zotero-db/storage/C3X86XS3/.zotero-ft-cache

& Vol. 3 (2002), No. 5 (15), pp. 207{224 Spacetime Substance,
 c 2002 Research and Technological Institute of Transcription, Translation and Replication, JSC

THE MEASURING OF ETHER-DRIFT VELOCITY AND KINEMATIC ETHER VISCOSITY WITHIN OPTICAL WAVES BAND
Yu.M. Galaev1
The Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of NSA in Ukraine, 12 Ac. Proskury St., Kharkov, 61085 Ukraine

Received November 15, 2002

fvdoTeorlhoneecoliettecyxctopraonenmtrdrimaatgdehninecetttaeittlchhheweyroaprvkoieigtnsihnepemasrliaoshtpyivacpegovraitit shiccoeoansstiisihtoysantsahotbafeesmetbhneeeneptneestrhapfonerrordmpecoexasdines.dtbeTenahncceedonoirnspeiadtnileciarzateeluddmr.eae,sTaeihs.xeuep.rrienetrsghimuelmetmsnettaoahtfloesirdymiasoatlfegmmitnheaaedttiiiecuotmnhme,ceroarnmes usoprrvmeoemnamsetiienbontlnest of the ether existence in nature, as the material medium.

The experimental hypothesis veri cation of the espriatebhdrlefieoorrfewmoxraiesvdeteelseencabctraerlnoiienmdr,naibnagytntuethrtheeiec,wipw.oehar.akvsmseesa[m1tpe-er3rtoi]ha,polawmdgi.atehtTdiioinhunemmrh,iealrslseuimslbpteseotenoen-rf tpAdphuaotertscthueeidekcxsolpiebvsesys,rskitmtytahhte[aee4ntm-tm6 e[]a1ln.lt-tsI3esnr],iindabthloateshmneemdoetdwooicdnouoermnltldht[r4ceas-op6demt]aichcptteheor,etshemhedetaohsooderfetrighlsiieeosnpfaipanVlrrtoha.rApytoe---. emreerttphaitreeeersrsieioasnflttfvhotiershceamoluleastmtheaaernrtiaedrvliacamorlieeforoducrisiumbmmlaet,oigvroaeenssms,p.eoiTsnnthstihefboelprehmcoyfsons,risctiae.rellue. cctettirlohdonesmbe[7ta-has9gei]srnaed[n4tri-dic6ft]wAswae.Avaaers.cs,hMp pirrcosuhtpbealoligssfoahnateil,dol,Fnbt..yGhTeD.h.pPCeoe.esaMixstepiivelaelrenirmrdeiensFnu1t.lt9asP2l 2emoa-f1ros9tdoh2ene6l itpnrroe1mpT9aa2hrg9eant[eei1oxt0nip]c,.ervwiemarvie enestd[o7mp-t9ei]tchaisol dpbsearonffodrt,mhedeidi nevwreiestdthiignbayttihocenareceloefnuc--l dsttvuoieuollctnothtsaci.einrtyTgeyt,hmhaseetneirmddpiiuemusalmatsaatug.etriideOnsdtabritcbeyiatiothltnlaheyslreacdsEvoirgaaminifrltptia hpobcanlmaerenanoatmtvtemetomhtfeeaetratnhsstteumiarmeeirtsmoehmu,eenaarnstdtdcshtrtrhieaefdet-SMhhueaiisnlglehtwrtheioothfbvta2atl6hiu5neeemdva,ebalotobhucoativttye3tt3hkh0eme k/esmtesheac/e,srleeavcdne,rldiwf(tCaastvleevntlhoeolecteinthdydee,itageUthctStteAhdoe).f 1830 m (Mount Wilson observatory, USA) | about 10
1e-mail: galaev@ire.kharkov.ua; Ph.: +38 (0572) 27-30-52

km/sec. The apex coordinates the Solar system move-

mdpeeecnnlditnicawuteliaorerntdo eat nere+mc6liin5pe td.ic:

Spudlacirihnecm(tcooavosercdmeinnesnaiotteniss

    17:5h, almost perof the North

Pole ecliptic: the observed

e  e ct1s8cha,n b e e+xp66la i)n.edM,iilfletrosahcocwepedt,,

that that

the ether stream has a galactic (space) origin and the

velocity more than 200 km/sec. Almost perpendicu-

larly directional orbital component of the velocity is

lost on this background. Miller referred the velocity

decrease of the ether drift from 200 km/sec up to 10

km/sec to unknown reasons.

andSo[1m0]e, paerecuelixaprliatiiensedofbtyhetheexpetehriemr evnitscroessituyltsin[7t-h9e]

works [4-6]. In this case the boundary layer, in which

the ether movement velocity (the ether drift) increas-

es with the height growth above the Earth's surface, is

faonrdmtehde aetthtehrenreealrattihvee Emaorvthem'sesnutrfoafcet.he solar System

In the works [1-3] it is shown, that the results of sys-

tematic experimental investigations within radio waves

band can be explained by the wave propagation phe-

nomenon in the moving medium of a space origin with

a vertical velocity gradient in this medium stream near

the Earth's surface. The gradient layer availability can

be explained by this medium viscosity, i.e. the feature

proper to material media, the media composed of sep-

arate particles. The mean value of the measured maxi-

mal gradients was equal to 8.6 m/sec m. The velocity

comparison of the suspected ether drift, measured in

the experiments [1-3], [7-9] and [10], is performed in the

works [1-3]. The place distinctions of geographic lati-

tudes and their heights above the sea level are taken

208

Yu.M. Galaev

ipeatmtnhutcath/cearoeosilwserrtaocdorcd.nuircnr.kTtoighsfIuhttf[nteu7viotl-scen9otlioe]onhmbsacestnitpathcvdayioeanr[snlii1eeuss d0oerw],en,mxotiwrthpraehdhaestiertuiincoirlmihntnc6eaco1otnari2fhnent4etscwhbi:ecdei:exote:phecn8xowied4nprn9uiitesm06chirt0dieimm0etnnhr0g/teee:nsd[ae:1tdct:sa-a1,3s[ct0]1tmoa0ht-m3h0auo]0et--f, [7-9] and [10].
The positive results of three experiments [1-3], [79], [10] give the basis to consider the e ects detected in these experiments, as medium movement developmttiiomenne.tssS,ourfecMshpamoxnewsdiebilulle,mMfowircahesleeclcsaotlrlneodmanaadsgnteehaterilcieetwrh.aevrTes[h1ep1r]cooapntactglhuae-sion was made in the works [1-3], that the measurement results within millimeter radio waves band can be constihdeermedataesritahlemexedpieurmimeenxtisatlehnycepoitnhensaistucroen surmchataisonthoef ether. Further discussions of the experiment results [1-3] have shown the expediency of additional experimental analysis of the ether drift problem in an optical wave band.
Experiments [7-9] and [10] are performed with optical interferometers manufactured according to the cruciform Michelson's schema [12,13]. The work of such idnitreercfteioronmaentderrebtausrendinognitthteo ltihghetopbasesrsviningginpoainftorawloanrdg tthiveitsyamwaesplaotwh.toTthhee Moricighienlasol ne'tsheinrtedrrfiefrtoem eetcetrs. seTnshiemserevaesdurbedanvdasluo esDet oifnasnuicnhtearfedreevniccee,pia.ett.ervniseuxaplrlyessoebdin terms of a visible bandwidth, is proportional to velvimosecalioingtcvnyieetrrytasicetclieyo,mtpqhiurseosaipdoooprnrattti(iceloiagnolhafltlet)nthog etthe[h1teho2ef]w.rtahdvereiflltiegnhWgtthbteooafmtheelelclitagrnhodt-

D = (l= ) (W=c)2 :

(1)

itimtnnhhteeeetaWrlhs"ifugeemehrrseoietnhdtmbvaheeelvolastadctemlsiarugl.emaal Ttntieihsdhoaenespeiusrnrxroetpoispenfeerogravrtiramthpcileaho,ernwntemat,thslheiactes(ohhrWfotahddt=behrsciee)faoa2tnp,msdtewiicncpeaoaxasnlwspdslceheearnisoilcmlgrihendtdehettnrhhaot"eessf.

Accordingly the methods and experiments, in which the

measured value is proportional to the  rst ratio extent

W rs=tc

oarrdeecra. lleTdhaes

rtahteiomiesthWod/sc

and
 

1expateritmheenetxspoefcttehde

value in the experiments of Michelson, Miller W   30

km/sec. The methods of the second order are ine ective

at this requirement. So at W   30 km/sec the method

osefntshiteivsietycotnod tohredemreitnho1d00o0f0th(e!)  rtsitmoesrdseurc.cuHmobwsevoenr

at that time the methods of the  rst order, suitable for

the ether drift velocity measuring, were not known.

The expression (1) allows to estimate the di culties,

with which the explorers of the ether drift confronted

in the  rst attempts while observing the e ects of the

second order. So in the widely known  rst experiment

of Michelson 1881 [12], at the suspected velocity value

of the ether drift W   30 km/sec, with the interfer-

ometer having parameters:     6 10 7 m; l   2:4

mth,e ibtawnads. Aexnpdecitteids itnotohbesreerqvueirtehme evnatlsueofDcon sid0e:0ra4bolef

band shivering of an interference pattern. In the work

[12] Michelson marked: "The band were very indistinct

and they were di cult for measuring in customary con-

ditions, the device was so sensitive, that even the steps

ot1on8r8yt7h,ceaMusiiscdehedewltsaholekn,icnoamlsaophlieuntnehdirbseadwndomsrledvtea-krnsnisofhwrionnmgw!"toh.rekLo[a1bts4ee]r,r,vtaoin--

gether with E.V.Morly, once again marked the essential

de ciencies of his  rst experiment as for the ether drift

[12]: "In the  rst experiment one of the basic considered

di culties consisted in the apparatus rotating without

the distorting depositing, the second | in its exclusive

sensitivity to vibrations. The last was so great, that

it was impossible to see interference bands, except short

intervals at the business-time in the city, even at 2 a.m.

At last, as it was marked earlier, the value, which should

be of

measured, something

oi.ne.thteheinitnetrevrafle,rsemncaellebar,ndthsaon 1se=t20beocfauthsee

interval between them, is too small, to determine it,

mttmrohoepdouet6ruliIotec4ncioappevltmdMleielcreeiaurtnleallpege trprtesta'lhcsaot[tyh7ioiio4n-fnl9nteg]tme.n.hrigTfeenetItahrhtepocerawcmisnta.uahecrestatIaeurcngcreai,haaeltiscfnholhoeoefeerndfdsgehsttxdheo2hnpueu6seeoleidrmftxiteimpsovrehesitertoaenyriurpmetslpa.iden[cle1ynhcIr0itrensn"]edg.awttsuhhaoepees,f

experiments [7-9] and [10] the interferometers laid on

rafts, placed in tanks with quicksilver, that allowed to

remove the in uence of exterior mechanical clutters.

The positive results of Miller's experiment by virtue oc[r1iifns5ttg]hs1'et5iogr0r1g,e9eadn2te1evar-oat1ttl9eep3dn0htt,yiooasnirtcehaaelmtsetietghnhnateiitr otncdiaermndifectt.e'hsaIapnttrtortaahblmceletemomdstoatnehnovedgeprrryhaeofpyenshries-wTehree pcoosnscibenletriant eudeonncinthgeodf itshcuesdsiio ncoufltMcoilnlesri'dserreesduletxs-.

terior reasons (temperature, pressure, solar radiation,

air streams etc.) on the optical cruciform interferom-

eter, sensitive to them, which had considerable overall

dimensions [16] in Miller's experiments was discussed

most widely in these works. Besides by virtue of me-

thodical limitations being in the works [7-9] and [10],

their authors did not manage to show experimentally

correctly, that the movement, detected in their exper-

immeennttsa,ncdanthbeemexedpiluaimneodf bmy attheeriaElaortrhigirne,larteisvpeomnsoibvele-

for electromagnetic waves propagation [1-3]. However

the most essential reason, which made Miller's con-

temporaries consider his experiments erratic, was that

in numerous consequent works, for example, such as

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

209

[17-20], Miller's results were not con rmed. In the experiments [17-20] so-called the \zero results" were obtained, i.e. the ether drift was not detected.
Thus, taking into consideration the works de ciencies [7-9], [10] and a major number of experiments with a zero result available, it is possible to understand the physicists' mistrust to the works [7-9], [10] at that time, the results of which pointed the necessity of the fundamental physical concept variations. The analytical review of the most signi cant experiments, performed winitthhethweoprkusrp[1o-s3e,o2f1t].he ether drift search, is explained
In 1933 D.K. Miller, in his summary work [22], performed the comparative analysis of multiple unsuccessful attempts of his followers to detect the ether drift etexmpeprtism, eenxtcaelplyt.thHeeepxapiedrimatetenntt[i1o0n],tohpatticianl ainlltesrufcehroamt-eters were placed in hermetic metallic chambers. The authors of these experiments tried to guard the devices from exposures with such chambers. In the experiment [10] it was placed into a fundamental building of the optical workshop at the Mount Wilson observatory for stabilizing the interferometer temperature schedule. The hermetic metallic chamber was not applied, and the ether drift was detected. Its velocity had the value W   6000 m/sec. Miller made the conclusion:
"Massive non-transparent shields available are undesirable while exploring the problem of ether capturing. The experiment should be made in such a way that there were no shields between free ether and light way in the interferometer".
mafteenLrtastthoeern, itnhnseetwreutmhoeeprnptdosrrtiofuctncduitirisrecesonvcfeoerrybachosaenvddeuoacnptipnceogamreepdxlpeateelrslioydetinhticvset.e)rrm.usmeaSsueisdncivheteaalesmxe(prerreteorasrilomlnioceafntcttohhsraesmws,eebmreeexraphsueeesrrlasidm,ge[eM2n3wte-sas2.ss6b]Ita.nhuAeetrhnc'edsomwae mgoaerokcinnts [23,24,26] there were the metallic resonators, in the work [25] | a lead chamber, because it was necessary to use gamma radiation. The authors of these works, perhaps, didn't pay attention to Miller's conclusions of 1933 about the bulk shields inapplicability in the ether drift experiments. The phenomena physical interpretation of the essential ether drift velocity reduction at metallic shields available was given by V.A. Atsukovsky for the  rst time, having explained major eatvhaeilra-dbylenianmtihceaml m[6e]t.al resistance of a Fermi's surface
The purpose of the work is the experimental hypothesis test of the ether existence in nature within an oupmt,icraelspeolencstirbolme faogrneelteicctrwoamvaesgnbeatnicdw|avems aptreorpiaalgamtieodni-. It is necessary to solve the following problems for reaching this purpose. To take into account the de ciencies that occurred in the experiments earlier conducted. To elaborate and apply an optical measuring method and

the metering device, which does not iterate the Michel-

son's schema, but being its analog in the sense of result

interpretation. (Michelson's interferometer of the sec-

ond order is a bit sensitive to the ether streams and too

sensitive to exposures.) To execute systematic measure-

mepeoncths oinf tthhee eexppoecrhimoefntthseimyepalremcoenrrteastpioonnd[i1n-g3],to[7t-9h]e,

[10]. (The term "epoch" is borrowed from astronomy,

in which the observation of di erent years performed in

the months of the same name, refer to the observations

of one epoch.) The results of systematic measurements

should be compared to the results of the previous ex-

periments. The positive result of the experiment can

be considered as experimental hypothesis con rmation

of the ether existence in nature as material medium.

in tMheewaosurkrsin[4g-6m], ewtahsoadc.ceTptheedeatthemr amkoindgelt,hpereoxppoesreid-

ment. The following e ects should be observed experi-

mentally within the original hypothesis:

netiTc hweavaensisportorpopaygaet ioenctd|epetnhdesvoenlorcaidtyiaotifoenledcitrreocmtioang-,

that is stipulated by the relative movement of the so-

lar System and the ether - the medium, responsible for

electromagnetic waves propagation.

depTenhdeshoenightthee heecitg|ht tahbeovveelothcietyEoafrwtha'vsespurrofapcaeg,atthioant

ivesliessccttoirpuousmleaatthgedenrebtsyitcrtewhaeamvEe-asmrptharot'seprsaiugaralftmaicoeend.iinutmer,arcetsipoonnwsiibthletfhoer

ttenccihhtaeohalatneitnTccrocghihowedsearradinsisvtftigptseniapesa|svcutpealeiratl)tuosethopee vedfaeawtcgmlhubtaiteyeet|hdiSowianoutihttl.msahheprTe,aapsrhcyvepeuesesresptlir(oeooitgmcdonhaidtselympiabphceoloeterevirficgeofo)whmonntraoeeevr(enissealtgettsieecaptnlltrprllroaaoeoonrrpxmfoadwdmtgaahaaigyilye---,l

as well as for any star owing to the Earth's daily rotat-

ing. Therefore the velocity horizontal component of the

ether drift and, hence, the velocity of electromagnetic

wave propagation along the Earth's surface will change

the values with the same period.

tromTahgenheytdicrowaaevroedsypnraompaicgaet ioecnt

| the velocity of elecdepends on movement

parameters of viscous gas-like ether in directing systems

(for example, in tubes), that is stipulated by solids in-

teraction with the ether stream | material medium,re-

sponsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. (As it

is known, the law of  uids and gases motions and their

iTdIntyhtnceiasaramnec itbcieosecntes, ewaeeinpctth,patwsrhoeialtnithdtls"yret,ishfseelhreeoahnurecnliedgthbtbtoyeeth chyaeedlcltree"odtahieaesrrsorddtehfyyeennraareemmtdhiiecctrsso-..

the etherdynamic e ect class. However in the work, by

virtue of methodical reception distinction used for their

discovery, the e ects are indicated as separate).

According to the investigation purpose, the measur-

ing method should be sensitive to these e ects.

210

Yu.M. Galaev

stuerriiTanlghemmefoedtlilhuoomwdi,ndrgeevsmpelooondpsemilbeslentattfoe[4mr-6ee]nl:etcstthraoermeeatuhgsneeredtiiasctawmamveaeas-ptiemh roeeacpgmtaingeeaaxtattisiilootsennnh;ocatefvhetieshmeeatachhcjyoeerprdtreheotdaahseearrposddrytoyhnpneaeamrimntiiiceitcsiar(eloesfptishovtesaiirsntdcicoyoeunn.s.amTTgaihhcsee); mopwfoaesvvteihedssocodbauanosndfdgtraihesnaemlti hzoreevsdtwemwoorreiktdnhetfironirnbtmathuseeebadeossuport[ni2inc7kag-nl2oo8efw]ltehnhcatersroeebgtmheuaeelanrgrndipetrritioeifctsveloTcihteymanedtheotdheersskeinnceemiastiinc vthisecofosiltlyo.wing. Let's place advrteieiolrtlanoeutcscbit.ioetnTytpuhtvaboeerectagtnaaionsxret.pixosrtIeeanwsrsiigtoulhalrrisebgs asdectsraropsespteearrmedbpaooemientnshdanisocruouepctlehiaonnrceaicddtuwoertnauottybhin,ceeatthhlesncaetortdtensutadbhmiineepwtInoaerrtstohh,fiasaalnclgadtaustesrhntsehtaregetaagusmabisenwssipinidellseeubdacyehtdsuatibrrweeecaatwmye,idltwlhabialloeltncitrmgheeatmhtveeoeblatoiulpcebir.teeyTsasvhxueeircsne-. daatergrgomaapssinossnettrdreetahabmmey ttiiunhnbeaaevtteauunlbubdeeess,asounofndodngte.ahrsiTsakhscietntrieosemtanamabotifilvciwezlvahoiticsiccoihtonystitathiyrmee,reetdhoeies-f ggoineaftosecmrosvtneartselrtaiaocmnfatlt[it2gmu7aeb-s.2e8sTt]sr.hiezeaeLsmeettah'sniendrmaitashrtaeku,bgvtaeehslo-allactisikttteyshmeaofadtteaeevnrremilaeoilxnpmtametreeiidnonigrtuatsehetcmrhcevoe,eerrrrldeeasiicnnsptdgrtoohnttmehsoiesabuteglhemtnheefeotoarirfccvwceweelalepaovctvceteeirdtvoyvemlehwolayocigptictnhoiytetyrthveieegcrsceaiwtgrsoad.arrvstdIeotrisnetmlpgharetetoioaopvnbeatsshgt,eaeorttvhtoieohabrnet-. Iwotnuuhrtitnschihdtisheaecobaifensaaetme,triuffdebrraeoinvm(eiosenptienttrihscieiadnleettianhhteemerereftetehxaretlolremircdieotrturiefbtrsets,ritseraaencmardme)aa,tnaeinotdtd,chatiennor bboisnh ielaosilezuexatpldptooiesobfcintettiehtoodeinbm,isonteehftroevatfrhetftdeeihs.nreeeTnsebuchtaechunhespdriatsnhsttotteerenerrvfantaemhlrureoeemiginnoaetfartedebrtrifaun,enbgrddoeutsm,ortoienht thgeeserebatsaocswnratidiaglles--l bathneedpotrrhoiepgiosnrtatailbopinloiazsliatttiiooonnt,htweimileltebh|eerdteehx etneebrdiaonrbdyssttrrheeetaumertnhveterilmokceiintteyo-, mmasruenqaerdtiutnhiitcgrohedvemdieseetcnttoohahsebroiertldevykseisirvtntaoaelamummelaeei.gtttihheHcrotevdtbnihsecoecaefo,metsthtihhtetyeoe .rrtpdTshrtreohiopfeitrnodpvsitereeiordlao,plcamopisstoeeyiaidtnvsituamsrl(nuieanoaesgts-, for Lexeat'ms pclael,cuinlaMteicthheelsionnt'esrfienrtoemrfeertoermpetaerra)m. eters. For ttahhdeevasmntrcaeetadhmeimnaatnthaieclaywlsiohsrykodsfro[t2hd7ey-n2ga8am]s-ailctiskteahpeetppharerorabtwulesem, swhsoahllivlchiunsgies,

citdrou.nenT,ehicfetetuhdsewefiootflhlostuwhciehnsgtsroreleuaqmtuioironefsmvfieosnrctoguiassspinsetcrrofeomarmmpreeadsnsaiblylesi suis-

0:5Ma2 << 1;

(2)

wag(2vah)ese,rsraioetguieMsngdpaaovsse=ssltiobrcwelieatpmyat.ocsvAne1telgotilcsheiectaytreMtoqhnaueciagrheat'msus bpenenruetmsseismbcuteripreo;lneem;w cepescanttsiaisstatinahodnne

consider the gas stream as the stream of incompressible

 uid. On data of the experimental works [1-3], [7-9] and

[fw1ao0cre]k, dt[oh6ee]stehnteohtesoreuxdncrdeieftvdevtleohlceoictvyiatyliuneWthWene etahr1e0rt4hisemeEs/tasiemrct.ha'tIsendstubhrye-

tlr(ihe2gc)ehetivisvaveple,uleoetrhcfociatsrtym .MeEd1va0,e2 tn1hei3mf:s3t/tosreec1cao0,mntsh5ioda.fteHrae,esgntshaecnaes-,ttliitakchlseley=erteehcxqe,curewiercedeamssnhteabhnleetl

considered as a stream of viscous incompressible  uid

and the use of the hydrodynamics corresponding math-

ematical apparatus is true for ether stream analysis.

Laminar and turbulent  uid streams are distin-

guished in hydrodynamics. The laminar  uid stream

es2tx8ri]esatsm, ,ifdotehse

nRoteyenxocledesd

nsuommbeeerxtRreem, edrvaawlune

up for a Rec [27-

Re < Rec:

(3)

is dTe hneedRebyyntohldesfonlulomwbinergfeoxrparersosiuonnd cylindrical tube

Re = 2apwpa  1;

(4)

wmthhaeet riceui adupdidiesnvtsihistecyo.isnDitteyerp;ioe nr dtiiusnbgtehoernaddtyhiunesa;emxvtice=rvio isr csots1rietiaysm;k innaeis--

ture and the requirements of  uid in ux into a tube,

the
Re

<va2lu:3es

1R03ecthaere uwiidthsitnreaRmec

in a2t:3ube10e3x:is:t:s1o0n4 l.y

Aast

laminar and does not depend on an extent of an exterior

stream turbulence. The following features are peculiar

for a steady laminar  uid stream in a round cylindrical

tube. The particle movement pathways are rectilinear.

Talhoengmtahxeimtuable auxidis satnredamis evqeuloaclittoy wpmax takes place

wpmax = 0:25 pa2p  1lp 1;

(5)

wlehnegrteh lpp; is the pressure drop on a tube part with the

p = 0; 25 plpap 1 wp2a;

(6)

eTm qpheueaiasnmlt  hapuexii=dcmov6aee 4llsRoctcrieeeitnay1tmaotvf eaalorlaocimutnyidnwatrpumrbeaegxirmeisseitswotaficn ecuemi,dowsrtherietcahhmains.

wpmax = 2wpa:

(7)

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

211

Figure 1: A tube in a gas stream

The stream velocity distribution on a tube section is called as Puazeyl's parabola and looks like

wp (r) = wpmax 1 r2ap 2 ;

(8)

where r is the coordinate along the tube radius. The laminar stream transferring into a turbulent
one takes place not  uently, but by jumps. At transferrtihnegttuhbreourgehsistthaenceextcroeme ecvieanluteinocfraeaRseesynboyldj'usmnpu,mabnedr then slowly reduces. The following features are peculiar for a steady stream of viscous liquid in a round cylindrical tube of turbulent stream. The pathways of particle mcvieeolnovtceimotyfeandtrioshtuarnvibdeusttcuiaobtneteiorsneedqaunaatultub repe.=seTc0ht:i3eo1nr6e4siisRstaealnm0c:oe25sct.ouTe nhie-form with their sharp reduction up to zero point in a thin layer near the wall. The maximal velocity increase above the mean order value is about 10-20 % [27-28]

wpmax   (1:1 : : :1:2) wpa:

(9)

It will be shown below, that in the experiment re-

qwueirsehmalelnbtes,raesstraicrtuelde,bRyeth>e Resetcim, tahteiornefso,rpeeirnfotrhmeewdofrokr

the ether turbulent stream.

Let's consider the method operating principle. In

the Fig. 1 the part of a cylindrical round metallic tube

wdriitfhTt)ht,heiesesltehhnoegwrtnhstrlpea, mwhiischshisowinn

the in

ether stream the  gure as

(ether slant-

ing thin lines with arrows, that indicate the direction

of its movement. The tube longitudinal axis is locat-

ed horizontally and along with the ether drift velocity

vector is in a vertical plain, which represents the  gure

plain. The tube walls have major ether-dynamic resis-

tance and the ether stream acting from the tube sur-

face side area, the ether inside a tube does not move.

The ether velocity stream stipulated by the horizontal

vetehloecritsytrceoammpionnaenttuobfe,thweheicthhegrodersifwtitWhht,hecrmeaetaesn tvhee-

ltohceitryouwtpinag.

It can be spoken, that the metallic system for the ether stream. Let's

tube turn

is a

tube in a horizontal plain in such a way, that its lon-

gitudinal axis will take up a position perpendicular to

tdhiceuplalraitnootfhethveelFocigit.y 1veocrt,orthoaftthise seitmheilradrr|ift.pIenrptehnis-

position both opened ends of a tube will be in identical

conditions regarding to the ether stream, the pressure

detih eerresnttrieaalm vpeldooceitsyniontaoctcuubreainsdeqaucaclortdoinagzetroo(5p)oitnhte.

Apotstithieonm. oTmheenthot0rizwoentsahlacllomtuprnonaenttuboef

into the initial the ether drift

veneldosc,ituyndWerh owpielrlactrieoanteofawphreicshsutrheedertohper sptroeanmthweitlul bbee

developed in a tube. In the work [28] the problem about

sinetatinroguinndtocmylointidornicoaflvtiusbcoeuusnidnecromopperreasstiibnlgeo futidhebseuindg-

dLeent'lsyraepdpuceendtehde cfoornmstualnatopf rtehsesuvreelodcritoypdisptriibsustoiolvnedof.

 uid stream in a tube

 
wp (r; t) = wpmax 1

r2 a2p

8

X 1 k=1

J0

k3

k
J1

r(apk

1
)

 
exp

 a2pk2t # ;

(10)

w0o;rhdeJerr0es;.tJTi1shteahr eertsBitmetsews;eol'sskumfiusmntchatenioednqssuianotfsioqtnuhaerroezoetbrsoraJca0kn(edtsk )erxs=t-

pcorerrsesspstoenaddyth(eatmten!tio1ne)d

laminar stream of  uid and above \Puazeyl's parabola"

(8). So at a turbulent  uid stream, according to (9),

the velocity distribution on a tube section is almost uni-

form, we shall consider, that the  uid stream velocity

iosf ethquearlouwnpda tuonbethate awthuorlbeutluenbte sueicdtisotnre(atmheshvaoluuled b pe

uwsaeldl laatyetrh.eIvnaltuheisccaalcsueltahteioenxpwrpeas)sieoxnc(e1p0t)tahte

thin nearr = 0 will

be like

"
wp (t)   wpa 1

8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)

k=1

exp   k2ap 2t :

(11)

The expression (11) describes the process of a  uid

stream de ning in a round tube. It follows from (11),

tohf attheatextp!res1sionth(e11v)alsuheouisldwbpe(td)iv!idewdpain. toBoththe

parts value

oInf ctohnisstcaanste tuhied tsitmreeamvarviealtoiocintyofin auidroustnrdeatmubdeimwepna-.

sinioanlFesisg.ve2l.ocity wp (t)/wpa will be like, that is shown

In the  gure the values of dimensionless velocity

wofpt(itm)/ewaprae agrievegnivoenn tohne aanbsocirsdsianaatxeiss.axAiss,itthies svhaoluwens

above, the requirement (2) is performed and the ether

stream can be described by the laws of thick liquid mo-

tions, then we shall speak about the ether stream fur-

ther, instead of  uid. In the Fig. 2 we'll allocate the

212

Yu.M. Galaev

Ftuibgeure 2: Variation in time of  uid movement velocity in a

ivsnhetlaeolrlcvictayallolinftthaiemtueetbthe0e:rc:hs:attnrdeg,aedmsufrrrionemggimw0heuicophnttothhe0i.se9t5thiemwrepsatir.netWaemreval as the dynamic one. We shall call the ether stream regiLmeet'astsktip>atdliagshtthbeeasmteaadlyonsgtrtehaemturebgeimaxe.is. It can be written down, that the phase of a light wave on a cut with the length lp will vary on value j, which is equal.

' = 2  f lp V 1;

(12)

wthheerlieghft viseltohceityeleinctraomtuabgen. eAticccworadviengfretoqutehnecyo;rigVinaisl hypothesis the ether is a medium, responsible for electromagnetic waves propagation. This implies, that if in avetluobcietywoitfhwthhicehlecnhgatnhgelps itnhteirme eis, stohetheethpehrassteroeafma l,igthhet wave measured on the tube output, should change in time according to variation in time of the ether stream velocity wp (t). Then the expression (12) will be like

' (t) = 2  f lp [c wp (t)] 1 ;

(13)

where c is the light velocity in a  xed ether, in vacuum.

In the expression (13) the sign "+" is used, when the

direction of the light propagation coincides with the

eutsheedr, wsthreenamthdesieredctiiroenctiionnsaatrueboep,paonsditet.he sign "-" is

In the work the optical interferometer is applied for

measuring value ' (t). Rozhdestvensky's interferome-

ter schema is taken [29] as the basis, which is supple-

mented in such a way, that the light beam drove along

the empty metallic tube axis in one of the shoulders.

The interferometer schema and its basic clusters are

shown in the Fig. 3.

1 | illuminator; 2 | a metallic tube part; 3 |

ettrhyaeenfrssacphgaemrmeenant.tlTawmhiteihnbaaesa;smcMalc1eo;,uPMrs1e2,

P|2 m|irr oartspaareraslhleolwsnemoinis shown with thick lines

and arrows. The light beam in a tube pass along the

axis and is indicated with a broken line in the  gure.

The tube length is lp   P1M1. The clusters P1, M1

Figure 3: The schema of an optical interferometer

aMTttPishhn1nhee2dM'emtma2Pa.rcine2 orTgrn,mohllseMprieosd.pui2enliInra1ntetaie,denarrd,esvic2aoltmMalhpsasoep1srauioe,cRrnsaeMittotlehzeP2cdeha1edastMaaweenncsd1hiogtfvl=ttoebehhstynheeMsbetekbewr2tyetPhoo'wase2nmerp=eiaadsnnrrtdslaie1nmfrlrto,lofeaeiprMlnrlmlploy i1,amaunPnlegMse2gntolcte1=enoer,. operating is reduced to the following. The light beam wwarihetihcphathraaeftllewerlarvwee itelhecntaigotpnhhfa rsoemisdidM iev1riedanencdde PM[2192]inatnodtpwaossbineagmPs2,

  = 4  l1  1 (cos i1 cos i2) :

(14)

eterTahdejuasntgmleesnti1s,oit2haatretheestianbtleirsfheerdenacte tphaettinertnersfehrooumld-

be observed. (The adjustment clusters are not shown

on the schema symbolically). In a tuned interferometer

the value is   = const. In the right part of the Fig. 3

tehtheeframdriilfyt ohforairzroonwtsalmcoeamnpsotnheensttvreealomcitdyi.reTcthiiosnstorfetahme

veteelor cciltuystiseresqounalatohoWrizho.ntIaf ltrootaartreadngbeatchkegrionutnerdf,ersoumch-

instrument can be turned in the ether stream. The ro-

tation axis is perpendicular to the  gure plains and is

indiIcnattehde aisntAerif.erometer (Fig. 3) the band position of

an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment

scale 3 is de ned by the phase di erence of the light

bPtoe1waMma1rsdP,s2wt.hheiIcnlhigathhrteepdFriositpgr.aibg3auttiteohdneodneitrthehceetriposanttrahelasomnPg1iMtshd2ePibr2eecaatmnedds

Pw1rMite2,doMw1nPe2x.pIrnestshioisncfaosre,thaeccpohrdaisnegdtio e(r1e3n)c,ewe s'h(atl)l

between the beams P1M2P2 and P1M1P2.

'

(t)

=

2 

f

  
c

P1M2
wp (t)

+

M2P2 c

 

  P1 M1 c

+

M1P2 c Wh

  

+

 ;

(15)

wthheereexp resissioconn(s1t4a)n.t,Lteht'es vsaimlupeliofyf wthheicehxpisredssei onne(d15b)y.

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

213

For this purpose we shall introduce the identi cations

accepted earlier. Allowing, that the beam phase dif-

fteerrefenrcoemMet2ePr 2oraienndtaPti1oMn 1regdaoredsinngottodetpheenedthoenr

the instream

direction and is equal to zero point, the expression for

the value ' (t) will be like

 
' (t) = 2  f lp c

1 wp (t)

c

1
Wh

 

+

 :

(16)

The  rst member of the expression (16) describes

tsiepshttrrheeteeshabsremieoeabxnmvteeeianplrmoihocsarqiptsusyehtaarviresnaeearmaibavrtataviurcoeibknaloeettcPiosiw1tnyMtpo(MW2ta)d1h.Pce.opT2Lmehnedmetde'piussneenrcgneaoddolnuinddncetgenmhoteoehmnemetihtbnehexaeerr--

tor
fc

a1n=d, all1owwiengsh, tahllartecce2iv e

Wh

wp

(t)

cwp (t)

cWh ,

'

(t)

 

2  lp
 

  wp

(t)
c

Wh   +  :

(17)

It follows from the expression (17), that the di erePssttn1rrcMeeeLaa1mmeinPt'2svtWheiclehsoo.cnppishtriyaodspeienor rattih'oteun(bati)nlettbeworepfteaw(rteod)emin aenebtrdeeerantmhtoieapsleePrtoah1ftMeirtnh2geePx2tienetarhinioetdrrs steady regime, at t ! 1. According to the expression (e1d1,)thaantdoFwiign.g 2towthpe(ts)mt!a1ll v!aluwepoaf itthecaenthbere dsuynspaemcticvstiescaodsyitsytr(ecaemlesvtieallocbiotydiiensamtouvbeeinregtharedeinthgetro) tthhee semthaelrl length will not di er essentially from the ether exterior stream velocity and it is possible to write down, that wpops(itt)iot!n1in=thwe pwao rkWishd.et(eTrhmeinceodrreecxtpneersismoefnttahlilsysaunpdshown below.) In this case in the expression (17) the fraction numerator in square brackets is equal to zero point, and this expression will be

' (t)t!1    :

(18)

Hence, in the steady regime the interferometer op-

erating with a metallic tube does not di er from the

Rozhdestvensky's interferometer operating. In both in-

terferometers the bands position of an interference pat-

tTehrne iwnitlelrbfeerodme enteerd, wbyiththae moreigtainllaicl ptuhbaes,eidni thereesntceead y.

operating regime is not sensitive to the ether drift ve-

locity and can not detect the availability or absence of

the ether drift.

inteLrfeetr'osmcoetnesri.deLreta'sduynnraomll itcheopinetreartfienrgomreegteimr (eseoefFtihge.

3) in the horizontal plain at 180 . As the direction of

the light propagation has varied in relation to the ether

drift stream to the opposite one, the expression (17)

will be like

' (t)

 

2  lp
 

  Wh

wp c

(t)

 

+

 :

(19)

iten0tee:rq:Au:wctadclioit.thrydHiawnegpnmc(teeto),tat<ihlnleiWcaexhtdupytbraneeksasemiissoinpcsel(anr1ces1egi)tiaimavtneetdhtthetohetetihmiFneteigevir.nefe2tloer,orctvimhtaye-l dadnii sdceortvehenertitaehtlheoebfratsnhtdereseaotmh esrientesvxidateeluraieorotufsbttrheeeawminpt(evtre)fl.eorceWinticeeessphWaatlh-l tern regarding to their position in the interferometer steady work regime as follows. Let's take a di erential of the expressions (19), (18) and divide both parts of the found expression into 2 , we shall receive

' (t)

'
2 

(t)t!1

=

lp  

  Wh

wp c

(t)

 

:

(20)

The expression left-hand part (20) is equal to the required interference pattern o set, which is expressed by the number of electromagnetic wave periods. With rtoehffevereisexinpbcrleeesbtsoaiontndhs(e2o0v )issdueteasloclyfritbohebisssetprhavetetvdearlinuntereevrgafaerrrieadntinicoegntpionatttthiemeriner oorfigainnailnpteorsfietrieonnc|e pDatt(et)rn. Tcahne vbiesibtlheeboa nsdewtidmtheavsaulrueemstreenatmuninita. tTuabkeincagninhtaovecothnesiddeirreacttiioonn, otphpatostitheeteoththeer selected on the Fig. 3, generally it is possible to receive

D (t) =

lp   Wh  

wp c

(t)

 

:

(21)

In the expression (21) the sign "+" is used, when the light propagation direction coincides with the ether sintraeatmubde,iraencdtiothneisnigtnhe"-i"ntiserufeserodm, wetheerndtyhnesaemdiicrercetgiiomnes are opposite. According to the expression (11) and the Fatphaitagtutt.bea2retnaitstahcaewcniepnpi(sntttss0at)nta=htnett00mt.0taTh=xehim0ebnaatnlhfdrveosamelotu he(se2eer1tqs)uotwrafelaeantmsohinavtleellrorfececirteeyinvciene,

D (t0) =

lp  

Wh c

;

(22)

atgunabrddeiinnisgtehtqoeutashtleetiarodoywrirpgei(gnti)amtl!ep,1owsi htieoWnnhtihs,eetqheuetahblear0n.vdTeslhooce itdsyeetpinernea-dwdeipvn(icdte)e/v(wi2ep1wa),iDwnth(otic)(h2c2ai)sn,swbheeowoshbnatailnlinrteehdceewiFvieitgh. t2h.e Rdeepaellnyd, elnetc'es

D (t) D (t0)

=

1

wp (t)
Wh

:

(23)

=aosbtwDaApialn(lteo) dw/DiiWnng(hsttu0ht)cheh esaue1pxwppaowryes,pistsi(isitoo)nsn/hwmo(pw2aa3nd.)eiTcnaahbnteohvdbeeee,Fptwiehgnra.idtt4etwnencpe(dtvo)itwe!wn1 portIinonthael teoxtphrees sirostne(x2t2e)ntthoef mtheeaestuhreerddvraifltuveeDlociistyprrao-tio to the light velocity, that characterizes the reviewed

214

Yu.M. Galaev

Fo igseutrein4a: dVyanraimatiiconinitnertfeimroemoefteinrtoeprfeerraetninceg preagtitmeren bands

method as the  rst order method. It follows from the expression (22) and the Fig. 4, that if at the moment of ttiomteheti0r toorigmineaasluproesitthioenbaonndtsheo insettervfearluome Deterreegyaerfdrainggment scale, it is possible to determine the ether drift velocity horizontal component Wh which is equal to

Wh = D (t0) c lp 1;

(24)

The direction of the interference pattern bands o -

set, regarding to their original position, will be de ned

by the ether exterior stream direction.

The data of the interferometer tube sizes are nec-

essary for the proposed measuring method realization.

The expression for the tube interior radius calcula-

tpiaorntsaopf tchaenebxeproebsstiaoinne(d11a)s

at
wp

the moment of (t)/wpa = 0:95,

twime sehatdll

follows. Let's divide both o(sneewtphaeanFdig,.all2o)wtihneg,rtahtaiot write down as

1 8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k) exp   k2ap 2td =
k=1

= 0:95:

(25)

If to be con ned by the estimation accuracy no

worse than 7 %, so the series in the expression (25) can

be exchanged by its  rst member. Let's substitute in

tinhfeor(m25a)titohne wnuemsherailclaglivvaeluthesesekvaalnudes:J1 J1 ( 1) = 0:5191), we shall receive

(
1

k=)

(for the 2:4048;

ap   1:37 (td )1=2 :

(26)

The expression (26) allows to calculate such the in-

terferometer design parameter as the tube radius Atimt cea,lwcuhliacthioins,rethqeuivraedlufeotrdimispsleelmecetnetdatcioomnionfgvfirsoumal

tahpe. (or

tool) readout of bands o set value D. The data of

the ether kinematic viscosity value v will be reviewed

bpreelosswio.nT(h2e4)t,uobfewlhenicghthwelpshcaalnl rbeecefiovuend with the ex-

lp   Dmin (t0)  cWhm1in;

(27)

winhteerrfeerDenmceinp(ta0t)teirsn,bawnhdischo csaent bmeindimiguitmizevdalwueithoftahne svealleuceteodf etyheefreatghmerendtriaftndhoscraizloe;ntWalhcmoimn pisontheentmvienliomciutmy, which should be measured by the interferometer (the interferometer sensitiveness). emtheaeTrsuhkreiinneegmtmhaeetrtichkovidinsrceeomasliiatzytaitvciaovlnui.escLvoesta'isrteye.sntTeimcheeasstdaeartythaefoovrfattlhhueee v, relying on the following. In the work [5] the photon formation mechanism is represented, as the oscillating result of excited atom electronic shell in the ether and the Karman's vortex track as hydromechanical photon model is proposed. In other words the photon formation is stipulated by the ether stream turbulent regime of the excited atom streamlining by the ether, oscillating in the ether. The turbulent pulsation propagation in the ether is perceived by the observer as the light emission. In the work [28] it is shown, that the existence of pulsation movement is possible in  uid volume, if the Reynold's number is not lower than some extreme value equal to

Recr = wd  1;

(28)

wtehriesrteicwsizies

 uid movement of a streamlined

velocity; body. In

dthies

the characwork [28] it

ipmsrooovbbeltemamiennetthdve,etvlohacaluitteysR, aewtcor,md ,d4via2ma5r.eeteWarc,cittohhredrieentfgherleyern:kctiehneetmoetaohtueircr

viscosity. From the expression (28) we shall  nd

    wdRecr1:

(29)

We shall call the obtained ether kinematic viscosity vvvacell.ouceLiteayts'stwhceawlcceaullscahutaelallttehadeccevetaphltuerethkveicn.oe mAsaesttitcvheevlioescctihotseyirtoysftvreealaleumcetronic atom shells in the immobile ether at a photon emission. Let's consider, that this velocity does not excatheseisditctiahsseeknlwiogiwhthtn,vthehleaos(c2itt9yh)ewwvea lsuhcea.lolTrrdheecereidvdieam e1te0r o10f amto.mIsn,

 c   7:06 10 5 m2sec 1:

(30)

The performed estimation has shown, that the ether kthineemwoartkic imviasgcoinsaittyioncsal[c6u]laatbeodutvathluee etchoerrreasps ognadss-liktoe medium with real gas properties. So, the kinematic viscosity values of twelve gases, spread in nature, are within 7 10 6 m2sec 1 (carbon dioxide) up to 1:06 10 4 m2sec 1 (helium).

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

215

Figure 5: The interferometer structure

Optical interferometer. The calculated ether

kinematic viscosity value allows to calculate the inter-

ferometer parameters. With the expression (26) we

sphoaslelddettoerbmeineqeutahle1tusbeceornadd,iuws.e Isfhtahlle rveacleuievet,d tihsastupat-

the interferometer creation it is necessary to apply the

tdImfue/bttesoeermcwsuaiintpnhepdottahshpeeepttlihuynebtteehvriealoellrnuiggershtahtdDisluopmsuiwrnacipet=hw ti0ht0:he0:05te5,hxepWmrwe.hsamsvWiieonnele=(sn2hg7a2t)lh0l.

 to=lp6 :50:1409

7 m, m.

so

the

required

tube

length

is

equal

The optical interferometer was manufactured for

conducting measurements. Schematic  gure of the de-

vice (the top view) is shown in the Fig. 5.

In the Fig. 5 the identi cations of the basic clusters

are kept, which were introduced at viewing the inter-

ferometer schema (Fig. 3). 4,5 | the interferometer

adjustment clusters; 6,7 | racks for  xing  at-parallel

soemmeit-etrrafnrasmmiet;ti9ng|lapmoiwnears saunpdplmyiarrcocrusm; u8la|torisntoefrftehre-

illuminator; 10 | the illuminator switch; 11 | the eye-

fragment  xing cluster; 12 | heat-insulating housing

are shown additionally. The frame 8 is manufactured

of a steel pro le with | like section. The wall thick-

nleensgstihs 0is.000.77mm., Tthheewpirdot hleish0ei.g1hmt i.sT0.h0e2imnt.erTfehreomfraemteer

clusters are  xed on a  at frame surface. The racks 6,

7 are manufactured of rectangular copper tubes with

interior section 0.01 m 0.023 m. The light beams

pass inside these tubes. The interval between beams is

Ppi(nIo1naMisn,tt2hsienaPnmt1dh,aeMnPpu21ofaPtinch2tteusitr eMaidst1eip,nqatuMreaar2llflee0r|lo.1sm2emmemtiier-.rrtorOtarhsnnesamrr aeicatkttisnin,psgtaianrllaaltlemhldee-.l

glasses with the thickness 0.007 m were used as semi-

transparent laminas). The laminas, mirrors and clus-

ters of their  xing in the Fig. 5 are not shown symboli-

cally. Each of the clusters 4,5 allows to change the racks

position in two orthogonal related plains. The tube 2

is steel with the interior radius ap = 0:0105 m. The

t uxbinegleonngt5hairse lnpo=t s0h:o4w8nmsy. mTbhoeliccalullsyt.erTs hoef stehme itcuobne-

ductor laser with the wave length     6:5 10 7 m was

applied as the illuminator. The optical paths in the

interferometer are located in a horizontal plain. The

interferometer was located on a rotated material table,

which was manufactured of an organic glass with the

thickness 0.02 m. The heat-insulating gasket was put

between the frame and material table . The interfer-

ometer was closed by a common housing of six layers of

a soft heat-insulating material. The thickness of such

cpoearitminegtewraiss asbhoowutn.0.0T2h5emh.ouIsnintghebaFcikgg.r5outnhde whoausstinhge

box of rectangular section with the interior sizes: width

bTch=e

b0o:2x2

m, was

hmeiagnhutfahcctu=re0d:1o1f

ma ,calerndgbtoharldc

=wi0th:8

m. the

thickness 0.007 m. In the box the face wall on the

eyefragment part was absent. This opening was closed

with a common soft housing. The interferometer ro-

tating was ensured with the end thrust bearing of the

diameter 0.075 m. The bearing box is located between

the material table and support. The support is provid-

ed with the units for the interferometer installation in

a horizontal position.

inteTrfhereominetteerrftehreommineitmerumtebsatn. dsIno thseet mofaannufinacteturfreerd-

ence pattern, which could be visually digitized, meant

DmTinh=e d0e:v0i5c.e sti ness was tested by two methods. Ac-

cording to the  rst method the instrument frame was

mounted on a horizontal surface. The interferometer for

one edge of a frame was hoisted in such a way, that the

frame lean angles to the surface plain reached   20 .

In this position the interference patterns o set frame,

stipulated by elastic deformations of the instrument, dsweiocdroknniodntgmepxeoctsheieotdidon0t..h3eTbihnaesntfdrrsaumm(Deenle=tasn0ti:a 3nn)g.elseAsscwucpaosrtdotiens1gt0e tdowitnehraee

created by the material table tilt. In this case the bands

noticeable drift was not observed. The stability of an

ilnigthetrfesrheoncckes poantttehrne tinotiemrfepruolmsiveetelroafdrasmwea,smteastteerdi.alTthae-

ble and support caused short-lived interference pattern

wince at the moments of such strikes. Thus the inter-

ference pattern was not destroyed. The bands saved an

original position after termination of impulsive loads.

The second stage of tests was performed on the ter-

rain selected for experimental investigations. In windy

weather the interference pattern was stable. The ob-

server moving in an immediate proximity from the

interferometer installation site, the movement of the

pedestrians and cars in 20 meters from the instrument

installation site did not cause the noticeable o set or

bands shivering. The short-lived bands shivering at cars

movement was marked on one of two selected points,

which was in seven meters from a ground road. Thus

the interference pattern was observed, and the bands

216

Yu.M. Galaev

dinidtnhoist ctehrarnagine tihseinpsoisgintiio nca. n(tTh|e torannstphoertavmeroavgeem3en-4t automobiles per a day.)
The interferometer heat tests were held in summer. The device was mounted on the open site. The various device orientation on an azimuth was set in cloudless weather conditions. In a  xed position the instrument was heated by solar radiation. In these conditions within 30 minutes the bands o set did not exceed the value Dwea=th0er:3a5nd( at1n/i1g0h0t tbhaenidnstefrofreraenmceinpuattet)e.rnInsavcleodudany invariable position within 2-3 hours.
The measuring method sensitiveness to the ether dTrhifet mreeqtuhioreddoef iencttesrfweraosmteetsetredapaptlitchaetitoenstw ansatlhsetafgoel-. lowing. The instrument was mounted in a horizontal position in such a way, that its direct axis coincided with a meridian line, and the illuminator was turned to ttheresnteoartdhy. wIonrksu, cthheinoibtsiaerlvpeorsriteigoinst,eirnedththeeinbtaenrfdesroomrige-inal position of an interference pattern regarding to the eyefragment scale. The value D = 0 was given to the bands original position. Then the observer changed the pfeorsoimtioenter|tutronoekd ains1ea8t0 a.tTthhee riloltuamtiionnaatlord.isTplhaeceimnteenrtwas performed within three seconds. At rotational displacement, as it was reviewed above, the ether stream in a tube was interrupted. The interferometer transferred into a dynamic operating regime, which is described by the expression (11). In this interferometer position the maximal value of bands o set, the bands release time to their original position was registered. The interferometer transferred into a steady regime, and turned into the initial position. At this stage of tests it was established, that after the dynamic regime termination the bands noticeable o set of an interference pattern regarding to their original position was not observed, ie.xep. rbeassnidosno( 21se)titvamlueeanDs,(tth)at!t 1the et0h.eAr sctcroeradmingvetlooctihtye aehtliohnnedrgtehtxheteeirntituoerbrefsetraroexmaismeatvetreltoth!cirteys1,htohlddait. teIhrteecdvaanalubbeeitDefxrwpolmaasintbheedeby small resistance of the interferometer tube to the ether stream movement inside this tube. Let's consider in this case, that

wp (t)t!1 = wpa   Wh:

(31)

This experimental result was used above at the pro-

portion deduction (18).

At procedure implementation, described above, it

wvaarsiamtiaornksecdo,rtrhesaptoantdtehdetwo hvoalreiattiimonesc, owuhriscehoafrveaslhuoewDn

in the Fig. 4 that did not contradict the original imag-

inations about the interferometer work. The measured

duration of a dynamic regime meant The values ambiguity td is stipulated,

t drs t

o1f0a:l:l,:

1b3ystehce.

Fpinaiggttureerrgenim6b:eanOdsbsoe rsveetdinvatrhiaetiinonterifnertoimmeeteorf dtyhneaminticerofepreernacte-

di culties, connected with small values visual readout

of the value D, slowly changing, at the dynamic regime

eDnd(t,)i,.ec.reaattetd!onttdh.eIdnatthaevFisiuga.l 6obtsheervdaetpioennsd,einscsehovwienw.

However, as it can be seen in the Fig. 6, on the

original site by the extent about 1 second the depen-

dcoeunrcseetqimuaelictoautrivseelyD. (At)ftedri tehreeddefvroicme raontaetxipoenctined1t8i0m e,

atiphtaettehindei,tmiaaclocmporoedsniittnigoonft,otii.m(e2.e2)tD0a,(ntdt0h)et=hbea0Fnidigns.stset4ai,ldl tohocfecauvnpatilieucde-

Dwi(tth0i)n There

wt=heeremtisamuxpe.ptomSsiit nioce1nsstehocfercemearcothameindenmttheetc0hm,aantxhiciemalvasaltlvrueaeslsueDes.

itnio nueinnci1n8g0 atotrhoethinetrerrfeearsoomnse,tecrobnrnaekcitnedg,affoterreixtasmroptlae-,

with air movement inside a heat-insulating housing. In

this connection di erent methods of the interferome-

ter starting into movement and its braking were test-

ed. The tests have shown, that the observed feature

othfetshuepipnotseirtfieornosmmetaedre.wTorhke csoyustledmnaotticbreouenxdp-ltahine-ecdlobcky

tests have shown the following. The daily variations of

the value D corresponded the measured ones in the

experiment [1-3] to the ether drift velocity variations

within a day. (In the experiment [1-3] round-the-clock

measurements were carried out continuously during 13

months, since August 1998 till August 1999. The part

of this experiment results is published in the works [1-

3]. The measurement results within radio waves band

have shown, that there is a rather small value of the

ether drift horizontal component velocity during the

part of a day. The same e ects were marked at the

optical interferometer test in the work. The experi-

eonf cteimheasasthtohweni,nttherafteraotmaesteeprarroattaetdioany,oonn1s8u0ch  ptheeriondos-

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

217

toibcseearbvleedb. aHndesncoe ,setht eofdaetnecintetderffeeraetnucreespainttedrenpewnadsenncoet

D (t) (Fig. 6) could not be caused by the interferome-

ter mechanical strains or air movements inside the in-

terferometer heat-insulating housing, and are stipulat-

ed by the exterior reasons. Such time periods, during

wthheicinhteDrfe(trmom) e te0r

were used starting in

for improvement ways of rotation and its stopping.

These ways were used then as standard procedures at

systematic measurement conducting.

TheAdneatleyctseids orefgutlhaeritiyntinertfhereoombesetrevredtebsatndrsesou lstest.

has required its physical interpretation. The possible

in uencing analysis of the interferometer structural el-

ements on the ether streams has shown, that the ob-

saenrdveqduadnetpietnadtievneclye dfeeastcurirbeesdDw(itt)hicnatnhebefoqlluoawliitnagtisvueplyposition. Let allow, that an exterior heat-insulating dielectric housing of the interferometer (the point 12 in tehtheeFrisgt.re5a)mfordmrisftt,hbeeasdiddeistiaonmaledtairlleiccttinugbes.ysItnemthfiosrctahsee tshtreeaemxteirsiotrheinetrheleartimonovteomaenmteitnalalicdtiuelbeectorifcthheouestihnegr.

If to consider the interferometer housing as the routing

system, it is necessary to consider, that, since the mo-

mpreonctests0

in it, as well as in a of the ether stream

metallic de ning

tube, the dynamic will be developed.

It gives the basis to write down the expression (21) as

follows

D (t) =

lp  

 Wc (t)

c

wp

(t)  ;

(32)

wltohhceietrvyeariWniatctii(omtn)eoiifsntththheeeevtianhrteierartfsietorrnoemaomefttevhreelhoeoctiuthsyeinrigns;ttrwiemapme(ti)nveias-

metallic tube.

The housing basis was a cardboard box of rectangu-

lar section. Let's consider a problem about setting the

ether into motion, resting in a rectangular tube. For

this purpose let's use the comparative method, spread

in hydrodynamics, of  uid stream in a tube of a com-

pound pro le with  uid stream in the tube of round

section, "equivalent" on resistance, at which so-called

"hydraulic" radius nceoprtmedal[s2e7c]tfioorn tGhips

artahodtieuhqseuaslecttoioann

paerreiamreatteiro

of a tube Np is ac-

ah = GpNp 1:

(33)

Such a way enables to use the mathematical apparatus developed at stream analysis in round tubes. As before we shall be limited to estimations, performed for the ether turbulent stream. In this case the dependence Wthce (etx)pcraenssiboenc(a1lc1u)laintewd hwicithhatshetheexproruesnsdiontusbiemrilaadriutos

atupbweeashhall use the "hydraulic" radius of a rectangular

"
Wc (t)   wpac 1

8 X 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)

k=1

exp   k2ah 2t ;

(34)

wbuhleernet wstpraecamis ainmtheaeninvteelrofceirtoymoeftethredieetlheecrtrsictehadouystinugr-. As before, at considering the expression (17), and taking into account the interferometer test results (31), it is peasnosdsesniibttilaieslltypoofcsrosonimbsliedtehtroe, wethtrhaiteterthdexeotwveanriloure swtrpeaacmdoveesloncoittydiW ehr

Wc (t)t!1 = wpac   Wh:

(35)

terioLreto'svecraallcludlaimteetnhseiovnasluweeraeh g. iAvebnovaet,tthhee ihnotuersfienrgomin-ehatncedr=FNsrt0orp:mu1,1cwtthumiterhe.etTxdhpehesrece(nrs3i,s3piho)tainwovne(in:2sg6hw)adiildetlttrehiesrcmpbeciiovns=eesdiba0lht:eh2=2etov0ma:s0el,u3ehe,6es7tihgGmhaptt. twtrhhaideellivudbasuelruodafeet titohndneewdionibfltlyetbrhtfeheeerdionetmu tebneretefedeorrfobhlmyaoruetghtseeienrrvgrdaayaldunhieuasmo.fiAc"hsryeadghrima>uelaictp"d,

td   0:53a2h  1:

(36)

From the expression (36) it follows, that, having the

measured kinematic

vvailsuceossittdy, viat liusepossible

to

determine

the

ether

    0:53a2htd 1:

(37)

The kinematic viscosity value, determined in such a way, we shall call as the ether kinematic viscosity masehce,a=swu0er:e0sd3h6av7lallmureecaevnicvd.eLtheet'ms seuabssutrietdutveailnuteot(d37=) t(h10e :v:a:l1u3es)

 e   (5:5 : : :7:1) 10 5 m2sec 1:

(38)

The kinematic viscosity asescthiseefquunacltitoon mean value

vm=eafn(vtda)luwe ivtheain,

calculated (10 : : :13)

 ea = 6:24 10 5 m2sec 1:

(39)

Comparing (30), (38) and (39) we shall mark, that on the value order the ether kinematic viscosity values, calcTulhaeteodppaonrdtumneitaysuorfedth,ecopirnocbidleemvcso luvtieo n avbeaou. t the ether viscosity measuring is of particular interest, as the experimental data about the ether viscosity and the ether viscosity measuring methods miss in literature till nowadays.

218

Yu.M. Galaev

Figure 7:
bands o set

V(caarlicautiloantioinn)

time

of

the

interference

pattern

Let's write down the expression for the value D (t). For this purpose we shall substitute the expressions (11) ainngdly(3a4n)di,na(l3lo2w) finorgtthheevparloupesorwtipo(nts) (a3n1d),W(3c5()t,)waeccsohradl-l receive

D (t)  

8lpWh X 1
 c k=1

k 3J1 1 (

k)

exp   k2ap 2t exp   k2ah 2t : (40)

In the Fig. 7 in a normalized view the dependence c(4a0lc)uilsatgioivnerne.suAltt Dca(ltc)u,lapteirofnosrmthede wteirtmh sthneuemxbpererssoifona svva6ea:ip5rslicu=eFoes1rsso0ik0tomy:f0=7t1iths0m4he5,e.vitncmhFteei=;grc.faae7hlrc7ou=ml1iat0et0tefe:od50rlm3lvdo6a2ew7lssuisegem,cnot;f1phtalaphartaen=omdenteh0ttth:ee4irrem8skefaiomnrleeel;xomupw saieirtnda=igc-: ttitTc0ihoheonoepifantetmntrheatreit cfieinbpr0geea:gn8trice2enedgnsidpiemncuag,etr,twatettihrhimnoiecneh(bvooaiaffsnlttuddhheisegeDioitin nit)zsteeeesrdtrhffeofemrruroooalmmdmxiebemttteheeareroldbmvdysayonelnrmuavaemeemndoictf.oexpperreastsiniognr(e4g0im) feormsaptetceirfsyintdg the10o:b3sesrevce.dLveatl'useuesxeptehreitmuteentinal(ly40t)mth e1mseeacs.uFreodr tvhailsuepuorfptohsee ewtheesrhaklilnseumbasttiicvtcmoisnct orsaid0ty:i9c,t3vteshaeec=.exH6p:e2enr4iceen,1c0tehr5eesmcua2lltcsseu,clawt1iho,incwhereassruhelatslslhordewocnenivoinet the Fig. 6.
The interferometer test results analysis, the ether kinematic viscosity values, calculated and measured, give the basis to consider, that the ether stream properties are close to the stream properties of known gases at their interaction with solids | to pass aside obstacles

asonldidgso(dinieldeicrtercitcisn,gmseytsatlesmest.c.I)t actaninbteerasuctsipoenctwedit,hththaet ether stream render major ether-dynamic resistance. It clari es the interferometer test results, that the tube made of dielectric can execute the same directing system role for the ether, as the tube made of metal. The ether stream property, i.e. to pass aside obstacles, could cause unsuccessful attempts to detect the ether drift with the devices placed in metallic chambers [17-20, 23-26].
For value de nition of the ether drift horizontal coo mseptomneenatsuvreeldocvitayluWe ohf iatnisinptoersfseibrelencteo puastetetrhne abtanthdes mexopmreesnsitonof(t4i0m)ewtemsh, awllhreenceDive(tm) = max. From the

Wh   D (tm)  c (8lpX 1 k 3J1 1 ( k)
k=1

exp   k2ap 2tm exp   k2ah 2tm 1: (41) Let's substitute in (41) the measured values of the etohtfhetehrveakluiinneteemtrmfaetrio=cmve1itsecrsoescait,nydthvceeaaldc=eusliag6tn:i2o4npapr1aa0mra5emtmeerts2esrevca(tlhu1ee, tmcear;smelpsthn=eumm0b:e4ea8rsuomfre;ads evra=ileuse)6::5oafpt1h=0e07e:0tmh1e0;r5kdmr=i;fta4hh.=orIi0zn:o0nt3ht6ai7sl component velocity, will be de ned as follows

Wh   525D (tm) :

(42)

Let's calculate the minimal value of the ether drift

vuefalocctiutryedWihnmteinrf,erwohmicehtecra,ni.be.e

measured we shall

with the mandetermine the

instrument sensitiveness. In the part \the interferom-

ewtherichtescta"n ibs emdairgkietidz,edthwatiththethme isneilmecutemd veayleuferaDgmmeinnt,

awnedsLhsecatal'lslerdeDectemeivrimne i=Wne0hm:t0hi5ne.

Then with the expression (42) =eth2e6r:2s5trmea/msecr.egime in the in-

twvrcRctseahtoaairerdesnltefmuihieatueeibrymtntsoeohhmvfaeet werupteahertr=dxi8ebe=trrp8utiR03reflt6t:een4eu0:sny2.bv1stdn4ie0eoorolsA5onewl1dgccamni0(cisttm4,o,in)eWr5teiudsnhwmihimasnWewtbg=2phssheohReirtWcscao eshRlimhlbt1te2mhiclhmn6eaieme:nil2onc>e.or5nuetvlflhqFyeoRamueosrtir.eir/enrtcswehLtt.etmheheichtiteHeetsh'tunshmiepbttnneruhtieecn(ereece3wprite,mv)fhoiieivtaesrasiheertt--l

ometer tubes.

The optical interferometer tests and tests results

analysis give the basis to consider, that the hydrody-

namic description of the interferometer operating prin-

ciple, reviewed above, is adequate to the imaginations

about viscous ether stream in tubes, and the manu-

factured interferometer is suitable for the ether drift

velocity and the ether kinematic viscosity measuring.

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

219

wasTdhisepmoseedasiunrethme ecnotumnterythsoetdtsle.mTehnet inattertfheerohmeiegthert

(  190 m above sea level), in 13 km from Kharkov

northern suburb. The proximate height (  200 m

above sea level) is located westward apart 1.7 km. Two

points were arranged for measurements. The distance

between them was about 15 m. On the point No 1

the interferometer was at the height 1.6 m above the

ground surface. On the point No 2 it was at the height

4.75 m. Two points available, which are located at dif-

ferent heights and are practically at the same point of

tfeecrtr.a"inT, hiteims reeaqsuuirreemdefnotrsoobnsetrhveatpioonintosf Nthoe1\haenidghNtoef2-

were performed in the open air. On the point No 1 the

interferometer was in surrounding trees shadow and was

not exposed to direct solar radiation a ecting within a

light day. On the point No 2 the interferometer was

mounted in an umbrella shadow. In winter time the

interferometer was transferred to Kharkov. The point

No 3 (  30 m above the ground surface or   130 m

above sea level) was arranged in the upper level facility

of a bricky house. On the point No 1 the measurements

were carried out in August 2001, on the point No 2 in

August, September, October and November 2001, on

the point No 3 in December 2001 and in January 2002.

The measurements were carried out cyclically. One

measuring cycle lasted 25-26 hours. 2-4 cycles were

performed within one month. Each cycle contained the

following parameters. The interferometer was mounted

on a selected point, so that its rotating plain was hor-

izontal. After installation the interferometer was kept

in new heating environment within one hour (the in-

strument was stored in the facility). The measurements

were carried out at each whole hour of stellar time. One

readout of the measured value was performed under the

following schema. The interferometer longitudinal axis

wtoarswmasoutnutrendedaltoongthae mnoerrtihd.ianT,hseofuthrtahteritspriollcuemduinreas-

did not di er from the interferometer operating pro-

cedures, which were applied at the  nal stage of the

interferometer test. After the interferometer dynamic

regime termination the observer registered the maximal

bbaannddss ore lseeatsevatliumeeDto(ttmhe)i,raosritghienaml epaossuirteiodnvwalause.reTghise-

tered and metered. The interferometer returned to the

steady operating regime. The instrument turned to the

initial position. As a rule, 5-7 readouts were done dur-

imngeaonnvealmueeawsuasriancgcetpimteed(f or 1th0emmienaustuerse).d where S is the measuring stellar time.

The readout value D (S),

redestuThlhetsef.opllTroowhceinemgsspeianrosgucremedmuerteehnsto: drvesasluoulfetssthcpaerlocmcuelesasatiisnougnrseinomcfleutnhdet-

ectohuerrsedorfiftthheoertizhoenrtdarlifctovmeploocniteyntwvitehloincitsyepWarhat;eastdeallialyr

day and the ether drift velocity daily course averaged

during the year epoch Wh (S); a daily course of the

emtitohenaeTrsWuhdrehreimmfftreeonvametslusoiercterisimteymsenaeWvatenhrreav(sSgauel)uldt,esmfo werWaetnrh.e-esqiwnutharrooeldevutacilemudee

doef tehceas the

medeawsiutrhedthvealeuxeptraebsslieosnD(4(S2)) .wTerhee bvraoluugeshtWtho,tchaelcsualmate-

table for each hour of stellar day. Such numbers con-

sequence obtained for separate stellar day, describes a

dailTyhceoumrseeanWvhal(uSe)s.of the ether drift velocity and the

vdaalyuewsit hWthwe efroellocwalicnuglaktneodwfnoreexapcrheshsioounrs

of the [30]

stellar

Wh (S) =   1 X  Whj (S);
j=1

8

 W

(S)

=

><
 
>:

1 X   j=1

Whj (S)

(43)

Wh (S)

2 9=1=2 ;(44) ;

wwhheorlee m  eiasstuhreemvaelnutessearmieos.unTthWe hco,no bdtaeninceedindtuerrivnaglsthoef the measured values were calculated with the known methods explained, for example, in the work [30]. The calculations were performed with the estimation reliability equal to 0.95.
The measurement results. The measurement series results, held since August 2001 till January 2002 are presented in the work. 2322 readouts of the measured values have been performed during this series. The distsrhiobwuntioinn othferetaadboleut1s amount per months of the year is
According to the research problems, we shall consider this work results along with the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10]. These four experiments have bdie eenrepnetrfmoremaesudraintgvamrieotuhsodpso:inatsnoofpatigclaolbienwteirtfhertohmreeeter of the  rst order (Europe, Ukraine, 2001{2002 [this work]); a radio interferometer of the  rst order, (Europe, Ukraine, 1998{1999 [1-3]); optical interferometers of the second order (Northern America, USA, 1925{ 1w9h2i6ch[7a-r9e],a1p9p2li9ed[1i0n])t.heTahbeomvee-amsuernitniognmedetehxopdesriamcetinotns,, based on wave propagation regularities in moving medium, responsible for these waves propagation, that allows to treat the experiment results in the terms of the ether drift velocity within the original hypothesis.
The development regularities of viscous medium streams ( uids or gases) in directing systems are used in the work measuring method. The measured value is proportional to a velocity di erential of the ether viscous streams in two tubes of di erent section within the original hypothesis. This di erential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the  rst order method).
In the experiment measuring method [1-3] the regularities of viscous medium streams near the surface

220

Yu.M. Galaev

Month of theTyaebaler 1: DAis2ut0gr0iub1suttionSeop2ft0er0mea1bdeorutsOamc2t0oo0ub1nert peNr om2v0eom0n1tbhesrof tDhee2ce0ym0ea1brer Ja2n0u0a2ry Amount of readouts 792 462 288 312 240 228

FAiugguurset 8ep: oVchariation of ether drift velocity within a day in ptoarativtieornticaarle vuesleodc.ityThgeramdieeansturinedthvealeutehiesr pdrroipftosrttrioeanmal near the Earth's surface within the original hypothesis. This gradient value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the  rst order method).
In the experiments [7-9] and [10] Michelson's cruciform interferometers were applied. The measured value is proportional to a velocity di erential of wave propagation in orthogonal related directions in the ether drift stream within the original hypothesis. This di erential value is proportional to the ether drift velocity (the second order method).
In the Fig. 8 the experiment results referring to August are presented. On fragments of this  gure are shown accordingly: in the Fig. 8a | this work results; in the Fig. 8b | the experiment results [1-3] (the  gure is published for the  rst time); in the Fig. 8c | the experiment results [7-9]. ing Tohneoertdhienratderiaftxevse.locTithieesstWelhlarintikmme/sSec.inarheopuersndis-

pending on abscissa axes. Each of the Fig. 8 fragments illustrate the variation of the ether drift velocity wariethpinresaenstteedllaorndlyaybyWthh(eSa)u.thTohrse oefxpweorrimk e[1n0t]raessualtsscertaining of the velocity maximal value, measured by thFthhaieegsm.mn,8oeitnaasasruletlrloheawemtiedoednnattitloyodsatdhtheoaepwemanvtodehvreiaesnmgceiexnenpgWterrhWeims(uSe l)tns.t6wrIkneemsrute/hltsepsercFie,nsitgehtn.hat8e-t ed with the thick lines, which are obtained in each of the experiments during August epoch (mean results). The separate observations (measurement results during a separate day) are shown with thin lines. The dates of separate observations are speci ed on fragments. The separate observations on fragments of the Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b are selected from the performings, which had the date, proximate to the date of separate observation of the Fig. 8c fragment and which during the day had no skips during the measuring. The date discrepancy is stipulated also by the fact that the systematic measurements in the work began on August 14, 2001, and in the experiment [1-3] | on August 11, 1998.
The positive measurement results, given in the Fig. 8eibmmt,yheienletnlrthutdess[t1rr[oi-7af3pt-t]9teri]tec,thqahe[ule1i0oirdne]petdptvehoerefel soeiernpacogmntm.isereoIantntdterirtooohfprewyaowntaeaivo steroieksotcrntapo,nrpwodiynapiseant gdhteahiectseticoeoe|xnvxpepwetrerhearides-applied.
The similar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within a day in August epoch unite all three fragments of the Fig. 8. The  rst minimums in dependreesnuclitess. IWnhth(Se)waorrek e(Fxpigr.es8saed) acnledairnlythine aexllptehrrimeeemnte[a1n3] (Fig. 8b) temporary position of minimums is S   3 hours. In the experiment [7-9] (Fig. 8c) the temporary pdiosscirteiopnanocfytihnet hrestpomsiitnioimnuomf tihsesSe m in0i:m8 uhmousri.s a(Sbuocuht 2.2 hour, an explanation has not found yet.) The ether drift velocity magni cation is observed during consequent 2-3 hours. Further the plateau sites with rather small variations of the ether drift velocity in time are noticed on all fragments. The greatest duration of the plateau site was observed in the experiment [1-3] (Fig. 8b), that can be explained by arranging peculiarities of a radio-frequency spectral line on terrain. In this expfreormimaenmt etrhiediraandoion-fr4e5q uetnocynosrpthecetarsatl. lTinheeisvadreiacltiinoends

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

221

oimf tuhteh)eothcecrurdsryifmt ampeetxriacazilmlyuttoha(amsewriedlilaanslainneywstitahrinaza-

stellar day. If to take account (according to

the apex Miller:  

 coo6r5d i,naat e v1a7l:u5ehs

into [9]),

the ether drift azimuth in this part of a stellar day ac-

cepts the values, which lay in the northeast direction,

i.e. in the direction close to the direction of a radio-

frequency spectral line. In this case the angle between

the ether drift azimuth and radio frequency spectral

line direction has minimum values. Accordingly at the

interval of 12-16 hours the ether drift radial compo-

nliennet) vkeeleopcsitryat(hdeirrehctigedh vaaloluneg,adersapdiitoe-forfeqthueenacpyexspheecitgrhatl

magni cation (astronomical coordinate). Such arrang-

ing peculiarities of the radio interferometer on terrain

cthane ienxtperlavianl tohfe12re-1la6tihvoeudrsepinencdoemnpceariinscorneawsiethWthhe(Ssa)maet

dependencies shown on two other fragments. In the

work (Fig.8a), according to the accepted measurement

methods, the optical interferometer was located along

a meridian. As the variations of the ether drift azimuth

within a stellar day occur symmetrically to the merid-

ian line, in this case the plateau site duration should

be less, than in the experiment [1-3] and less than in

the experiment [7-9] in which the ether drift azimuth

variation was considered by the corresponding rotation

of the interferometer.

It can be seen in the Fig. 8a (the mean result of

the work), that the sites with rather small values of

the ether drift velocity, extended in time, take place

within a day. Noticeable bands o set of an interference

pattern was not observed per a separate day on such

sites. In these cases the ether drift velocity was lower

tmh/asnect)h,ethianttewrfaesroumseedtefrorsetnhseitiinvteenrefsesro(mi.eet.erWtehsts<, th26e

purpose of which is given in the above mentioned part

"the interferometer test".

Systematic character of experimental investigations

of this work and the works [1-3], [7-9] has shown, that

dependencies measured in one and the same epoch of

tehtheeryedarriftWvehlo(Sci)ty, vhaarviaetitohnewsiitmhiinlaar dchaya.raActtetrheofsatmhee

time dependencies epochs of the year

vdiie werWfrhom(S)ea, cmheoatshuerre,dtihnatdic aenrebnet

noticed, for example, by the experiment published re-

snuolttsb[e7e-n9]d. eT hneedreyaesto.nIstocfasnucbhe sseuasspoencatledva, rtihaatitomnsahganvee-

tosphere, at its considerable sizes and peculiar shape,

ionosphere, the known variations of their state can be

responsible for such dependence variations It can be seen in the Fig. 8, the ether

Wdrhift(Sv)e.loc-

ities, measured in each of the experiments, di er, that

can be stipulated by the arranging height di erences of

measuring systems above the Earth's surface: 1.6 m;

42 m; 1830 m (Fig. 8a, Fig. 8b, Fig. 8c accordingly).

The collection of such data illustrates the height e ect

development. In the work the ether drift velocity mea-

Figure 9: Dependence of the ether drift velocity on the
hi[m1e0ieg]nhtt[a1b-3o]v;e2thies Ethaertehx'psesruimrfaecnet, [7-9i]s; thisiswtohrekeaxnpdereixmpeenrt-
s4du.e7rn5icnegmdhi(aspcvooesviebtrieoye.nnINnpoetr.hfoe1rmtaanebddleaN2tott.hhee2)mhfeeoiargnhhtvesaigl1uh.6etsdmoefpatenhndeether drift maximal velocity are given, which are measured in the work and in the experiments [1-3], [7-8], [10]. In these four experiments the measurements are performed at  ve di erent heights: 1.6m and 4.75 m in the work; 42 m in the experiment [1-3]; 265 m and 1830 m in the experiment [7-9] (Clevelend and the observat[1o0ry] tohfeMmoeuansutrWemilesnotns awcecroerdcianrgrileyd).oIunt tahlseoeoxnpetrhime oenbtservatory of Mount Wilson. However, in contrast with twhoeodexepnehriomuesne,t t[7h-e9]e,xwpheriicmh ewnats[1c0a]rriisedpeorufotrimnead liinghat fsuernvdaatmoreyn.taIltbcuainldibnegsoufpapnoosepdt,ictahlawtotrhkesheotpheorf tshtreeoabmbraking by the house walls was the reason of the ether drift velocity smaller value, measured in the experiment [10] in comparison with the experiment result [7-9].
The table 2 gives the imagination about the ether drift velocity variation in height band above the Earth's surface from 1.6 m up to 1830 m. In the  gure 9 this deptheendaebnscceisvsaiewanids porredsiennatteeds ianxtehsethloegalorgitahrmithicmscicalvea.luOens owtahfnhedreavr1teai:lomusWeasWcWci/osWrtdhaiennagdenltyZdh. eZr a/drZreifctownveserildoeecpriteeydndaeitqnutgahlaecthcooe1irgdmhint/gsZleyc;,

222

Yu.M. Galaev

Table 2: Dependence of the ether driftTvheeloectithyerondrtihftevheeloigchittya(bmov/esetch)e Earth's surface

theHEe(aimgrhtehtt'easrbsso)uvreface T20hO0i1sp-tw2ic0os0rk2 TRhaede1ixo9p9we8ra-iv1me9se9n9bta[n1d3] The e1x9Op2ep5r-ti1imc9se2n6t [79] The exOp1ep9rti2mi9csent [10]

1830

{

{

10000

6000

24625

{{

14{14

30{00

{{

4.75

435

{

{

{

1.6

205

{

{

{

ibmaneIndttcfrraoensmublet1s.s6eaermne fnurepoamrtotohn1e8e3Fs0itgrma. i9gt,hhttehlaeintthedeiar neddrreinifntt vehexelpiogechrit-tsnayunersdifsna,acctrtehem.aaostTescsphahewneirbtbehoeuinttnhhtdeeeraahrccyeotingiloshaenytq.eugrerTonhhwcaeestsheocfoadnbtahsotievadeeedrttahohbeernleEosttatrhrcetioachnmk's-tvFsreiraseocndmo,icuttsthhtaeehttehtteahirmbelaeaengtd2ihn,eiartFtsiidogsrn.tirfste8oavafmetlaohnnceediatmyrthotiesdheerFlaiEt[g4ha.-er6rt9]hs'amsibtsaoculualrtnfnatecbhaeeer. trveshoedanelursveEieetsaliu3ovrl0cettihnskt"'eymss.sos/fuIswnremafcassawcunoecay,bhsvtehtiexoaaxpuktpeesecrlnyriaminampseoeentxonthprtae.sllaeWtwitnhhoeiterthkrhmesd,terrhtieienefatrseiwoanxnnhgptirocidechfesisp\vtizaiohcetnee-(2am10re)e0t-iih4tno0acd0apsnpmslbie/cnesaesbcictal,eilvtchfeuonelraemstmseedetta,hostouhtdrhaseetmoeafetttnhhttehesr,esdaeersctiohfitnnedrvtehdolirorsidcftcietaryvsaeeillsomsculooictswhyt imne6thoorddse.rs (!) than the sensitiveness of the  rst order
The ether kinematic viscosity has been measured in the work. The measurement results are explained above in the part \Result analysis of the interferometer tests," that is stipulated by the peculiarities of the experiment implementation. The measured values of the ether kinematic viscosity are in the limits vevqeaaulua el ov(re5da:e5=r:c:6o::i72n:41ci)d1e01s0w5i5tmhm2tsh2esceece1th,1et.rhakTtihnaeecmcmoaretdaicinnvgvisatcloousetihtiyes value calculated above vc   7:06 10 5 m2sec 1 .
Hence, the di erences between the dependencies Wavhai(lSab)leacnadn tbheeexetphlaeirneddribfty vtheleocmiteyasmureeamsuernetdmveatlhuoeds di erences of the work and the experiments [1-3], [7-9], [10] and di erences between arranging heights of measuring systems. The results of four experiments do not contradict each other, that illustrate the reproduced measurement nature of the ether drift e ects in various experiments performed in di erent geographic conditions with di erent measurement methods applying.

Figure 10: The mean daily course of the ether drift velocity

The measuring of ether-drift velocity and kinematic ether viscosity within optical waves band

223

vvaellouAceictwcyoitrhhdoitnrhigzeotnpotetarhiloecdoormpiegprinoonanleenhtystpeWollthahressdhiaso,yut(lhdtehceehtshapenargcedereiitfftsfect). For revealing the ether drift velocity component with such period, the results of systematic measurements were subjected to statistical processing in stellar time scale. The results of such processing are shown in the Fig. 10. On the fragments of the Fig. 10 the stellar time S in hours is suspended on the abscissa asuxseps,entdheedeothnerthderioftrdvinelaotceitayxevsa.lueThWe hveirntickaml /hsaetcchisethseinmdeicaantedatihlye ccoounr sdeenofcethienteetrhvearlsd. riIfnt vtehleocFitiyg.wi1t0haicnalcauslatetleldaracdcaoyrdWinhg(tSo)thise gmiveeansu. reTmheisntdreepseunltdsenocfethies work, which were performed during  ve months of the year, since September 2001 till January 2002. During  ve months the numerical value of stellar time shifts regarding to the solar time in 10 hours. Since September till November the measurements were performed on the point No2. In December and January | on the point No3. The mean values are calculated with the expression (43). For comparison, in the Fig. 10b the mean result is given, which was obtained in the experiment [1-3] during year's  ve months of the same name, since September 1998 till January 1999 (Here, as contrasted to the similar  gure, given in the works [1-3], the measured value is expressed in the ether drift velocity values.) In the works [7-9], [10] such data miss, owing to smaller on coverage of year's epochs of the measurement statistics in these experiments.

Both fragments of the Fig. 10 as a whole have sim-

ilar nature of the ether drift velocity variation within

a day. The di erences in the curve shapes can be ex-

ptelrarianiendrbelyiefvieslceomuesnetst,hewrhsicthreainmthinesteerdaci tieornenwt ietxhpetrhie-

ments had the distinguished performances and features

of radio-frequency spectral line arranging on terrain in

the experiment [1-3]. On the fragment of the Fig. 10a

(this work), as contrasted to the result of the exper-

ismmeanllter[1v-3a]lu(eFsi,g.th1a0tbc)a,nthbeeetehxeprladinriefdt vbeylocthiteieshehiagvhet

distinction of measuring points in these experiments.

The dependencies ly changed values

Wwihth(St)hheapveertihoedsfoerqmusaol ftpoeariosdteicllaalr-

day, that can be explained by a space (galactic) origin

of the ether drift. In the work, the observed bands o -

set direction of an interference pattern corresponded to

the ether drift northern direction at measurement im-

plementation. Hence, the results of the work do not

contradict the experiment results [1-3], [7-9], [10] and

imaginations of the works [4-6] about the northern posi-

tion of the ether drift apex, that demonstrate the repro-

duced result nature of the ether drift e ects measure-

ment in di erent experiments, performed with di erent

measuring methods application.

p[1a-r3iI]sn,o[nt7h-9oe]f,wt[o1hr0ek].wwFoeorrskhcaroelnlsdubuletcsctiownngi tonhfedqthuteaoneqtxiuptaaeltriiitvmaeteicnvoetmcdpoaamtra-aatthotpieevsxpe ercascontiofayrtldiymaisnniesatwaietnevarieaslylduntieeectscaeeolrsnmsvatiirehnyweedtcooeiflnestsphttehieaceilefetsyxhppehtrheererdiemre,itwfehtnhetvrice[hd7lor-fc9iofi]rt-, tptsyitroroendpaeommpseeesndtfhdooeirnndmctioehnfegotnhnweetoahtrreekrtshrhae[e1iing-Eh3ra]te,rlattihbeof'osevinlseau btruhfoeaerncaecEt,eeatroottnhhde'tsehctseeaurlemcrtfuhailnceaeerpiatohnrnoedobrsgaepaobhseleeosrneion,tu htthuistaehnteexcisipfntregharimemosfeuentbohtfjeertcehEtseuoalfrwttssohe,rptkmahrpeaargetonexbepiltneeovmrsiepmssh.teiegnDrateut[ie1ao-nnt3dos] atdinio dneT,rthehtnhuetose,uexixgnphpeterhiriteimsmweuenosntretkfs[u,7lit-nsh9e]qesuashriytaeeptgootitvbhheveenisoriewsusseiu.txlhtpoecurotimmapnenyatracisolorvnreeroci--f  aaTlgchaamettieieoodsnnitu,iammibnao, tturihetosentphoooepnftesititcbhhaleelerwefeotaxhrvieseertleebcnkaticnrneodemimnhaaangtsaintcbeuetvrieeicns,cwiop.aesev.irtefymos rpavmtareoleurpdie--. hfcmooofaressvtitthihbysoecedmoeenuateshcapteslieruioqrrndfuionriiridgsfmtbhoevaardess.legodbacTesiotehnynsettarphne readormspdtteohsvsoeeeirndledotephatrhmneerdoepkndrtiteiniracreealemcilgztueiamndltagi.ecrtiTshvtyioihessdes-todveabrmiltfuatsei.nroeeTfqduhthiserteeasdtiegitsneht iei creacckaltlsinyn.themmaTsaehatbeisecuedrvneeivmsscehoeloonspwittmynr.eeosnnuTtltthoshefehmtavhvaeeelauseebutehroeeerndrdodEtifeioarrnroethcphctathi'isoscacnansolugiarnewnfscaadiicvdteeies.ndvpcTawrrelohiuapteeshaevwgisetailstwtohiccoiatinatlhcypudhoeleearfpiitgoeoenhpddtdtvpiscgaearlroulonoewwn.ttaehThvesehateerpbalvroldaoevilrpeaoadtctgiaiohtayyne-. The|deotepcttiecdalew eacvtes pcraonpbageaetxiopnlaimneeddibuymthaevafiollalbowleinreg-: giptaoyrs,de|idi.ne.ogopftttsohieceptahalfeerwaaEatteuvaerrpetpahprr'ostripocmpalegeosrav;tetimoonemnmta;etderiuiaml mhaesdituhme vsicscooms-has|Tghoetthaweosmprkaecdreeius(umglatlssatrccetoaimcm)poaorrfiigsoiopnnt.itcoalthweaveexpperroipmaegnattiroens aptuhscalearttitshsei,ooethnneexetrarehecbedsuorurtuileifttndts tneehh aaaeetrvulceeitrexerism,shithnoeeawanosscnurebdrteeeohemrfenoesunrfpetcetpshrhrfeioomnrdhmauvytcaepeerdrodi.iotahuTlnesamhstieesuexdrcpveoieeumrromii--fmwietnhTtshdeip ewerrofeornrktmrmeedseuailsntusrdecima neernbetnemtcgeotenhosogiddreasrpeahdpipcalirsceaeqtxuipoirener.mimeenntstitnarolnmhayatpgunoreet,htieics.eiws.acvmoensa tperrrmoiapalatimgoanetdiaoiubnmo. u,trethspeoentshiberleefxoirsteelnecce-

224

Yu.M. Galaev

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