314 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
314 lines
12 KiB
Plaintext
Proof of the Invalidity of the Black Hole and Einstein’s Field Equations
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Letter to Professor Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal, Concerning his Public Lecture at the University of Sydney on 9th November 2012
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By Stephen J. Crothers Queensland, Australia thenarmis@gmail.com 10th October 2012
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ABSTRACT
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Professor Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal, gave a public lecture in the Great Hall at the University of Sydney on 9th November 2012, 6:30pm to 8:00pm. The lecture was titled ‘BIG BANGS, BIOSPHERES AND THE LIMITS OF SCIENCE’. The website announcing the lecture is:
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http://sydney.edu.au/sydney_ideas/lectures/2012/professor_martin_rees.shtml
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In the preamble on the aforementioned website we find the words, “But there are intimations that physical reality is hugely more extensive than the domain our telescopes can probe. Indeed we may inhabit a 'multiverse' – living in the aftermath of one among an infinity of 'big bangs'.” This short Letter proves that the black hole does not exist because it violates the physical principles of General Relativity and that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum and is therefore invalid. Many of Professor Rees’ arguments in his public lecture are based on the assumption of the validity of General Relativity and are therefore untenable. Professor Rees has also written much in various papers on the existence and properties of black holes. What followers is the content of a letter sent to Professor Rees in advance of his public lecture in Sydney.
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(1) The Invalidity of the Black Hole
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Recall that according to Einstein his Principle of Equivalence and his laws of Special Relativity must hold in sufficiently small finite regions of his gravitational field and that these regions can be located anywhere in his gravitational field [1]. Recall also that both The Principle of Equivalence and Special Relativity are defined in terms of the a priori presence of multiple arbitrarily large finite masses and photons [1]. Now Einstein maintains that his field equations (in covariant components)
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R =0
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are “The Field Equations of Gravitation in the Absence of Matter” [2]; they pertain to the so-called ‘static vacuum field’. “Einstein made the assumption that in empty space R = 0” [3]. “The Einstein equations in the absence of matter are R = 0” [4]. In contravariant components, “… the empty space field equations are R = 0” [5]. “The law G = 0 in empty space, is chosen by Einstein for his law of gravitation” [6]. Note that in the case of [6] Eddington writes the Ricci tensor R as G , but the meaning is precisely the same.
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It is therefore impossible for the Principle of Equivalence and Special Relativity to manifest in the spacetime of R = 0 since R = 0 contains no matter by mathematical
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construction. Therefore R = 0 violates the physical principles required by Einstein for his gravitational field and is therefore inadmissible, having no physical meaning. Therefore the solution for R = 0 (the so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ actually due to David Hilbert) also violates the physical principles of General Relativity and so also has no physical meaning. But it is from Hilbert’s solution to R = 0 that the black hole was spawned. Indeed, we note that,
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“Black holes were first discovered as purely mathematical solutions of Einstein’s field equations. This solution, the Schwarzschild black hole, is a nonlinear solution of the Einstein equations of General Relativity. It contains no matter, and exists forever in an asymptotically flat space-time.” [7]
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Thus the black hole violates the physical principles of General Relativity and so it too has no physical meaning. In other words, General Relativity does not predict the black hole. The black hole thus fails to have any theoretical justification by means of General Relativity.
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(2) The Invalidity of Einstein’s Pseudo-Tensor and Hence the Invalidity of His Field Equations
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Recall that Einstein’s field equations,
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“... couple the gravitational field (contained in the curvature of spacetime) with its sources.” [5]
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So Einstein’s field equations are given by,
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(1)
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Gµν
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=
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Rµν
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−1 2
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Rg µν
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=
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−κTµν
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.
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Here G is the Einstein tensor, R the Ricci tensor, R the Ricci curvature, g the metric tensor, a coupling constant, and T the energy-momentum tensor. Equation (1) is often written more conveniently as
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(2)
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Gµν = −κTµν
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where
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Gµν
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=
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Rµν
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−
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1 2
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Rg µν
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The Einstein tensor describes the geometry and curvature of spacetime, and hence the
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gravitational field. The energy-momentum tensor describes all the material sources of
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the gravitational field that induce the curvature of spacetime. In relation to Equation
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(2) Einstein asserts that the sum of the energy and momentum of his gravitational
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( ) field and its sources is given by
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=
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t
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σ µ
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+ Tµσ
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where
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t
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σ µ
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is his pseudo-tensor and
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Tµσ is his energy-momentum tensor. Note that this expression is written in mixed form
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(one
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superscript
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and
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one
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subscript).
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Einstein
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says
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that
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the
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t
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σ µ
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are
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the
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“energy
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components … of the gravitational field” [8]. According to Pauli the components of
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Einstein’s pseudo-tensor are ‘the “energy components” of the gravitational field’ [9].
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According
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to
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Eddington
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[10]
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t
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σ µ
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denotes
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“…potential
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energy,
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momentum
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and
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stress”,
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and also says, “We call
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t
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σ µ
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the pseudo-tensor-density of potential energy”. Note that
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( ) =
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t
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σ µ
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+ Tµσ
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is not a tensor sum since
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t
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σ µ
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is not a tensor. For energy and momentum
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to be conserved the divergence of the expression for the total energy and momentum
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of the gravitational field must be zero. But the divergence of Einstein’s expression for
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the conservation of energy and momentum is an ordinary divergence, not a tensor
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divergence, contrary to his requirement that all the equations of physics be tensorial.
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Indeed, Einstein gives the ordinary divergence of his energy-momentum expression
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thus [8];
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(3)
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( ) ∂
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t
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σ µ
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+ Tµσ
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=0
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∂xσ
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Einstein [8] says of equation (3), “Thus it results from our field equations of gravitation that the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are satisfied.”
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“… we have to introduce the totality of the energy components of matter and gravitational field.”
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Now Einstein’s allegation that by equation (3) “… the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are satisfied” is completely false because Einstein’s pseudotensor is a meaningless concoction of mathematical symbols and so it cannot be used to make any calculations or to represent any physical entity or to model any physical phenomena. Thus, Einstein’s energy-momentum expression and the ordinary divergence of it are meaningless both physically and mathematically. Here is the proof. First recall that we can write the components of the metric tensor in contravariant form, thus; g . Now Einstein’s pseudo-tensor is defined, equivalently, as [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
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−
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µ ν
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=
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δνµ
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−
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∂
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∂
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σβ µ
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σβ ν
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where
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( ) = − αβ Γαγ κ Γκβγ − Γαγ β Γκγκ
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( ) Γbac
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= 1 g ad 2
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gdc,b + gbd ,c − gbc,d
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g dc ,b
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=
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∂g dc ∂xb
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We can contract a mixed tensor (and Einstein’s pseudo-tensor) by setting = , to produce an invariant. So contracting Einstein’s pseudo-tensor gives the invariant t, thus:
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−
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µ µ
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=
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−
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∂
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∂
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σβ µ
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σβ µ
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t
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µ µ
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=
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t
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Performing the calculation of the second part inside the brackets gives:
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∂
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∂
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σβ µ
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σβ µ
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=
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Substituting this result into the expression above and rearranging gives the invariant: t= L −g
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where g is the determinant of the metric tensor and hence is composed of the components of the metric tensor. By the definitions of L, Γbac and g, we see that t is an invariant that is composed solely of the components of the metric tensor and their first derivatives [11]. Tolman [15] also remarks:
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“… it will be noted that the value of tνµ at any point will be determined by the values of the components of the metrical tensor gαβ and their first derivatives ∂gαβ ∂xγ at that point.”
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Now the pure mathematicians G. Ricci-Curbastro and T. Levi-Civita, inventors of the tensor calculus, proved in 1900 that invariants that are composed solely of the components of the metric tensor and their first derivatives do not exist! [16]. Thus Einstein’s pseudo-tensor is totally meaningless and hence his formulation of the usual
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conservation of energy and momentum totally invalid.
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Now the upshot of this is that Einstein’s field equations must take the following form on consideration of the conservation of energy and momentum (see equation (3) above) [11, 17],
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(4)
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µν + κ
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µν =
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The G / are the components of a gravitational energy tensor. Not only is this the
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necessary form of Einstein’s field equations but it also expresses the sum of the
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energy and momentum of the gravitational field (compare with equation (3) above).
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The tensor divergence of both sides of this equation is zero so energy and momentum are conserved, but the total energy of Einstein’s gravitational field is always zero; the G / and the T must vanish identically (so that when T = 0 there is no spacetime and hence no gravitational field); there is no possibility for the localization of gravitational energy (i.e. there are no Einstein gravitational waves). This also means that Einstein’s gravitational field violates the experimentally well-established usual conservation of energy and momentum making them inconsistent with experiment on a deep level and hence invalid. According to Pauli [9], Einstein
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“… raised the objection that, with this definition of the gravitational energy, the total energy of a closed system would always be zero, and the maintenance of this value of the energy does not require the continued existence of the system of one form or other. The usual kind of conclusions could not then be drawn from the conservation laws.”
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But Einstein’s objections are futile on account of the failure of his formulation of the usual conservation of energy and momentum, equation (3), in terms of the meaningless pseudo-tensor. Thus, General Relativity is invalid.
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Yours faithfully, Stephen J. Crothers 10th October 2012
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REFERENCES
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[1] Einstein, A., The Meaning of Relativity, Science Paperbacks and Methuen & Co. Ltd., pp. 56--57, 1967.
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[2] Einstein, A., The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, Annalen der Physik, 49, 1916, Section 14.
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[3] Dirac, P. A. M. General Theory of Relativity. Princeton Landmarks in Physics Series, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996, Section 15.
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[4] Dirac, P. A. M. General Theory of Relativity. Princeton Landmarks in Physics Series, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996, Section 24.
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[5] Foster, J. and Nightingale, J. D. A short course in General Relativity, Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc., 1995, Section 3.5.
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[6] Eddington, A. S. The mathematical theory of relativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edition, 1963, Section 37.
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[7] The Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy, (Edited by Richard A. Matzner, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, USA, 2001), http://www.4shared.com/get/DYuEHhd3/dictionary_of_geophysics_astro.html
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[8] Einstein, A., The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, Annalen der Physik, 49, 1916, Section 17.
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[9] Pauli, W. The Theory of Relativity, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1981. [10] Eddington, A. S. The mathematical theory of relativity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
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2nd edition, 1963, Section 59. [11] Levi-Civita, T. Mechanics. - On the analytical expression that must be given to the gravitational
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tensor in Einsteins theory. Rendiconti della Reale Accadmeia dei Lincei, 26, 381, (1917), http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9906004 [12] Misner, C. W., Thorne K. S., Wheeler, J.A. Gravitation, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1970. [13] Tolman, R.C. Relativity Thermodynamics and Cosmology, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1987. [14] Dirac, P. A. M. General Theory of Relativity. Princeton Landmarks in Physics Series, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996 Sections 31 and 32. [15] Tolman, R. C. Relativity Thermodynamics and Cosmology, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1987, Section 87. [16] Ricci-Curbastro, G., Levi-Civita, T., Méthodes de calcul différentiel absolu et leurs applications, Matematische Annalen, B. 54, 1900, p.162. [17] Lorentz, H.A., Versl. Gewone Vergad. Akad., 24 (1916) 1389 and 1759; 25 (1916), 468 and 1380.
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