces demonstrate to be three different manifestations of the Gforce with three 37 SECRETS OF THE AETHER difef rent dimensions. The Gforce is comparable to the sun and the three aspects of onta (electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass) are comparable to three different color.; of glass. We see three different forces in the physical world, but they are all manifestations of one Gforce, as three difef rent color.; of light emanate through three different colored panes of glass, even though they are manifestations of one light source. This is an example of how force evolves into complexity similar to the way subatomic particles bind to become atoms. The so-called "weak force" is really a proportion of electrostatic charge to electromagnetic charge. Primaryangular momentumexplains the structure behind all matter and light interactions, thereby eliminating the mysterious wave-particle duality theory. Primary angular momentum is the primary form of material existence and explains the photoelectric effect, pair production, and Compton Effect in units that directlyrelate to the electron andphoton. We hypothesize new equations that predict the nuclear binding forces and electron binding energies of all isotopes (page 228). In addition, the preliminary steps toward the discovery of an atomic spectral equation, which predicts the spectra of all isotopes and their ions, becomes apparent. The electron and nuclear binding energyequations and atomic spectra equations are destined to be the new "holy grail" of physics and we have already had significant success with the electron binding energy equation. From these three equations, we will likely develop molecular equations, which can predict the propenies of any substance before it is known to exist. Unified Force TheOIy The llified Force Theory is the foundation upon which the Aether Physics Model rests. The UFf will appear in detail later, however, an introducoit n to the core concepts follows here. The Standard Model of physics recognizes only one type of charge, the elementary charge, which has a single dimension of charge. The tor.;ion balance devised by Charles Coulomb is an electrostatic apparatus, which demonstrates elementary charge". Therefo're, it is appropriate to identify elementary charge as the carrier of the "electrostatic force," since that is what the torsion balance measures in this instance. In the Aether Physics Model, we notate all charge as distnbuted, just as it appears in nature. Charge is not a point, and we ignore its structural characteristics by treating it as a point. Charge always appears over the surface of an object, even if the object is a single electron. Therefore, the correct dimensions of charge are charge squared 43 Morris H Shamos, Great Experiments in Physics "Firsthand Accounts from Galileo to Einstein" (New York, Dover Publications Inc., 1987) 62-3 38 O N T O L O G I C A L F O U N DATION Instead of presenting elementary charge as e, elementary charge should present as e. e = 1.602xlO-19caul 44 (2.3) e' = 2.567xlO-38 caul' (2.4) According to the Standard Model, gluoni' cany the strong force in quarks, and pions!47 cany the strong force in nuclei. In the Aether Physics Mode� the strong force carries by strong charge. Strong charge is related to elementarycharge, butit has a different geometry, spin and magnitude. Strong charge notates as e,�for the electron, epm� for the proton, and enm� for the neutroIL But as in the case of elementary charge, strong charge is always distributed So, for example, electron strong charge would notate as e'm�2 • The weak interaction is the proportion of the elementary charge to the strong charge. The weakinteraction is equalto 8rr times the fine structure of the OllIL The relationship of the elementary charge, strong charge, and weak interaction for each onn appears as follows where a , p , and n are the fine structurse of the electron, proton, and neutron, respectively: Electron onn: e' - eem- ax, = 8Jra (2.5) Proton onn: e' - epm- ax, = 8JrP (2.6) Neutron onn: e2 - enm- ax, = 8Jrn (2.7) Later we will examine the relative strengths of the forces between the electrostatic charges, strong charges, weak interactions, and masses in order to see how close the calculated forces agree with empirical measurements (page 204). PrimaryAngular Momentum Wave-Particle Duality - IEUIOV _ '" =- Quantum Mechanics states that onta such as electrons, protons, and neutrons can appear as particles of matter or as waves". '"" - "--'= - - '" 44 NIST CDDATA Value, e1emenrruy chatge, May 27, 2004 http)lphysics.nisLgov/cgi­ binicuulValue?e I searchjor�elemenrruy-Kharge 45 "Quantum mechanics, the final mathematical fonnulacion of the quantum theory, was developed during the 1920s. In 1924. Louis de Broglie proposed that not only do light waves sometimes exhibti paniclelike properties, as in the photoelectric effect and atomic spectra., but particles may also exhibti wavelike properties." "Quantum Theory," TheCplllwbiaEOQ}'Cloped.aj 6th ed 39 SECRETS OF THE AETHER The problem with the wave-particle duality theOlY is that the dimensions of onta are neither dimension of waves (frequen�, nor of solid matter. (The Standard Model does not quantitatively define maner16.) Since the dimensions of onta are not the dimensions of matet r or of waves, the Aether Physics Model does not equate electrons, protons, and neutrons with either solid matet r orwith waves. In a 1996 journal article", Phil Berardelli reportS: .... '_l i l d . '!!U _a-"" It turns out that atoms, far from being the tiny bil"" rdlai b� a"' lsl , we commonly see in illustrations, are more like multilayered, , discrete, shimmering clouds. Each layer contains proportionately enonnous amounts of energy and shimem rs - a different but precise electromagnetic frequency. Only when atoms interact with one another in large numbers do they behave as expected in their "classical" state, as scientists call the visible world In the Aether Physics Model, these multi-layered clouds are the angular momentum of individual onta. And since these onta are the smallest stable fonn of material existence, it is proper to viewthe onta as primzry angular momentum The angular momentum of a two-body system, such as a satellite in Olbit around a planet, involves two distinct bodies. Free electrons, protons, and neutrons are single body systems, and yet they have angular momentun1" . Therefore, consistent with the earlier discussion concerning the relationships among different orders of existence, we can propose that primary angular momentum has a different structure than two-body angular momentum When we take the liternl dimensions of ' primary angular momentum we find that there is a mass dimension, there are two length dimensions, and there is a frequency dimension. Expressed in terms of quantum measurements, angular momentum is: -46 Matet.r Something that has mass and exists as a solid, liquid. gas. or plasma. The American Herir.ag�e Dictionaroy f the English�e Founh Edition Copyright 0 2003 byHoughton Mififnl Company, 47 Phil Berardelli, "Physicists Prove That Matter Can Be in Two Places at Once," InsightontheNews 15 July 1996, 36, Questia, 19 July2004 . 48 "We find that photons and also other panicles canyan intrinsic angular momentum or spin." Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac, "10 Quantum Mechanicsn Determinism to Probability," 'The Great Desgi n· Particles Fields andCreation (NewYork: Oxford University-Press, 1989) 177. 40 O N T O L O G I C A L F O U N DAT I ON h = m, . Ac' . F. (2.8) One way to visualize this is to see a line of mass moving petpendicular at a velocity. Take a straight object, like a pencil, and hold it in front of }Qu. The pencil represents a mass times length. In one quick motion, now move the pencil at a velocity petpendicular to its length. The blurred image }QU see represents the graphic nature of primary angular momentum. Of course, an electron is not literally a straight line moving sideways. It is necessary to take into account the curvature of the Aether double loxodrome structure. Since the onn mass has to fit in the small circumference of the loxodrome "tube," the line of mass would appear as a circle. LifF1Z1!- ci:ra!hJus (Lq names this line of mass. The petpendicular path of the line of mass as it moves sideways also traces out a circularpath. The resulting geometryis toroidal The toroid, however, traces on a sphere and from pole to pole, when viewed in space-resonance coordinates. When viewed in space-time coordinates as with human perception, the shape is actualyl that of a cardioid, as in the image to the left. The Aether imparts, and thus accounts for, the spin in the loxodrome structure of the onn. We will viewthe equations that support the toroid­ like geometry of primary angular momentum and its relationship to spin later (page 196). For now, let us explore the general characteristics of primary angular momentum. Since primary angular momentum is a circumferential line (Jigarnen circulatu)s moving sideways, the onta have onlytwo dimensions of length. The curvature of Aether acts as a mold and imparts geometry to the onta. The ligamen circulatus moves in time, which means that the onn exists as a function of time between one moment and the next moment. Tune is consequently a component of onta. In fact, we could not perceive time and space if our bodies and senses were not composed of primary angular momentum. Primary angular momentum is the first­ cause of physical perception, intimately related to the distributed frequency (or resonance) of the Aether. Tubular lo)(odrome seen flom perspective of space only. (Human's eyes) 41 SECRETS OF THE AETHER Because the ligamen circulatus moves perpendicular to its circumference in order to scan an area (strong charge), the onta are not solid Theymore closely resemble a cloud, as does the scanned area of a pencil moving back and forth in our vision. It is the scaning of primary angular momennun, which gives onta the appearances of a wave and particle. So primary angular momentum explains why onta can appear as particles when we look at their strong charge, and can appear as waves when we look at the moving LC Yet these are only appearances. The particulate and wave natures of primary angular momentum are illusions having meaning only from our macro perspective. The reality of the onn structure is primaryangularmomentum and nothing else. Interesting1y, photons can also appear as primary angular momennun, except that they are also exploding outward at the speed of light. A detailed exploration of the photon follows later (page 188). Zero Point Energy Finally, we briefly explore the purpose for which the Aether Physics Model was initially developed We leam how photons constantly propagate from the datk matterthat exists throughout the Universe, conmbuting to the visible Universe's accelerating physical expansion"; and then we learn how human beings can tap this natural process in order to realize an unlimited supply of fuelless energy (although this is not recommended as "free energy" also qualifies as a "pollutant"). The equation for zero point energyalso provides us wti h a mechanism and a clue as to how a "Big Bang" type of event is constantly occur.inrg As such, the observation of neutrinos can reveal a coherent explanation of the expansion and contraction of the physical Universe. It is interesting to note that out of whatever process generates physical existence, only twO forms of stable matter emerge, the electron and proton (aside from anti-matet r). If the zero point energyequation (also a form of the strong force law) is correct, then the ZPE equation should be a part of the so­ called Big Bang explanation. However, not too much attention will apply to ZPE in this book The focus of this book is the foundational theoryof quantum structur.e " Wendy Freedman, "The Hubble CoDStant and the Expanding Universe, A Newly Refined Value of [H$uh.O] the Expansion Rate of the Universe, May Herald a First Step toward a New Era of "Precision" Cosmology," AmericanScientistJan.-Feb. 2003, Questia, 27 May2004 . 42 G FORCE a.." . GFORCE What do you call a force equal to 1 .2lxl044newton that seems to arise out of nowhere and is responsible for the forces that hold the Universe together? We must first contemplate the nature of force50• Generally, we think of force as pressure exened over an area. If you press your finger on a table, you feel pressure over the area of your finger in contact with the table. The pressure can be either positive or negative. A suction cup applies a negative pressure (vacuum) over an area. Force applies to either pushing or pulngli something. The Gforce operates in the same way. The Gforce both pushes and pulls masses together or apm (matter and anti-matter gravitationally repel each other), and pushes or pulls charge together or apm. Oddly, these are the only two manifestations of force in the Universe. The only manifestation of force is either a push or a pull, relative to mass or charge. Even more surprising, this Gforce is a frrst cause, as far as the visible Universe is concemed What ;s the Gforce? Science, it seems, forbids discussion of God It is as though God were some kind of illusion and that direct empirical observation with human senses is the only mature authority for reality. Yet science is unable to define the origin of gravity and of electromagnetic "fields." In the Standard Model, the so-called "four basic forces" describe as though mediated by particles 50 FORCE: commonly. a " push" or " pull," more properly defined in physics as a quantity that changes the ureme motion, size, or shape of a body. Force is a vector quantity; having both magnitude and direction. The magnirude of a force is measured in units such as the POWld, dyne, and newton, depending upon the system of meas nt being used. An unbalanced force acting on a body free to move will change the motion of the body. The quantityof motion of a body is measured byits momentum. the product of its mass and its velocity. According to Newton's second law of motion (see motion), the change in momenrum is directlyproportional to the applied force. "Force," TheCp}umbia EJ1(�ydopie.da 6th ed. 43 SECRETS OF THE AETHER that have the inherent property of push and pull, as though it were possible for a particle to manifest such a characteristic. And indeed, Quantum Field Theory is filled with tenns that are intended to hide the fact of non-material existence, such as "conversion constants," "fields," "vacuum," "free space," and others. What is it that modem science is suppressing, or failing to admit? Is there a rational excuse for not interpreting scientific evidence in favor of the existence of God? What would we see if we analyzed the so-called "conversion constants" of Newton and Coulomb, which are essenrial to the force laws? The Gforce is equal to 1 .2 1 x 1 044 newton . Tbat quantity of force extends as: 121,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0OOnewton or 121 million, billion, billion, billion, billion newtoIL 1'h:it is (17! en:mrns:fora! It is truly the only force in the Universe and it acts directlythrough the primaryangular momentum and charge of each OnIL We need to examine this one and only force in order to learn how it directly affects the world we perceive. The Dimensions chapter describes the properties of reciprocal mass. The inertial mass of the Aether exists reciprocal to the dimension of mass we familiarly apply to visible marrer. Reciprocal mass is a relatively unexplored concept in physics and has difef rent properties from familiar mass, just as frequency has different properties from rime. In addition to being a more primary order of reality, the non-material nature of Gforce likely relates to the Aether's reciprocal inertial mass. As we saw in the previous chapter, primary angular momentum is the physical description of the electron, photon, proton, and neutroIL Physical strong charge is the result of primary angular momentum spinning within the Aether unit Essentialyl, primary angular momentum and ph�ical strong charge describe the same onn, but from orthogonal perspecuves. The Gforce is everywhere in the Universe and is singularly responsible for holding the entire Universe together. Every individual quantum of Aether has the full effect of the Gforce acting through it This Gforce acts upon the three physical qualities of onta (angular momentum, strong charge, and electrostatic charge). Thus, the quantum Aether units and onta can perform individualyl or collectively as fields and marrer . The results of their intetactions are a dynamic Universe. An all-powerful, all-pervading force, creating, binding, and maintaining the existence of the entire physical Universe could easily be described as the effect of God Of course, God is ascribed to be so much more than a physical Universe (such as unconditional love, unbounded wisdom, and 44 G F O RCE unlimited compassion) that the Gforce should more appropriately be called "the Handof God on the Universe," and not Godp:rse It is not as though the Gforce is an aIlegOlyfor God The Gforce is veryreal and already fits the description of an all-powerlul, all pelVading force of the Universe. It comes down to one of just two possibilities. Either there exists a non-material, creative force in the Universe, which some might call God, or such a creator does not exist. If God exists as creator of the Universe, then atirtbutes of God must be present in the physics that describe the Universe. So why should we be surprised when clear evidence for a creative force appears which some might call God? Gforce in Three Manifestations GmitjardC7:wAw tmrtim&pism What are the odds that the same Gforce constant could be extracted from both Isaac Newton's constant of universal gravitation and the Coulomb constant of electrostatic attraction-repulsion? There is no record that Charles Coulomb used what we nowknow as Coulomb's constant in his equations, or even that he was aware of such a constant". Therefore, Coulomb likelywas not aware of a constant of proportionalitythat mediates the force between charges, and he certainly could not have devised his system so that it would resolve to the same unit of Gforce, as does Newton's gravitational constant. Moreover, Newton was not aware of the Compton wavelength or the exact speed of light, so he, too, could not have known about the Gforce. Yet, it is there, an enormous unit of Gforce, derived from Coulomb's electrostatic constant, from Newton's gravitational constant, and from a newly defined Aether unit constant also known as the rotating magnetic field unit of measurement, or the Aether electromagnetic constant. These three manifestations of Gforce directlyrelate to the three force carriers: electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and the mass within primary angular momentum The Coulomb electrostatic constant is the interaction constant of the Gforce with electrostatic charge. The unit of rotating magnetic field is the interaction constant of Gforce with electromagnetic charge. And the Newton gravitational constant is the interaction constant of the Gforce with mass. 51 The proponionalityof quantitywas not proved byCoulomb bymeans of special experiments, since he rakes the forces from the start as a measure of the quantities of the unknown electricti ies and magnetisms, but not without having previously proved that this assumption can be carried out consistently, by numerous experimentS, for example on the division of quantities of electricity between conductors brought in contact with one another. Philipp Lenard, Great Men of Science' A Historyof Scientifci Progres,s trans. H Stafford Hatfield (NewYork: The Macmilanl Q,mpany, 1933) 150. 45 SECRETS OF THE AETHER Quantum Measurements It will repeatedly come to our attention in the Aether Physics Model that there is a quantum length to the Aether, as well as a quantum frequency. The quantum length is equal to the well-known Compton wavelength. The quantum frequency is equal to the speed of light divided by the quantum length. The reciprocal of the quantum frequency will give the quantum orne. The value of the Compton wavelength is: ..1,c = 2.426x10-12 m The Aether unit is like an individual piece of real estate in the quantum Universe and it represents a specific space that oscillates at a specific rate between forward and backward time. The specific space produces the ..1,/ . volume of While the structure of the Aether unit is not a cube, it has the same effect as a cube for mathematical pwposes (to understand how Aether resolves to cubic appearance see the 4,,' constant on page 264). As any onn moves between Aether units, it moves one quantum distance (Compton wavelength) along its trajectory. (3. 1 ) The speed of light constant is: c = 2.998xl0' � sec The speed of light is explained quite simply in the Aether Physics Model as the quantum distance times quantum frequency (or quantum distance per quantum time). Since Aether encapsulates onta, the quantum parameters of Aether limit the speed of onta. The maximum speed at which any onn can move is one quantum distance times the quantum frequency. But for ?nta to move, its encapsulating Aether must displace the Aether around It. (3.2) This does not mean that higher frequencies or shorter lengths cannot exist in the Universe. Wave interference patterns can appear as shorter lengths or higher frequencies. However, the production of such apparent lengths and frequencies would require the interference of two or more sources. The limitation imposed bythe speed of light does not applyto the movement of Aether units among themselves if the Aether units vibrate. Therefore, it is quite possible to send faster than light communications by directly modulating Aether units, rather than sending photons through space or electrons through conductors. The Aether units can modulate via the strong force bymagnetic pulses - a topic for later discussion. It may even be possible to modulate a stream of neutrinos to achieve faster than light communications, although it remains to be determined whether 48 ----� �-�� ... . or not neutrino modulation would be ptaetical, even if possible. The quantum frequency is: GFORCE .!!. A c = F q (3.3) Almost all units in the Aether Physics Model express in terms of frequency; ratherthan time. Measured time is merelya perception of one of the two time directions. In each quantum moment, an Aether unit is actualyl moving in the forward time direction and then in the backward time direction, oscillating a full cycle at the quantum frequency. For whatever reason, onta only exist in the forward time direction. Onta do not experience the backward time direction, therefore the larger structures made from onta (planets, animal bodies, plants, etc) also do not experience the backward time direction. Because onta do not experience the backward time direction, they appear to have a propertycalled \6 spin. The quantum time is: Ac c = T q (3.4) As far as normal quantum structurse go, the smallest interval of forward (or backward) time is equal to the quantum time, since quantum time is the reciprocal of quantum frequency. Percepcionof LinearTnre Due to the \6-spin nature of onta, we do not experience the backward time direction. So time appears to be a succession of quantum, forward time inrervals. In "God's Eyes," there is a quantum frequency, which always exists in the present. Through human eyes, since bodies are made of \6- 47 SECRETS OF THE AETHER spin onra, time appears to move from the past toward the future. Thus, linear time is an illusion due to the perception that arises from physical embodirnem. The Pulsed Tune graphic on the previous page, depicting forward time, shows consecutive pulses, without blank spaces between pulses. However, the image does conveythe general concept that time is a series of forward time half-cycles. To our perception, however, forward time appears to be uniformly linear. Electromagnetic Structure The Gforce is essential to the construction of the quantum Aether unit, which is also the electromagnetic constant. The Gforce acting on toroidal electromagnetic charge produces the rmfd constant, or rotating magnetic field, and it has the geometrical constant of 16,,' . Rmfd manifests as a double loxodrome, as seen at left. DOuble: Loltodtome: rmfa Corut.,nt In terms of quantum measurements, rmfd notates as: rmfd m, · ,l,c1 . F.' eemax , Note that the quantum measurements making up the rotating magnetic field unit can factor as a mass to strong charge ratio and a space-resonance constant. The mass to strong charge ratio is the same for all onta and Aether, and the space-resonance constant names «double cardioid" because from the perspective of space-time, the space-resonance constant looks like two adjacem cardioids. (3.5) The mass to strong charge ratio for all onta and the Aether is: mchg = 6.508x10, - cakug- l, Examples of the mass to strong charge ratio: (3.6) eemma"x = 6.508x10' cokugl, (3.7) epm_p , = 6.508x 1 0' cakgul, (3.8) enmaxm" = 6.508X10' � couP (3.9) 48 m� e, = 6.508 x 1 06 kg , coul rmfd Therefore, the also notates as: GFORCE (3. 1 0) rmfd m a . ;LC' ea 2 . pq ' The double cardioid constant is equal to the three dimensions of length rimes the two dimensions of frequency: (3. 1 1) dcrd = ;LC' . pq' Below is a graphic representation of the double cardioid constant as viewed from nearly half-spin perspective and seeing only normal matter. True half-spin perspective would view straight down and only one cardioid would appear. (3.12) With Anti�Matter Without Anti-Matter Since matret and anti-matter cannot co-exist as separate onta, and because we see from half-spin perspective, the full Aether unit appears to us only in one-foutth its full form. It is essential to understand the double cardioid geometryof Aetherunits when working with binding force equations. N Loko ing at the Aether unit from space-resonance, the electromagnetic charge dipole is above and below the cardioid shape as seen at right. What this means is that if you wrap a wire around a nail and place a curner t through the wire, the magnetic poles will be at the head and tip of the nail This also means that electrons travel through wires sideways, offering significant insight as to how electrons behave in a wire coil and other electrical structures. s Electromagnetic Dipole Keep in mind that at the quantum level, onta are only two-dimensional. There is a surface area, but there is no "thing" underneath the surface. There is no solid matter at the quantum level, just cardioid rings of strong charge. It is through these cardioid rings of strong charge that Gforce acts when producing physical strong force. 49 SECRETS OF THE AETHER The cardioid shapes of the quantum Aether unit impan the spin path and structure the ligarnen circularus must take. The area scarmed is real, as is the strong charge it produces. However, as far as the string of mass goes, it distributes through the cardioid at different times. It is similar to the pencil moving back and forth in front of our eyes. We perceive the pencil as existing in several places at once, although we know better. Yet, there is only one quantum moment for the ligarnen circulatus to spin from pole to pole. In one quantum moment, the ligarnen cin:ularus scans a full spin position of the Aether unit. The area per strong charge, through which the Gforce manifests, could name as the "stroke" of the Gforce: strk = _A_c,' a eo Thus, the quantum Aether unit quantifies as: (3. 13) rmfd = strko . Gforce The Gforce thus pulses in forward and backward time, driving the ligar:nen circu1arus into a spin. The stroke has toroidal geometry since the strong charge has steradian solid angle, therefore the Gforce must have toroidal geometry: (3 . 1 4) Electrostatic Structure The electrostatic constant is widely known as Coulomb's constant, which is equal to: kc = 8.988x109 seckg, ··cmo3ul, and can represent as a force acting through surface per charge: kc = 8.988x109 m' - cau- l , newton which in tum is equalto: (3. 1 5) (3. 1 6) k c = strko . Gforce 1 6Jr' ( ) Note that the geometrical constant 16Jr' divides out the double loxodrome constant of the Gforce times stroke, giving it a solid angle of 1. The solid angle of 1 is spherical, thus Coulomb's constant mediates the forces with regard to spherical electrostatic charge. The electrostatic charge dipoles of the Aether unit are within the spheres around which the electromagnetic charge exists, as shown in the graphic below. Onta, (3. 1 7) 50 GFORCE which exist witllln an Aether unit, pick up the donated electrostatic charge. The electron and anti-proton pick up the negative electrostatic charge and the proton and positron pick up the positive electrostatic charge. Distributed frequency is the unit of resonance, which the Gforce causes by reciprocating its inertia back and forth in time. The quannun frequency is the oscillation rate. Thus electrostatic charge, resonance, time, and the CUlVed geometry of the Aether are likely related Gravitational Structure We have just examined the dipole structures of electromagnetic and electrostatic charge as caused bythe Gforce. NowVIe will see how the Gforce creates a dipole of a gravitational nature. Electrostatic Dipole It is worth noting that the Standard :Model does not acknowledge gravitational repulsion, onlygravitational attraction. The Gforce pushes the ligamen circulatus of matter through the Aether unit in one direction, and pushes the LC of anti-matrte in the opposite direction around the spherical resonance. Whether onta will attract or repel gravitationally depends upon whether any two are matet r or anti-matet r. The proton and electron are both matter, so they expen�nce gravitational atoUtarc n. Similarly, the Gravitational Dipoles anti-proton and positron are both anti-matet r and so they experience gravitational attraction. HoVJeVer, the electron is matet r and the positron is anti-matet r, so they experience gravitational repulsion. The same goes forthe proton and anti-proton. The mechanics of gravity are thus dependent upon spin patity. Both the electron and proton spin in the same direction, and the anti-proton and positron spin in the opposite direction. Remember that onra, whether matter or anti-matet r, cannot exist in the backward direction of time. All of the spin positions are unidirectional with regard to time. Similar to the structure used in the electromagnetic constant and electrostatic constant, the gravitational constant is equal to: 51 SECRETS OF THE AETHER G = 6.672xI0-1i rn3 kg · see2 and can be represented as: (3. I S) G = 6.672x I 0-11 _ krgn22 newton Once again, we see that force exerts from a surface. This time the surface is a surface of area per distributed mass. :Mass is a linear dimension, as opposed to the distnbuted dimension of charge. Nonetheless, the Gforce still pulses its own reciprocal LC to create the hther unit causing its mass dimension to scan an area The mass associated with the Gforce IS: (3.19) rna = 3.26SxI01'kg Since mass is linear it can only extend a push or a pull, but not both such as charge does. We can call this extension of push or pull "reach." The reach constant is equal to: (3.20) /I. 2 Rch = -rn­Ca2 Rch = 5 . 5 1 3 x I 0-SS rn2 kg 2 Therefore, the gravitational constant of the hther expresses as: (3.21) (3.22) G = Rch . Gforce The Gforce acts on surface per distributed mass to produce the Newton gravitational constant, which has been empirically determined to a high degree of accurac:f2. The precise symeytrm of the electromagnetic constant, Coulomb's constant and Newton's gravitational constant is astonishing. All base on the same, exact quantutn length dimension and Gforce. The Gforce itself is quantutn in th<\t it also expresses in quantutn measurements: (3.23) Gforce = rna · /l.e . F.2 (3 .24) The Cause ofExistence The most skeptical of scientists will brush aside the Gforce and blithely state that the Gforce is merely a mathematical aberration. In addition, the same scientists will have no explanation for the existence and structure of the Newton gravitational constant and the Coulomb constant except to say that they are mere constants of proportionality; which only selVe the 52 Arthur 1. Robinson, Sdem; NewSerie, va: 222, No 4630. (Dec. 23, 1983), pp. 1316-1317. 52 purpose of making the force laws work GFORCE However, an honest view is that the Gforce is no aberration and that it is the cause of Newton's gravitational constant, Coulomb's constant, and the electromagnetic constant, not by chance, but as a matter of grand design. The fact that a very specific Gforce exists not only in the two previously known "constants of proportionality;" but also in a third "constant of proportionality," proposed in this treatise to govern the strong force law, is substantial evidence in favor of a higher universal order. The apparent pulsing nature of the Gforce, as evidenced by the spherical resonance producing the electrostatic charge, reminisces of a heartbeat. Although the Gforce looks nothing like a human life form, it has manyof the characteristics associated with a living being. The Gforce is self­ dynamic, it gives rise to the fabric of space-resonance, and gives existence to and maintains visible matter. H we could indulge ourselves for a moment, and accept that Gforce is living, then reflecting on the fact that cel,ls organs, and the animals and plants they compose are also living, it is reasonable to postulate that the orders of reality in between are also living. In other words, what rationale could there be for life existing at the level of Gforce and everything from the level of cells to more complex levels, and then have Aether, onta, atoms, and molecules not also be alive? MasatU Emoto has done research on water molecules that suggests water has qualities of a living beings). Water considers by modem science to be nothing but an inert molecule. However, the Aether Physics Model appears to suggest there is no level of existence where life does not also exist. To date, scientists have held a sterile attitude toward life, while harnessing science almost gleefullyto build weapons of mass destruction. Now that a deeper and more fulfilling aspect of quantum physics is emerging in the form of the Aether Physics Model, what would prevent us from seriously investigating the living qualities of the Universe at all of its levels? Where would such an endeavor lead us? The sheer magnitude of the Gforce is beyond human conception, even though its value derives easily and to a good degree of accuracy. The Gforce is non·matetial in origin and ;et it governs physical mechanics. Aside from ignoting the Gforce in physics, there seems no other way to approach it than with gratitude, humility, and awe. For out of the void comes a solitary force that govems the entire physical Universe. Everything that we experience in this world manifests and maintains by the Gforce through the electromagnetic constant, Coulomb's electrostatic constant, and Newton's gravitational constant. 53 :Ma.saru Erooto, TheHiddne MessageipWater (Beyond Words Publishing, Inc., Hilslboro, OR, 2004) 53 SECRETS OF THE AETHER ::t /nd>..: _... In the begining God creared the heaven and the eanIt And the eanh was withOut fonn, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the depe . And the Spirit of God moveduponthe face ofthe ware". And Godsaid, Letthere be lightandthere was light And God saw the light, that it was good and God divided the light from the . darkness. And God caIJed the light Day, and the darkness he caIJed Night And the evening and the morning were the fim day. �1I!'fi�'!!'" I"UI'I=IIIr6: J, " ... Replace heaven with "Aether," andeanh with "prirnatyangular momentum.» In the begin,ing the Gforce created the Aether and prirnaty angular momentum. The prirnaty angular momentum was without form (datk matter), and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep (empty space). And the Gforce moved upon the Aether. And the Gforce gave light (prirnaty angular momentum expands on the sudace of Aether units to produce photons). The light illuminated the darkness. Perhaps it is a mere coincidence that the Aether Physics Model sounds similar to the begining of Genesis. Then again, perhaps it is not. S4 Genesis, King James Veu;ion 54 AETHER AETHER Albert Einstein said: - - ... there is a weightyargumentto be adduced in favour ofthe ether hypothesis. To deny the ether is ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical qualities whatever. The fundamental facts of mechanics do not harmonize with this , view. For the mechanical behavior of a cOlporeal hovering freely in empty space depends not only on system relative positions (distances) and relative velocities, but also on its state of rotation, which physically may be taken as a characteristic not apep rtaining to the system itself. In order to be able to look upon the rotation of the system, at least formally, as something real, Newton objectivises space. Since he classes his absolute space together with real things, for him rotation relative to absolute space is also something real . ... inercia! resistance opposed to relative acceleration of distant masses presupposes action at a distance; and as the modem physicist does not believe that he may accept this . action at a distance, he comes back once more, if he follows Mach, to the ether, which has to serve as a medium for the effects of inertia But this conception of the ether to which we are led byMach's way of thinking differs essentially from the ether as conceived by Newton, by Fresnel, and by Lorentz. Mach's ether not only conditions the behaviour of inert masses, but is also conditioned in its state bythem Mach's idea finds its full development in the ether of the general theory of relativiry. According to this theory the metrical qualities of the continuum of space-time difef r in the environment of different points of space-time, and are pardy conditioned by the matter existing outside of the territory under considerationss. The Aether Physics M:>del produces an Aether hypothesis as seen by 55 Alben Einstein. Sidelightsof Rehcivity (CourierDoverPublications, 1983) 16-18 55 SECRETS OF THE AETHER Descartes, Newton, Bernoulli, Fresnel, and Lorentz in that it agrees with cenain aspects of their obselVations and hypotheses. Through the unified charge equation, the APM also agrees with Mach in that the Aether acts on matrte , and matet r in tum acts upon Aether. MOreover, the Aether Physics Model agrees with Einstein in that it also explains General Relativity Theory, though from the perspective of Aether electrostatic charge and the strong charge of matet r. We will look into these ideas in detail later in this chapter. Nkola Tesla": The technical editor of the New York Herald Tnbune's radio section responded thus to an article by Laurence M CoCkada}"7: ,-��,,�,�- "I have read the article, and 1 quite agree with the .... opinion expressed - that wireless power transmission is impractical with present apparatus. This conclusion will be naturalyl reached by any one who recognizes the nature of the agent by w.'lcl h the impulses are transmitted in present wireless pracuce. I I "When Dr. Heinrich Hertz undenook his experiIrents from 1887 to 1889 his object was to demonstrate a theoty I postulating a medium filgnil all space, called the ether which I I was structureless, of inconceivable tenuity and yet solid and f! possessed of rigidity incomparably greater than that of the I hardest steeL He obtained cenain results and the whole world acclaimed them as an experimental verification of that cherished theory; But in reality what he obselVed tended to prove just its falal.yc "I had maintained for manyyears before that such a medium as supposed could not exist, and that we must rather accept the view that all space is filled with a gaseous substance. On repeating the Hertz experiments, with much improved and very powerful apparatus, 1 satisfied myself that what he had obselVed was nothing else but effects of longitudinal waves in a gaseous medium, that is to say, waves, propagated by alternate compression and expansion. He had obselVed , waves in the ether much of the nature of sound waves in the : air. "Up to 1896, however, 1 did not succeed in obtaining a posiUve experimental proof of the existence of such a medium. But in that year 1 brought out a new fonn of u ,,__� S6 1ESLA, NIKOLA 1856-1943, American electrician and inventor, h. Croaria (then in Austria.H�. He emigrated to the United States in 1884, worked for a shon period for Eruson, and became a naturalizde American citizen {1891}. A pioneer in the field of high-voltage electricity, he made many discoveries and inventions of great value to the development of radio transmission and to the field of electricity. These include a system of an:: lighting, the Tesla induction motor and system of alternating-curtrne transmission, the Tesla coil, generators of lllgh-frequency curner ts, a transfonner to increase oscillating curtners to high potencials. a system of wireless communication, and a system of tranSmitting electric power without wires. He produced the first power system at Ntagara Falls, N.Y. There is a museum dedicated to his wotk in Belgrade. Yugoslavia. "Tesla. NikDla,h TheColumbia Em"- 72 AETHER In the image below, the range is increased from 1( to �1( . 2 In the cylindrical coordinate system, each full cycle of revolurion is equal to 21( . By choosing the negative and posirive values for a given range, we are essentiallyusing twice the range. Thus bykeeping units in mulriples of 1( we alway.; have a full cycle (27<) of data. Similarly, since we are viewing x the Aether structurse in the fonn of ± 1 it is necessary for the 2 numeratorto be an oddinteger if we are to get a whole cycle of data The angle of the image above does not change from the previous images and neither has the view angle of the few succeeding images (all images view looking down the Z-axis). The image below represents a range from --1 9 1( to +-19 1( • 2 2 The appearance of the flower pattern is interesring, but is not the object of this m· vesu.gan.on. Chang'mg the range from --3 1 1( to +-3 1 1( , the 2 2 geometrycompletelychanges while maintaining a similar order. Now we begin to see the importance of our invesrigarion of Aether structures. Although these images are number generated, they base on the prop0rUon of Aether to half-spin onta For the next image, the range . lS set for --53 1( to +-53 1( . 2 2 73 SECRETS OF THE AETHER Six polygonal shapes are generated as Aether structures, ranging from 3-sided to 8-sided polygons. There are also a number of star shapes varying from 5 points to 13 points and more. The range of the following image was sedor - 73 - J!" to +-73 J!" . 2 2 In all of the cylindrical coordinate images presented here, the red-orange colors represent a georneuyfacing the forward time direction, while there is also a similar but slightly different shape facing the backward time direction. The blue colors are the backside of the red shape. This 13point star is just one of many stars generated in this sequence of Aether structures, including near perfect 5 and 7 point stars. The shapes do not morph ceaselessly, however. Just as musical tones continually repeat as harmonics in logarithmically increasing octaves, the Aether shapes also repeat themselves, albeit in a miror red type of manen r. For the range 0f - - 1 57 J!" to + 1 57 - J!" this . unage appears: 2 2 However, the next . unage i. ll the sequence forthe range -- 159 J!" to + 1 59 - J!" 2 2 74 miror rs the above image. AETHER From here, the images repeat themselves. Forexample, the image determined by the range for 53 2 1/: is replicated in the range of _ lOS 2 1/: to +- 1 025 1/: . The range forthe next replication of the triangle is twice the previous triangle range base plus the current range base: 2 · 53 +105 =211 So the next range that will produce the ttiangle would be 21 2 1 1/: . (4. 16) Going backto the two consecutive images that miror r each other, 1 57 2 1/: and 1 59 2 1/: , the image in between must represent the "maximum" of the overall image cycle. This is the point where the progression of the images reverses itself. The image for the exact range of - 1 58 2 1/: to + 1 58 2 1/: takes on a completelydifef rent form than the slightest depatreut from - 1528 1/: . 75 SECRETS OF THE AETHER The above image is a very precise crossing point, providing evidence for the realiry of the Aether structures. In other words, the hther structures presented here are not a fantasy of numerology and pictures; this presentation represents a very real geornenical cycle of half-spin onn and hther units. As it turns out, the value 158 is veryclose to the hther geomenical constant of 16n' (157.914). The surlace plot for the range using 1 6n' instead of 1 58 , -- 1 6n- ' n to +- 1 6n-' n , . IS shown below: 2 2 The above image views from the same angle as the previous image. Another view made by rotating the 16n' data presents the image in the shape of an e�. The e� is a fining symbol for the 16n' Aether geomenical constant, which is already associated with the dynamic and living hther unit. As a side note, the ancient Egyptians and modem Freemasons use the "all-seeing e�" as a symbol for God. In fact, the all-seeing e� appears on every American dollar bill, over a pyramid Just forfancy, the hther numbers applied to the spherical coro dinate system can produce reflecting pyramids, too. The image below is produced in the sphen·cal coordinate systemWI·th the range base 0f 41 · 105 n : 2 78 AETHER When 16Jr2 is applied to the surface plot, it gives a slighdy different value than when 1 5 8 is applied The ratio of the Aether half-spin value to the Aether constant value is the offset. - 1528 Jr 16Jr2 2 -- Jr 1.00055 We see an offset wherever the Aether interfaces with half-spin onta. For example, the offset of the onta with regard to the Aether is the onn g­ factor. The offset of the Aether-based Pythagorean scale of music and the physical tempered scale of music is the tempered semitone71_ Undoubtedly, there are other examples. (4.1 7) Whether or not there is a direct relationship, it is interesting to note that the Aether structure offset is approximately equal to the square root of half the electron g-factor. �� � = 1.00056 where Phi is the Golden Ratio and the g-factor equation is that of the AetherPhysics Model (page 166). (4. 18) Just as octaves increase logarithmically in the tempered music scale, the Aether structures also increase logarithmically, further establishing the realityof the structurse . In the Aether structure series, 1 5 8 Jr is an exact 2 "octave." Each successive "octave" calculates by the fonnula Y ·1 2 58 Jr where x is the number of octaves ascending from the base octave of zero. (The word "octave" does not truly applyto Aether structures since there are more than 8 "whole tones" in each octave; here it indicates a complete set of steps within a cycle). To illustrate that each octave of - 2X..·21,.5--8 Jr produces the same u. nage, see the random octaves below: 71 Backus, John The AcoU'itica1 FoundatiOn<> of Music- Musical Sound:itspmperries production.behavior andreproduction (NewYork. W.W. Norton & Company. Inc., 1977) 147 77 SECRETS OF THE AETHER 211 .158 1l --- The many ill But within these forms we see patterns. Flowers tend to have petal or spike patterns, as seen in the above graphics. Flowers even seem to reflect the Fibonacci sequence, which is also a manifestation of Aether numbers. Seashells and other exoskeletal creatures tend to have the shapes found in Aether structures when applied to the spherical coordinate system The bell pepper, seeds, and numerous other shapes model after Aether structures in the spherical coordinate system So the world of seemingly infinite form is really a symphony of shape, repeating at various octaves, sometimes harmoniously, and sometimes not. These forms originate in the independent nature of Aether units. After examining Aether units with respect to half-spin onta, it is very easy to see how the ph�ical Universe can have so much variety in all its forms. Yet it is quite rernaJ:kable that all the variations of forms that we see arise from just two discrete onta, the electron and proton, and their relationship to the Aether. Below is a table showing the progression of the square root of Aether numbers. Notice the product of the proton and electron spin position numbers equal an even interval of \4. The curvature of Aether implies that the "quarter phases" refer to a C}cie. The implication is that a full C}cie consists of 5 Aether units. It is likely that there is a trigonometric connection to the Aether numbers. Notice that zero has a real place in this progressioIL x- ,[x + l 2 . ,[x - l � 2 ,[x + l ,[x - l 2 2 l I 0 0 0 2 1 .207 0.207 0..25 3 1 .366 0.366 0.5 4 1.5 0.5 0.75 5 1.618 0.618 6 1 .725 0.725 1.25 7 1 .823 0.82.3 1.5 8 1 91 4 0.914 9 2 I 1.75 2 10 2.081 1.081 2.25 II 2.158 1.158 2.5 12 2.232 1.2.32 2.75 13 2.303 I.E 3 14 2.371 1.371 3.25 15 2.436 1 . 436 3.5 78 AETHER The electron and proton spin positions, which determine the structure of the physical world, have both a Phi and a phi component. We could think of these components as square roots, but theyare square roto s withinthe Aether structure. Both Phi and phi are series numbers and generate bythe formulas: J;+ 1 Phi 2 (4.19) - J;- - 1 = phI. 2 (4.20) Golden Ratio In equations (4.19) and (4.20), the variable x denotes as the sequence number of Aetherunits. It is here that we learn fromthe Aethersomething very tel.glin When five Aether units make up a cycle, Phi is the Golden Ratio and phi its inverse. .J5 +1 = 1.61803398874989 2 (4.21) .J5 -1 = 0.61803398874989 2 (4.22) Whereastheproduct of Phi and phi givethephase ofthe cycle, the sumof Phi and phi give the square roto of the sequence. This explains why Phi and phi show up continually in the physical world, wherever growth occurs and living forms appear. Growth occurs in cycles, and therefore we wouldexpectthe cycles to reflecttheFibonacci sequence. There are many good sources of information about the Fibonacci sequence and its appearance in living and growing systems. If the reader is not familiar with the Fibonacci sequence, Internet web sites can give an introduction. A good place to start is http://www.goldennumber.netl and Ron Knott's web site. http://www.mcs.surrye.ac.uklPersona1/RKnottiFibonacciifib.html TI:-e Gd?dnRatia TI:-eStory {Phi, TI:-e Worlds MatAstilhsl irf,NureribyMario Livio is also a good read. Pythagorean Concepts The Aether numbers also determine harmony in music. Pythagoras gets credit for developing a scale of tones still known as the Pythagorean scalen. However, other sources indicate the Pythagorean scale mayhave 72 Backus, 101m The Acoustical Foundations of Music{New York - London, W.W. Norton & Cbmpany, 79 SECRETS OF THE AETH E R originated much earlier. little information about Pythagoras exists, but there are accounts that he either learned directly from the Egyptians or else from the students of Thales. Thales himself learned geometry from the Egyptians. ...ft"_ "I! __ Beginnig with the discovery that the relationship betwene musical notes could be expressed in numerical ratios, the I Pythagoreans elaborated a theory of numbers, the exact meaning of which is stiJl disputed by scholars. Briefly, they taught that all things were numbers, meaning that the essence of things was number, and that all relationships - even abstract ethical concepts like justice - could be expressed munerically. They held that numbers set a limit to the unlimited - thus foreshadowing the distinction between form and marter that plays a keyrole in all later philosophY". ,.., '1, ' .!l."._ . _ .- __ """ ,..'. -=� There are many today who believe that mathematics is only a language, and that mathematics of itself does not reflect reality. With regard to calculus, they are probably correct. Electrons and protons are primary angular momentum and the basis of all physical marter, but the spin positions taken by this primary angular momentum are purely numerical Thus, it issppmopssoibsi.l�Uofno.r a physical entity to have a numerical representation via its Using the onta spin positions of the Aether, a relationship of hannonic notes emerges. From this relationship, it is possible to calculate the next note up or down the musical scale relative to a reference frequency. The basis of the formula is the musical fifth, as taught by Pythagm