1417 lines
66 KiB
Plaintext
1417 lines
66 KiB
Plaintext
Spacetime & Substance, Vol. 2 (2001), No. 5 (10), pp. 211{225
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c 2001 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC
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ETHERAL WIND IN EXPERIENCE OF MILLIMETRIC
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RADIOWAVES PROPAGATION
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Yu.M. Galaev1
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The Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NSA in Ukraine, 12 Ac. Proskury St., Kharkov, 61085 Ukraine
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Received August 26, 2001
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The phase method of anisotropic media parameters measurement of electromagnetic waves propagation is proposed. The experimental hypothesis check about the existence of such material medium of a radiowaves propagation in the nature, as Aether is executed in eight millimeter radiowaves range. The ethereal wind speed and this speed vertical gradient near the Eath's surface have been measured. The systematic measurement results do not contradict the initial hypothesis rules and can be considered, as experimental imagination con rmation about the Aether existence, as material medium, in the nature.
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1. Introduction
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The experimental researches of the ground channel phase characteristic of 8-mm range radiowaves propagation have revealed the problems, connected with its model elaboration [1{4]. The model [3] described the possible spatial e ects in uence, but this idea has not been developed further due to the quantitative divergence between demanded and measured atmosphere parameters. The interference model [4], as a whole, explained the observed e ects, but in some cases the qualitative divergence between the calculation and measurement results took place. The further problem analysis has shown that the hypothesis engaging of the radiowaves propagation medium anisotropy has enabled to give the calculation results in conformity with the measurement results. It was supposed that the anisotropy is stipulated by the directional medium motion of radiowaves propagation and this medium ow has the space origin. Some information about such medium motion parameters was taken from the papers [5{7]. The works [5, 6] have been executed in order to the hypothesis experimental check about the Aether existence in the nature as the material medium, which lls the Global space and is the building stu of all kinds of matter, the motions of which are revealed like physical elds and interactions. In due course the positive work results [5] were widely known, but they have been estimated by scienti c community, as error because of some reasons. The hypothesis about the existence of such material medium, as Aether, in the nature wasn't accepted. We'll consider the major work results, which were executed in this direction tak-
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1e-mail: galaev@ire.kharkov.ua; Ph.: +38 (0572) 448742
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ing into consideration the long-life and signi cance of the problem. We'll try to determine the reasons, which have made the physicists of that time consider the work results [5, 6] as error and refuse the Aether concept.
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In 1877 D.K. Maxwell noticed, that while the Earth motion through Aether there should be an ethereal wind on the surface, which changes the light speed distributing in Aether. It is known that A.A. Michelson tried to nd out an ethereal wind in 1881 for the rst time [8, 7]. With the help of a cross shaped interferometer with the length of the optical path about 2.4 m, within the hypothesis of xed Aether, he expected to receive the bands displacement of an interference pattern, conforming the orbital motion speed of the Earth by the value 30 km/s. However the measured displacement, which corresponded the speed by the value only 3{4 km/s. Michelson related this result to measurement errors and concluded about the initial hypothesis inaccuracy of stationary Aether. However, it is considered in physics almost since that time, that \Michelson experience" has shown in general the inaccuracy imagination about such medium existence as Aether in the nature. Many explorers didn't agree with such matters. The attempts to nd out this medium continued, including Michelson himself.
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In 1925 D.K. Miller received the optical path of the length about 64 m with a cross-shaped interferometer, as a result of long systematic measurements, that the suspected ethereal wind speed at the altitude 265 m above the sea level (Clevelend) has the value about 3 km/s, and at the altitude 1830 m (observatory Mount Wilson, Pasadena) is about 10 km/s. The motion apex coordinates of the Solar system were determined: the direct ascension 17:5h , declination +650 [5].
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212
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Yu.M. Galaev
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The Miller works have attracted the great physicists' attention. The discussion has started about them, in which the in uence of possible unaccounted factors on an optical interferometer was discussed rst of all. In the work [10] S.I. Vavilov expressed, perhaps, the common opinion formed: \...the Miller's interferometer is so sensitive, that many local in uences, considered hard, can be the cause of systematic bands displacement". Here again: \In any case, the experiments repetition in the other place and by the other device is necessary at this situation." It was clear, that the interferometer is required to save the environment parameters from the change a ect. The solution seemed apparent the interferometer should be placed into the thermostat and then into the pressurized chamber together with the thermostat. So it happened, but all the attempts in order to repeat Miller's experiment, except the experiment [11], were performed by the devices, which were placed in metallic chambers. R.D. Kenedy [12, 7] increased the interferometer sensitivity. The device was placed in the pressurized metallic chamber. The measurements were conducted at the same altitudes, as in [5]. The bands displacement was not observed. K.K. Illingwort [13, 7] improved Kennedy's device, but also these measurements showed a zero result. E. Stael [14, 7] placed an interferometer in the metallic chamber, i.e. thermostat, and raised it in an air balloon up to the altitude 2500 m. The required e ect was not observed. In 1929 the work by A.A. Michelson, F.G. Peas, F. Pirson appeared [11]. In this experiment, at the same observatory Mount Wilson, the bands displacement of an interference pattern value no more than 1/50 of the expected e ect was measured with the interferometer having the optical path length about 26 m, connected with the solar System motion having the speed 300 km/s. In other words, the speed of relative motion of the value 6 km/s was measured. The interferometer has been placed into a fundamental building of the observatory optical workshop for work temperature regime stabilization. The pressurized metallic chamber was not applied. Unfortunately, the problems, which the authors overcame at the experiment execution, were listed in general in this extremely laconic work (1 page). The measured results are presented only in such kind as they were given in the above mentioned work.
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The experiment by G. Yoosa 1930 [15] was the last experiment on the ethereal wind detection, which was executed with an optical interferometer. The device was made on the quartz basis by the corporation Tseys, it was hanged in the vacuum-metallic chamber and supplied with photographic registration. The measurement results showed that the required ethereal wind, in any case, does not exceed the value 1 km/s (the device resolving capacity). Miller's measurements should be considered nally as the error ones and stipulated by outside causes after zero work result [15].
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In 1933, Miller has marked the shielding property
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of metal covers in his work [6]. However the scienti c community did not react properly to such peculiarity, shown by him in this work, as, perhaps, the positive work results [11], as there was a lot of experiments with zero results obtained with the interferometers, screened by metallic chambers by that time. The physical shielding phenomenon interpretation was given by V.A. Atsukovsky [16] for the rst time, having explained it by the fact, that the electrons in metals will create socalled \Fermi's surface".
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After 1930 Michelson-Miller's experiment ceased to take a central place in physics. Only in 50 years, there was a capability of the experiment realization, which didn't repeat Michelson's scheme, but being its analogues in the results interpretation sense after the devices appearance, based on completely other ideas (resonators, masers, Mossbauer e ect etc.). Such experiments were conducted [17{20]. And again, the common tool error of these experiments was the usage of ethereal wind e ects detection of di erent metallic chambers. They were metallic resonators in [17, 18, 20], lead chamber in [19], since it was necessary to work with a gamma-radiation. The works' authors, perhaps, have not given the proper signi cance to Miller's conclusions 1933 [6] about the inapplicability of metal boxes in the experiments with an ethereal wind.
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Thus, proper checks of Miller's experiments weren't conducted yet until nowadays, in spite of numerous physicists' attempts to repeat his experiments! All his followers carefully screened the devices from an ethereal wind by metal chambers, and, according to A.A.Atsukovsky's image expression, \...it's the same that to make the attempts to measure the wind, which blows outdoors, looking on the anemometer put in a densely close room" ([7], p. 4). The known works until nowadays cannot be ranked as experiments, which could con rm or deny Miller's results, con rm or deny the hypothesis about Aether existence in the nature. The measuring means, unsuitable for ethereal wind e ects measurement, were applied in all these works.
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The great job for work collecting and analysis, dedicated the ethereal wind problem, was performed by Atsukovsky [7]. The aether model is o ered and the aether dynamic picture of the world was designed in his works [21, 22, 16]. The Aether is represented as a material medium, which lls in the global space and has the properties of viscous and compressible gas, it is a building stu for all material formations. The element of Aether is an amer. The physical elds represent di erent forms of Aether motion, i.e. the Aether is a material medium of electromagnetic waves propagation. The gradient boundary layer is formed at mutual motion of the Solar System and Aether near the Earth surface, in which the Aether running speed (ethereal wind) increases with an altitude. The ethereal wind apex is northern. It is shown, that the metals have larger aether dynamic resistance and interfere the Aether
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Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
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213
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ows. Therefore metering devices arrangement in metal chambers is inadmissible. The reason of failures is due to it [12{14 etc.]. The work authors [7, 16, 21, 22] consider that the experiments [5, 11] are authentic.
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However the positive work results [5, 11] couldn't be considered as nal experiment currently, after which the doubts regarding the de nite physical concept are removed. The matter is that within modern imagination about the light speed constancy, the fact nding of the Earth and Solar system motion in space availability is not enough to make a conclusion about Aether existence, as material medium, i.e. medium consisting of separate particles. So, Sanyak's known rotary effect and the relative movement, discovered with it, for example the Earth's diurnal rotation [23, 7], in modern physics is interpreted without engaging the Aether hypothesis existence [24]. Essentially, the attempt to show that the discovered motion is conditioned by the Earth relative movement and Aether material medium were made by two explorers: Miller [5] and Staal [14], but both made the essential methodical errors. Miller placed the interferometer at di erent altitudes and obtained that the speed of the discovered motion raised with the altitude increase over the Earth's surface. There shouldn't be such relation in case of movement in space, without Aether availability, as the material medium ow. However these major measurements, executed in [5], are methodically incorrect: the measurements are carried at di erent altitudes in time; the measurements are conducted in the environment various conditions (temperature, humidity, pressure, solar radiation, air ows, etc.), the interferometer is rather sensitive to the environment parameters variability; the measurements, strictly speaking, are conducted by miscellaneous devices, since Miller's huge interferometer was disassembled, assembled again and adjusted while moving from Clevelend to Mount Wilson observatory. Therefore, the technique, which Miller applied for speed dependence measurement of the discovered motion from an altitude above the Earth's surface, was unacceptable to make a nal conclusion for the bene t of Aether existence, as material medium. Staal tried to apply more correct technique for this problem solution [14]. The optical interferometer mounted on an air balloon, rose up to the altitude 2500 m. The interferometer was placed into the pressurized metal chamber (the thermostat) for stabilization of the working conditions. As it has already been emphasized, the application of metal chambers is completely inadmissible at such measurements. This circumstance was not known at that time. It occurred, that the measured displacement of interference bands corresponds to the ethereal wind speed of 7 km/s with the error of the same magnitude order. The conclusion of the author's work [14]: \We can not discuss Miller's result on the basis of this experimental series, as our measurements accuracy is just on the border of Miller's observations. However we can ex-
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clude Miller's e ect, raised with the altitude increase." In other words, the motion could be nd out, and highaltitude relation of this speed misses completely.
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Thus, considering the work lacks [5, 11] and large number experiments availability with zero result, it is possible to understand the physicists disbelieving to the works at that time [5, 11], the results of which indicated the necessity of the fundamental physical concepts change.
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Positive results of the data application [5, 6], at the experiments analysis [1-4], detected reasons of unsuccessful attempts to repeat Miller's experiments, showed, that it is necessary to make the experiment again in order of the hypothesis check of the electromagnetic waves propagation material medium | Aether existence in the nature. It is necessary to solve the following problems for this purpose. It is necessary to take into account the lacks, allowed in earlier conducted researches; to apply other measurement methods, which will enable to show the Earth's relative movement availability in the uni ed measurement act in a single experiment and that the motion is stipulated by the Earth relative movement and the material medium ow of electromagnetic waves propagation and this medium motion has a space parentage. The positive result of such experiment can be considered as the experiment hypothesis con rmation of Aether material medium existence in the nature.
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2. Measurement method
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The Aether model has been adopted as the initial hypothesis and o ered in the works [21, 22, 16] while the experiment accomplishment. The following e ects should be observed in this case at electromagnetic waves propagation near the Earth's surface. The anisotropy e ect, i.e. wave propagation velocity depends on the radiation direction that is stipulated by the Earth and Aether relative movement, i.e. the medium of electromagnetic waves propagation. The altitude e ect, i.e. the wave propagation velocity depends on the altitude above the Earth's surface that is stipulated by Aether viscosity, i.e. the material medium of electromagnetic waves propagation. The space e ect, i.e. the wave propagation velocity along the Earth surface changes the value within one day, that is stipulated by the space origin of ethereal wind. Thus as a result of the Earth's diurnal rotation the altitude (astronomical coordinate) of the Solar System motion apex will change its value within sidereal dayowing as for any other aster. Therefore horizontal component of ethereal wind speed and, therefore, the rate of electromagnetic waves propagation along the Earth's surface will change their values within the same term. Therefore, according to the research problems, the measurement method should be responsive to the indicated e ects, and provide their
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Yu.M. Galaev
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Figure 1: The experience scheme
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observation in the uni ed measurement action. The method of measurement is applied in the work,
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based on the reciprocity principle rules in electrodynamics [25], according to which the radiowaves propagation conditions from one point of a radio link to the other are completely those, as well as backwards and this symmetry does not depend on the interspace properties, which is only supposed to be isotropic. If the radiowaves propagation velocity depends on the radiation direction, such space is anisotropic and the reciprocity principle is not applied. The ground radio link of a line-of-sight with a counter radiowaves propagation of a millimeter-wave is used at the method implementation. In this case the main elds formation mechanizm in the acceptance points is the interference of direct waves and waves, re ected from the Earth's surface, i.e. waves, which spread at miscellaneous altitudes from ground [26]. It enables, comparing the wave interference results to nd out the development of anisotropic and altitude e ects simultaneously in both points. The space e ect was found out, as well as in [5, 6], by the results averaging of systematic measurements executed to scale the sidereal time S.
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Let's consider the operational principle of the measurement method. The experience scheme is shown in the Fig. 1
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The letters A and B indicate the transceiver points of the radio link. Two waves come there at each of these points: a straight line distributing on a pathway AB at the altitude Zup above the Earth's surface, and the wave, re ected from the Earth's surface in the point C . The expansion of a pathway AB is r. The medium trajectory height ACB is Zl . The arrows indicated as Wrup and Wrl , demonstrate the radial component direction of the ethereal wind speed, i.e. the component, which is operational along the radio link. Their lengths are proportional to ethereal wind speeds at the altitudes Zup and Zl . The radio link represents the
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radio interferometer, which due to the Earth's diurnal rotation turns into the Aether ow. The characteristics measurement method of the radio tracts is applied for observation of the wave interference [27]. The method essence is in the following. The zonding modulation signal I with a carrier frequency f0 and the frequencies lower (f1 = f0 F ) and upper (f1 = f0 + F) of the lateral components (F is a modulating frequency) emits from the transmitting point. At propagation each i signal component I receives the phase increment 'i (the indexes i = 1; 2 correspond to the frequencies f0;1;2). The adopted signal component with the frequency f0 is multiplied separately from each of lateral components in the receiving device, and the phase shift 'i is measured between the multiplication results having di erential frequencies. The expression for
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'i looks like
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' = (' 0 '1) ('2 '0)
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(1)
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Such phases combination is invariant to the time zero change and received the name \a phase invariant" in the paper [28]. Let's nd the value 'i at a wave interference in the radio link points, shown in the Fig. 1. In this case, the resultant oscillation phase with i frequency can be determined with the following known expression [29]
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'i
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=
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kir
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+
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arctg
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1
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R sin (ki + R cos (ki
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r
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+ r
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) +
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);
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(2)
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where: ki = 2 = i is the wave number; i = c=fi is the wavelength; c is the radiowave propagation velocity in the xed Aether (W = 0), in vacuum; R is the module of the re ection coe cient; is the phase of the re ection coe cient; r is the propagation di erence between direct and re ected waves. As in the experi-
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ment Zup r, it is possible to consider, that
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[29]. Then (2) will be like
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'i = kir + arctg 1
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R sin (ki R cos (ki
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r) r)
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:
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(3)
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Let's designate
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Mi = arctg 1
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R sin (ki r) R cos (ki r)
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(4)
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Let's record (3) as 'i = ki + Mi and we shall substitute 'i into (1). Allowing, that
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k2;1 = k0 k; k = k0 k1 = k2 k0; we shall receive
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' = (M0 M1) ( M2 M0) :
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(5)
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We'll decompose (4) into Taylor rows in the point neighborhood k0 r according to the powers ( k r). Limiting by the rst four decomposing members, we shall record:
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M1 = M0
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k
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rM00 +
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1 2
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k2
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r2M000
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Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
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215
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1 6
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k3
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r3M0000 +
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;
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(6)
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M2 = M0 +
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k
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rM00
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+
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1 2
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k2
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r2M000 +
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+
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1 6
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k3
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r3M0000 +
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(7)
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Let's substitute the values M1 , M2 , de ned by the expressions (6), (7), into (5), we shall obtain
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' = ( k r)2 M000:
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(8)
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Let's calculate the second derivative M000, then (8) will be like
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'=
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(
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k
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r)2
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R (1 +
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1 R2
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R2 sin k0 2R cos k0
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r r)2
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:
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(9)
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The expression (9) introduces the phase invariant value ' in an interference case in the reception method point of direct waves and the waves, re ected from the Earth's surface distributing on the pathways AB and ACB . For problem solving of the research results of simultaneous values measurements 'A and
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'B , in the points A and B accordingly, we shall deduct one of the other
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= 'A 'B
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(10)
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In the considered method is the measured value. According to the reciprocity principle, at the radiowaves propagation in the isotropic medium 'A =
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'B . In this case = 0: In case of the anisotropic medium the reci-
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procity principle is not applied and 6= 0.
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It follows from (9), that at xed values k and k0the value ' depends on R and r. In the paper the data about actual values R, i.e. having a place in a radio link, selected for measurements, are obtained experimentally at this radio link characteristics analysis. The information about the value R change range can be found, for example, in the paper [26]. The propagation di erence r is determined by the radio link geometry, but at the radiowaves propagation in atmosphere, owing to radiowaves refraction, as well the value r depends upon the gradient value gn of the high-altitude pro le of the atmosphere interception factor n (Z) [29]. At the linear (and close to it) relation n (Z) the value gn in the atmospheric layer Z = Zup Zl can be determined as
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gn = (nup nl) = Z;
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(11)
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where nup; nl is the index coe cient of air at heights Zup; Zl .
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The direct wave propagation velocity is (Wup = Wl = 0) the velocity of propagation of a direct wave is equal Vup = c=nup , the wave velocity, re ected from
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the Earth's Then (11),
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surface is Vl = c=nl taking into account,
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tihnatthVeuipsVoltr opicc2
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case. , can
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be written like
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gn = (Vl Vup) =c Z:
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(12)
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In the anisotropic case (Wup > Wl > 0, that corresponds the positions of an initial hypothesis) the radiowave propagation velocity is V and its relation to the altitude V (Z) depend on the radiation direction, that is stipulated by the gradient medium ow of radiowaves propagation, i.e. Aether (Fig. 1) available. In this case wave propagation velocities at altitudes Zup and Zl are
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Vup
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=
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c nup
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Wrup;
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Vl
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=
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c nl
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Wrl;
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(13)
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where the sign \+" is applied, when the radiowaves propagation direction coincides the ethereal wind direction, and the sign \-" is applied, when these directions are inverse. Let's put the values Zup and Zl in (12). If the propagation directions of radiowaves and ethereal wind coincide, we shall receive
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gn+
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=
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c
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1 Z
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c nl
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+
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Wrl
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c nup
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Wrup :
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(14)
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Let's open brackets, then
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gn+
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=
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nup nl Znlnup
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Wrup c
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Wrl Z
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:
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(15)
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Allowing, that nlnup 1, (nup nl) = Z = gn,
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and (Wrup Wrl) = Z = gWr is the gradient of the ethereal wind speed radial component in the layer Z , the expression (15) can be written as
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gn+ gn gWr=c
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(16)
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The rst sum member (16) represents the highaltitude pro le gradient of the atmosphere refraction coe cient gn in the layer Z . The second member represents the additional component to gn, stipulated by the velocity gradient availability in the ethereal wind ow gWr . At the radiowaves propagation towards the ethereal wind motion, it is possible to receive
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gn gn + gWr=c
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(17)
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It follows from (16), (17) that if the Aether gradient ow is available, the wave refraction distributing in counter directions, will be di erent by virtue of
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gn+ 6= gn .
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Let's consider the o ered measurement method action with reference to a concrete experimental radiolink, taking into account the features of hardware implementation of this method now. Let's estimate the values of probable hardware and methodical measurement errors.
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Yu.M. Galaev
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Figure 2: The experimental radiolink pro le
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Figure 3: The high-altitude eld pro le
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3. Experimental radiolink
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The measurements are conducted with the ground radiolink of direct visibility within 13 km. The radiolink pro le is shown in the Fig. 2.
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The points A and B are the nal transceiver points
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in the gure. The point A was on the northern side
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of Kharkov, the point B was in the village Russian
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Tishky. The aerial of the point A was at the altitude 30
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m from the Earth's surface, and the aerial of the point
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B was at the altitude 12 m. The hill top D, the terrain
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in the region of the point C and point B have the grass
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covering. The hill top E is occupied with forests. The
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medium trajectory height is AB overland Zup 42 m.
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The lumen value above the top D, de nited by geodesic
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mA eutphotdo,tihse Hto1p D2r51:3 m22.0T0 mhe.
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interval from The azimuth
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the of a
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|
point radio
|
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|
|
link, measured in the point A regarding the meridian,
|
|
450. To specify the elds formation mechanizm
|
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|
|
in radiolink points, the vertical eld structure is mea-
|
|
|
|
sured in the point A. The measurements are executed
|
|
|
|
in summer, in August. The radiation was conducted by
|
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|
|
the aerial of the point B on a carrier frequency of this
|
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|
|
point zonding signal. The vertical probing is execut-
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|
|
ed by consequent rise of the auxiliary receiving device
|
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|
saugprapmlie(d w1it0h0
|
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|
|
the aerial of rather broad ). The rise started from a
|
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|
directional diaerial arrange-
|
|
|
|
ment level of the point A. The measurement results are
|
|
|
|
shown by the points on the left-hand piece of the Fig. 3.
|
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|
|
The continuous line approximates the view of measured eld structure. The power P of the received signal in decibels regarding the reference level P0 is plotted on an abscissa axis. The height of the auxiliary receiving device in meters is plotted on an ordinate axis.
|
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|
|
As it is visible from the Fig. 3, the structure of a high-altitude pro le contains two components mainly.
|
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|
The rst structure is presented by several change terms, the second is presented only by the part of its term. The measured structure can be described by three waves
|
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|
|
interference: the direct wave (distributing on the pathes
|
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|
|
BA), the waves, re ected from the top D (on the path BDA), and the waves, re ected from the terrain in neighborhood of the point C (on the path BCA).
|
|
The problem solution of a eld calculation at several waves interference is described in the work [29]. The factor attenuation module is determined by the following formula at vertical probing
|
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|
|
jQ
|
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|
(Za)j
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|
=
|
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|
8><2
|
|
41
|
|
>:
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|
+
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|
X J j=1
|
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|
Rj
|
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|
cos
|
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|
j
|
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|
|
(Za
|
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|
32 )5 +
|
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|
+
|
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|
2X J
|
|
4
|
|
j=1
|
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|
Rj
|
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|
sin
|
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|
j
|
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|
329>=1=2
|
|
(Za)5 >;
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|
|
|
;
|
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|
(18)
|
|
|
|
where Za is the auxiliary device uprise height; J is the interfering waves quantity; j is the wave number, re ected from j point on the Earth's surface. The phase shift i (Za) between a straight line and j waves is
|
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|
j (Za) = 2 1 rj (Za) + j
|
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|
(19)
|
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|
|
The propagation waves di erence at gn = 0 is
|
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|
r0j
|
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|
(Za)
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
[Hj + 2rqj
|
|
|
|
Hj (1
|
|
|
|
(Za)] qj)
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
(20)
|
|
|
|
where Hj is the lumen value above j re ection point at gn = 0; Hj (Za) is the additional element to the value Hj , which depends upon Za ; qj = rj=r is the relative coordinate of j of the re ection point; rj is the interval from the point A up to j re ection point. The lumen
|
|
value at gn 6= 0 is determined by the expression
|
|
|
|
Hj (gn) = Hj 0:25r2gnqj (1 qj) :
|
|
|
|
(21)
|
|
|
|
The additional element value Hj(Za) is
|
|
|
|
Hj (Za) = (1 qj) Za:
|
|
|
|
(22)
|
|
|
|
Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
|
|
|
|
217
|
|
|
|
The calculation result is given on the right piece of
|
|
|
|
the Fig. 3, executed on the formulas (18)-(22). The fol-
|
|
|
|
lowing parameters values of re ection points are adopt-
|
|
|
|
ed at calculations: 1;2 = ; r1 = 2200 m; H1 = 25:3
|
|
|
|
m; R1 = value gn
|
|
|
|
0:07; r2 = 5:5
|
|
|
|
= 11000 10 8 m
|
|
|
|
m; 1.
|
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|
|
H2 = 24 m; R2 The values R1
|
|
|
|
= 0:04; and R2
|
|
|
|
are obtained from the data of the eld vertical prob-
|
|
|
|
ing (left-hand piece of the Fig. 3). Their rather small
|
|
|
|
values (for example, in comparison with the work data
|
|
|
|
[26]) are stipulated by the following features of re ected
|
|
|
|
waves formation in an experimental radiolink (Fig. 2).
|
|
|
|
It is: the waves divergence at re ection from the domed
|
|
|
|
top D; the segment C was irradiated with a side lobe
|
|
|
|
of the antenna point B direction. It is visible from the
|
|
|
|
Fig. 3, that the calculation results will be agreeed with
|
|
|
|
the measurement results as a whole. The di erences
|
|
|
|
available can be explained by those that the calculation
|
|
|
|
is executed in the supposition about the independence
|
|
|
|
gn from Za .
|
|
|
|
At measurements realization, foreseen by this work
|
|
|
|
problems, the probing signals transmission in the points
|
|
|
|
A and B was implemented by the aerials with direc-
|
|
tional diagrams width 0:50. In this case the top D
|
|
|
|
was outside of the aerial chart main lobe of the point
|
|
|
|
A. Therefore the signal values, received in both points
|
|
|
|
from the top D directions, were much less (on 17...20
|
|
|
|
dB) signal values, received from the point C directions.
|
|
|
|
(As it was marked, the auxiliary aerial with the directional diagram width about 100 was applied at vertical
|
|
|
|
probing and the top D was in a main lobe of such aeri-
|
|
|
|
al). Therefore further estimations were executed within
|
|
|
|
the following supposition. The signals received in the
|
|
|
|
points A and B , represent the wave interference re-
|
|
|
|
sults, which come to these points on the pathways AB
|
|
|
|
and ACB . The following parameters of a re ecting
|
|
|
|
segment are adopted for calculations: r2 = 11000 m; H2 = 24 m; R2 = 0:04. (As only this segment is con-
|
|
|
|
sidered below, the indexes writing is omitted and con-
|
|
|
|
sidered, that H2 = H ; R2 = R; q2 = q ; r02 = r0).
|
|
|
|
We shall substitute the value H to (20), de ned by
|
|
|
|
(21) for the relation calculation r from gn , we shall
|
|
|
|
receive
|
|
|
|
r
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
2rq
|
|
|
|
H2 (1
|
|
|
|
q)
|
|
|
|
rH 4
|
|
|
|
gn
|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
r3gn2 32
|
|
|
|
q
|
|
|
|
(1
|
|
|
|
q) :
|
|
|
|
(23)
|
|
|
|
The rst member (23), according to (20), represents the value r0 at gn = 0, Za = 0. The second and third members depend on gn . Thus within the change range gn , peculiar for atmosphere [30-32], the value of the third member does not exceed 0.01 from the second value. The values r0 and rH=4 are determined only in geometrical parameters of a radiolink. In this case, neglecting third member in the expression (23) and having designated rH=4 = d, we shall receive
|
|
|
|
r r0 dgn
|
|
|
|
(24)
|
|
|
|
It follows, that anisotropic e ects and altitudes result in the components occurrence to gn by value
|
|
gWr=c in an anisotropic case (Wup > Wl > 0), from (16), (17). Let's substitute values gn , de ned by (16), (17) in (24). Let's receive, that the propagation di erence at propagation directions concurrence of radiowaves and ethereal wind is
|
|
|
|
r+ = r0 d (gn gWr=c) :
|
|
|
|
(25)
|
|
|
|
It is at a radiowaves propagation towards the ethereal wind motion
|
|
|
|
r = r0 d (gn + gWr=c) :
|
|
|
|
(26)
|
|
|
|
It follows, that r+ > r, r < r and r+ 6=
|
|
|
|
r from (25), (26). The di erence in these values
|
|
|
|
is determined by the velocity gradient of the ethereal
|
|
|
|
wind value gWr .
|
|
|
|
We shall estimate the possible value gWr . The es-
|
|
|
|
timations will be executed for a case, when the hori-
|
|
|
|
zontal component of the ethereal wind speed receives
|
|
|
|
the maximum value. It should be observed at the mo-
|
|
|
|
ment of the ethereal wind lower transit apex (the apex
|
|
|
|
crosses the meridian in the bottom point). In [5], the declination of the ethereal wind apex M = +650 is de-
|
|
|
|
termined in an equatorial system of astronomical coor-
|
|
|
|
dinates. The index \M" means the measurement place,
|
|
|
|
i.e. the observatory Mount Wilson. Its geographic lat-
|
|
|
|
iZtuMde '1M83=0
|
|
|
|
340 n.l., the altitude above m. In [5] the ethereal wind
|
|
|
|
the sea level speed in the
|
|
|
|
interferometer plane, i.e. horizontal component of this
|
|
|
|
speed WM , was measured, it is
|
|
|
|
WM = W cos hM;
|
|
|
|
(27)
|
|
|
|
where W is the value of the ethereal wind speed module at the altitude ZM ; hM is the apex height in a horizontal system of astronomical coordinates at the latitude 'M . Resulting in the measured data, obtained by Miller on Mount Wilson and in Clevelend, the highaltitude relation of the ethereal wind speed, presupposing the exponential nature of this relation, can be approximated by the expression
|
|
|
|
WM (Z) = bWM 1 e Z ;
|
|
|
|
(28)
|
|
|
|
where b = 1:136; = 1:16 10 3 m 1 are proportion-
|
|
|
|
al ratios; WM is the speed values of the ethereal wind,
|
|
|
|
measured in [5, 6] at the altitude ZM ; Z is the altitude
|
|
|
|
above the sea level. The expression (28) enables by the
|
|
|
|
results [5, 6], obtained at the altitude ZM , to calcu-
|
|
|
|
late high-altitude speed relation of the ethereal wind
|
|
|
|
WM (Z) at the conducted near
|
|
|
|
latitude 'M Kharkov, at
|
|
|
|
. The measurements were the latitude 'K = 500 n.l.
|
|
|
|
The index \K ," as well as above, means the measure-
|
|
|
|
ment place. Supposing, that the nature of high-altitude
|
|
|
|
speed relation of the ethereal wind in this point of a
|
|
|
|
218
|
|
|
|
Yu.M. Galaev
|
|
|
|
terrestrial globe looks like to the relation (28), we shall write
|
|
|
|
WK (Z) = bWK (ZM) 1 e Z ;
|
|
|
|
(29)
|
|
|
|
where WK (Z) is the horizontal speed component of the ethereal wind at the latitude 'K , at the altitude ZM , which can be determined as
|
|
|
|
Let's calculate
|
|
value WMmax
|
|
|
|
the anticipated value 9000 m/sec represents
|
|
|
|
gWrK . The the average
|
|
|
|
value of the ethereal wind maximum speeds in the work
|
|
|
|
[5], measured during all months of observations. Having
|
|
|
|
put in (37) WM = WMmax and Z = ZK = 150 m (ZK
|
|
|
|
is the radiolink altitude over the sea level), we shall
|
|
|
|
receive gWrK = 6:4 m/sec m.
|
|
|
|
WK (ZM ) = W cos hK;
|
|
|
|
(30)
|
|
|
|
where hK is the apex altitude of the ethereal wind at the latitude 'K . It is possible to receive from the equations (27), (30), that
|
|
|
|
4. Instrumentation
|
|
The measurement method essence, adopted in this work, is described above. Let's notice the following.
|
|
|
|
WK (ZM ) = WM cos hK= cos hM:
|
|
|
|
(31)
|
|
|
|
Let's write down hK and hM through the apex declination value M and the latitude 'K , 'M . Let's take the ratio for transition from the rst equatorial system of astronomical coordinates to horizontal ones, [33]
|
|
|
|
The expression (1) introduces a processing algorithm of the received signal I . It was shown in the work [27], that at such processing of the sources instability of the carrier and modulating frequencies do not enter in (1) and do not in uence on the value ' measurement accuracy. It has enabled to facilitate
|
|
|
|
cos h cos A = cos ' sin + sin ' cos cos t:
|
|
|
|
(32)
|
|
|
|
the creation and exploitation problem of the devices, intended for phase characteristics of radiolinks mea-
|
|
|
|
Here A is the apex azimuth in a horizontal system of surement, essentially. The self-excited generators with
|
|
|
|
astronomical coordinates; t and is an hour angle, and parametric stabilization of their frequencies are applied
|
|
|
|
the apex declination in equatorial coordinate system at the way implementation as emission sources. The
|
|
|
|
accordingly; ' is geographic latitude of the observation way realised in radiowaves lengths range 8mm and ear-
|
|
|
|
place. In a point of the lower apex transit, as well as for any aster, A = 1800, t = 12h (in a degree measure t = 1800) [33]. In this case (32) becomes
|
|
|
|
lier was probed in [1{4]. The nal radiolink points were equipped with identical complete transceiver sets as well as the recording equipment. The transmission
|
|
|
|
cos h = sin ( + ') :
|
|
|
|
(33)
|
|
|
|
and sounding signals reception in each of the points were conducted with the same aerial. The aerials of
|
|
|
|
Let's substitute the values cosh, de ned by the expression (33), in (31). Allowing the latitudes values are 'K , 'M and the value de ned in [5] the apex declination M , we shall receive
|
|
WK (ZM ) = WM sin ( M + 'K) = sin ( M + 'M) :(34)
|
|
|
|
both points are identical and have mirrors of diameters 1,1m. The generators of carrier frequencies had the values frequencies about 37 GHz, and generators of modulating oscillations 0.5 GHz. The generators frequencies of carrier oscillations di ered from each other in 50 MHz for radiated and received signals separation.
|
|
|
|
Then, allowing (34), the expression (29) will be like
|
|
|
|
WK
|
|
|
|
(Z
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
bWM
|
|
|
|
sin sin
|
|
|
|
( M ( M
|
|
|
|
+ +
|
|
|
|
'K 'M
|
|
|
|
) )
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
e Z :
|
|
|
|
(35)
|
|
|
|
The expression (35) allows to calculate high-altitude relation of the ethereal wind speed horizontal component for the latitude 'K by the work results [5, 6], obtained at the altitude zM . As the radio link is declined from a meridian with the angle a, the high-altitude relation of the ethereal wind speed radial component in the radio link location, at the moment of a lower apex culmination is
|
|
|
|
The carrier frequency is f0A = 36:95 GHz in the point A, and the carrier frequency is f0B = 37 GHz in the point B . The resulting power of each transmission devices executed on Gunn's diodes, is about 70 mW. The generators of carrier and modulating oscillations with concomitant clusters are located in thermostats. The hardware complex contained the systems of the frequencies automatic tuning. The hardware has passed the comprehensive lab tests on a board and into the measuring complex structure within the environment temperatures -250C ... +350 C in di erent meteorological conditions. One-channel recorders were used for registration in both nal points. The additional
|
|
|
|
WrK
|
|
|
|
(Z)
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
bWM
|
|
|
|
cos
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sin sin
|
|
|
|
( M ( M
|
|
|
|
+ +
|
|
|
|
'K ) 'M )
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
e Z :(36)
|
|
|
|
We shall nd the high-altitude gradient relation of this speed, di erentiating (36) on a variable Z . We'll obtain
|
|
|
|
recorder was used in the point A and for amplitude registration of a received signal. This information allowed to distinguish the time periods, during which the hydrometeors (rain, snow) settled out, that was not always possible to determine visually. As well the amplitude channel executed the function of the work
|
|
|
|
gW
|
|
|
|
rK
|
|
|
|
(Z
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
b WM
|
|
|
|
cos
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sin sin
|
|
|
|
( M ( M
|
|
|
|
+ +
|
|
|
|
'K 'M
|
|
|
|
) )
|
|
|
|
e
|
|
|
|
Z:
|
|
|
|
(37)
|
|
|
|
continuous control of the measuring system. The analysis of the hardware actual characteristics and its test
|
|
|
|
Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
|
|
|
|
219
|
|
|
|
results have shown, that sa is the hardware resulting root-mean-square measurement error of the values does not exceed 2.40.
|
|
|
|
5. The radiointerferometer work
|
|
|
|
In the accepted measurement method according to (10) the measured value represents the di erence of phase invariants values of radiolink probing signals, received simultaneously in radiolink points. Allowing (9), (25), (26), we shall write the expression for as follows
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
k2
|
|
|
|
r+2
|
|
|
|
(1
|
|
|
|
R +
|
|
|
|
1 R2
|
|
|
|
R2 sin k0B 2R cos k0B
|
|
|
|
r+ r+)2
|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
k2
|
|
|
|
r2
|
|
|
|
R (1 +
|
|
|
|
1 R2
|
|
|
|
R2 sin k0A 2R cos k0A
|
|
|
|
r r
|
|
|
|
)2 ;
|
|
|
|
(38)
|
|
|
|
where the indexes at k0A and k0B re ect the di erence
|
|
|
|
of probing signals carrier frequencies, received in the
|
|
|
|
points A and B accordingly. The rst member of the
|
|
|
|
right part (38) represents the value 'A , the second represents the value 'B . The expression (38) is writ-
|
|
|
|
ten to conformity with the initial hypothesis position of
|
|
|
|
the ethereal wind northern apex. In this case the val-
|
|
|
|
ues r+ , r are determined by the expressions (25),
|
|
|
|
(26) accordingly and the measured value F should get
|
|
|
|
the positive values. Let's consider the work features of
|
|
|
|
the measurement method, which are stipulated by its
|
|
|
|
speci c technical implementation.
|
|
|
|
We shall consider the isotropic case (Wup = Wl =
|
|
|
|
0), that corresponds to radiowaves propagation in
|
|
|
|
Aether, xed regarding the observer (radiolink) at the
|
|
|
|
presence of isotropic atmosphere within the adopted
|
|
|
|
hypothesis. (It is adequate to such medium as Aether
|
|
|
|
absence in nature within the modern generally accept-
|
|
|
|
ed imaginations.) In this case the radiowave propaga-
|
|
|
|
tion velocity does not depend on the radiation direc-
|
|
|
|
tion, but depends on the altitude above the Earth's
|
|
|
|
surface V (Z) = c=n(Z). As Wup = Wl = 0 and
|
|
|
|
gWr = 0, according to (25), (26), (24), we shall receive r+ = r = r. Then, if in (38) to suppose, that
|
|
|
|
k0B = k0A, we shall receive = 0 and this equalling,
|
|
|
|
according to a reciprocity principle, does not depend
|
|
|
|
on the interspace properties. However, the engineering
|
|
|
|
solution was accepted at this method implementation,
|
|
|
|
in which the carrier frequencies value of probing sig-
|
|
|
|
nals, emitted by each of radiolink points, di ered. As
|
|
k0B = k0A , 6= 0, that we shall consider as the
|
|
|
|
measurements error. We shall identify the values
|
|
|
|
depending on the parameters change such as gn and R
|
|
|
|
with (38), (24). We shall estimate probable ranges of
|
|
|
|
the values change gn and ment. The average values m 1 in winter up to -5.95
|
|
|
|
R for the calculations ful l-
|
|
|
|
gn 10
|
|
|
|
8chmang1einfrosumm-m4.e2r5in10the8
|
|
|
|
air layer 25{50 m above the Earth's surface according
|
|
|
|
to the work data [30{32]. Such data take intermediate
|
|
|
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values in spring and autumn. The values the average during the day as follows (-3,6 m 1 in winter and (-5,5 ... -6,4) 10 8 m
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g.1.n.in-c4hs,au9n)mg1me0oern8.
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According to the work [26], on at tracts with grass
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covering, the values change of the re ection coe cient
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module R is within the limits of 0.2 ... 0.5 on the wave
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8 mm, in the season of active vegetation, up to 0.4 ...
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0.7 after grass withering, remaining approximately the
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same if there is a friable snow cover. Thus the highest
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values of the re ection coe cient, reached 0.7 ... 0.8,
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were noticed in the season of snow melting.
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In the work, at errors calculating, the range of
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the value R change is taken within 0.03 ... 0.07, that
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is stipulated by the mentioned above features of the
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re ected wave formation in a radiolink. The selected
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change range R is matched to its change range as to
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the value, measured in the work [26], and includes the
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value R = 0:; 04, which is determined in the work from
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the eld vertical probing results in an experimental ra-
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diolink (left-hand piece of the Fig. 3). Such probing was
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executed at the end of summer, when the grass cover-
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ing represented the withering green. It is possible to
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suppose on the basis of the work results [26] and ver-
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tical probing data, that the values R (0; 04 0; 05)
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are close to average value in a radiolink during the part
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of the year, since September till January, in which the
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measurements were executed. We shall use such change
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range R at ful lment of the ethereal wind parameters
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estimations.
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The calculation results of error values and '
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values are presented on two pieces of the Fig. 4 depend-
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ing on the gradient gn values for three values R.
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Abscissa axis for these pieces is common. The values
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gn and the values, conforming to them Deltar, are giv-
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en for visualization on it. The conformity between these
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values was established with the help (24). The values
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and ' in grades were taken on ordinate axises.
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On the lower piece, for R = 0:05, two curves are given,
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i.e. 'A(gn) is the continuous line and 'B(gn) is
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the broken line. As it is visible, the curves are shifted
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regarding each other. It was stipulated by the values
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di erence of probing signals carrier frequencies, as the
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results in errors occurrence. The curves 'A(gn) and 'B(gn) represent the maxima and minima po-
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sition of interference patterns in the points A and B .
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(The analogue is the interference pattern in an optical
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interferometer). The radio interferometer working sec-
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tion, within which the measurements were conducted,
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is indicated by the heavy straight line section in the
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bottom part of the piece. The same relations for val-
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ues R = 0:03 and R = 0:07 are re ected in the piece
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by the curves 'A(gn), shown only within the radio
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interferometer working section. The errors calcu-
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lation results, executed for three values R are given on
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the upper piece of the Fig. 4. The value gn change
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range is indicated by the broken line, i.e. the stroke
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220
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Yu.M. Galaev
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Figure 4: The measurement error relation to the vertical pro le gradient of the refraction coe cient
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Figure 5: The measured value relation to the ethereal wind velocity gradient
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section in this piece bottom, which was determined from the works [30{32]. It follows from the Fig. 4 and calculations results, that the value changes in all the indicated gradient gn change range in the following limits: at R = 0:04 from min = 0:870 up to
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max = 1:180; at R = 0:05 from min = 1:090 up to max = 1:430. The calculations have shown, that the error is systematic and can be considered as the correction.
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The diurnal and seasonal variations of ambient tem-
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perature can result in the radio link geometry change
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| the value r0 change, and at f0A 6= f0B the er-
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rors T occurrence is possible. It can be supposed,
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that the radiolink length remains invariable, since the
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radiolink nal points are arranged on concrete build-
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ings, the foundations of which are in an ice-free soil
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layer at almost constant temperature. Nevertheless,
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the errors calculation DFT was executed in the suppo-
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sition, that the whole radiolink was located on concrete
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foundation with that the value galaev:tex T =
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t5Th0e0 Cle.n0A:g0t1hb0i1ti3lna0r0tg0heermet.errmIotprshearcasatnauproepcecrauarrnegadet,
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altitudes temperature change of radiolink nal points.
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T 0:050 at T = 500 C in this case. The cal-
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culations are conducted at R = 0:07. As it is visible
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the errors T are small, and they can be neglected. The executed analysis has shown, that the measurement method is tolerant practically in an isotropic case to change the environment parameters. The detected errors are insigni cant and represent systematic displacement, which we shall consider as the correction.
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In an anisotropic case (Wup > Wl > 0, that corresponds to the positions of the initial hypothesis) from (38), (25), (26) follows, that the measured value depends on a radial component gradient of the ethe-
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real wind speed gWr and the value R. The calcula-
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tion results 5 10 8 m
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of 1
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the are
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relations given for
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(gWr), executed at gn four values R in the Fig.
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= 5.
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The values are put in grades on an ordinate axis.
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The curves family, given in the Fig. 5, allows to determine the values gWr by the value measurement results. As the value gWr is determined as a pro le derivative Wr(Z), so the value is proportional to the ethereal wind Wr speed.
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The expressions (38), (25), (26) demonstrate the relevant property of the accepted measurement method,
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necessary for this research problem solving. The measured value is not equal to zero (the correction value is taken into account) only in the case, when two e ects
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of the ethereal wind, i.e. the anisotropy e ect and the
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Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
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221
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altitude e ect, take place simultaneously. Really, it is
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easy to see, that 6= 0 only when Wrup 6= Wrl 6= 0.
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In other cases, when Wrup = Wrl (i.e. gWr = 0) or Wrup = Wrl = 0, the measured value = 0. In other words, the method is responsive to the Earth's relative movement and electromagnetic waves propagation medium | the Aether only in the case, if this medium will form a gradiant layer near the Earth's surface at the motion, i.e. if the medium shows the viscosity property | the property intrinsic to material mediums, which are derivated from separate fragments. Therefore, the anisotropic e ects and altitudes can be found out with the reviewed measurement method in the uni ed measurement act. The space e ect also can be found in this uni ed measurement act, as the same measurements results should be subjected to the averaging procedure in the sidereal time scale for periodic components detection.
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6. The measurement technique
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The probing signals IA and IB were emitted towards one another from the points A and B accordingly. Simultaneously the probing signals reception and their processing according to the adopted measurement way were performed in each of the points. The measured values 'A and 'B were recorded on the recorders' tapes in both points. The time marks were performed in the point A and were transmitted with the signal IA to the point B . These marks were recorded synchronically with both points of the recorders in such a way. The measurements were conducted continuously and around-the-clock. The instrumentation calibration and control of its operation implemented with the self-contained device, which performed the testing signal with controled parameters and the spectrum similar to the probing signal spectrum. Such operations were conducted at regular intervals, as a rule, 1 time for 1 operating hour.
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7. The processing technique of measurement results
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The measurement results processing of the values 'A and 'B included the calculation procedures of the measured value ; its diurnal variation within separate sidereal day d(S); its diurnal variation within sidereal day, averaged for the whole measurements cycle of
|
|
(S); root-mean-square deviations . The values 'A and 'B were shown on separate chart tapes like continuous records. The signal amplitude record was used for the sites allocation, executed at hydrometeors falling. Such sites were removed from further processing. The sidereal time marks were synchro recorded on all tapes. The values 'A(S)
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Table 1: Distribution of measurement time on months
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of the year
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|
Month of the year IX X XI XII I
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Common
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measurement
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|
278 193 165 300 352
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time (hours)
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and 'B(S) readouts were made, they were recorded in the table of the conforming observations date from these tapes with the separate slide scale, in one hour of the sidereal time. In the same table, the values of the measured value (S) were recorded, calculated on the formula (10) for each of this sidereal day hours. The sequence of such numbers obtained for separate sidereal day, describes diurnal variation d(S). The calculated values were recorded in the other table. The average value of the measured one was calculated for each hour of this table sidereal day
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(S)
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=
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1
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X j=1
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j (S);
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(39)
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|
where is the quantity of the value readouts, made during the whole cycle of measurements, in the sidereal time equal to S . The root-mean-square deviations of values from its average value were calculated for each hour of the sidereal time with the following known expression [34]:
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8 <
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(S) =
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:
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1 X h j=1
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j (S)
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(S)i29=1=2 : (40)
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;
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8. Measurement results
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The results are considered in the work, which were obtained during 5 months, since September 1998 till January 1999. The measurements were conducted aroundthe-clock, except both weekends and holidays as well as the cases, when the electric power was not supplied to one of the measuring points for technical reasons. The general time of continuous measurements was 1288 hours. The measurement time distribution on months of the year is shown in the Tab. 1.
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|
The distribution of readouts quantity of the measured value on sidereal day time, for the whole measurement cycle (5 months), is shown in the Tab. 2.
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In the Fig. 6 the examples of measurement result records, 9th November 1998 are shown.
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The gure is composed from pieces mated in time of three chart tapes with the following values records: signal amplitudes, adopted in the point A (the upper curve); the phase invariant 'A, the phase invariant
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222
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|
Yu.M. Galaev
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|
|
Figure 6: The example of registered values records
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|
Table 2: Distribution of readouts quantity of the measured value on the sidereal day time Sidereal time (hour) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of readouts 53 54 55 54 54 50 50 52 51 52 53 53 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 51 52 54 55 57 54 54 57 55 55 55 58
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|
'B (lower curve). The pieces illustrate the typical
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|
changes of the registered values. Speeds of the chart
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|
tapes drive are 20 mm/hour. The vertical strokes repre-
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|
sent time marks in the gure. The digits under strokes
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|
|
indicate the sidereal time value in hours. The time ow
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|
direction is from right to left. The scale sections for
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|
a signal amplitude change estimation in decibels and
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|
phase invariant values change in degrees are marked in
|
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|
the gure right section. The change of time di erence
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|
|
between the values 'A and 'B , i.e. the change of the measured value = 'A 'B can be seen in the
|
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|
|
gure. From the hour, the value
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|
moment S = has changed
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14 to
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|
h ou1r10u.p
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|
to S = 21 The di er-
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|
ence between values 'A and 'B uctuations can be
|
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|
|
explained by the following. The radiowaves are propa-
|
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|
|
gated in counter directions in a radio link. According to
|
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|
|
the initial hypothesis, their propagation medium is the
|
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|
|
Aether | material medium, having the properties of
|
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|
|
viscous and compressible gas. The gradiant speed layer
|
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|
|
is formed in the Aether ow at Aether motion near the
|
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|
|
rough surface, as well as at motion of any viscous and
|
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|
|
compressible gas, and such motion can be accompanied by this ow parameters uctuations. (Other causes of such uctuations are possible also).
|
|
The ethereal wind speed uctuations and this speed gradient gW result in values uctuations 'A and
|
|
'B . It follows from (25), (26) and lower pieces of the Fig. 4, that such uctuations are counter correlated. The radiowaves propagation in the Aether occurs in isotropic atmosphere available at the same time. Known atmosphere parameters uctuations [29] also will result in uctuations 'A and 'B . It follows from (23) and lower piece of the Fig. 4, that the uctuations gn result in the correlated uctuations of values
|
|
'A and 'B . Therefore, the uctuations of each values 'A and 'B within the adopted uctuation hypothesis are the uctuation superposition, stipulated by the indicated causes. Besides, it follows from (16),
|
|
(17), that gn+ 6= gn is at gWr 6= 0. In this case the ra-
|
|
diowaves refraction, distributing in the driving Aether in counter directions, is various. The radiowaves pathways pass with the distinguished characteristics in the
|
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|
|
Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
|
|
|
|
223
|
|
|
|
Figure 7: Mean diurnal variation of the measured value
|
|
space eld, and the re ecting sites on the Earth's surface are shifted regarding each other. It can result in the values 'A and 'B uctuation decorrelations. The reviewed features of the values 'A and 'B uctuations formation illustrate the distinctions available, which are visible in the Fig. 6.
|
|
The systematic measurement results were subjected to statistical processing. The mean diurnal variation of the measured value within sidereal day (S) is given in the Fig. 7
|
|
The sidereal time S in hours is marked on an abscissa axis, the measured value in grades is marked on an ordinate axis. The vertical strokes indicate con dence intervals, de ned as (S) (S). It follows from a Fig. 7, that the measurement results are not de nitely zero and are not accidental observation errors. The relation (S) has the expressed form of the varied value with the period, equal to one sidereal day, i.e. the measured e ect has a space parentage. It is shown above, that the measured value is not equal to zero point only in the case when two e ects of the ethereal wind, i.e. an anisotropies e ect, stipulated by the Earth's relative movement and radiowaves propagation medium as well as the altitude e ect, stipulated by the speed gradiant layer in this medium ow available, take place simultaneously. The positive measurement results, given in the Fig. 7, demonstrate, that these both required ethereal wind e ects take place simultaneously. Therefore, the space e ect development, the anisotropy e ect and the
|
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|
|
altitude e ect are shown in the uni ed experiment, in the uni ed measurement act.
|
|
Let's compare the measurement results of the work to the results [5] and [11]. We shall use maximum ratings of the measured values at matching. We'll de ne the values gWrK with the relations (gWr), which were given in the Fig. 5. We shall call such values gWrK to be measured. The measured gradient values of the ethereal wind speed horizontal component gWK can be found as follows
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|
|
gWK = gWrK = cos ;
|
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|
|
(41)
|
|
|
|
that follows from the expressions (35) - (37) results. The expression (37) allows to compare the measurement results of the work to the data [5, 11]. Really, having put in (37) Z = ZK can be found, that
|
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|
WM
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|
|
=
|
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|
|
gWrK e ZK sin ( M + 'M b cos sin ( M + 'K)
|
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|
|
)
|
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|
|
:
|
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|
|
(42)
|
|
|
|
The expression (42) allows to calculate the values WM with the measured values gWrK . We shall designate the values WM, calculated with (42), as WMK and treat this value as follows: WMK is the horizontal component of ethereal wind speed on the geographic latitude 'M , the altitude ZM , calculated by the measurements results of the ethereal wind velocity gradient at the latitude 'M and the altitude ZK .
|
|
Let's substitute the value WM , de ned by (42), in (36). Let's receive, that the radial component of the ethereal wind speed in a radiolink can be determined with the following expression
|
|
|
|
WrK = gWrK e ZK 1 = :
|
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|
|
(43)
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|
|
This speed horizontal component is equal accordingly to
|
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|
|
WK = WrK= cos :
|
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|
|
(44)
|
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|
Calculated with (43), (44) we shall call also the val-
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|
ues WrK and WK to be measured.
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|
|
The parameters measurement results of the ethereal
|
|
|
|
wind and the work results [5, 11] are listed in Tab. 3.
|
|
|
|
The rst column of the Tab. 3 represents the value
|
|
|
|
m2,3ea,4suarreemtehnetscraelscuulltatio(nS)rmesauxltisn
|
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|
|
grades. The columns of the ethereal wind
|
|
|
|
parameters executed with the expressions (41), (44),
|
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|
|
(42) accordingly. The data about the ethereal wind
|
|
|
|
parameters are shown in the table like fractions. Mul-
|
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|
|
tipair numerator corresponds to the parameter value
|
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|
|
obtained at R = 0:04, and denominator - at R = 0:05.
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|
|
Such form of the measurement results representation is
|
|
|
|
stipulated by those, that the systematic values R mea-
|
|
|
|
surement was not conducted during the experiments.
|
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|
|
The digit in the column 2, given in brackets, represents
|
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|
|
the calculated value gWK with (37), (41), that we shall
|
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|
|
224
|
|
|
|
Yu.M. Galaev
|
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|
|
1 , grade
|
|
14
|
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|
|
Table 3: The ethereal wind parameters
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
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|
5
|
|
|
|
g86W;;62K32 ;;
|
|
|
|
m=s m (9,05)
|
|
|
|
WK1140,11m49 /s
|
|
|
|
WM86K4192,04m/s
|
|
|
|
WM, m/s [5] 9000
|
|
|
|
6 WM, m/s [11]
|
|
6000
|
|
|
|
call as the anticipated ethereal wind velocity gradient value in Kharkov. The column 5 represents the maximal ethereal wind speed value, obtained by Miller at measurement results averaging, executed in the observatory Mount Wilson in April, August and September 1925 [5]. The column 6 represents the maximal ethereal wind speed value, measured in the observatory Mount Wilson in the experiment [11], 1929.
|
|
The executed estimations have shown, that the horizontal component of ethereal wind speed reaches the
|
|
value WK 1414 m/s in Kharkov. This work measure-
|
|
ment results are recalculated to the observatory Mount Wilson location with the expression (42). The obtained
|
|
value WMK 8490 m/s, that is close to the result [5]
|
|
WM = 9000 m/s. A bit smaller values WMK (allowing the estimations at R = 0:05), in comparison with the result [5], can be explained with di erent conditions of the experience realization. The cross-country terrains measurement are conducted on the slightly cross terrain. The ambient relief altitudes di erence is about 20 m. The experiment [5] was executed at a mountain top and the ambient terrain was much below the measurement conducting place. It can be supposed, that in the rst case the terrain ambient relief a ect on the ethereal wind speed value is more, than in the case of the work [5]. Such supposition about the surface and local subjects in uence (hills, buildings, located closely to the radiolink, etc.) has been con rmed at the results comparison [5] and [11]. So, the ethereal wind speed smaller values in [11] in comparison with the data [5] are explained in [7] by Aether ow deceleration with buildings walls, in which there was this work author's interferometer [11]. Miller [5] built a light wooden house for the measurements realization in the observatory Mount Wilson. There were continuous windows made of white canvas on all its sides. In 1929 Michelson, Peas, Pearson [11] conducted the similar experiment in a fundamental building of an optical workshop in Mount Wilson observatory. The ethereal wind measured speed was no more than 6000 m/s as a result.
|
|
The ethereal wind speed value, measured in a radio frequency band at the work, is close to the ethereal wind speeds values, measured in electromagnetic waves optical range in the experiments of Miller [5, 6], Michelson, Peas, Pearson [11]. Such comparison results can be considered as mutual con rmation of the research results veracity, the experiment [5, 6] and the experiment [11].
|
|
The ethereal wind velocity gradient measurements
|
|
|
|
were not performed in former works, we can compare the measured values gWK with the anticipated (calculated) value. As we can see from the table 3 (column 2) the value gWK measurement results are close to its calculated value.
|
|
The executed analysis has shown, that this work results can be explained by radiowaves propagation phenomenon in a space parentage driving medium with a gradiant layer speed in this medium ow near the Earth's surface. The gradiant layer available testi es that this medium has the viscosity | the property intrinsic material media, i.e. media consisting of separate particles. Thus, the executed experiment results agree with the initial hypothesis positions about the Aether material medium existence in the nature.
|
|
9. Conclusion
|
|
The parameters measurement method of anisotropic media of electromagnetic waves propagation was o ered and realised in the range of millimeter radiowaves at the work. The systematic experimental research results, executed near the Earth's radiolink of a line-of-sight, have shown:
|
|
| the Earth's relative movement and radiowaves propagation medium available;
|
|
| the radiowaves propagation medium ow has a space origin;
|
|
| the radiowaves propagation medium has the viscosity | the property intrinsic to material media consisting of separate particles.
|
|
The work results can be considered as the experimental hypothesis con rmation about the existence of such material medium, as the Aether, in the nature.
|
|
References [1] Yu.M. Galaev, B.V. Zhukov, F.V. Kivva, \The pass-
|
|
band variability of a ground communication circuit of millimeter radiowave range." Scienti c instrument manufacture in mm. and sub. mm. radiowaves frequency bands: Digest of scienti c works Kharkov: Institute of radiophysics and electronics engineering of NSA in Ukraine. 1992, pp. 63{72. [2] F.V. Kivva, Yu.M. Galaev, \Dispersion e ects in frequency windows of mm wave range radio waves." Atmospheric Propagation Technical Exchange Proceedings: ARL, Orlando, FL, USA. 1993, pp. 509{517.
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Etheral wind in experience of millimetric radiowaves propagation
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225
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[3] Yu.M. Galaev, \Model of radiowave dispersion in atmosphere." Atmospheric Propagation and Remote Sensing III: Edited by Walter A.Flood and Walter B.Miller, Proc. SPIE 2222. 1994, pp. 851{861.
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