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T HE death knell has struck. Wave Radio Is dead. How have 70 years of Military Research succeeded In producing a completely new and superior communications technology? Radio History gives a stcanger walk than paranoid writers ever telll While citizens were watching television, military research was directed to create an amazing radiation technology far in advance of any system known. Currently and routinely utilized, it has remained a well guarded "open secret• for decades. The proof patents and relevant research papers have just been retrieved.
* Discover why it is obvious that neither military nor private developers have yet
successfully duplicated Tesla technology.
* Why is the name H. C. Vion, developer of auroral energy receivers. never mentioned
in engineering circles? Who was Dr. Sellm Lemstrom, and how did his early explorations in auroral energy research inspire N1kola Tesla toward his lofty achievements in Colorado?
* Successfully tested by Bntish Military during World War I, what became of the earty
beam weapons of Grindeii-MaUhews, Ullv1, Turpaln, and others? Who was John Hettinger, and how were his ear1y beam power systems modified through radar
*technology Into ray beam weapons? What was Project Argus? Project Teak? Project Orange? How was the Ionosphere successfully disturbed by a steady series ol atomic detonations In 1962? Learn about the frightful characteristics of EMP phenomena, and how these were employed In a strange and deadly technology. What different kinds of EMP weaponry did military developers deploy throughout the 1960's? Why was a High Command request to employ EMP weaponry in the recent Gull War denied? • Discover why the Air Force directed the construction of a huge Ionospheric "backscatter" telemetry system across the Pacific just after World War II. Find out why the controlled production of Ionospheric disturbance was once Important to military teams before the development of space travel. Learn why each of these mammoth global communications systems is no longer state of the art. How did the unexpected emergence of space technology speed the demise of earth based rad1o systems? • Not a weapon, not a psychotronics system, not a weather modifier, why is HMRP
llill: the program which so many have claimed? Why cen the IRI never achieve the
objectives cited by a few authors? Leam about the real motivations so powerfully at work in Conspiracy Writers, and why they are not equipped to crack the secret of HMRP. Why are the Eastlund Patents not relevant to HMAP, and why has Raytheon continued to collect every HMRP relevant patent for several years? What is the "merchandise" which HMRP promises to yield?
* What was ProjectSangume originallydesigned to do? Findout why it is not an invincible *system. Leam why the ELF heart of Naval Command Is eventually to be dismantled.
How were X-Rays used to detect underground movements? How were Gamma Rays routinely used in communicating from submarines to command headquarters via military satellites?
Facts quell hysteria, but Truth is stranger than fiction. Want the answers? This complete technical history of military projects will show the development of every relevant project preceding and exceeding HAARP. Only the facts. No hysteria. Complete with communications and weapons patent citations, this book will forever change your view of world events and technology.
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CONTENTS

Prologue

Symbols and Models

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Chapter I Nikola Tesla and Radiant Energy

19

Chapter 2 Marquese Guglielmo Marconi and Wave Radio

95

Chapter 3 Supelior Directives and Privatized Military Research 125

Chapter 4 Nuclear Weaponry and Nuclear Hybiids

141

Chapter 5 Radar EMP and Ionoscatter Technology

194

Chapter 6 Military VLF and ELF Technology

219

Chapter 7 Auroral Energy Research

247

Chapter 8 Orbital Reconnaissance and Radiation Technology 277

Bibliography

308

In d ex

322

PROLOGUE Symbols and Models
FOCUS
Much concern has recendy been focussed upon the military managed project known as HAARP. This excessive concern is the result of misunderstood facts basic to the nature of radio technology and the means by which superior control dictates. manages> and directs technological themes. Thus, while appearing to be military generated efforts, most recent projects are actually the direct result of demands which emanate from points of origin entirely independent of Industry. Deeper study in the history of these technological ventures reveals an astounding labyrinth of bureaucracy which has been created to mask and benefit individuals who exercise singular dynastic roles in the world. Such individuals have clearly been dictating the themes which the Governmental and the Military hierarchate is absolutely compelled to obey.
By its many morbid conspiratist devotees, HAARP has been called the very apex of Twentieth Century military technology. But, though HAARP has been managed by military authority, it has done so under the cover of an industrial directive. Moreover, that industrial directive is not one originating in Government Autho·rity. There are those who have cited HAARP as an effort which has been completely managed by industry. But this is not completely true. In this specific Project, industries have been covering a far superior and central agency whose purpose and intentions have little to do with scientific pursuits. Deeper examination reveals that industrial organizations are receiving directives from a superior command centre, not easily discerned. It is only after deliberate and methodic penetration of the historical facts germane to HAARP and all related technologies, that one reaches conclusions which are far more astounding and shocking than the reports shared by many conspiracy writers.
HAARP and its other brethren projects are not recent developments. They are the most recent representatives in a research effort whose history stretches out before the last Century. Before we presume to dissect and interpret HAARP, we require historical familiarity with the documented hardware, phenomena, and original rationale ·for the deployment of these projects. It is curious and unfortunate that conspiracy writers are often the very first to introduce topics which should become part of the social dialogue on those subjects. Though these individuals demonstrate a first rate ability in discovering covert initiatives, they Wlfortunately do not develop their findings into scholarly themes. The result is almost invariably an hysterical response to what has been discovered, and not a factually based analysis.
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Because we cannot be sure of statements made by such "conspiratists", we are driven into a comprehensive study of the topic area in question. All the pertinent histories and facts must be massed together and studied. Only a thorough and scholarly examination of related study matter can obtain for us the answers to questions posed by the existence of projects such as HAARP. Toward these scholarly goals, I have applied the utmost diligence. Nevertheless, credit must go to another as initiator of the effort which has produced this text I am very much indebted to Mr. Michael Theroux of Borderland Science Research Foundation for his role. In both initiating and stimulating these dia-
logues concerning the HAARP question, I was ultimately moved toward the
discoveries which form the present thesis. Through his diligent and scholarly pursuit of the HAARP question, a vital collection of files and narratives on the topic was first made available to me.
SYMBOUSTS
The unfortunate mishandling of a few military technologies by conspiratist writers has flooded society with tmfounded suspicions and rumors. In such a fear-ruled atmosphere there can be no lrue objectivity, no serious scientific discussion. In order to allay the fundamental fears which have been incited by all too numerous and over enthused writers, this text on military technologies has been composed. As what we require Is factual clarification, this commentary contains only the historical facts pertinent to the development of certain weapons and communications technologies.
It is imperative that we establish a very clear separation between the new conspiracy literature and real scholarly science bibliographies. The growing list of "pop" books and essays on HAARP are absolutely inadequate as scientific sources. Repetitious and locked into a very specific kind of inspiration, such writers have more recently blended HAARP topics with the available entourage of hysteria; the general undercurrent of conspiracy scenarios. This thematic connectedness is taken by aficionadi of this genre and woven into a synthetic theme which covers the eyes. In these turbid waters, we perceive the workings of a deeper malevolent energy, one whose nature has been successfully and necessarily repressed throughout the millennia. Though verbose and often well stocked with bibliographic references, conspiratist texts are not without the insidious attribute of fear. From the topical perspective of scientific scholarship, such convolutions would ordinarily evidence a lack offormal training. But the essential observation which allows us to comprehend the true source from which conspiracy books emerge cites the excessive and hysterical fear itself; the overwhelming mood which permeates every such text
Closer examination of the vacuous, though verbose, content in conspiracy books explains why such books cannot provide scientific answers to the ques-
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lions which are posed One cannot judge them on the basis of scholarly deficiencies. DJ-informed, ill-poised. and illogical from every standpoint, the recent pop-writing collective has evidenced a shocking unfamiliarity with the most basic of radio engineering principles. In this we do not refer merely to their unpreparedness in the alternative science category, but to old fundamentals in pedantic conventional science. Cited as with absolute authority, their misunderstandings do not complete any cohesive thesis other than that which their hysteria yields. Such books do not sustain even the scrutiny of those who, through devoted study, have made themselves thoroughly familiar with both scientific convention and esoteric alternatives. Immersed in the turbid emotional waters through which they write, their hapless readers are soon pulled down in an undertow of vague inferences. But apart from these criticisms, one perceives the real reason why such writers could not formulate a real and cohesive theme among their many discussions. Their hysteria alone is evidence that these books emerge from another inspiration altogether.
Drawn down through the confusion and into paranoia, the essential structural material of the subconscious, conspiracy writers serve as hapless mediums of a submerged and incoherent flood of emotions. Such a stream, when written in the language of consciousness, successfully evokes hysteria. The emotional white water of these kinds of books has blocked true scientific realization concerning HAARP. The frequent topic of those whose inspiration is both submerged and fundamentally subconscious, an hysterical tone is being projected into society. In addition, because these texts do not emerge from the conscious mind, they cannot supply conscious coherence to their readers. Such books then become an effective source of extended social ignorance on the topic area. While hysteria fears the devastation of ecological systems by a fully operationaliRI, the most powerful effect of HAARP has already made its first impact It has done so in the very deepest visceral part of humanity. HAARP has impacted the inscrutable and irresistible, that monstrous thing that hides in its lair. The Id and its entourage of misperceptions. Some say that conspiracy writers are sensitives who have somehow vocalized the subconscious undercurrents now prevalent in all of society. If this Is true, then we can forgive their writing style. If at all, we may only comprehend the murky message in conspiracy books as the writings of symbolists. But as symbolic expressions, these books are incapable of granting scientific insights. Thus, by their very nature, such books are useless in satisfying those having engineering pursuits. The quest of young minds is often completely and effectively diverted by the avail·able conspiracy literature. Minds devoted to such literature remain entirely ineffective as a corporate force for social improvement
Having its inspiration entirely in the subconscious, conspiracy books do not represent science. Conspiracy books are not scientific works. They are each excellent examples of verbalized symbolic art They represent the serpentine reactions of the negative subconscious to perceived external threats. These are
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usually technological provocations, which the negative subconscious both hates and seeks to destroy. If there is some truth in the murky and nightmarish phantasmata with which they move, these symbols are warning our world of an impending crisis far deeper than anything technology can supply. The very emergence of these anti-technological symbols is the danger. Tite subconscious mind, which hates technology and is intent on driving society down into its own murky waters, bas already begun its assault on society. Demanding total attention, the subconscious wishes to dominate and destroy technological society. But these are topics for another thesis, the most fascinating discussions concerning the energy of consciousness itself.
It has become very obvious that those who spew such vociferous volumes of hysteria begin, not in the solid record of the past, but in their own fears. Inferences thus derived release the negative subconscious into the greater seas of the reading public. As these manuscripts wend their way through society, a free flow ofemotive energy rather than conscious thought, it effectively accretes vitality. Vitality is drained from those who read the manuscripts. Those who read these books, to the exclusion of aU other technical literature, expose themselves to a deceptive source of hopelessness. Conspiracy themes never offer an escape hatch to the reader. One Is soon caught in the halls of the Labyrinth without the silken thread of Ariadne! Acquiring and accreting fragmentary facts, the subconscious stream represented by these books, tugs already weakened minds further away from truth.
The factual fragments comprising conspiracy books and their invariable accompanyirlg cassettes and videos are designed to bait the reader into forming specialized conclusions. These almost invariably satisfy the personal needs of readers who are actively seeking a conspiracy. The writers of these books carry no burden of proof. Theirs is the role of provocateur, irresponsible activators and promoters of social malaise without solution. The public now seems to require the services of innumerable writers and spokespersons who make their money by selling the fear and hysteria which a metaphoric stream of subconscious symbols evokes. A populace whose innermost sentiment expects notlring but disappointment thrives on the nightmarish symbols and fragmentary messages written by conspiracy symbolists. One nevertheless finds that a continual flood of such symbol-laden manuscripts are finding their way into the new conspiratist genre.
Being collections of murky symbols and subconscious expressions, these books are expected to contain mutually contradicting statements and opinions. Conspiracy books are never the scientific reports which they purport to be. Nevertheless, it becomes obvious that certain very popular writers are in serious need of self-examination and of fwldamentai study, each in their topic area. One reads through several examples of these texts with growing boredom. Each verifies the inner observation that such books are made to be sold, not to convey facts. Filled as they are with the turbid waters of hysteria, this
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publications assault has succeeded only in confusing readers everywhere. Conspiracy books are not clear water pools in which to quench a serious
scientific thirst Misunderstood and misused, many students nevertheless seek out these books of symbols, servants of the subconscious, while hoping to find answers to scientific questions. Being thus produced by negative subconscious energy, conspiracy books are incapable of serving us with more Information than the fear which they transmit. The murky world of nightmarish fantasies and horrifying figures is not the world from which archetypes and other uplifting symbols emerge, the superconscious world of vision and revelation.
Very unfortunately, these inferior publications do not contain the real answers, the real models, which a wailing public expects. The only service which conspiracy books seem to provide is the magnification of paranoid undercurrents. Conspiracy books are then psychosocial expressions of an energy-minimizing substratum, one which drains the vitality away from those who continue reading them. These books themselves are evidence that a new foray of subconscious energies are actively reaching up from the depths, and connectively linking susceptible people together in unhealthy aggregates. Too few appreciate the power of such undercurrents, or the inherent energy working therein. This aspect of the subconscious Is deadly to societies who indulge its expressions, a possible explanation for those cultures which quickly rose and fell.
CONVOLUTIONS
Why would the discovery of a project such as HAARP stimulate some into a dialogue with the subconscious at all? Why would otherwise reasonably good narrative writers engage the symbols of fear and hysteria, and not seek liberating emergence into the surface world? Such discussions have thematic content which addresses the problem of perception and interpretation, the differences between symbols and models of reality. The choice between these two opposites will determine our ability to make accurate and informed judge-
ments of the things which perplex us. In light of such a premise, we find our-
selves walking the narrow way between symbol and model. These are two very opposed systems of interpretation, the difference bet\veen which readers do not always comprehend Symbols do not represent the conscious world. they represent the manner m which the subconscious interprets the world, making expressive commentary on what it perceives from its lowly and undeveloped perspective. But models are the conscious means which we use to comprehend what we consciously perceive the conscious world of actions.
The topics which we will discuss throughout this book are the result of a model·making process. Indeed, the themes which form the thesis are the result of several overlaying models which seem to fit together too neatly for coinci-
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dence. Why are models necessary? Why are we unable to make experiential judgements of our direct perceptions concerning issues germane to military topics? Because of secrecy. Secrecy blocks us from making those direct perceptions which we so desire to secure. The need to know experiences restriction, prevented from reaching its fulfilhnents. Ruling social structures in which we have little or no direct perception, actually provoke the necessary construction of models which we make to explain what we cannot directly perceive and know. These notions are especially true when considering the social structure in which we are constrained to live. In the absence of extensive perception concerning the entirety of structures which rule our lives, we discover the absolute need for devising very accurate models. This model making process is predicated on the need to know, the need to extend beyond our perimeters, the need to know why we experience the things we experience.
These are matters central to the "philosophis thematon", the philosophic theme. It is that theme which questions the more immediate and obvious presentations made by the world upon our lives. Why are certain social classes constrained to live under the rulership which both governs and restricts their lives? To whom do these frames and structures belong? Who truly rules the structures themselves? Why are bureaucratic demands directed toward lower social levels, and never up toward the rulers? How democratic are democratic republics? All these questions preface any discussion of technology and military projects. They form the broad tapestry within which technology and invention arrive, fresh from an incorruptible source of dreams and visions. The necessary imperative to know the answers to such questions marks the scholarly quest Were this a mere discussion of technology in its own right, we would not necessitate such a digression. While engineering aspects of technology do and can be treated within the scholarly vacuum of analysis, we have decided to reveal the world scope into which technology is launched.
In truth, technology cannot be discussed without taking account of much larger considerations. The Geopolitical considerations. Technology does not exist in its own vacuum. It is an expression as structured and powerful as those social structures which rule. Because of this, technology represents an element of challenge, a conundrum whose every revolutionary manifestation comes as a repetitive and unexpected reminder that a far superior command exists in the worM ruling structure. Technology enters the real world, where actions and reactions cannot always be scientifically and stringently assessed. Indeed one finds the absol ute need to predicate the entire discussion with a necessary model which makes the treatments of technology, within the social setting, more nearly comprehensible. Technology modifies the world into which it comes. It generates an unexpected power. This power appears to emerge from the lowest level of the superstructure. The world of rulership moves around and over technologies, engaging it in a dynamic manner. The relationship between the ruling structure and technology is not a simple and scientific issue,
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it is an issue of power and of authority. Titis is precisely why we must be prepared toward these comprehensions
with some familiarity of the difference between symbols and models. To know each their significance and differences is to begin a liberating process of understanding. Models and model making are the necessary craft of those who, resisted by the very secretive and privatized nature of ruling structures, are compelled in the pursuit of specific knowledge. We seek knowledge of why the world structure behaves toward technology in each of the ways in which history has declared it to behave. Why do ruling structures quake when technologies emerge? In the absence of direct answers, those seemingly elusive gems which structures never supply in explanation for their overt actions, we are literally compeiled to the model making process.
MODELS
Models are not the world realities themselves, they are substitutions for realities which remain for us inaccessible, restricted, and unknown. Much of the social structure which rules us is thus best described. It is in the absence of direct perception and knowledge that we devise our models. Why this has been a perpetual theme of those who study rulership and the structure of world rule is the very obvious result of secretization and privatization. Ruling structures, whose mandates affect our lives in sometimes repressive and demanding ways, remain for us an impervious megalith. We find ourselves observing bureaucratic machinations and receiving the consequential processes whose impersonal demands do not match the reality of the observed machinations. A few strokes of the pen in a distant, unseen office, and we find ourselves overlaboring in order to pay the increased taxes which have thus been decreed. And so we and our families will labor, never having seen the person who wrote the decree, or the reason given for the increase. We, the recipients of such actions, are yet denied direct viewing access as well as direct participation in that higher process.
The social structures which history has built are not so exceedingly complex, convoluted, and inaccessible as we would be led to believe. They are simple, the engineworks of simple and fundamental ambitions. Nevertheless, because of the secretization of its machinations, one requires an interpretation of what one perceives occurring in society. Were the ruling structure permeable and accessible we would have direct perception, and therefore direct knowledge ofwhat energetic exchanges are transpiring in the halls of rulership. Indeed, the ruling structures form an organismic whole. The mysterious power which moves through them makes them live, and very unfortunately, make us labor toward the proliferation of repressive policies. Discovering the real namre of that power which enlivens ruling structures is as difficult a task as that
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delivered to qualitative scientists who search for apologetic proofs that the vital force exists! Nevertheless, the ruling structures do act, and move, and have their being, however low we may consider their consciousness. And their life force can be easily isolated.
But since social structures of world power and their subordinate bureaucratic organizations are labyrinthine in the internal dynamics, we are rendered incapable ofdirectly viewing the exact causes and effects of their internal workings. The only covert reality of the world power system is the combined haze which entraps sight, mind, and life within its predetermined structure. Indeed, peering up through the centuries-old Babylonian Tapestry, one sees only complexities. The world dynamic, the world power system, is not complex. It only appears to be complex. It is one whose dictates and functions entrap the life of those who seek to penetrate its true personalities and their directives. It is a consciousness entrapping structure, as hose who seek to penetrate its bureaucracies well find. In addition, it is a life entrapping structure. Therefore, once we see this structure of world system rule, we pleasantly discover that world movements and world actions are very simple. Simple because they are based on noi:hing less than human directives; incredibly wealthy, powerful, and adept humans, whose aristocratic prowess is surrounded by advisement...but nonetheless, human. Indeed each war, each "conflict", each "operation" represents and extends the human attributes ofgreed and ambition in all too many gauche ways. Evidence is overwhelming that human ambitions move th.e governments from a much higher place of earthly power.
Since we are part of a process in which these structures dynamically inter· act, recipients of their demands and punishments, it is imperative that we comprehend their dynamics. This need to know now evidences far more than a philosophic fancy. It is, much rather, a need to know which is based on personal survival. Because we are the direct recipients of movements which work within the social engines, movements in which we ru·e not at first directly engaged, we desire some access to those processes and innermost workings. But there is resistance in the structure, by which we are prevented both from participating and from knowing too much. Knowing precedes action. Knowing precedes participation. If participation in the structures themselves be restricted, then participation will commence at lower and more powerful levels in the social caste system. Technology and invention is the most accessible means for refocusing power within the superstructure, the accessible means for liberating consciousness.
The distance placed betw·een ourselves and the social engines represent a unknown, a divorcing factor which stimulates the need for reaching that understanding with all the more veracity. Moreover, because we do not see, and cannot see what moves within the engineworks, we interpret the alienating refusal to allow us to see as a sign that something malicious is at work. The gap which exists between the vagrant dictates of rulership and the enforcement of
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command represents another area of investigation. We cannot even say that we know why the commands delivered to us carry the greatest burden of imperative. Because of the alienating nature of representative bureaucracies at higher structural levels, we become the helpless observers and recipients of dynamics over which we have neither participation or control. Because we do not see the exact movements of power within the strUctures which rule our
hves, we are agam forced to interpret what we experience from external ap-
pearances. The external appearances of changes, evidently originating in the structure, betray somewhat of the invisible inner workings of those engines. Though there is a defined perception gap between origins of conunand and commands delivered to us, we can yet assess the rationales for certain movements of power at these high levels by taking simple notice of superficial manifestations. These provide vital bits of information, not easily distorted by public relations methodology.
The initiating energies ofthe ruling social structure also represent unknowns, which are disjunct from the final demands placed upon our lives. Because we receive life restrictive commands from those engines, and cannot reasonably comprehend the exact nature or rationale for those commands, we are again forced to interpret what we experience. There is therefore a gap between what we are commanded to do, and the reasons given to us for the necessity of those commands. Since these engines have so configured our lives, and continue to place demands upon us, we are compelled more than ever by that internal imperative which demands facts. Why are certain classes selected as the recipients of these disjunct energies, originating from higher social levels which we never see? If we cannot address such simple and more immediate personal issues, then we are not in a position knowledgeable enough to determine the power or fate of technologies which enter such a world of structures, demands, and power.
The distance of perception, the distance of trust, the distance of reason and demand, each of these is the result of a social engine whose very reason for existing represents the more fundamental mystery. The social structures which rule our lives remain as essentially unknown, synthetic systemologies whose lifespan continues long after we have died under their rule. Although we have been given certain degrees of education concerning "civic" and bureaucratic structures, it is more honest to admit that we perceive the smallest and most insignificant parts of those machines. Despite our so limited perception, experience has repeatedly taught us that what we are told is not always what is.
Within these same structures then, we have learned that the distance between
truth and falsehood is p erpetually varying. Extending these realizations to the whole working of the social engine, one derives a conception of the otherwise bidden machine which is not favorable. There is a perception gap between what movements are said to occur, and what actually has occurred. Within those well hidden engine houses are many secrets we shall never know.
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We live in a ruling structure whose very existence is arbitrary, whose appearance is mirage-like. whose machinations are privatized, and whose very motivations are questionable. In all of these considerations, there are the numerous contradictions which the ruling structure delivers to us on a regular basis. Our lives are filled with the contradictory expectations of the ruling structure. But the very contradictions of our experience in these regards provide us with the best kmd of evidence. Those strenuous exertions and other bureaucratic machinations are working to keep us precisely where we are in the social mold. Because of all these distances, these divorcements, these alienations, these contradictions, these perception gaps, we find reason for designing accurate models which wlll enable better understanding our dilemma. Think of the models as maps which will grant us aid in escaping the mazeworks of delusion. In these matters, ours is a philosophic exercise having a specific purpose.
To summarize, we must say that, in the absence of direct perception there can be no accurate and no exact knowledge. O bservers caught in this quand ary must rely on interpolations and interpretations of what they perceive is actually occurring in their lives. This condition so suffuses world power structures that analysts are forced to rely completely on their own interpolations and interpretations for clarified understanding of events and the significance of certain powerful movements. And here is precisely where contaminating influences can produce skewed interpretations. For if we yield to our suspicions, so powerfully provoked by the alienating machinations of social structure, then we fall into a reliance on symbol and not on fact We acquire facts at a certain level in our research process. After that however, we rely on interpolations and interpretations; the materials from which accurate models of the superstructure are fabricated.
In the absence then of direct perception, of direct knowledge, of direct access, one must construct models in order to gain some measure of survivallstic understanding. To know is to have the ability to better survive. To know is the power to exert force for change. To know is the ability to direct changing influences with precision into the social structure. Other than this kind of knowledge, we can neither know our own positions, the power and threat of technology, or the manner in which ruling structures will be changed by technology. As concerns the dynamic tension into which we have been thrown, whether we cannot directly see and whether will not be permitted to see, makes no real difference. We feel and respond. With every impact on our lives, set by decrees originating in those structures, we are informed of significant movements. Like riding a tiger. One does not need to anatomy before recognizing how the beast responds to stimuli Survival in such a circumstance is the rationale for tenaciously holding to one's objectives and learning how to steer the tiger.
Models are the similacrre of the large systems and machinations which we cannot directly see. When we lack complete and direct perception, models are
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the maps to guide our vision and our understanding. Furthermore, accurate models are not the result of extending thought into symbolic realms; a process which we are cautioned not to engage. Some condemn and eliminate the model making process because of this potential for error and delusion. This is especially true when analysts examine the seemingly complex structures of bureaucracies and governments. The criticism derives from the notion that complexity introduces random features, phantom structures, the chance coherence from otherwise chaotic activity. There are those who refuse to accept what clearly presents itself as order, refusing to endorse the models which those ordered patterns reveal. Others refuse to accept the realities which they consider to be phantoms, the result of ephemeral orders.
Indeed, many believe that models concerning world structure and world rulerships are derived as a result of micropattems in an otherwise chaotic sys· tern. Many say that these micropatterns are misperceived as order by the naive. If so, then the connectivity among such micropattems is indeed extraordinary, a result of equally random coherence. We cannot accept, endorse, or proliferate that self-deceptive claim which insists that subjective observations are projections, the result of externalized desires and other misperceptions. In this very schema, much ofwhat actually occurs in the world structure is cloaked.
In the absence of abundant technical bibliographies, and without familiarity in the pertinent themes taught in these bibliographies, one cannot indeed forge the formidable barriers which prevent delusional reliance on symbols rather than facts. Nonetheless, accurate models can be drawn by observing ruling world structures simply because the ambitions and movements within those structures are directed by humans, and not by demigods. Models can sometimes predict an outcome, when information leaks permit One can also add refined features which derive from reliable information leaks. One baJ.. ances these "leaked' pieces of information against a wide framework of experience and observation, deriving and perfecting a model on which to make tests. One tests a model to judge its accuracy, modifying its features to match in some more accurate way what reality is revealing. In this way, models are refined Wltil they most nearly match the unknown reality.
The development of models is the necessary process when confronting an unknown, whether natural or social. Experience and factual bases are materials from which reliable model making finds its start. The simplicity of directives, of commands, of demands, and indeed of all the machinations so strenuously exercised in the channels where power flows are simple human responses. These preclude all random coherence effects, and permit the designing of truly simple models which so accurately describe the behaviors which we observe in the world that they cannot be erroneous. The models which we will present function well on several different concern levels with precision. They also hold up with reasonably sharp precision when different event scenarios are applied to them. Thus, the comprehension of large bureaucratic complexi-
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ties can be primltively modelled on the basis of personal experiences. One can not always predic4 but one can interpret
SHROUDS
Each serious endeavor to penetrate and comprehend the covert atmosphere enshrouding HAARP has demanded nothing less than a thorough familiarity with technological history. In this regard, only a special familiarity with military developments in radio and communications arts deployment can empower the inquirillg scholar to reach reasonable conclusions. The central question concerns itself with the huge array which Raytheon has constructed in Gakona, Alaska We know what the Ionospheric Research Instrument actually is. But what does it do? For what reason does it exist at all? The mystery has done more than tantalize informed thought It has revealed the abysmal lack of knowledge among writers who do not know their topic area, and yet will not stop writing. The "problem" which this project has presented to concerned civilians Is one of classification, there seeming to be no reasonable explanation for the presence of the IRI at all. Those who have attempted its classification do so without a cohesive model from which to make reasonable assessments. Closer scrutiny reveals the function and purpose of the device without further need for speculation. Accurate models of action hold up under various logical applications, each plausible HAARP scenario being weighed against all the facts and historical documentation.
More sensitive persons have referred to HAARP as the modem ultimate in human technological arrogance. Those who very clearly sense the absolute separation of military and citizen know that military intentions are the result of superior commands, directives which come down to military through bureaucratic power channels. The arrogant separation existing between government, military, and civilian sectors is evidence of an alienating secrecy. This policy requires absolute obedience to an authority which maintains absolute secrecy. The law abiding citizen is therefore required to render respect to an authority which keeps the population in the shadow of ignorance. The permeating alien· ation which has so thoroughly characterized our time is the direct result of a ruling structure which seeks the absolute domination of every bureaucracy, every technology, and every conscious state, were that possible. The rulership of which we speak exists above the halls of government, in control centers having nothing at all to do with bureaucratic or democratic process.
Radio History provides a stranger walk than fiction or the subconscious can convolute. But here too, one must not simply make speculative comment on scattered inferences. Tills useless and futile tautology bas been the achievement of several supposed technical writers who very obviously have not spent
time thinking about what they say. We must have facts on which to base any
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such strong assertions. Indeed, the ignorance concerning past technology is a tragic legacy of our time. Having forgotten the past discoveries, there are those who now presume to analyze both the present and future. The Victorian Bibliography, which too few popular writers cherish, contains wonders which we have only begun to suspect This bibliography remains a monument, a treasury of anomalous discoveries entrusted to our time by trustworthy experi· menters.
The true interpreter of problematic and questionable military research reads through patents and articles thoroughly before drawing out possible inferences. Trustworthy inferences are composed only after lengthy study in the topic area, a radio science bibliography which now spans the whole Twentieth Century. The acquisition of such a bibliography requires hundreds of consecutive hours of unremitting deep and committed research, with an equal expenditure o( several thousand dollars. Certain dedicated individuals have already undertaken this task, a labor which is pleasurably never ending. In truth, the storehouse of lost treasures is inexhaustible. There are, in fact, very few individuals with whom I am able to speak on such levels. In this respect I am very fortu· nate to know a pure and independent researcher, an experimenter in the great tradition. Mr. William Lehr is one of my vital links in the continuity, the unbroken chain of scholars. Our discussions have been a reference frame and source of the very deepest inspiration.
Those who seek truth often do meet on the great plains of knowledge. One must plow deep in the rocky soUs before picking up the trail. The most remarkable experience meets us when we make lUst contact with vital references and documents. The degree and pursuit of work which culminates in such a personal event is excessive, the expenditures of scholarly passion. There are those whose passionless love of comfort derides those of us whose eyes sometimes
dizzy with the rapid flickers of passing microfilm. Persons such as this should
never dare speak when in the presence of scholarship, much less to acquire collections of researchers for purposes of self-aggrandizement.
SECRETS
The unexamined bibliography contains a mountain of factual gems and secrets which few value. But only a logical and thorough recapitulation of all of the developmental roads leading into and beyond HAARP must be aggressively engaged. The conclusions drawn from this bibliography are indeed provocative and controversial. 'Ibis publication therefore contains only historical facts pertinent to the military management and development of ELF, VLF, SHF, and other technologies. Beyond this, I have made every effort to present a thoroughly researched chronicle of Cold War and SDI projects. The actual state of military technological art is a great deal more advanced than we are
17

led to believe. Th~ patent record alone proves it. In addition, a very great deal of time has been spent agonizing over each hypothesis in the chain which leads to the conclusions of my Last chapters. But how indeed have some 75 years of privatized Military Research succeeded in producing, establishing, and using such a completely new and superior superradiant communications technology capab le of rendering all present communications arts obsolete?
It was in the hut twenty years of military developments that the successful deployment of such technology made its appearance. If in fact this is true, if there are indeed revolutionary new technologies, why then are military groups stating their reliance on older systems? Moreover, if this be true, then why have these obsolescent systems required staffing, energy, and funding at all? The two contradictions mutually neutralize, while the truth emerges from the smoke screens. I have underscored my assertions. I am convinced that, while citizens of the 1950's were thrilling to science fiction themes and dreaming of a bright future world, military researchers had already directed the creation of amazing radiation technologies which have been used ever since. This technology is even now so far in advance of any known system that a trained mind is troubled by its inherent implications. Can it be believed that a technology, entirely operated through gamma ray energies, whose potentials could completely change the face of our world as we know it, had already been registered and dispatched by 1960? Apart from a flash of insight, coupled with an accidental patent discovery, who would ever have vaguely suspected such a
thing? Currently and routinely utilized, the interrelated advanced systems which
we will report have remained, for decades, the best well guarded "open secret".
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CHAPTER! Nikola Tesla and Radiant Energy
ANOMALY
Deep in the heart of many conspiratist topics sits a desperate desire to rediscover the lost magic of Nature. It was with this lost magic, this qualitatively accessed communion with Nature, that late Victorian researchers were all too familiar. Their nwnerous accounts cannot often be rationalized against the wall of academic regulation which prides itself in explaining all natural phenomena through simple mechanisms, the reductions of natural phenomena to meaningless force-chains. But even the journals of that day reveal a scientific world absolutely awash in discoveries and anomalous phenomena, portraying energies and dynamics which defy mechanistic explanation. The lost magic of vital energy! Developments which came with our present century represent empirical discoveries which yet have no theoretical precedent. In the very midst of that marvelous Epoch stand several personages who must forever remain as legends of Qualitative Science. One of these is Nikola Tesla. But
why is Tesla the shadow which yet so haunts and provokes military research-
ers? Furthermore, why can it be said that the name of Nikola Tesla represents the "absolute rule" by which to comprehend each of the successive miUtary projects, seemingly separate and unconnected experimental ventures observed throughout the Twentieth Century?
Why are the various achievements ofTesla so often quoted in military hardware articles, proposals which seem to attract the greatest interest only after mentioning both his name and some aspect of his work? Since they most certainly have not been able to duplicate Teslian Technology, why then d o we continually find that military project committees are forever yet attempting to approximate Teslian Technology? Every professional Tesla aficionado secretly knows that Tesla electrical energies were more like luminous beams of gaseous light than radiowaves or electrified particles. What they do not know is how he produced the energies. This simple but profound process represents a ~ost fundamental natural principle which could never have been predicted. Having been the result of accidental empirical discovery, 'so few suspect it can exist. The blinding influence of mathematically precise models serves only to block awareness that other realities can or do exist However basic and simple, Tesla Technology contains the secret of a power revolution which each knows would have changed the world. In his lifetime, the once famous Tesla became the target of dubious financial intrigues, failed death attempts, and outrageous deprivations and deprecations. The fear which surrounded this rare genius
19

seemed to heighten with his every announcement, a thing which greatly amused him throughout the years of his self-exile It is the persistence of this fear which so provokes military agencies the world over to make attempts in this essennal research.
The central effort of each Cold War project tells the tale of seemingly separate themes. But once again, only a complete familiarity with each stage of technical achievement in this progressive advancement can enable an informed comprehension of such themes. From a smgular vantage point alone do we see each of these separate themes merge, intertwine, and become coherent. Themes germane to comprehendrng Cold War Technology were each the result of private attempts at reproducing the achievements of a single individual, one
whose work has now positively haunted the scientific and military world in
excess of a century Why indeed is it also very obvious that, wtth the exception of one very simple discovery, neither military nor private developers have yet successfully duplicated any part of true Teshan Technology? In order to best appreciate the sheer frustration of radio and military engineers, whose consistent failure to reproduce the effects reported by Nikola Tesla troubles their fundamental theoretical base, we must study somethmg of Tesla and his own work.
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The technical themes relevant to understanding of all advanced technolcr gies necessarily begins with Tesla. Because of a long-standing network of misinformation and the resultant skewed academic perceptions, Teslian Impulse T echnology has never been openly legitimized or endorsed as a viable threat to either military or industrial agencies. 1bis gloss is of course a complete fabrication. The most diligent examination of Tesla lectures and other lost Tesla publications, coupled with access to corroborative experimental work which vindicates most ofTesla's own findings, has made the following chapter possible. In these few pages, you will therefore receive a swnmary review of the essential Teslian principles. These are absolutely necessary before we proceed with our central theme. My simple request is that you patiently read through this section, keeping in mind that all of the information will be completely applicable to each subsequent chapter.
It is only through the window of Teslian Impulse Technology that we can comprehend the progression of projects industrial and military throughout the entire Century. Learning each lesson carefully will best help appreciate the scope of this present theme in all of its deep implications. Here you will find factual information otherwise difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. One learns quickly that "things Teslian" are much more than they appear to be. Tesla was a classical lover of conundrums and enigmas, and knew how to use them to encrypt his meanings. When Tesla spoke, everyone listened intently. But few persons understood his meaning. To know Teslian Technology, one must be
willing to suspend conventional knowledge, listening only to the descrtptions
and cunning understatements by which Tesla craftily concealed his priority discoveries. Confusion over a surprising few distinctions has proved to be the only stumbling block keeping p rofessional engineering communities from achieving the Teslian agenda..
It is for many young aspiring scholars an astounding revelation to find that the degree of revolutionary thought engaged before the Century's tum went further than modem technology now dares to dream. The more established academes consistently rejected Teslian hypotheses as a matter of habit. Tesla was nothing less than a Jules Veme character, who stepped out of a visionary world and worked wonders in the world. WhatTesla achieved could not have been made possible without his extraordinary sensitivity and keen awareness of his own perceptions. In the absence of physical evidence, Tesla all too often worked his way toward natural truth. In this manner he discovered what thecr reticians would never seek.
Most who pursue things Teslian know the sundry details of his early work in Polyphase, and his subsequent discovery of high frequency alternating cur· renL Few however manage to isolate, identify, and comprehend his most important single discovery, the phenomenon through which all of his supposed outlandish claims were actually made possible. The discovery has not been adequately described among those who claim to know something beyond the
2 1

initiatory facts concerning his work. Those who believe that only experimentation will reveal the truth concerning Tesla may be in for a sad defeat. Indeed, those who undertake the reproduction ofTeslian transformers know the disappointment and subsequent disinterest which has followed so many others before.
Few are honest enough to admit the possibility that their own failed experimental reproductions are entirely due to their own misunderstanding. Those who publish the plans for such designs have already contaminated the process with a fundamental and failure-prone misunderstanding. Old electrical experimenter's texts are no better. By the end of the last Century, so much misinformation concerning the essential Teslian component, the Tesla Transformer, had brought a complete and devastating chaos to the field. When experimental results therefore contradict statements made by Tesla, the usual conclusions find soured agreement with the low opinions of Tesla which academicians hold. In the rare instance that they are able to manage a positive remark, usually one of mock indulgence, the accolades address his early work with Polyphase. Other than these occasional smug comments, most academicians view Tesla as a "poet-scientist" who made too much of standard phenomena. Nothing can be further from the truth.
Mter completing his initial work in Polyphase and High Frequency Alternating Currents, Tesla made a singular discovery which forever altered the course and nature of his experimental research. Whether purposefully or inadvertently, this singular discovery has been completely overlooked even by those who claim to know his work besl A single article and statements made in several of his Lectures absolutely affirm the conviction that Tesla, while working with violently abrupt electrical discharges, discovered a new force.
Indeed, it was through the development and application of this new physical agency, his greatest discovery, that Tesla encountered unexpected and devastating hostility throughout both the academic and the financial worlds. The monstrous social forces which drove him into self~xile did not, however, stop him from continuing his most important applications of this energetic species. Living in New York City until his passing in 1943, Nikola Tesla continued to conduct small experiments in applications which recall his discovery of radiant electrical energy. Few of his experiments were conducted without an accompanying assortment of reliable witnesses.
Throughout his lifetime in New York City there were many notables who observed these developments with greatest fascination. Among those who were awestruck by the things they saw were Samuel Clemens, Marguerite Merington, Robert Underwood johnson, Edward Hewitt, Kolman Czito, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, Dr.John Hammond, Lee de Forest, and Dr. Anton Kammela, Several mysterious professionals who assisted Tesla in his actual tests runs were simply referred to as "Mr. Uhlmann, Mr. Ailey, and Mr. Myers". Apart
from this scant information, we do not know more of these witnesses to his
22

works. Along -with these personages were a number of his private machinists. His secretanes, a number including Dorothy Skerritt and Mwiel Arbus, bore witness to his persistent experimentation. The office at 8 E.40th Street off Hfth Avenue also served as a small laboratory workshop. All of this was moved to the Hotel .1'\ew Yorker in his later years. Thus whether on the large scale, by which his younger years of experimenting were performed, or on the small scale, which characterized his last years, there are several witnesses to his continuous exertions and successes. What Tesla stated in the press, throughout his career, were always supported by a great number of experimental proofs.
VORTEX
Tesla spent his student years in the Polytechnic Institute at Gnu, Austria. While thoroughly engrossed in deep study of the "electrical mysteries", young Nikola T esla observed the operation of an alternating current generator in a lecture hall demonstration. This was the high frontier of his day, and he was very much impressed with the apparent efficiency of this design. When compared with the older Gramme machines, this alternating current generator was a true engineering marvel. The complete absence of commutator bands in the housing allowed the complete elimination ofsparking losses, a greatly increased efficiency in output current being the result The AC generator did not sizzle as it turned, it hununed. The problem was in the form ofcurrent which emerged. It alternated with a regular tempo, first surging one way, and then the other. Used for every application save one, motors, the AC generator outperformed any device which formerly comprised the electrical arsenal of apparatus.
Slowly, methodically, young Tesla began developing a conceptual model for a new system of power distribution based on alternating current. Consumers could be given a superior electrical supply, one which would replace every Edisonian model then so much the revolution. The Tesla systems could supply power for most electrical appliances. Most, but not all. Motors proved to be the problem. How to manage the continuous rotation of a motor operated by an alternating current proved too taxing for any other mind. Tesla himself was completely baffled for a time with this perplexing problem, but not because he could not solve il Tesla knew he already had the answer, a familiar experience for one who received inspiration through vision. Tesla was awaitIng the moment when the revelation would flash before his eyes. Ready for that instant, he would simply write down what he perceived in the ecstasy of his visions.
This vision proved nearly impossible to release until, while strolling in a park, he chanced to behold a beautiful sunset. Moved to emotion, Tesla began quoting a melodious poem written by his favored author, Goethe. During this dramatic rendition, Tesla suddenly became enraptured with the vision of
23

a swirling vortex in the very heart of the sun. In this momentary episode, Tesla demonstrated both his absolute reliance on vision and his ability to materialize the same. The use of several superimposed alternating currents managed the formation of a swirling magnetic vortex, one in whose grip an armature was forcibly and continuously dragged around upon its axle. Tesla Polyphase revolutionized the world . Tesla became a multimillionaire literally overnight. Together with George Westinghouse, he harnessed Niagara Falls, establishing forever the hydroelectric resource. Tesla continued seeking new ways to improve his Polyphase system, developing means for raising the frequency of current alternations into new and formerly unknown levels. He designed and tested a few new high frequency alternators, high speed rotating machines which produced up to 30,000 alternations per second. Tesla also found it possible to send such high frequency alternations through a single wire.
At this time, Tesla unfortunately attracted the monopolistic dreams of one ]. P. Morgan. The contact, established through Morgan's associates, was one which had more the atmosphere of a threat. Politely refused by the young Tesla on several occasions, the continual visits by Morgan associates became something of a humorous charade. Tesla had observed the results of yielding to these forays, while working with Thomas Edison in New Jersey. Morgan, who worked his way into the Edison Company, eventually became the primary stockholder. Enunciating his impossible demands on Edison, the aged inventor was reduced to an callous and embittered shell. Tesla, who kept politely refusing Morgan, was finally threatened. Powerline technology bad been monopolized by Morgan who, on the strength of this monopoly, strongly suggested that Tesla might not be able to export his Polyphase Power to any consumers. Without Morgan-owned powerlines there would be no TestaWestinghouse Company. Tesla informed Morgan that means bad already be found to eliminate the need for powerlines, a statement which appeared the very height of desperation. Morgan believed he had sufficiently leaned on Tesla to acquire his company. But these attempts to force Tesla to yield failed. Tesla proved more indomitable than even the imposing Morgan and, when the silence was broken, Tesla demonstrated before Morgan associates a new means for transmitting high frequency alternations through both the ground and the air in absence of powerlines. Morgan was literally thunderstruck by this premise, and sought opportunities against Tesla at every turn.
Students are taught that Tesla developed non-rotating high frequency generators, systems employing sparks and capacitors. The nam.e ofTesla Is inexo-
rably and tragically equated only with alternating currents. It is in this essential
error that academes, engineers, young students, and avid experimenters have too long remained. Though engineers still erroneously equate Tesla only with high frequency alternating current, a recentand prolific experimenter has proven
all these suppositions to be fraudulent While Tesla was in fact the first to
24

discover the high frequency alternating current realm, there was a more important discovery which is rarely outlined. The truth of this second great discovery remains unrecognized and unappreciated.
But what was the critical event which few recognize, and which fewer still have the patience to extract from Tesla literature? When did this event occur, and how does T esla address the finding? Except for the consummate achievements of engineer Eric Dollard, undoubtedly the most brilliant expositor of Teslian Technology in the world today, we too would have believed the error. What Mr. Dollard has successfully demonstrated is the absolute separation between Tesla's Polyphase period and the Impulse Technology which explains
his fifty years of experiments conducted until his passing. Mr. Dollard experi-
mentally vindicated most ofTesla's basic and seemingly outlandish claims. In a series of experimental demonstrations, exact reproductions ofTesla systems,
Mr. Dollard shows us evidence that post-Polyphase Teslian Technology relied
entirely upon a strange and special electroradiant phenomenon. But how did Tesla arrive at this new and revolutionary development, and how do engineers perceive this phase of his work?
SHOCKWAVES
James Clark-Maxwell predicted the possibilJty that electromagnetic waves
might exist. In theoretical discussions designed to more thoroughly explain his
mathematical descriptions, Maxwell asked his readers to consider two different kinds of electrical disturbance possibly existing in Nature. The first consideration dealt with longitudinal electric waves, a phenomenon which required alternating concentrations of electrostatic field lines. This densified and rarefied pulsation of electrostatic fields necessarily demanded a unidirectional field, one whose vector was fixed in a singular direction. The only variable pennitted in generating longitudinal waves was the concentration of he field . Subsequent propagation along the electrostatic field lines would produce pulsating thrusts on charges, pulsations moving in a single direction. These "electrical soundwaves" were rejected by Maxwell, who concluded that such a condition was impossible to achieve.
His second consideration dealt with the existence of transverse electromagnetic waves. These required the rapid alternation of electrical fields along a fixed axis. Space spreading electrical lines would supposedly "bend to and fro" under their own momentum, while radiating away at the speed of light from the alternating source. Corresponding forces, exact duplicates of the alternations produced at the source, would be detected at great distances. He encouraged that experimenters seek this waveform, suggesting possible means for achieving the objective. And so the quest to find electromagnetic waves began.
25

Jn 1887, Hemrtch H~ announced tb:u he had discovered electromagnetic ''~\'e$, Ill achteve-mel)t nt ~t time of no unall Impo-rt. ln 1889, kola Tesla nttempt«l the reproduction or these Hertdnn e.xperlments. ConduCted with absol ute E!.l :tctness In his el~gant South Flfth A~nue Lnboratory, Tesla found
hlmseJf 111capa.ble o( producing the reported elfects. No means however ap-
plied would produce tfle e!Te<:ts \vhleb H ertz dohned Tesla began VCp<'fi. m~ting with t~brupt Md powerl\ll ·electric: dbchllJ'8CS. using oU WltXl mica Clp;lc:ltots charged to very htgh potentinls. He found it possible to explode thin wires w~:h. rltese abrupt dischatges. Dimly perce.lv!ng something of Importance tn tllb experiment.'\! $tries_ Testa abandoned this expcrlmental serl~ all the '•-bile pondering the mystery nnd suspecting that Heru had romeoow mtstaJ.... ealy ilS$0clo.ted eJoet:rQsultic inducttons or elKtrilled shockw~tves In air for true electromngnetlc waves. l.n faC\. Testa visited Hem and pe.rtonally proved these refined ob$etvatlons to Here who. being convinced t!ut Testa was co.-rect. wtu "bout to ~thdmw hts thesis. Hem \'Ia! b'uly disappointed, 11nd Twa grea.tl regretted havmg to go to such lengdu with an es.ceemed academ1dan In
order to pro''f: o po!tlt.
But ''hUe endea,-orlng toward hbown means for identifying electrical waves.
Tesl:l. was. blessed with an acddenml obsfl'\lllllon which (orever changed che
course of hb experimcnw Investigations. lndeed. It was an nccldent whidl forever changed the coune of hi.s llfe and dU1lny. ln hiS own anemptS to achJeve where be felt Hc.rtt hnd failed. TWt\ de~oped a powerful mftthod by wh.lc.h M hoped LO gencrnre ami detect real electromagnetic waves. Part of t.h.IJ
apparatus required the tmp!ementation of a very powerful e•pacltor bank. Thb capncilor abau~ry" Wa$ chnr~ tO very high voltage$. and subsequently du~h:uged through hort copper bus-biU'$. The explosive blll'$D thus obtlUned produced ,e,·enl oosnc!dent ph~mena which deeply Impressed Tesla. far exceeding the powt\1' o f any elecuical dJsplay he had ever seen. These proved to hold an ~cial s~ wh.l(h he '~ determined to uncover,
The abrupt spa1ks, which he termed "dl.mlpdve dlsdlar~·. \\ICJ'C found
capable of exploding wires into vapor. They propelled very sharp dlockwaves. which strucl: him with great foru llCI'OU the whole front of his body. 0! this surprising ph}'$lcal dl't:et. Tesla ....'lU exceed•ngly lntrigu.ed. Rather like g\ln,
mob or extraordinary power than electrical spa.rks, Tcsla wu completely abo
~orbed lo thl$ new study. E!e<tricaltmpuhes prodltced effects oommonly 1U$()c cl~ only with lightning. TI1e explosive clfects remln~ him of Umilar oecurren~ observed with high vol1nge DC ~neratcm. A. fam.tlla.r experlenee among workC.I'$ and engineer$, the Simple closin.g ofa swttch on a high volU~ge d)'llatno often brought a "tingi~ shock. the a.sswntXl result of resld\1nl ttutl~ charging.
'This hazardous condidon only occurred with tbe $Udden applk:at!ou of
high voltage DC. This crown of deadly sl:Btfc chq'C stood stJ"at&ht OUI of highly
e.lectrifted conductors. often seeltlng ground padu which lndudtd worbne11
26

and switchboard openatOC"S. In long cablu. thJ.s lnswltaneous charge ~rrecc produef'd a h~ of blwsh needlu. pota~ sn!ght &"-'aY from the line lniO the SWTOUilding space. Tht haurdous condition ~ppeared bridly, at 1M vt'ry b\slant o( SWitch closure. The bluish sparking CT0' "' van!Jhed a few mUluec· onch later, along with the hfe or any unfonunate who happened to have been
•s~n~tk". After the btief effect passed, syst~m~ beha'"td as desl.gned. uch phenomena vru1ish«! as cha~"S" slowly sarurated the lines :md system,. ner this brtef surge, currentS Oowed smoothly and e'•enty as destgned.
The clTeet W3$ a nuisance In small systems. But m large reSJonal power term wheff volt.'gel were excess!\-e, it proved deadly. Men were killed b)• lhe effect, wluch spread Its deadly electrostae!c CT0" "' of sparb throughout
component '> cems. 'l"hou&h generators "-"en r;ued at a few dlousand volts,
such mystmO\U SW"ge$ rep~nted hundre<h o! thO\Uaud$.. even mUbons of volts. The problem w3$ ellmlnated lhrough the use of highly ln.suhated, heavily grounded relay switches.. Former englnellting trudtes conudered only th0$t features of power S)'Siems which accommodated the stndy ~tnte supply and e:onswnpbon of pcn.-er II ~eemed ~ !hough I~ sy ttm) required both s~ and nonnal operauve design comtdtradont- Accommodatln.g the dangerous !nidal "mpe~e· was a nt-w feature 1lus engmeenng srudy b«amc- the prone focus of powu comp;)Jlt~ for yeAr$ 3f\uwvd. safecy devices and ~~ protcccon being th~ subj~l of a ~:u many patents and texts.
Testa knew that the stn.n~ supercharging illect was only obsuved at the w ry Instant ~n wblch dynamos were applt~ lo wire llnes, Jmt u In Ius axpl~ sh-e Cllpacltor discharges. Tho~o~gh the two lnstances '"ere C()mpletely different. they both produced thl" vory same effects. lbe lnstancani'OUS surge 4Upplled b dynamos brtdly appeared super-coneencnted In Jon lin"- Testa calcu ~.ted that this dectJWtalk co~uanoo was R"'ertl orden an magn:tude grea~r lh:~.n a.ny vol~ \vhich the d '1\amo could suppl The Actual $Uppl) was somebow be,tng amplified or nn formed. But how?
Tht general consensus among engrneers was that lhu was an e.lectro<fllliC' "choking" effea. ~'lAny concluded It to be a -hunching• aCiion, where powerfillly applied for«'"'" unabk co move clwge quickly through a s.ysttm. Mys• terlow.. the combined resut.ance of1uch systenu s«.med co lnlluenet> the charge camen before !My were able 10 move awar from tht' dvrwno wmlnals1 J.Jke
sbppang ''acer "''tth a rapid hand. tM ~ ~ed solid So also 11 "~ "1lh lhe electncal force. charges mt'Wng up against a seeningly solid "11ll But the effect lasted only as lClng u the unp.act. Unlit current carnen had aCIUally
•c;aught up" wilh the applied eleell'ical fldd, the charges pnmg from lhe llne in l\ll cllrec:tions A btief$Upercluugmg effect could be e>q>ected until C"hatges ' "rl't' dlstribut«i, unoothly flowing through the "hole- line and system. The
dynamo Itself thus became the bnef ~of a rrunor Jh«.kwave. He began
wondering wh)· 11 Yo'U p0$Sible for electrosl<\tk: Gelds to move more qutd:l) than lhe actual~ themsifl'-U. a perplexing m)'$tt'r) \ as 1M 6dd lbelf
27

an entity which simply drove the more massive charges along? If this was true, then of what was the electrostatic field itself "composed"? Was it a field of smaller particles? The questions were wonderfully endless.
Despite the wonderful ideas which this study stimulated, Tesla saw a practical application which had never occurred to him. Consideration of the dynamo supercharging effect suggested a new experimental apparatus. It was one which could greatly outperform his capacitor battery in the search to find electrical waves. A simple high voltage DC generator provided his electric field source. Tesla understood that the resistance of lines or components, viewed from the dynamo end, seemed to be an impossible "barrier" for charge carriers to penetrate. This barrier caused the "bunching" effect Electrostatic charges were literally stopped and held for an instant by line resistance, a barrier which only existed during the brief millisecond interval in which the power switch was dosed. The sudden force application against this virtual barrier squeezed charge into a density impossible to obtain with ordinary capacitors. It was the brief application of power, the impact of charge against the resistance barrier, which brought this abnormal electro-densified condition. This is why the conductive wires in his present experiment often exploded.
The analogy to steam power and steam engines was unmistakable. Large steam engines had to be valved very carefully. This required the expertise of old and well~xperienced operators who knew how to "open up" an engine without rupturing the vessels and causing a deadly explosion. Too suddenly valved, and even a large steam engine of very high capacity could explode. Steam also had to be admitted into a system gently, until it began smoothly and gradually flowing into every orifice, conduit, and component Here too was the mysterious "choking" effect, where a large capacity system seemed to behave Uke an uncommonly high resistance to any sudden and sustained application of force. Tesla learned that he could literally shape the resultant discharge, by modifying certain circuit parameters. Time, force, and resistance were variables necessary to producing the phenomenon.
PERMEATIONS
The academic world of experimenters was yet fixated on his former discovery of high frequency alternating currents. It seemed that Tesla alone now exclusively studied these impulse discharges. He was producing explosive im~ pulses which had not been observed in laboratories. Every component was carefully illSulated, himself implementing insulator rods and rubberized regalia to insure complete safety. Tesla had observed electrostatic machines whose ability to charge insulated metals was potent, but this demonstration exceeded the mere charging of wire by the instantaneous switch elOS'Ul't!. This effect produced "springing" charge, phenomena like no other before witnessed by
28

Tesla for its sheer strength. Whatever the conditions observed In previous systems, he had now learned how to maximize the effect. Balancing voltage and resistance against capacity, Tesla learned to routinely produce supercharge states which no existing device could equal.
Empirical observation had long taught that ordinary capacitor discharges were oscillating currents, spark currents which literally "bounced" between each capacitor plate until their stored energy was wasted away. The high voltage of the dynamo exerted such an intense unidirectional pressure on the densified charges that alternations were impossible. The only possible backrushes were oscillations. In this case, charges surged and stopped in a long series until the supercharge was wasted away. All parameters which forced such oscillations actually limited the supercharge from manifesting its total energetic supply, a condition Testa strove to eliminate. Indeed he spent an excessive time developing various means to block every "backrush" and other complex current echo which might forced the supercharge to prematurely waste its dense energy. Here was an effect demanding a single unidirectional super pulse. With both the oscillations and alternations ellminated, new and strange effects began making their appearance. These powerful and penetrating phenomena were never observed when working with high frequency alternations.
The sudden quick closure ofthe switch now brought a penetrating shockwave throughout the Laboratory, one which could be felt both as a sharp pressure and a penetrating electrical irritation. A "sting". Face and hands were especially sensitive to the explosive shockwaves, which also produced a curious "stinging" effect at close range. Tesla believed that material particles approaching the vapor state were literally thrust out of the wires in all directions. In order to better study these effects, he poised himself behind a glass shield and resumed the study. Despite the shield, both shockwaves and stinging effects were felt by the now mystified Tesla. This anomaly provoked a curiosity of the very deepest kind, for such a thing was never before observed. More powerlul and penetrating than the mere electrostatic charging of metals, this phenomenon literally propelled high voltage charge out into the surrounding space where it was felt as a slinging sensation. The stings lasting for a small fraction of a second, the instant of switch closure. But Tesla believed that these strange effects were a simple effect of ionized shockwaves in the air, rather like a strongly ionized thunderclap.
Tesla devised a new series of experiments to measure the shockwave pressure from a greater distance. He required an automatic "!rip switch". With this properly arranged, a more controlled and repetitious triggering of the effect was possible. In addition, this arrangement permitted distant observations which might cast more light on the shied-permeating phenomenon. Controlling the speed of the high voltage dynamo controlled the voltage. With these compcr nents properly adjusted, Tesla was able to walk around his large gallery spaces
29

and make observations. Wishing also to avoid the continuous pressure barrage and its stinging sparks, Tesla shielded himself with several materials. The arrangement of rapidly interrupted high voltage direct currents resulted in the radiation of stinging rays which could be felt at great distances from their super-sparking source. In fact, Tesla felt the stings right through the shields! Whatever had been released from the wires during the instant of switch closure, successfully penetrated the shields of glass and of copper. It made no difference, the effect permeated each substance as if the shield were not there at all. Here was an electrical effect which comrmmicated directly through space without material connections. Radiant electricity!
In these several new observations, the phenomenon was violating electrostatic charge principles experimentally established by Faraday. Projected electrostatic charges normally spread out over the surface of metallic shield, they do not penetrate metal. This effect had certain very non-electrical characteristics. Tesla was truly mystified by this strange new phenomenon, and searched the literature for references to its characteristics. No such reference was found, except in the surreptitious observations of two experimenters. In one case, Joseph Henry observed the magnetization of steel needles by a heavy spark discharge. The extraordinary feature of this observation {1842) lay in the fact that the Leyden Jar, whose spark apparently produced the magnetizations, stood on the upper floor of an otherwise electrically impervious building. Brick walls, thick oak doors, heavy stone and iron flooring, tin ceilings. Moreover, the steel needles were housed in a vault in the cellar. How did the spark affect such a change through such a natural barrier? Dr. Henry believed that the spark had released special "light-like rays", and these were the penetrating agencies responsible for the magnetizations.
A second such account {1872} occurred in a high school building in Philadelphia. Elihu Thomson, a physics instructor, sought to make the sparks of a large Ruhmkorrf Spark Coil more visible for his next lecture. Attaching one pole of the coil to a cold water pipe, and reactivating the coil, Thomson was thrilled to find that the nature of the spark had changed from blue to white. Wishing to amplify this effect, Thomson attached the other pole to a large metal tabletop. Again reactivating the coil produced a shrieking silver-white spark, entirely visible to any who sat in the last row. Wishing to show this to a colleague, Edwin Houston, Thomson made for the door and was abruptly stopped. Touching the brass knob on the otherwise insulated oak door, Thomson received an unexpected sizzling shock. Turning off the Ruhmkorrf Coil, Thomson found it possible to stop the effect. Calling for Edwin, he summarized what had occurred. Then tum.ing the unit back on again, the stinging charge effects returned. The two gentlemen ran throughout the huge stone, oak, and iron building with insulated metal objects now. Each touch of a penknife or screwdriver to anything metallic, however distant from the coil or insulated from the floor, produced long and continuous white sparks. The
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account was written up as a short article in Scientific American later in the same year.
In studying each of these two prior observations, events each separated by some thirty years, Tesla perceived an essential unity with that of his own discovery. Each observation was perhaps a slight variant of the very same phenomenon. Somehow accidentally, each experimenter had managed to produce the explosive super-charging effect In the case of Dr. Henry, the explosive bursts occurred in a single flash, electrostatic machines being used to accumulate the initial charge. The second case was peculiar, since it evidenced the sustained and continuous production of super-charging effects. The effect was rare because it obviously required very stringent electrical parameters. Tesla deduced this from the simple fact that the effect was so infrequently observed by experimenters the world over. In addition, he was quick to remark concerning the anomalous attributes attached to the phenomenon. Tesla knew that, despite the extremely penetrating effects in each case, he had secured the only means for achieving the "complete" and maximum manifestation of supercharging. His was an apparatus with no equal, capable of releasIng an aspect of the electrostatic field which others very apparently had not.
Though discovered by Testa in 1889, the preliminary observation of this effect was published after an intensive battery of investigations. The "Dissipation of Electricity", published just prior to Christmas of 1892, is the pivotal Tesla lecture. This is the departure point in which Tesla abandons research and development ofhigh frequency alternating current. Divorcing himselffrom that fieid entirely, Tesla describes the shockwaves and other effects of IMPULSES. In addition to those physical sensations which he describes in characteristic understatements, Tesla also enlarges upon the "gaseous" aspects associated with the phenomena. He observed that the abruptly charged wires in his experiments projected a strange gaseous stream when immersed in an oil bath. A phenomenon which he once thought due entirely to wire-adsorbed gases, be found that the effect could be so continuously produced from a single wire that no volume of ordinary adsorbed gas could supply the flow. Indeed, be was able to produce streams of this kind in oil which so powerfully projected from charged wire ends that they visibly depressed the oil into a hole, some two inches in depth! Tesla began to realize the true nature of the fine issuing "gas" which projected from wire ends immersed in oil.
He now prepared an extensive series of tests in order to determine the true cause and nature of these shocking air pulses. In his article, Tesla describes the shield-permeating shocks as "soundwaves of electrified air". Nevertheless, he makes a remarkable statement concerning the sound, heat, light, pressure, and shock which he sensed passing directly through copper plates. Collectively, they "imply the presence of a medium of gaseous structure, that is, one consisting of independent carriers capable of free motion". Since air was obviously not this "medium", to what then was he referring? Further in the article he
3 1

clearly states that "besides the air, another medium is present".
RADIANf ELECfRlCITY
Through successive experimental arrangements, Tesla discovered several facts concerning the production of his effect. First, the cause was undoubtedly found in the abruptness of charging. It was in the switch closure, the very instant of "closure and break", which thrust the effect out into space. The effect was definitely related to lime, IMPULSE time. Second, Tesla found that it was imperative that the charging process occurred in a single impulse. No reversal of current was permissible, else the effect would not manifest. In this, Tesla made succinct remarks describing the role of capacity in the spark-radiative circuit. He found that the effect was powerfully strengthened by placing a capacitor between the disrupter and the dynamo. While providing a tremendous power to the effect, the dielectric of the capacitor also served to protect the dynamo windings. Not yet sure of the process at work in this phenomenon, T esla sought the empirical understanding required for its amplification and utilization. He had already realized the significance of this unexpected effect. The idea of bringing this strange and wondrous new phenomenon to its full potential already suggested thrilling new possibilities in his mind. He completely abandoned research and development of alternating current systems
after this event, intimating that a new technology was about to unfold.
The effect could also be greatly intensified to new and more powerful levels by raising the voltage, quickening the switch "make-break" rate, and shortening the actual time of switch closure. Thus far, Testa employed rotating contact switches to produce his unidirectional impulses. When these mechanical impulse systems failed to achieve the greatest possible effects, Tesla sought a more "automatic" and powerful means. He found this "automatic switch• in special electrical arc dischargers. The high voltage output of a DC generator was applied to twin conductors through his new arc mechanism, a very powerful permanent magnet sitting crosswise to the discharge path. The discharge arc was automatically and continually "blown out" by this magnetic field.
Imperative toward obtaining the desired rare effect, the capacitor and its connected wire lines had to be so chosen as to receive and discharge the acquired electrostatic charge in unidirectional staccato fashion. The true Tesla circuit very much resembles a pulse jet, where no back pressure ever stops the onrushing flow. Electrostatic charge rises to a maximum, and ls discharged much more quickly. The constant application of high voltage dynamo pressure to the circuit insures that con tinual successions of "charge-rapid discharge" are obtained . It is then and only then that the Tesla Effect is observed. Pulses literally flow through the apparatus from the dynamo. The capacitor, disrupter, and its attached wire lines, behave as the flutter valve.
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The high voltage dynamo remains the true electrostatic source in the apparatus. This was a fact well appreciated by Tesla, who disliked the painful radiant effects proceeding into space. It was evident that the dynamo had somehow been modified by the addition of these "pulsing valve" circuits. The dynamos being used provided deadly voltages, capable of killing a man. The valve circuits were forcing a strange radiance of those deadly field energies. Somebow, the dynamo energy was being expanded into space with dangerous and painful force. But how? By what mysterious and provocative means was this condition established? The result of this experimental series fixed a new concept in Tesla's mind. Tesla had of course realized the implications of his mysterious shocking-field effect. This was radiant electricity. With this phenomenon, Tesla could develop a far better world-changing technology than Polyphase. Moreover, this radiant electric effect could replace powerlines.
The Tesla Research Laboratory was a four story structure which stood at 33-35 South Fifth Avenue in New York City. Bwldings such as the Tesla Laboratory may yet be found in the Soho section of Manhattan. Each Is large in size, amply supplied with several floors of Immense gallery halls and upper floor studios. He was thus afforded the space to perform several critical experiments In broadcast electrical power techniques. Tesla tlrst conducted elaborate and extensive investigations in order to comprehend the exact nature of this new electrical effect Tesla realized that this strange "shocking field" actually radiated through space from the impulse apparatus. If this was electrostatic energy, it was more intense and more penetrating than any electrostatic field he had ever observed. If this was merely a "stuttered" electrostatic field, why then was its strength so very intensified? Tesla began to believe that he bad discovered a new electrical force, not simply a treatment of an existing force. It is for this reason that he often described the effect as "electrodynamic" or "more electrostatic".
By properly adjusting the inherent circuit parameters, Tesla learned how to produce an extremely rapid series of unidirectional impulses on demand. When the impulses were short, abrupt, and precise in their successions, Tesla found that the shocking effect could penneate very large volumes of space with apparently no loss of intensity. He also found that the shocking effect penetrated sizable metal shields and most insulators with ease. Developing a means for controlling the number of impulses per second, as well as the intennittent time intervals between each successive impulse, he began discovering a new reahn of effects. Each impulse duration gave its own peculiar effects. Able to feel the stinging shocks, though shielded at a distance of nearly fifty feet from his apparatus, Tesla recognized at once that a new potential for electrical power transmission had been revealed to him. Tesla was first to Wlderstand that electrical shock waves represented a new means for transforming the world.
Even as his Polyphase had done, Tesla fully intended to disclose his discoveries to the world at large. Radiant electricity had special characteristics of
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which the scientific world had no knowledge. H released with sufficient power, radiant electrical broadcasts could kill. His initial experiments were sufficiently potent enough to cause severe and painful stings. Here was a lethal system
requiring control and development. What was intended to be a great benefit to humanity could be misconstrued as the greatest detriment. Working with a simple but powerful embodiment of his original apparatus, Tesla found that radiant electricity could induce powerful electrical effects at a distance. These effects were not alternations, not alternating waves. They were longitudinal waves, composed of successive shocking waves. The advance of each shock· ing wave, followed by short neutral zones together comprised the radiant field. Vectorial components of these shock-wave successions were always unidirectional. The stuttering shockwaves were capable of forcing charges in the direction of their propagation.
Objects placed near this device became powerfully electrified, retaining a singular charge sign for many minutes after the magnetic discharger had been deactivated. Tesla found it possible to amplify these single charge effects by a simple asymmetrical alignment of the magnetic discharger. By placing the magnetic discharger closer to one or the other side of the charging dynamo, either force positive or force negative vectors could be selected and projected. Thus, charge could be projected into or drawn from any object in the field space. Introducing objects into the radiant space gave spectacular effects, becoming surrounded by crowns of white sparks. Objects charged by this apparatus evidenced a powerful and permeating charge action like no other seen before. This was a new electrical force. Tesla realized more than ever that he was in unknown territory. The fact that these radiant forces travelled as light-like rays distinguished them from the electromagnetic waves of Maxwell. The waves were weak, but these rays were strong. Uncommonly strong
Directional effects could obtained by shaping the wire lines which radiated the shocking waves. The condition which best radiated evenly in all directions required that each line be semi-circular, the entire apparatus being circularly disposed. How far did this field extend, and what was the effect of distance on the intensity of the radiant field? Tesla found it impossible to measure a diminution in radiant force at several hundred yards. In comparison, he recalled that Hertz found it relatively easy to measure notable inverse square diminutions within the confines of his laboratory in Bonn. Tesla suspected that these effects were coherent, not subject to inverse laws other than those due to ray divergence. If he wished to broadcast power to a neighborhood, it would be critical that all radiant energy be focussed in receivable directions.
Also, Tesla wished to determine the effect of gradually decreased impulse durations required greatest skill and precaution. Tesla knew that he would be exposing himself to mortal danger. Controlling the rapidity of cWTent blowout in the magnetic DC arc, Tesla released a new spectrum of llght-like energies throughout his large gallery space. These energetic species were like no other
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which the world has since seen. Tesla found that impulse duration alone defined the effect of each succinct speclnun. These effects were completely distinctive, endowed with strange additional qualities never purely experienced in Nature. Moreover, Tesla observed distinct color changes in the discharge space when each impulse range had been reached or crossed. Never before seen d1scharge colorations did not remain a mystery for long. Trains of impulses, each exceeding 0.1 millisecond duration, produced pain and mechanical pressures. In this radiant field, objects visibly vibrated and even moved as the force field drove them along. 1bin wires, exposed to sudden bursts of the radiant field, exploded into vapor. Pain and physical movements ceased when impulses of 100 microseconds or less were produced. These latter features suggested weapon systems of frightful potentials.
With impulses of 1.0 microsecond duration, strong physiological heat was sensed. Further decreases in impulse brought spontaneous illuminations capable of filling rooms and vacuum globes with white light At these impulse frequencies, Tesla was able to stimulate the appearance of effects which are normally admixed among the electromagnetic energies inherent in sunlight Shorter impulses produced cool room penetrating breezes, with an accompanying uplift in mood and awareness. There were no limits in this progression toward impulses of diminished duration. None of these impulse energies could be duplicated through the use of high frequency harmonic alternations, those which Sir Oliver Lodge popularized, and which later was embod1ed in Marconi Wave Radio. Few could reproduce these effects because so few understood the absolute necessity of observing those parameters set by Tesla. These facts have been elucidated by Eric Dollard, who also successfully obtained the strange and distinct effects claimed by Tesla.
TRANSFOR.\.ffiR
By 1890, after a period of intense experimentation and design development, Tesla summarized the components necessary for the practical deployment of a radiant electrical power distribution system. Tesla had already discovered the wonderful fact that impulse durations of tOO microseconds or less could not be sensed and would do no physiological harm. He planned to use these in his power broadcast Furthermore, shocking waves of 100 microsecond duration passed through all matter, a fitting form of electrical energy to broadcast throughout the stone, steel, and glass of a power-needy city. Testa would not expect distortions with specially adjusted energy fields, vectors which permeated matter without interactive effects.
Testa made a most startling discovery the same year, when placing a long single-tum copper helix near his magnetic disrupter. The coil, some two feet in length, did not behave as did solid copper pipes and other objects. The thin-
35

walled coil became ensheathed in an envelope of white sparks. Undulating from the crown of this coil were very long and fluidic silvery white streamers, soft c!Jscharges which appeared to have been considerably raised in voltage. These effects were greatly intensified when the helical coil was placed within the disrupter wire circle. Inside this "shockzone", the helical coil was surrowtded in a blast which hugged into its surface, and rode up the coil to its open end. It seemed as though the shockwave actually pulled away from surrounding space to cling to the coil surface, a strange attractive preference. The shockwave flowed over the coil at right angles to the windings, an unbelievable effect. The sheer length of discharges leaping from the helix crown was incomprehensible. With the disrupter discharge jumping 1 inch in its magnetic housing, the white tlimmering discharges rose from the helix to a measured length of over two feet. This discharge equalled the very length of the coil itself! It was an unexpected and unheard transformation.
Here was an action more nearly "electrostatic" in nature~ although he knew that academes would not comprehend this term when used in this situation. Electrostatic energy did not fluctuate as did his shockwaves. The explosive shockwave had charac-teristics unlike any other electrical machine in exist· ence. Yet Tesla stated that the shockwave, during the brief instant in which it made its explosive appearance, more nearly resembled an electrostatic field than any other known electrical manifestation. Just as in electrostatic friction machines, where current and magnetism are negligible, a very energetic field
component fills space in radiating lines. Til.is "d.ielectrtc" field normally launches
through space in a slow growth as charges are gathered. Here was a case where a DC generator provided the high voltage. This voltage charged an insulated hoop of copper, growing to its maximum value. IT all values in the circuit were properly balan~ed, in the manner prescribed by Tesla, a sudden charge collapse would then occur. This collapse was necessarily very much shorter than the interval required to charge the hoop. The coUapse comes when the magnetic disrupter extinguishes the arc. H the circuit is properly structured, no backrush alternations ever occur.
This unidirectional succession of charge-discharge impulses causes a very strange field to expand outward, one which vaguely resembles a "stuttering" or "staccato" electrostatic field. But these terms did not satisfactori1y describe the conditions actually measured around the apparatus, a powerful radiant effect exceeding all expectable electrostatic values. Actual calculation of these discharge ratios proved impossible. Implementing the standard magneto-inductive transformer rule, Tesla was unable to account for the enormous voltage multiplication effect. Conventional relationships failing, Tesla hypothesized that the effect was due entirely to radiant transformation rules, obviously requiring empirical determination. Subsequent measurements ofdischarge lengths and helix attributes provided the necessary new mathematical relationship.
He had discovered a new induction law, one where radiant shockwaves
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actually auto-intensified when encountering segmented objects. The segmentation was the key to releasing the action. Radiant shockwaves encountered an
helix and "flashed over" the outer skin, from end to end. This shockwave did
not pass through the windings of the coil at all, treating the coil surface as an aerodynamic plane. The shockwave pulse auto-intensified exactly as gas pressures continually increase when passing through Venturi tubes. A consistent increase in electrical pressure was measured along the coil surface. Indeed, Tesla stated that voltages could often be increased at an amazing 10,000 volts per inch of axial coil surface. This meant that a 24 inch coil could absorb radiant shoc.kwaves which initially measured 10,000 volts, with a subsequent maximum rise to 240,000 volts! Such transformations of voltage were unheard with apparatus of this volume and simplicity. Tesla further discovered that the output voltages were mathematically related to the resistance of turns in the helix. Higher resistance meant higher voltage maxima.
He began referring to his disrupter line as his special "primary", and to the helical coil placed within the shockzone, as his special "secondary". But he never intended anyone to equate these terms with those referring to magnetoelectric transformers. This discovery was indeed completely different from magneto-induction. There was a real and measurable reason why he could make this outlandish statemenl There was an attribute which completely baffled Tesla for a time. Tesla measured a zero current condition in these long copper secondary coils. He determined that the current which should have appeared
was completely absent Pure voltage was rising with each inch of coU surface.
Tesla constantly referred to his "electrostatic induction laws", a principle which few comprehended. Tesla called the combined disrupter and secondary helix a "Transformer".
Tesla Transformers are not magnetoelectric devices, they use radiant shockwaves, and produce pure voltage without current No university High Frequency Coil must ever be called a Wfesla Coil", since the devices usually employed in demonstration halls are the direct result of apparatus perfected b y Sir Oliver Lodge and not by Nikola Tesla. The Testa Transformer is an impulse apparatus, and cannot be as easily constructed except by strict conformity with parameters which Tesla enunciated. Tesla Transformers produce extraordinary white impulse discharges of extreme length and pressure, which exceed the alternating violet spark displays of Lodge Coils. This is illustrated by noting the manner in which Tesla Transformers are actually constructed. While looking and seeming the same, each system actually performs very different functions. Lodge Coils are alternators. Tesla Transformers are unidirectional impulses.
The most efficient Tesla Transformations were obtained only when the disruptive radiating wire line equalled the mass of the helical coil. The empirical determination proved that a mysterious and simple mass-to-mass correspondence necessarily existed between the disrupter apparatus and the secondary
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coU. Tesla learned that a simple balance beam could be used to best design his Transformers. Metal Une or thick metal strapping would be cut and placed on one side of the balance. Thin copper wire would be unwound from a spool and hung on the other balance beam end. When the balance was even, when the masses were identical, T esla cut the thin wire. Transformers made in this mass-to-mass ratio consistently provided the most powerful transformations. Each Transformer conducted a specific impulse duration with special force . Therefore each had to be "tuned" by adJusting the disrupter to that specific impulse duration. Adjustments of arc distance provided this control factor. Once each transformer was runed to 1ts own special response rate, impulses could flow smoothly through the system like gas flowing in a pipe.
Finding that gas-dynamic analogies and applications indeed provided him with a consistent record of successful assessments in these regards, Tesla began considering whether or not the white flame discharges, so different from anything he had ever seen, might not be a gaseous manifestation of electr~>o static force. There were certainly abundant experimental instances in which a
purely gaseous nature, so unlike anything electrical, was being clearly made
manifest. The manner In which the radiant shockwave travelled over the wire collings in white fltmmeriug laminar streams, brought a new revolution in thought Voltage pulses traversed the secondary surface like a gas pulse under increasing constriction. Until reaching the free end of the coil, these gaseous pulses flowed over the copper surface rather than through it Tesla referred to
this specific manifestation as the "skin effect". In this the discharge greatly
resembled the manner of gases in motion over surfaces. Furthermore, whenever a metal poinl was connected to the upper terminal
of one of his Transformers, the stream became more directive. It behaved just like a stream of water in a pipe. When the white flimmering stream was directed at distant metal plates, It produced electronic charges. This charge pr~>o duction could be measured as amperage, "current", at the reception site. In transit however, no such amperage existed. Amperage appeared only when intercepted. Eric Dollard has stated that the space surrourtding Tesla Impulse Transformers so surges with these streams that the "interception current" can reach several hundred or even thousands of amperes. But of what was this mysterious stream composed? Tesla struggled with the doubt that these discharge phenomena might be ordinary electricity behaving in extraordinary ways. But did electricity indeed have a smooth, soft, and flimmering nature? The electricity with which he was familiar was shocking, hot, burning, deadly, piercing, stinging, all the utllibutes of an irritant. But this discharge phenomenon was, whether cool or warm to the touch, soft and gentle. It would not kill.
Even the manner in which the pulse exploded as bright white discharges of greatly transformed voltage, suggested the way in which gases behave when released from their confinements urtder pressure. These reflective meditations convinced Tesla that this effect was not purely electrical in nature. Closely
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examining the white flames, Tesla realized why there was no measurable "electrical current" at the crown of these activated coils. The normal heavy charge carriers, electrons, could not travel as quickly as the radiant pulse itself. Choked in the metallic lattice of the coil, electrons became immobile. No electron current moved through the coil at all. The radiant pulse which moved over the coil surface, was therefore not electronic in narure.
Additionally, Tesla discovered an amazing phenomenon which removed all doubt concerning the true nature of energetic carriers at work in his apparatus. Tesla arranged a very heavy a U-shaped copper bus-bar, connecting both legs directly to his disrupter primary. Across the legs of this U-shaped busbar were placed several incandescent lamps. The arrangement was a very evident short circuit. The lamps were illuminated to a brilliant cold white light, while being shorted by a heavy copper shunt. Uncharacteristic of particulate current electricity, the bright but cold lamps revealed that another energetic current was indeed flowing through the "short-circuits".
Those who obsexved this experiment did not expected it to perform any function save the incineration of the disrupter circuit and possibly of the dynamo itself. Instead of this, witnesses beheld a maxvel. The lamps lit to an uncommon brightness. In this simple demonstration, Tesla was illustrating but one of his many evidences. Electronic charges would prefer the least resistant circuit, rejecting the incandescent bulbs for the copper path. The current in this situation chose to conform with a contradictory principle. Perhaps this was true because the currents were not electrical. Tesla repeatedly used this demonstration to evidence the "fractionation" of currents electronic, from currents neutral.
LUMINIFEROUS £THER
A single question remained, the answer to which would provide him with the essential information needed to create a new technology. What so separated or "fractioned" the diverse mobile carriers in his Transformer? It was the geometric configuration of the coil which inadvertently separated each component. Electrons were blocked from flowing through the wire length, while the radiant pulse was released over the coil surface as a gaseous pulse. Electrons should have drifted through the wire but, during each impulse period, were blocked by the line resistance. Thus, the gaseous mobile carriers were released to flow outside the wire, a pulse which travelled along the outer coil surface from end to end.
Here then was evidence that electrical discharges were indeed composed of several simultaneous mobile species. Tesla now comprehended why his first high frequency alternating currents never evidenced these powerful actions. It was the abruptness, the violence of the impulsive discharge, which gave free
39

mobility to this unsuspected "gaseous" component hnpulses, unidirectional impulses, were the only means by which these potentials could be unlocked. Alternations were absolutely useless in this regard. Moreover, because alternations could not unleash the second gasdynamic component, it remained an unusable and pitifully weak means. Testa forever viewed his high frequency alternating devices as failed projects. This has great bearing on his highly critical views of Marconi and all the others Uke him who pursued high frequency alternating wave radio. Tesla began to study a topic which has found more enemies and critics than any this century. Testa, with greatest interest now, began researching "the cether".
Victorian Science came to believe that space, all of space, was absolutely permeated with an ultrafine gas which they termed "rether". It was in this
gaseous atmosphere that light was said to be transmitted through space. In
fact, space was not viewed as a pure vacuum, .ether filled that vacuum. Some Victorians stated that the rether could, at times, be visibly seen. The golden haze which often fllls spaces within buildings were said to be manifestations of cether gas. These displays could be seen in conditions of minimal humidity and in the absence of aerial dust Others mentioned the colorations often seen with the eyes opened, in a dark room or against a ganzfeld, as evidence of
retheric luminations (Reichenbach). In order to satisfy all of the physical dy-
namics which eventually became attached to the concept, rether gas acquired several mutually contradictory attributes.
Lodge stated that cether gas necessarily existed in a density comparable to
that of steel, yet behaved as a fluid. £ther gas was also capable of passing through most substances, a permeating substance having no terrestrial equal. When an experiment designed to measure "cether drift" with light beam interferometry failed, most repudiated the existence of this gaseous space filling atmosphere altogether. Just before this moment in science history however, a wonderful theoretical abstract was published explaining the reality of the cether in chemical terms. If not for the author and his credibility, few would appreciate the import of his assertions.
A comprehensive analysis of these contradictory attributes was engaged by Professor Dmitri Mendeleev, "father" of the Periodic Table. Just before the tum of the Century, Dr. Mendeleev produced a wonderful theoretical view which elegantly satisfied each of the reigning contradictions of his day. His work was published years later in a small booklet entitled "A Chemical Conception of The Ether" (1904). Herein, he treated the rether gas as an interstellar atmosphere composed of at least two lighter-than-hydrogen elements. These were produced by violent bombardments in stars, the sun being the most
prolific neighboring source. According to Dr. Mendeleev, a!ther gas was an
atmosphere probably composed of several different elemental spedes. He anticipated that the two gases would be found. Although these pre-hydrogen elements remained yet unknown, Mendeleev placed them in his Periodic Table
40

just as he did when composing the Table in 1869. These gases were placed in a special "zero gTOUp" preceding the Noble
gases. The inertness of these .ether gases explained their elusive "non-reactive" character. The nearly massless state of these different retheric gases explained their ability both to permeate all matter without chemically interacting with it, and the high apparent density of .ether. The lightest and first .ether gas was assigned a theoretical atomic weight one hundred millionth that of hydrogen. The kinetic ve'locity of this first gas was calculated at 2.5 million meters per second. Such a highly mobile and vanishing retheric mass could be rarefied and yet "appear" extremely dense. Dr. Mendeleev fully anticipated that these gaseous elements would someday be found through extraordinary apparatus. Others felt that, in this physical analysis, Dr. Mendeleev had not glimpsed the real .ether at all. Many Victorian claimed that .ether was extremely dense, like a flood of matter which could be felt as a pressure and seen as a multicolored radiance. Tesla ascribed to both of these views.
Tesla applied these principles in explaining the actions so visibly at work in
his newest apparatus. Macroscopically, radiant shockwaves behaved as a gas-
eous impulse having electrical characteristics. This was no ordinary gas however. This "gaseous" component was not atmospheric in the ordinary sense. It was not the result of adsorbed gases on the copper coil surface. This gas pulse
travelled over the coil surfaces with super-luminal velocity. Mr. Dollard uti-
lized line interferometry to measure and compare both components in a real
Tesla Impulse Transformer, and has proven the vast velocity differences be-
tween both. Moreover, the mysterious surface-riding component was found to travel at a super-luminal velocity. Those experimental measurement success-
fully vindicated the claim of Tesla in this regards in 1985. When referring to
these discharges and their strange attributes and effects, Tesla always used gasdynamic terms and gas-dynamic analogues. Throughout his use of such terminology, Tesla was inferring that something unlike normal electricity was flowing through short electrical impulses. That something was indeed behaving like a gas. The gas-dynamic components which rode the outer coil surface required aerodynamically smooth surfaces.
Tesla came to believe that dielectric fields were actually composed of .ether streams. Theoretically then, one could derive limitless energy by trapping and conducting a naturally occurring dielectric field line. The problem was that no ordinarily accessible materlal could resist the .ether enough to derive any momentum from it. With a stream so rare as to pass through all known materials, the kinetic energy inherent in dielectric field lines would remain an elusive energy source. T esla beheved he may have found the secret to tapping this energy, but it would not require an ordinary kind of matter. Tesla viewed voltage as streams of .ether under various states of pressure. Raising these stresses could produce enormous .ether streams, where the observed voltages would then be extremely high and luminous. This was the very condition
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which Tesla had come to believe had been established in his Transformers. In fact, Tesla repeatedly stated that his Transformers effected powerful
movements in the ~ther. In one truly mystifying experiment indicative of these comprehension, Tesla describes the production of very rapid impulse trains with a subsequent production of "cool misty white streamers extending a yard into space". These were cool ro the touch, and harmless. Ifelectrical in nature, they would necessarily have been several million volts in potentials. Their harmlessness is coupled with their sinuous nature, one completely unlike electrical currents. Michael Theroux successfully duplicated Teslian experiments with an. apparatus whose secondary was no more than 2 feet in length, with a width of l foot When charged with a powerful electrostatic disruptive device of his own design and construction, Mr. Theroux succeeded in producing flwdic white streamers, sometimes exceeding 12 feet in length! These streamers continually grew in size, reaching the far wall of a cellar laboratory. Sinuous in their twisting manner, he reports that the ends of these branched with lobate ends, an unlikely characteristic for ordinary electricity. Contrasted against the discharges produced by Wimhurst Machines and other Electrostatic devices alone, these white and highly vibrant displays lacked the blue and stark jaggedness commonly associated with sparks termed "electric". In the light of experimental achievements such as these, and their attendant phenomena, we are required to review our theoretical base and reassess our most fundamental conventions.
Indeed, to understand Tesla Technology one must eliminate the notion that electrons are the "working flwd" in his radiant energy designs. With the lower coil end connected directly to the dynamo, high voltage ~ther streamers were projected from the upper terminal. When describing each of his relevant patents in this new technology, Tesla forever spoke of"light-like rays" and "the natural medium". The first term refers to the tightly constricted ~ther streams which are propelled from his Transformers along infinitesimal ray Unes, and the latter refers to the all-pervading .ether atmosphere in which his technology operated.
Tesla now understood why the coloration of discharges varied so with various impulse durations. Each gas of the retheric abnosphere was being stimulated to luminescence. Tesla repeatedly produced discharge colorations which had no eqwvalent in the common gas spectra prevalent in the terre.strial atmosphere. Colors of blood-red, and sky blue, of peach, and white were each described in detail by Nikola Tesla. Although sharing certain characteristics with electricity, ~therlc energy was a totally different expression. £theric energy held a potential which more nearly matched the expectations of those who dream and wish, a mystery realm. Tesla perceived this kJnshtp between thought and ~therlc energy with keenest intrigue, already planning the several necessary investigations before approaching this potential psychotronic technology. He often exposed himself to the very shortest of ~tlu:r lmpulse radi-
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ance, discovering the mind-elevating effects grew with time. ..£theric energy demonstrated growth characteristics which Tesla noted with amazement.
It is impossible to comprehend Teslian Technology apart from the controversial topic concerning the zther. Many analysts will reject the concept without first seeking out and discovering the proofs which have been established by experimenters such as Eric Dollard. Nevertheless, the overwhelming evidence proves that Tesla had :indeed been first to identify the gases which Dr. Mendeleev had so long predicted. Tesla addressed the notion that rether streams were being pulled through his Transformers, drawn in at higher natural pressure, and accelerated in the sharp electrical discharge. As electrical systems, T esla apparatus cannot completely be understood or explained. One must view Teslian Technology as an rether gas technology, one capable of being explained only through gas-dynamic analogues.
It was now easy to understand how such projected rays, a!ther gas streams under high pressure, could penetrate metals and insulators alike. These powerful rays often could penetrate certain materials with inexplicable efficiency. Electricity did not perform these wonders. Tesla also now understood why these discharge streams produced their smoothly hissing sounds, visibly appearing like gas jets under high pressure. ..£ther gas under pressure. But what of the other characteristics of this gaseous component? Here was a new world of forces and dynamics vaguely glimpsed by researchers such as Luigi Galvani who, in order to release the more vitalizing components observed in metals which were aerially disposed or grounded, persistently sought the elimination of electronic charge. Tesla was completely mystified. He had successfully released the mystery current, normally suppressed and bound in electronic charge caniers. Unidirectional impulsive discharges of high voltage and abrupt durapons released them. What other potentials would a!ther gas technology release?
BROADCAST POWER
The original cylindrical coils were quickly replaced with cone shaped coils. With these bizarre geometries, Tesla was able to focus the gas-dynamic component, which now rose up like a jet of hissing white light from the coil tip. Tesla recognized that these discharges, while spectacular and awe inspiring, actually represented lost power. A power broadcast station had to evenly disperse the energetic radiance in all directions . Flame-like discharges caused the available power to undulate in space. This would produce unpredictable power drops at great distances. Consumers would not receive a reliable and consistent stream of energy. If his Power Transformer was to operate with highest broadcast efficiency, these flame-like discharges necessarily had to be suppressed. But suppressing these excessive ~ther jets proved problematic.
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Tesla found that the white flimmering streams were absorbed in large ca· pacity volumes, masses in which the streams were absorbed, filtered, and expelled. The use of copper spheres atop his Transformers forced the streams sufficiently apart to suppress the white flame. Power was now evenly dispersed throughout space as required. But a new problem appeared. The copper spheres, being impacted by the high voltage streams which they were forced to now conduct, expelled electronic components. These appeared along with the radiance, producing truly dangerous conditions. The problem was stimulated by conduction, a case where the spherical copper ball was impacted throughout its volume. The white tlimmering streams permeated the copper and expelled electrons. These contaminants concentrated their escape from the system as harmful, blue stinging dartlets. By comparison, the white flame-like discharge was a smooth and harmless glow.
Comparing the two species, Tesla recognized the difference in charge carriers. Tesla was once nearly killed when one such dartlet jumped three feet through the air and struck him directly over the heart The copper spheres had to be removed and replaced by another dispersion component. Metals were apparently of no utility in this case, being natural reservoirs of electrons. Tesla eventually suggested that metals manufactured electrons when impacted with these special flame-white currents, the carriers in the white flames becoming concentrated within the metallic lattice. This concept was later developed into an amazing theory by Tesla, one which thoroughly explains natural radioactiv-
ity as the result of impact.
While developing new lamps for his power system, Tesla discovered that gas-filled globes could provide more efficient suppression capacity for flaring cether streams, and promptly directed that his transformers be surmounted with such globes. The absence of metal mass eliminated the possibility that cether impulses could impact the metal lattice and expel electronic charges. These gas-globe terminals dispersed only the pure retheric stream, a perfect solution for his original dilemma. Tesla now found himself in possession of components necessary to establishing his Power Broadcast System on a commercial basis.
He had already observed how the very air near these Transformers could be rendered strangely self-luminous. This was a light like no high frequency coil ever could produce, a corona of white brilliance which expanded to ever enlarging diameters. The light from Tesla Transformers continually expands. Tesla described the growing column of light which surrounds any elevated line which has been connected to his Transformers. Unlike common high frequency alternations, Tesla radiant energy effects grow with time. Tesla recognized the reason for this temporal growth process. There were no reversals in the source discharges, therefore the radiant energy would never remove the work performed on any space or material so exposed. As with the unidirectional impulse discharges, the radiant electric effects were additive and accu·
44

mulative. In this respect, Tesla observed energy magnifications which seemed totally anomalous to ordinary engineering convention.
It was easy to control the brilliance of a room by controlling the voltage in his transformers. The light from this sort of illumination was curiously bright to human perception, but nearly impossible to photograph on film. Tesla found it necessary to make long time exposures of his discharges before the faintest sort of streamers could be made visible. This strange inability to register photographically was contrasted against the brilliance perceived in the eyes, one which required delicate control. Tesla also designed, built, and utilized large globe lamps which required only a single external plate for receiving the radiant energies. However distantly placed from the radiant source, these lamps became brilliantly illuminated. Theirs was a brilliance approaclling that of an arc lamp, and exceeding any of the conventional Edison filament lamps by several factors. It was also easy for Tesla to control the heat of any space. By controlling both the voltage and impulse duration of energy in his Transformers, Tesla could heat up a room. Cool breezes could also be arranged by appropriately setting the impulse duration.
Tesla was amazed by the fact that mass ratios governed the efficient operation of his ~ther T ransfonners. The wonderful fact that mass ratios provided the most efficient transaction of broadcast energy was the mystifying reminder that these energies were not electrical. No electrical law existed in just such a bizarre format, not even when describing inductions between high frequency
alternators. The original gas-dynamic implication inherent in this strange ratio
requirement was confirmed. Now Tesla designed receiving apparatus for his future consumers. The mass of home receiving coils had to match the equivalent mass of the central transmitting coils of the broadcast center. Tesla matched coils and capacitors to produce this equivalent mass ratio, satisfying the natural requirements of the retheric radiance. An elevated ball-like terminal would receive the broadcast energy, conveying it down into a central home-<iistribution apparatus. Here, the retheric energy would be rebroadcast throughout the household without wires. Appliances could simply be moved to where they were needed, and turned on. Nothing could be more simple.
While Tesla's models were made with technological objectives in mind, he was not without an appreciation of fine art and the beauty of artistic elegance. In certain respects, Tesla's tastes were extravagant, a luxury which he could certainly yet afford. He was certain that each component of his system would be redesigned by artists and made more appealing for the consumer. The "look" of these appliances carried with them an alee of the future. In fact, Tesla invented an astounding collection of futuristic-looking appliances. Motors now appeared in an amazing variety, requiring no wire connections, save the small metal plates held on opposite ends of the motor housing. Placed in any position, the motors powerfully spun when the radiant field was on. Here was motive energy for home and industry alike.
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Tesla performed outdoor experimental tests ofbroadcast power in the northernmost reaches of Manhattan by night. Sending metallized balloons aloft, he raised conductive lines. These were connected to the terminals of his Transformers, and activated. When properly adjusted, the white luminous columns began covering the vertical aerial line and expanded by the second. Enveloping Tesla, his assistants, and the surrounding trees, this strange white luminosity moved out into the countryside to an enormous volume of space. Tesla described this phenomenon in several of his power transmission patents, the obvious artifact of a non-electrical energy. His Transformer was now behaving as originally visualized. Now it was a true Transmitter, a Transmitter of ~etherlc energy. Appliances were disposed at various distances from this temporary central broadcast station on the meadows, absorbing energy from the retheric radiance and performing to full efficiency. Lamps brilliant, motors humming, heaters radiating. The small radiant system worked with a rare power.
More highly energetic, exceeding the mobility of ionic charges, and overpowering any field inductions by several thousand orders, only cetheric energy could have accomplished this feat. T esla had all of the components now. Broadcast power, once a visionary dream, had become a working system. There appeared to be no limit to the potential of this technological marvel. Tesla discovered a fact which later developed into a later regime of thought He found to his amazement that single connections from impulse transmitter to ground produced greatly intensl.fied responses in his distant appliances. This prindple was applied to the appliances as well, resulting in an unprecedented increase in their overall performance. The single ground connection suddenly produced new and anomalous efficiencies in the system, an extraordinary excess of energy which his impulse transmitter was providing. Tesla was familiar with the natural growth process of retherlc streams, but why would ground connections so magnify the brilliance of lamps and the output of motors In this way?
This observation stimulated perplexing thoughts. How was cetheric energy, a supposed aerial dynamic, ,tunneling through the ground? Why were the magnification effects noticed when his appliances were ground connected? What self-magnifying capabilities were possibly stimulated when operating in conjunction with the ground connection? Was the earth itself a vast reservoir
of a!ther gas? Furthermore, in what condition was this gas, was it under pres-
sure? The phenomenon stimulated a revolution in his mind. For in this, Tesla perceived an unexpected power source.
Ef.HERIC CURRENT
The key to producing all a!theric action was to secure a means for actually effecting cetherlc deviations, the very thing now possessed by Testa alone. Sir
46

Oliver Lodge stated that the only means for "getting at the rether" was "an electrical means", but not one member of the Royal Society had been able to aclueve this feat with the rare exception of Sir William Crookes. The Tesla method used rether to modify cether! The secret was separating the contaminaniS &om the rether current at the very source of generation, a feat which he had achieved in his Transformers But how? How, with the apparatus made available to him through his creative abilities, did he achieve what military groups today cannot?
Tesla used the violence of magnetically disrupted arc discharges to chaotlcize electronic and retheric carriers Jn metal conductors. Breaking the agglomerations which bind them together, each component was free to separate. This condition could not be achleved In arc discharges where currents were allowed to alternate. In such apparatus, the electronic carriers overwhelmed the release of .ether and. while rether was present in the discharge, could never be separated from the composite current ThiS Is the fundamental reason why experimenters in England could never reproduce these effects, ftnally concluding that Tesla was "paraphrasing physical reality". Typically understated, the prevailing attitude toward Tesla found Its real source In an Inability among researchers to truly comprehend the elegance of what had been discovered. Thus, although shown these things In repeated demonstrations by Tesla him-
self, the Inability which prevailed among these highly esteemed personages
revealed the real source of error.
The Tesla method began with lhe •disruptive discharge". This disruptive discharge was more Ulce an explosive charge, a blast whose effeciS lasted for a
controUable time Increment Successions of these blasts were possible only when IUt'Bcient disruption was mamtained. The Tesla magnetic arc disrupter was the chief tool of this process, a heavy duty discharge device which yet 6nds !IS use in mlUtary power applications. This gap could be adjusted, and was held apart at a distance of several inches. The large polished spheres were often made of steel. Other models featured heavy curved horns, oficn bimetallic. With one made of carbon and the other of copper, the bimetallic combination maintained a rectified condltion In the applied current This effectively blocked any possible bac.krush possibly mduced by the capadtor dlscharge. Testa originally used atmospheric pressure to resist the instantaneous formation of arcs across the heavy gap space of this component He later experimented with various high pressure$ and different gases. Each experiment provided new and unexpected disruption effects.
Victorian researchers such as SirJohn Rayleigh discovered the truly strange behavior of nitrogen gas when electrified. Tubes filled with nitrogen retained their electrified state for a long time after the current source had been removed. Glowing with a strange peach colored light, many wondered whether this rnlght not be a natural retheric process in action. Tesla investigated nitrogen gas as an atmosphere for his disrupter because it seemed to contain an
47

essential secret Perhaps it would release a more uncontaminated retheric current for his primaries. The extraordinary eflideocy of the magnetic arc disrupter in developing retheric currents derived from several principles. Tesla saw that electrical current was really a complex combination of rether and electrons. When electriCity was applied to the disrupter a primary fractioning process took place. Electrons were fordbly expelled from the gap by the strong magnetic influence. The rether streams, neutral in ch arge, remained flowing through the circuit however. The magnetic disrupter was his primary means for fractionating the electrons from the rether particles.
In his later developments, Tesla described arc radiopower devices which employed pure nitrogen plasmas. Electrified with the power of a high voltage DC generator, these magnetic ducted devices fired explosive blasts of nitrogen plasma. To this day, no vacuum tube radiogenerator can ever approach the pure power obtained through such high powered nitrogen arc disrupters. Applying this kind of "blast" to circuitry produced a host of unexpected effects. When the blast was applied to thick copper strapping, stray electrons were apparently thrust out of the current flow. These plasma blasts often leaped up to a height of twenty feet, a violent and totally unexpected response. In some cases this disrupter produced bluewhite lightning like discharges, an action which proved the expulsion of electronic currents from the primary circuit (Lebr). Yet, within the gap could be seen a dense stream of whitefire; a stream of purified rether gas.
There was a reason why nitrogen worked best in this capacity. It was an electron "absorber". Electronic charge was best absorbed and carried out of the current when nitrogen gas was employed. Magnetic thrusting drove the electronic charge away, the cause of bluish lightning-like bolls, Copper produced far too much electronic charge, the discharges difficult to restrain. There had to be a material which would pass rether without adding electrons through bombardment Tesla found that the use of carbon was well~uited to this purpose. Carbon proved to have the greatest effect in maintaining a purified retber state in the "cleansed" streams. Tesla replaced all the copper with carbon, finding that the unmanageable lightning bolts were substantially reduced in size. 'Ibis potent device utilized two large ball-shaped carbon electrodes which were highly polished (Lehr).
Magnetically cleansed of their accompanying electron populations, Tesla began to discover the phenomena accompanying retheric currents. Here was renewed evidence that electrical current was indeed a complex mixture of particles. Once a well expressed and well endorsed theory, the notion of current as a complex combination of streaming particles, was not limited to elec-
trons. In fact, no one knew exactly what electrical carriers were. In this lack of
definition, many anomalous such discoveries ensued; a study absolutely required for those who would claim to be qualitative researchen.
Furthermore, this view explained all "action at a distance". The "tension" in
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space between electrostatically charged objects was viewed as a literal streaming flow of .ether particles from positive to negative. The static charges themselves were thought to be "constrictions" through which space flowing .ether could be automatically directed. Electrostatic charge was equated with aether pressures. Electrostatic fields were viewed as rectified streams of aether. The "dielectric field", the "dielectricity" of which so many now speak, was once held to be a streaming of .ether particles among charged bodies. But no one knew how to release that aether stream from the adhesive electron sheaths in which aether remained naturally imprisoned. Luigi Galvani bad intimated the "atmosphere" or "aura" of metals when, in 1620, be found that large metal p lates could exert powerfully penetrating effects on the heart and respiration, as weiJ.l as induce sleep or vitality. These effects were greatly magnified when grounded or elevated above ground. In these early discoveries, there remained new mysteries.
Being that aether streams flowed do powerfully between strong electrostatic charges, some posited the possibility of deriving energy from the flow. All attempts however at interrupting and sufficiently resisting such directed streams proved hopeless. .£ther was very obviously able to be stopped by no natural material! Tesla began to believe that it was only the lack of appropriate materials and systems which prevented the pure use of this momentum stream; a puzzle which baftled Dr. Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday. Because their available materials, metals, were capable only of operating on the more gross electrons, technology had been shaped and limited.
Magnet£>-induction was the result of limits imposed by existing technology. Magneto-induction used electrons and not aether to effect force exchanges. Because electrons were not ultimate particles, not the ultimate particles generated in Nature, they could not supply an endless source of momentum. These induction devices had to be moved to produce motion! Tesla already saw the directions in which his technology could move. The elimination of electrons from alther currents already provided him with uncommon activities. Uncomm on at least .from the standpoint of pure "electric" or "electrical" phenomena, here were effects which could find no resolution in electrical science. This was .ether physics, the foundation of an unknown and unexplored real."ll. Tesla knew that the resultant technology from this realm would change the world in more ways than even he could yet realize.
New and more powerful expressions of this aetheric streaming action were produced in his nitrogen supplied magnetic disrupter. The abrupt high voltage discharge applied by his dynamo managed to first expand the electron-constricted .ether streams beyond their normal cross-section. The nascent electrons were made to pass in a burst through a magnetic field, to which they powerfully responded. JEther is neutral. Tesla saw that electrical currents were actually streams of rether and its surrounding "twist" of electrons. In this regards, the chief attribute of nitrogen in the magnetic disrupter seemed to be
49

the absorption and removal of electrons from the stream. It was obvious that this system effectively and forcefully separated electrons from the neutral rether particles inherent in the dynamo-supplied current. Once the rether stream had been cleared of its too constricting electronic envelope, it could flow freely.
The current remaining in the disrupter was a purified retheric stream. It was this stream which was visible, flowing a bright silver-white light between the electrodes. This stream continued flowing through the thick copper strap. Bursts of rether were thus applied to any object '\\oithin the copper strap, an exposure which produced uncommon effects. Tesla sought the elimination of copper from his transformers. Tesla designed a hollow tubular glass Transformer which was to utilize a special gas medium in place of the copper wire. Tesla believed that this design would produce the most purified retheric streams imaginable. The elimination of copper would prevent any subsequent electronic manufacture capable of contaminating his magnetically purified rether streams. It is in fact probable that he did experiment with these designs.
The magnetic nitrogen gas disrupter was developed well beyond even this stage. Until well into the 1930's, Tesla continued to speak of the device capable of producing intense rays. It was an open ended tube, one which surrounded an electrified terminal with a streaming jet of "suitable fluid". Through such means, Tesla claimed the release of collimated rays having "transcendent intensity". Tesla therefore appropriated means by which electrons were eliminated from currents, while retheric components were accelerated and released. Tesla was no longer working with "electricity". Tesla worked with rether currents.
New and startling effects could be obtained when once the separation process, the fraotioning process, had been engaged. Tesla found that rether streams, though harmless to the body, were often devastating for more metallic things. Passage through various kinds of matter always produced new and strange effects. To illustrate the fact that these currents were not electrical, not some new manifestation of electronic current, Tesla often publicly performed a very strange demonstration. He grasped the upper terminal ofone of his large Transformers with one hand, while in the other hand holding a thick metal bar. lEther current flowed through carbonaceous and watery media without harm. Nevertheless, Tesla dramatically proved the strange bombarding power of these non-electronic currents as the metal in his hand either melted or exploded. The reaction of materials was entirely due to the bombardment effect of tether on the matter. But matter aJlone was not the only variable which could effect new retheric phenomena. Geometries also shaped the phenomena.
Highly segmented geometries fractioned electronic charge from rether by resisting and blocking the electrons normally constrained to move through the wire length. Blocked by the high resistant because of impulsive applications of current, rether was free to surge over the segments fluidically. Tesla now saw that the ability of rether to pass over segmented metallic surfaces, such as his
50

helical and spiral Transformers, was only a fortuitous attribute. It was accidental that he observed this phenomenon at all. But Tesla found numerous other attributes of this energetic stream, attributes which manifested themselves only when rether interacted with certain materials and laboratory components. All important to these responses of lether, among the synunetries of metals and insulators, was the impulse duration applied in generating the stream. It was the brevity of each impulse in the projected train which stimulated each response.
£theric streams could be projected in extremely parallel paths by solid sheets of polished metal. Concave mirrors focussed the streams. Cone shaped hoods focussed the streams. Placing gas filled spheres in copper cylinders produced potent and directed rays. Tesla investigated the various aspects of rays which his transmitters now projected with great interest His radiant system was like no other. This projective radiance bore all the characteristics of light, yet was invisible. Tesla called these manifestations "dark rays" and "dark light". He found that they could be reflected when both their impulse rate was a specific interval, and when appropriate metal surfaces were intercepted.
Tesla observed that shadowgraphs could be made by his beam projectors when intercepted by photographic ftlms. He accidentally discovered the effect whUe using light from his beam projectors to photograph himself and several friends. The developed image was one which revealed far more than the portrait itself. Tesla found that "dark rays" could pass through walls, producing images on fluorescent screens. The effects were not X-Rays, being reflected from thick metal walls. With the simple first such projectors, Nikola Tesla found it possible to wirelessly illuminate lamps at great distances, push objects, charge objects, and bum holes through objects. In short, any amount of power could be delivered along the beamray channels.
In this we glimpse subatomic particle streams not completely electronic in nature. The abrupt disruption of current stimulates an energetic release, the result of violence done to matter. Tesla found it possible to focus and beam these rays, effects which many have sought to reproduce. But despite the repeated failure of academes and well-intentioned experimenters to reproduce these effects, one individual dominates the scene. In these most important demonstrations, vindications of Teslian Technology, it must be mentioned that Eric Dollard successfully reproduced several of these effects and made the results available in a series of videocassettes. In these, Mr. Dollard demonstrates the charging of capacitors by the radiant emission of impulse-supplied vacuum lamps. This charging action occurred across a small space between the side of these lamps and the blunt face of a high voltage capacitor. This anomalous feat was also followed by a remarkable demonstration of massrepulsion, and another of mass-attraction. In addition, while using gaseous projector tubes as Tesla prescribes, Mr. Dollard demonstrated the transmission of pulsating rether across the laboratory, with the subsequent absorption
5 1

and conversion of the same into a measurable current Tesla discussed the possibility of beaming energy directly into the night sky,
causing the very air to fluoresce. In such discussions, he suggested that night illwnination of the sky could be used by ocean going vessels as a feature of safety. In connection with these topics, he stimulated much exciting thought on the notion that energy could be obtained from the sky, once a "world system" of beamray transmitters was established. No doubt, those whose fortunes relied on fuel and powerlines did not appreciate these candid talks. It was well appreciated that Tesla could achieve the seemingly impossible things of wtuch he so openly spoke.
RADIANT ENERGY
All of these empirical discoveries brought Tesla into the fascinating examination of ~ether stream behavior in matter in 1891. ./Ether behaved in strange
ways when forced to tunnel through metals, gases, stone, glasses, jewels. In its
fundamental principles, Teslian Technology involves impact and force exchange. In methodic succession, Tesla found which metals and organic substances ~etheric streams penetrate without resistance. He also determined which materials offered considerable resistance to the streams, a valuable piece of information. The fact that ~ether streams could be substantially deformed in passing through certain such materials indicated the degree to which such materials were internally arranged. When ~ether streams were compelled to flow through given metals, usually good electrical conductors such as silver and copper, the particulate impacts released new species. These often appeared as darting sparks of various colorations, contaminating the pure ~etheric flow. .tEther particles were extremely mobile, virtually massless when compared with electrons, and could therefore pass through matter with very little effort. Fleetrans could not "keep up" with either the velocity or the permeability of ~etheric particles. According to this view, ~ether particles were infinitesimals, very much smaller than electrons themselves.
The ~etheric carriers contained momentum. Their extreme velocity matched their nearly massless nature, the product of both becoming a sizable quantity. They moved with superluminal velocity, a result of their incompressible and massless nature. Whenever a directed radiant matter impulse begins from some point in space, an incompressible movement occurs instantly through space to all points along that path. Such movement occurs as a solid ray, an action defying modern considerations of signal retardations in space. Incompressible rayllnes can move through any distance instantly. Should the path be 300,001 kilometers long, the impulse at the source end will each that point as quickly as at all other points. This is superluminal velocity. Radiant matter behaved incompressibly. In effect, this stream of radiant matter, virtually massless and
52

hydrodynamically incompressible, was a pure energy! Radiant Energy. In addition to this inherent momentum, rether streams would actually inter-
act with matter only with the proper conductive materials were stressed with the proper impulse intervals. This understanding provided an essential clue to the real nature of matter and energy, a foundation which was empirically pioneered by Tesla and theoretically developed by Dr. Gustav LeBon. The interchange of energy into matter and matter into energy presupposed a fundamental "materium". Victorians considered the retheric gases to be this materiurn. One could theoretically pass a concentrated rether stream through any material and produce new elements and energetic emanations. These transitions occWTed as a continuum which lacked any fixed "stations" of mass or of energy. For Victorians, the progressive passage from matter into energy or from energy to matter did not occur in fixed "quanta". Tesla had the first experimental evidence that this was indeed possible. His statements concerning material generation and transmutation were perceived as ravings.
Opinions be damned. Superior technology affords a very few researchers with access to deeper than conventional realities. Nature reveals levels which form the infrastructure to things observable through available scientific means. Deeper infrastructures require a succession of superior technologies, the gantries of Nature being thus reveled to equipped human explorers. Regardless of opinion, Testa found all to numerous facts which later contradicted the emerging science of quantum physics. Despite its promoted openness to skeptical analysis, academic science has always demonstrated its unfortunate tendency to universalize every theory which offers some explanation for a part of natural phenomena. In this we perceive an essential and knowledg~evastating flaw. Enlarging the microscopic issues to encompass the whole is worse than a tragic myopic lapse. In the bold face of plentiferous natural contradictions, it is laughable evidence of stubborn pride at academic levels supposedly incapable of exercising such base human sentiments. All too flawed and all too human. Be sure of this, Nature cannot be codified in the simplistic dynamics of moving matter and energetic exchanges. Nature is far more integrated and articulate, endowed with potentials not now thought scientific.
Indeed in the retheric continuum, there are none of the graphic details concerning quanta. There are no structured levels, no quanta, in which retheric energy is constrained. Quantwn physics applies to a very specific realm of energetic transactions, one whose properties are entirely bound up in considerations of inertia. The physics of the !~!theric continuum knows no such limitations, details, or rigorous fixtures. Incompressible, infinitesimal in cross sections, rether gases permeate matter. Tesla stated that all kinetic energy was ultimately traceable directly back to the retheric atmosphere. .£theric movements provoke the "inertia" in Nature. In exploring the ultra-gaseous retheric medium, Tesla produced a method for bombarding various materials with intensely concentrated retheric streams. This first began with his search for a
53

superior <etheric lamp, one which required only an cetheric supply to produce an intense brilliance.
Supported on a single lead wire, these bulbs produced then-unheard effects. Tesla placed jewels, light metals, heavy metals, non-metals, and radioactive materials in these globes. H e immersed these materials in various gaseous atmospheres. He finally tried hard vacuwn. £ther streams exploded through the various crystalline lattices placed atop the single electrode. Each unidirectional impulse passed directly through the material and out into surrounding space. Electrode matter was simply evaporated, converted to aether and other particles. The hardest, most refractory materials simply vanished away after several seconds of this treatment Tesla said that impulses acted as tiny ..hammers", passing from within the substance itself out to space. Here was proof that cether was converting matter into pure energy. Tesla noted that the radiant expulsions actually passed through the globes. In many cases they left only a faint metallic stain. Soon, continued exposure to the cether streams drove even these stains away.
Radiant Energy was not thermionic emission, as others have tried to rationalize the phenomenon. Thermionic electrons do not pass through glass envelopes of the thickness Tesla employed. Here was a distinct phenomenon, one which did not in fact manifest with other than impulse applications. Tesla alternately called these pure retheric expulsions "radiant matter" and "radiant energy". Neutral in charge and infinitesimal in both mass and cross-section,
Radiant Energy was unlike any light seen since his work was concluded. H
asked whether Radiant Energy can be compared with any existing physical item today, one would have to decline. We cannot draw parallels between Radiant Energy and the Ugbt energies with which science bas long been preoccupied. But if Ught-Uke at all, Radiant Energy is possessed of qualities unlike any light which we have learned to generate. And this is precisely the pro~ lem. Tesla Technology is Impulse Technology. Without the disruptive, unidi-
rectional IMPULSE, there are no Radiant Energy effects. Generating this Ra-
diant Energy requires special energetic appUcations, applications of succinct and brief impulses. These impulses must be generated through the explosive agency of a disruptive discharge just as Tesla prescribed.
The problem Tesla faced in obtaining purified Radiant Energy currents was found to be the very conductive media which he was forced to use as conductors. Materials appropriate to the release of contaminant-free emanations could no longer be the familiar copper or even silver. Conductors now were necessarily the very Ught metals. For this purpose, Tesla relied on metals such as magnesium, aluminum, and even beryllium. With these metals as conductors, electrodes, targets, and windows, Tesla produced a series of long vacuum tubes. Made specifically for beaming aetheric streams, each of these beamray tubes employed a single concave electrode in one end. In many cases there was a thin metallic window, usually aluminum or beryllium, at the
54

opposite end. The large and heavy-walled glass tube was encased in a lead shield to protect the operator from inadvertent dangerous emissions. \Vhen activated by the disrupter, an intensely focussed ~theric stream was projected from the free end. This beam took the form of a tight thready ray. Tesla had initial difficulty insulating the applications end of this beamray tube. Preventing the wild arcing of supply line energy was problematic, premature cether discharges often darting around the tube rather than flowing through it This problem was solved by enclosing the tube with a second glass jacket, and pumping mineral oil through the outer sleeve.
The pressure within these bulbs became anomalous and high. Despite the hard vacuum which Tesla had first provided, these bulbs often exploded. In certain modem reproductions of these experiments, conducted by the renown Eric Dollard, vacuum bulbs so activated actually ruptured in tiny holes, and yet continued to produce their "vacuum" discharges! Mr. Dollard and the witnesses of these experiments reported hearing a hissing issuance which emerged from the glass rupture holes. Once the activating energy was removed, the globes simply imploded. Here is evidence of a radiant material emission, whose powerful streams exert great pressure.
BEAMRAYS
Tesla found that these globe-expelled streams manifested strange effects beyond the glass containers. He was able to charge capacitors to dangerous charge levels at great distances by focussing the light from these globes. Their light was electrified! In bombardments, ~ther did more than eject quanta. In this special light, Tesla saw that ~ther streams were manufacturing electrons and other detritus. This provoked his study of quanta, particles which he considered tightly constricted streams of ~ther. Deformed by material passage into ultramicroscopic foci, Tesla believed that particles could be "undone" by appropriate means. This would release the ~theric contents, an insignificant amount of energy per particle. The stability of particulate matter depended only upon the fixed movements of ~ther particles in their constricted radii. Particulate charges, charge carriers themselves, demonstrated a remarkable consistency in either projecting or absorbing ~ther streams. In this phenomenon, T esla perceived an ultimate cether energy source. In his later years, he would seek means to release a purified cetheric energy.
Tesla experimented with ruby, zirconia, diamond, sapphire, carborundum, each producing a brilliant light until disintegration. He simply could not find a refractory material which could withstand the passage of this radiant flux without vaporizing. The lamps which Tesla finally succeeded in developing, carbon button vacuum globes, did not require an "amperage". These lamps gave off intensely brilliant light approaching the intensity and quality of true sun-
55

shine. The reason for his reliance on carbon was truly intriguing. Used in latter stages of his Transformers, metals could become deadly producers of electron dartlets. .IEtheric bombardments manufactured electrons in copper terminals. These contaminated the otherwise smooth and harmless rether streams. Tesla sought a material whose response to rether bombardment would not result in

FIG. 1&.

1!10. US.

P'ORJQI •lfll P1r.AAa 00' Ta• ilqr.t.ntnl B!o~

the introduction of electrons or any other free ionic charge. Carbon performed well in permitting a smooth and unhindered flow of rether, one which remained essentially unchanged. In fact, it was with his carbon button lamps that Tesla made some of the greatest strides in rether technology (see figure).
The streams proceeding from within these lamps could be so adjusted, by means of an adjusted rapidity in the impulse rate, so as to appear rainbow colored, flame-like, brush-like, or intensely white. These descriptions are not to be taken as the common varieties of brush or flame discharges. Indeed, ordinary electrical flame discharges require DC or low frequency alternations. True Tesla flame-like discharges require highest impulse rates. Experiments have successfully duplicated these effects, the result of work accomplished nearly a decade ago by Eric Dollard. The flimmering streams are like no other electrical discharge ever produced by familiar means. When properly adjusted, these discharges closely approximate the true appearance of the aurora borealis. Their colorations change unpredictably from second to second, a phenomenon not observed with ordinary electrical discharges. But at special impulse rates, these white discharges disappear, and a "dark light" emanation is powerfully produced: a "very special radiation". It is neutral, penetrating, and not of a species identified with Ultraviolet, X-Ray, or Gamma Ray, or neutron streams.
By 1893, Tesla had designed and operated signalling systems which used

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such globes to flash telegraphic signals across space without apparent loss to their receivers. These retheric signalling systems required no amplifiers, being powerful and static-free. From his South Fifth Avenue Laboratory, Tesla had already been sending loud <ether ray signals up and down the Hudson River for years with little more than small ball antennas. He was the first to develop radio circuits and components. Tesla discovered that substances such as selenium behaved as soft receptors of retheric energies. Poised in solid copper cones, uncharacteristic of even shortwave radio signalling systems, Tesla demonstrated both broadcast and directed beam signalling apparatus. Boxed in beautiful mahogany with brass trims, his retherlc signalling system was compact and powerful. Tesla found that very low powered radiant lamp transmitters had effect on the retheric atmosphere of the earth. Modulating this dynamic <ether envelope effected very"long range communications in excess of the normal line-of-sight limitations. These developments came several years before Marconi ever appeared on the scene with his concoction of plagiarized equipment The Tesla Radio System used potent retheric streams, not weak waves. Tesla illustrated this fact in later years, when Marconi wave radio began evidencing all of its inefficiencies and failed potentials.
Tesla Radio did not operate in the electrical wave continuum, nor was it reliant on waves. Tesla Radio operated in the aetheric atmosphere, and utilized "dark light rays" of real force. £theric rays, thin thready aetheric streams, exceeded the power and penetrability of waves by an incalculable degree. Tesla Radio receiving circuitry used the power in the transmitted radiance to power the little compact receiving stations, an unlikely possibility with weak wave radio. Tesla soon adopted these systems for telephonic modes of operation. An onboard battery was provided for the transmit circuit of his portable radios. These power requirements were indeed minimal, a marvel for those who very later on were compelled by court action to examine the contents ofTesla
Radios. Power was provided by a mere dry cell or at most, a very small storage
battery. When examined closely by court officers years later, his patents in these
regards often raised dubious expressions in the faces of his unenlightened critics. In both size and effectiveness, their transmissions were exceedingly powerful, an anomalous condition by all existing standards of the day. Those who knew nothing of the power inherent in retheric streams could not conceive of a passive receiving system which claimed to exchange telephonic signals without excessive componentry, or an active transmitting circuit which used such little power to reach the claimed great distances.
But his curiosity did not stop with this success. Later vacuum tubes were tremendously modified and arranged so that rether streams would impinge upon special targets. Some of these tubes poised the targets entirely within the tube. Others placed the materials at one end of the tubes, windows through which streamed aether and detrital components.
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Researcher and authorJorge Resines bas obtained information on the various remarkable tubes which Tesla produced throughout these years, an astounding collection. In a recent publication, Mr. Resines produced drawings of these, a remarkable assortment resembling modern military radiopower tubes. Tesla made extensive use of uranium, thorium, and radium as targets. It is probable that Tesla began his research in compact rether power generators when these latter varieties were employed. Tesla found that the heavier metals produced an amazing variety of contaminating particulate emissions. It was the resistance of elements and other materials which produced so many well known, and other new energetic species when bombarded by retheric streams. Academes who limited themselves to catalogues of fixed photon and particle species were not observing the most fundamental dynamics, contenting themselves only with the by-products produced in resistive interactions with retheric streams. If the electron-rich emissions from his original copper sphere temtinals were life-hazardous discharges, the emissions from these tubes were far more dangerous.
Tesla discovered the varieties of energetic species emerging from the target windows long before Roentgen announced the discovery of X-rays. Tesla had already catalogued the existence of these and other rether-contaminating emissions. His conception of radioactivity included the notion that "space impinging" rether streams were bombarding matter of appropriate atomic cross-section. Those densely packed lattices, capable of intercepting and diffractilng incoming rether, manifested a continual outward expulsion of particles and energetic emissions. It was from experimental examples such as these that Tesla drew analogues, explaining natural radioactivity. Besides citing the large nuclear cross-section of heavy atoms and their usual radioactivity, Tesla also believed that special atomic symmetries could diffract or deflect incoming rether streams sufficiently enough to produce radioactive emissions in lighter metals.
The projected rether streams could be directed through very long distances without the slightest sign of divergence. They were intensely powerfuL Indeed these rays seemed to self-constrict, a nature unknown in the electromagnetic spectrum. Soon Tesla began examining the possibility ofbeaming rether streams between special towers, a powerline analogue which substituted rether beams for powerlines. In this manner, power would not be wasted away in all directions as he had originally planned to do. Now, a much improved system would permit the conservation and concentration of rether energy along tight thready beams. Power could be distributed to neighborhoods from such central tower receivers along horizontal radii to consumers. The entire distribution system resembled a neurological network. Beamed from tower to tower throughout the countryside, retheric energy streams from central stations could thus be distributed everywhere without substantial loss (see figure).
The retheric beams had other, more deliberate applications, which startl,ed Tesla and all those who witnessed his many experiments. These beams could
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be focussed to a tiny pinpoint and directed into metals. The streams simply sprayed over the surfaces. But when the impulse durations were carefully adjusted, the spray became a needle which easily pierced the plate. 1n this permeating stream of force, metal plates simply melted. In some cases they exploded. Tesla found it possible to bum diamond with such pinpoints of force. Indeed by such results, his concept of "force" had been completely revolutionized. What he had both observed and learned in these issues were cunningly preserved by him in numerous press interviews. His pre-planned statements had as their intention a provocation of the deepest kind. Toward whom were these principally aimed? Toward all those who, while not interested or excited enough about his findings to learn more, yet maintained their distant and aloof luxury of criticism and slander. Only one person maintained the closest and almost fatherly bond with him throughout these years. That person was Sir William Crookes, Tesla's hero and mentor. Their continuous and sincere correspondence remained one of the only sources of human solace upon which Tesla could both seek and rely.
While experimenting with his vacuum globes, Tesla observed the linearity of the expelled streams. When projected from small spherical electrodes, these ~theric rays travelled in sharp radii from the center. So infinitesimal were the carriers of this ~theric stream that they were able to reveal the inner atomic lattice of crystalline matter. Small crystals of metal or gemstones produced
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characteristic point patterns on the surfac,e of the globes. It was apparent that aether particles, the neutral su~lectronic particles that Tesla termed "Radiant Energy", actually passed through the material which were poised on the electrodes "from the inside out". That is, they passed through the atomic lattices of those materials and, in so doing, carried information in the stream. What sort of information? Nuclei diffracted these infinitesimals on their rapid journeys up through the electrode nuclei. In doing so, their otherwise uniform density was deformed. That the particles of this Radiant Energy could pass through the atomic lattices at all gave proof that these were neutral particles. For Tesla, thy were the result of extreme bombardments, where matter is absolutely sheared beyond its subatomic conditions. Tesla., along with Dr. Le Bon, adhered to the notion that a smooth transition existed between energy and matter. A whole spectrum of materializations could therefore exist when appTopriate bombarding matter was secured. Tesla believed he had found the most powerful agency for such bombardments, an agency released only through the explosive successions of his Transformer.
TELEVISION
Because these streams could carry such detailed information, Tesla began to imagine a means for transmitting visual information. The additional characteristic by which rether streams maintained their strict rectilinear paths in tran· sit, stimulated Tesla to hypothesize that broad rether streams could carry pictorial imagery. Projected from broad plates, and forming densely "parallel" streams, such a system could carry images to any distance.
Potent and penetrating, cetheric rays provided a new kind of light for an equally new kind of communications system. Tesla stated that whole images could be projected through such invisible radiant matter rays. Such a visual exchange system would be as simple as a slide projector, though obviously more potenl In this, Tesla early conceived of a television system which, yet today, remains revolutionary.
Striking in its analogue to the "magick lanterns" of the Victorian Epoch, Tesla produced a design lacking the complex scanning mechanisms which plagued all later picture transmission systems. Invisibly travelling through walls, cetheric streams could be captured and resolved by using special sensitive plates, on which live images could be focussed. Image loaded ~theric streams would be projected from central broadcast stations at impulse rates which would simply pass through all material obstacles. Invisible in their transit through intervening spaces, such whole image transmissions could be received and translated back into visibility through the imposition ofspecial phosphor-coated plates. Images would travel through space as a whole block. These images could be beamed directly from source to receiver. Signals would be strong,
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requiring no amplification or additional energy supply. Signals would be noise free, the dense aetheric continuum being completely different that the harsh electromagnetic continuum. Dark light projection through walls!
Tesla described a means by which several such signals could be superimposed without mutual interference. A simple tuning mechanism in the receiver would select the images desired. Tesla related that such superimposition could accommodate thousands ofsimultaneous signals, thousands of channels. Whole
image transmission of extreme definition, without a scanning mechanism, was made possible by the cetheric stream. It would be years later, in 1917, that Tesla described a modification of this system of whole image television. In a subsequent interview, Tesla described a system by which distant objects could be whole-imaged. His design incorporated all of the components planned for his commercial television system. His modified system was a remote-locating device. Again .lacldng the complexity of scanning systems and other heavy support components, any ship equipped with his fluorescent screens could "image" a distant ship or submarine by projecting a ray beam through air, fog,
rain, or even water. The rays were unstoppable, being reflected whenever they
intercepted a metallic hood or bull. Tesla's shipbome beamray projector would pulse retheric streams, of very
specific intervals, out across a horizontal plane. Tesla stated that this "electric ray", when encountering any obstacle, would be reflected back to the source
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poinL Here, the otherwise invisible beam would be visually resolved by the same special phosphor-coated plates as planned for the commercial television system. In this announcement, Tesla leaked a secret concerning the essential nature of his rether beamrays. Apparently, through the application of very specific impulses at the source, rether streams could actually be reflected from matter. The Tesla range-locator, a system designed to spot submarines or battleships alike, was simple, potent, failproof, and effective. Here again, Tesla made use of the extreme definition provided through the beamed projection of ultrainfinitesimal "Radiant Energy". Here again was evidence that neutral Radiant Energy could be made to interact with matter simply by varying the pulsed projection interval. The military was not interested at the time.
./ETHER DRIFT
Once initiated and maintained, the space flowing currents from a beamray tube could not be extinguished. Difficult at first to believe, but the rether currents from such devices for a time continued. Tesla found it possible to produce long lasting currents which persisted throughout his laboratory and demonstration spaces. All he needed to do was tum on a beamray tube to stimulate the space flow. Tesla found that the removal of rether currents from a space in which they had been directed, was not easy. No, .ether currents were not easily extinguished. Radiant Energy did not behave as all other familiar energy forms. Here were artificial "rether drifts", a topic which represented a deep mystery. Momentum. The momentum of rether currents was sufficient to maintain their continuous passage through any space for a time. An initiatory period was required to establish the current ..Ether responded to pressure changes. Any strong currents in the .ether would gather other energy from the surrounding retheric atmosphere. Once started, these would continue for an hour or more.
Tesla demonstrated this principle of action. Lamps remained brightly lit long after power had been withdrawn. When merely placed in the paths where rether currents had been directed, lamps could be reignited. This condition persisted for several minutes, evidence that .ether currents kept flowing long after the beamray tube was extingUished. Tesla very casually mentioned this fact when describing a process by which he could "obtain energy for hours" after his impulse transmitters were disconnected. Tesla described this "ionized" condition in the ambient medium. He also describ ed the nature ofstrange discharges obtained from organic materials. Clothes, hair, and wooden objects produced soft white, gossamer sparks for an equivalent hour or more. These were long, very clingy, and thready. Strange gossamer! Such discharges do not sound familiar. They are certainly not electrical phenomena, being the very obvious result of an intense bombardment in a far deeper natural realm of
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energy. From any elecbical vantage alone, all of these phenomena sounded absolutely ridiculous and overdone, the "poetic" fabrications of a madman.
In addition, Tesla found that space-traversing currents gained extra power from the surrounding cetherlc supply. This extra supply was pulled Into the current channel, guided only by its own momentum. This was why cether power did not diminish as other energetic manifestations. .!Ether, possessed of momentum, did not suffer from frictional losses either. JEther beams remained rigidly fixed in their position, flowing on and on until the gradual diminution process finally brings them to a halLAn expe.rirnenter, Mr. Gregory Hodowanec, has conducted experiments in this fascinating field. He has successfully corroborated these claims of Tesla, showing in a most remarkable and simple manner that any impulse, movement, or stimulation in the cetheric atmosphere "continues to flow" in place for hours at a time. Along with the gravitic waves with which he is principally concerned, Mr. Hodowanec employs capacitors to detect retheric impulses in space. Most remarkably, he has extended the science of rether into an exploration of gravitation.
Quite obviously, Tesla Transformers were able to stimulate strong flow lines in the ootheric atmosphere. These surged through his special vacuum tubes along any direction in which they were aimed. He found himself, like his mentor Sir William Crookes, searching through laboratory space for evidence of atmospheric cether drifts. Sir William had predicted that "ectoplasmic disturbances" in the retheric continuum might be detected with special high vacuum discharge globes of his own early design. Used as a scrying telescope for peering into the spectral world, he had hoped that it would reveal a new dimension. Toward this and other ends, Dr. Crookes continually made tests with his large globular discharge devices, carefully unpacking them from their special velvet-lines boxes in old English estates. There in large darkened rooms, while peering into the mirrored concave electrodes covered over in white llimmering radiance, the whimsical bespectacled man with the twinkling smile eagerly sought ghosts.
Another "detail" which Tesla discovered dealt with the "pUant" nature of the rether. When appropriately stimulated by his methods, cether could be made to execute strange convolutions. JEther was incredibly responsive to pressure changes anywhere along its path. The slightest effective exertion on such a stream produced an instantaneous corresponding movement throughout the whole flow. lEtheric streams behaved in a "stiff" way, much like high pressure jets of water fired through pinholes. They were not always visible in transit, producing a white streaming Ught only near the point of their departure from his special high vacuum tubes. These beams were not composed of electrons, X-Rays, or Gamma Rays. Once released and directed retheric beams did not diverge or bend unless striking into appropriate materials.
Tesla forever maintained that natural radioactivity was the weak by-product of a powerful, but unmeasurable dielectric flux whose source was space
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rether. Focussing into dense nuclei, <ether was diverted and blocked. This concentrated bombardment produced particulate and photonic emanations through "spallation", divergent energetic impacts between particles. But using dielectric energy would be using the very source of these radioactive manifestations. It was curious that <ether, being the far greater power sow-ce, was so very soft in its natural state. One could stand exposed to an <ether stream and never become ill. Tesla found to his delight that rether streams of specific impulse were beneficial, and exposed himself to their streams daily for periods of an hour or more as desired. Tesla inferred that <ether particles passed through the body as if it were transparent. The only time they interacted was when the pulsations were such that physiology began to pulsate in rhythmic successions with the incoming rether pulses. In his use of a!theric streams, Tesla found a remarkable resultant elevation in both sensation and consciousness. Ideas seemed to emerge and visions clarify during these exposures. Interactions of bio-organic matter with <ether pulsations became the sow-ce of vitalizing influences. .l£ther was neutral, and did not ionize matter unless focussed and delivered as a short dw-ation impulse train.
Tesla learned that he could actually impress an retheric stream with changes from the reception site, a true anomaly. .tEther was so responsive to manipulations from the received end of a stream that cascade reactions would quickly spread along the stream back to its source. Thus, a receiver could literally force the <ether source to feed it wherever it moved! This was the result of pressure laws, superluminal speeds, and a!theric density. Any rarefaction in the rether flow would instantly tug <ether into the lower pressure volume. .tEther responses occurred with superlwninal velocity, conditions being established and strengthened after a small such manipulation of the flow. Tesla saw that he could literally "shape" the rether flow within certain degrees of freedom. Most engineers simply failed to comprehend how anyone could exert a powerful such effect on a gaseous atmosphere which was supposedly inaccessible!
Additionally, beams of <ether acquired extra power in transit across any long space, an essential anomaly. This is why beamrays of Radiant Energy never weakened after being projected for long distances. This was an unheard condition, where otherwise "lost energy" maintains and gathers strength after being expended across space. Obviously, Radiant Energy was finding a mysterious energetic supply while in transit. None of the expectable energy laws of natural diminution applied to Radiant Energy. This was because the <ether was everpresent, a ready and undiminished supply of energy. £ther was a gaseous radiance, often invisible to the eye, but a powerful pressure source. Along with several colleagues of the day, Tesla firmly ascribed to the retheric theory of gravitation. Gravitation was evidence that a groundward retheric pressure was at work, permeating mass and producing fixed relationships of attraction with respect to the earth proper. The apparent constant acceleration of different falling masses was accordingly calculated as a function of density
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and cross-section. Theoretically, the concept remains a curiously flawless explanation of gravitation. Perhaps the recent scientific world too much resembles the world of "pop" art and music, where fickle fads and novelties are more important than expressions of excellence.
It seemed confirmed that ;ether, Radiant Energy, was indeed possessed of strange responses to external action. It actually interacted with receivers of its penetrating force. H allowed to strike distant targets for example, a strange
transformation in the otherwise straight path lines could take place. Beams would become tightly constricted at the target, self-focussing themselves into the material. But subsequent movements in targeted matter would cause deflections and undulations in the otherwise straight beam. The Influence of the redpient, of the target, could very often work its way back to the source and force a deflection! £ther beams were thus extremely sensitive, and could "track" a target (see figure).
Despite every twist or turn, once an <ether beam had constricted Into a material target, there was no escaping it These dynamics were later viewed in a series of celebrated illustrations which Tesla directed and approved. One sees flying craft and ocean vessels drawing power from the one of the World Broadcast Stations, the bright beam "tracking" each target and supplying it
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with motive power. In this, it was evident that rether streams were ruled by pressure principles, and responded to pressure changes instantaneously. But pressures in what atmosphere?
Additionally, while it was possible for Tesla to direct such beams of rether in any direction, these were not the most powerful manifestations of rether flow in the environment. Tesla had indeed found certain very defined natural retheric drifts, angles along which rether streams seemed to last much, much longer than usual. It was as if some additional power had been added to the beamrays which he launched. He observed the times required for these artificial rether currents to gradually fade out. Though initially strong when launched, their effects did fade eventually. Regardless of their remarkable continuance, a persistence due to retheric pliancy and momentum, rether currents anywhere directed did not continue forever. They evidenced a diminution, and this suggested an interfering source. Where was it?
Tesla now perceived a much larger vista. He comprehended the successful operation of his first T ransformers in the absence of formal ground connections. In these modes, Impulse Transformers were shunting space sourced rether from aerial routes through aerial routes. These modes exchanged rether streams largely in a horizontal plane. This now was not viewed by Tesla as the most powerful embodiment of the system. Complete efficiency, maximum power, was obtained only in connection with the ground. This arrangement placed the apparatus in conformance with natural processes, vast systems whose dominating a,ctivities demanded technological conformity. Tesla had discovered a system which had to be geophysical in order to be efficient, a revolutionary concept for the day. This notion hailed back to archane knowledge which placed technology in subservience to natural process. Unlike the mechanistic science which began with the Eighteenth Century, and which challenged Natural Order with a supposed autonomous technology, Tesla had stumbled onto a great and forgotten truth. Here was a technology which could tap a virtually eternal natural process.
Many other retheric drifts were measured. Shifting and wandering, these could be measured with changes in seasons and weather patterns. Tesla perceived that whorls, eddies, and laminar flow lines revealed a dynamic rether. This was a theme not widely discussed since Descartes drew his conceptual maps of retheric whirlpools in space. Here then was not a simple and "homogeneous continuum", as Victorian Science believed, whose streams smoothly and effortlessly flowed through the terrestrial environment. Tesla discovered the detail which these theories lacked, through the empirical method which so often corrects and finalizes our knowledge. In this quest, he was indebted to his senses, an absolute reliance on the Qualitative Method which affirmed the greater sensitivity of human perceptions. Tesla placed first emphasis always on the inestimable value of perception and the humanly valuable knowledge which it so often brought.
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SPACE JETHER
He again recalled the light from his vacuum bulbs and their strong resemblance to natural sunlight The mere light from these lamps was filled with a component which produced strong pressure effects and additionally, could ch arge capacitors. So complete were the electrostatic states of capacitors charged in this manner that mica dielectrics often ruptured under the strain. Tesla knew that retheric particles, his "Radiant Energy", were being expelled from his single terminal lamps. This produced the pressures felt on the face when exposed to the brilliant light. Entering the metallic layers of the capacitor, these rether particles were manufacturing electrons. This what brought about the electrostatic strain capable of rupturing the dielectrics. There was no electricity in the rether stream per se, the electricity appeared when resisted by appropriate elements. Metals, the good electroconductors, were obviously some of these elements.
But sunshine had these attributes as well. Sunlight contained an retheric component, previously described by researchers such as Baron Karl von Reichenbach, Gustav Le Bon, and George S. White. Metals in sunlight evidenced absorptions in varieties of response to retheric penetrations. Dr. Le Bon spoke of his experiments with metals which had been exposed to focussed sunlight, experiments which produced radio activities far in excess of those produced by radium itself. Indeed, there had been those cases where roofing copper, after years of exposure to intense sunlight and natural process, became quite radioactive (Lehr). Exposure to sunlight rether produced bombardments capable of transmuting elements. Additionally, exposure to sunlight produced the same pressure effects as observed in his rether-pulsed vacuum lamps. One often sensed that some energetic component was actually completely penetrating the skin. On the skin surface, academes measured "infrared" and "ultraviolet", the manufactured products of rether streams passing through bio-organic matter.
When Tesla began publishing his thoughts on cetheric particles from space, what he first termed "cosmic rays", the academic derision was unbridled and caustic. One of the chief voices in this assault on Tesla was one young Robert Millikan, who had apparendy learned that art of "creative skeptical mockery" to gain favor from his mentors. In later years when academic doldrums required some new creative tum, Dr. Millikan now claimed credit for having discovered "cosmic rays". Had he bothered to read the articles which Tesla had written, and against which he had so very much to say, Millikan would not have been satisfied with his own so-called discoveries. Tesla stated that true cosmic rays were like Radiant Energy, not at all the heavy ions, and gamma rays which Millikan was detecting. In speaking of the prodigious quantities of cether forcibly expelled by the sun and stars, academes of his day thought him quite mad.
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Nevertheless, T esla continued to teach that these radiant particles were undetectable by normal means. Those like Millikan, who succeeded in detecting charged particles from space, and not identified these prim ary radiant particles. Tesla stated that the so-called "cosmic rays" of the conventional lexicon were tertiary and even q uaternary residues, the splattered by-products of collisions stimulated by Radiant Energy. H e claimed the means by which he had successfully detected these before the tum of the Century. More than this, Tesla was now about to harness the "eternal wheelworks of Nature".
The ~theric volumes which came to the earth from the space was an incalculable volume, a power source of eternal consequence. It arrived to earth under extreme pressure, a value which Tesla calculated in the range of several "hundred million volts". Tesla stated that the ~theric atmosphere, though often a "dark light", floods the earth at all times with its great power. Tesla stated that both the geointernal radioactive elements and the native heat of the earth was a direct result of ~theric bombardment from space. Although the sun was a dominant source of R adiant Energy, Tesla stated that it was not the only supplier of ~theric particles. JEther was expelled from all points in interstellar space, a constant supply of natural Radiant Energy. Such energy was released by stellar processes. Since the sun was a local ~ther source, it figured in the total ~ther supply. The normal space influx was therefore augmented during the daytime by the additional solar supply. Bombarding the earth from all directions, Radiant Energy entered the earth. Once having passed through the crust, it was sufficiently slowed to lodge deep within the mantle. After passing through these miles of rock, the highly pressured and kinetically energetic ~ther transferred its prodigious energies to the deeper material of the earth itself.
Sunlight. Starlight. Space. Radiant Energy. The connections were too direct to be misleading, the concept too direct to be erroneous. Here was an inescapable probability awaiting application. Just as his ~ther stream projectors had power to push matter and charge certain metals, so too did sunlight have this inherent potential. Only a means for fully tapping this enormous flow prevented humanity from harnessing the true and most formidable energy in sunlight. Conceiving of the sun, its ~ther flow, and the earth itself, Tesla recognized that a vast ~theric exchange system was here represented. This system was the self-generative natural source from which energy could simply be absorbed and used. No fuel needed ever be consumed again.
The notion that ~ther could be resisted by certain materials, was new to the theory of rether. Formerly, this theory ascribed unreal characteristics to rether. T esla now had empirical facts against which to form a realistic model. Specific matter could deflect ~theric streams. Electrostatic fields as well demonstrated their ability to distort ~theric streams. Here were special facts, having special technological implications. T o be empowered in the quest of developing retheric technology was to be on the very threshold of achieving wonders. In sever al
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experimental instances, researchers discovered the complete annihilation of gravitic effects due to extreme positive electrostatic charge. George Piggot showed that it was possible to suspend large beads of silver within a positive monopolar field. Dr. Francis Nipher also demonstrated the complete reversal of gravitational attraction in a modified Cavendish balance. Here too it was found that strong positive electrostatic charge, though completely shielded in Faraday cages, successfully repelled neutral matter. These could only be the result of retheric interactions.
Tesla now understood why certain geological regions were most "energetic" and conducive to the juncture of electrical communication systems. Old telegraphers and telephone linesmen knew the difference between "good ground" ad "bad ground". This lesson was again being learned by those who had chosen the pursuit of wave radio. Only certain ground sites were acceptable as sites from which exceptionally strong signals could be launched out into space. While Tesla disdained those who so pursued Marconi and his weak reproductions of Hertzian research, he also understood why the geological sites worked in their efficient manner. Most practical engineers simply equated these geological sites with "better conductivity". This simplistic explanation was, very unfortunately, untrue. It was found that such "good ground" did not always conform with geological features at all. Furthermore, it was impossible to rely on geological patterns for the accurate selection of radio station sites. Tesla perceived that space sourced rether streams were responsible for "good ground", focussing and flowing into the ground for reasons much deeper than geology alone. Perhaps it was the retheric flow which caused the geology!
Tesla inferred that locales in which rether had been resisted caused such intense bombardment that radioactive minerals had there been generated. ./Ether streams were modified by existed geological structures, focussing or dispersing throughout each region. Perhaps also these were the reasons why certain locations demonstrated distorted gravitational and perceptual behaviors. This bombardment from space was energetic enough to produce the observed natural georadioactivity and geothermal heat In this view, gravitation itself was a direct result of retheric bombardment from space. Tesla viewed the earth itself as a gigantic stone lens, focussing all incoming rether particles. In this manner, geothermal heat would be localized within a given subterranean horizon. Heat would be continually released throughout the earth, being most intense within its horizon. There were other geophysical consequences of this focussed bombardment Indeed, the rether flow from space was an overwhelming supply. Tesla often became ecstatic just to imagine or speak of it
./Ether was entering the earth from space continuously! Tesla began making connections from this knowledge into those mysteries which presently occupied the scientific preoccupations of his day. This wonderful retheric flow from space manifested itself in a host of unexplained electrical phenomena with which science had long been baffled. Many explanations rushed together.
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Now Tesla was able to understand that sunlight contained an retheric component, one which drove itself in endless streams from space into the ground. This was the process responsible for the generating the natural dielectric field of the earth, responsible for the spontaneous charging of aerial terminals or grounded capacitors, responsible for natural electric displays, and so forth.
The terrestrial electric field, problematic from every explanatory perspective, could be explained by retheric principles alone. A technology which worked entirely in the retheric realm would provide undreamed potentials for humanity. In truth the retheric realm lay too close to the very realms of sensation and consciousness for coincidence, a parallel which Tesla had long pondered. Perhaps the formation of deserts was caused by excessive such bombardments. The subsequent loss of life and water vapor from such regions evidenced the dangerous conditions that could be produced by a technological system which used rether. He would necessarily have to seek out places which were already desertified, a site whose elevation was great. He began to plan his great experiment in order to determine the exact parameters needed to establish a truly commercial rether power system.
Tesla observed these pulsations and chose a range within which to operate his rether engine. The incoming rether waves would supply a continual supply of enormous power. If his impulse transmitter could be made to accommodate the exact incoming pulsations which he had chosen, a valving action would be established. The impulse transmitter could then appropriate the incoming energetic pulsations, entering into the natural georetheric flow. Once this condition was established, one which Tesla referred to as "impulse resonance", a host of possibilities would then present themselves. Tesla could arrange to rebroadcast these rether pulses at more rapid rates, to be absorbed at higher rates by distant ground connected appliances.
Tesla now apprehended the fact that incoming rether so bombarded the ground that electronic charge was actually produced therein. These spontaneously manufactured electrons distributed themselves through slow conduction process throughout the ground. Of course, there were geo-related inconsistencies to this conductive process, electrons bunching in certain places and causing continual electrostatic phenomena (Corliss) .Here then was the mysterious source of terrestrial dielectric fields. Apart from the daytime deformations caused by the sun, the orientation of this dielectric field remained constant day and night. While only mildly deformed during the day, the field was a remarkably resilient natural feature of the environment, one whose very presence could not b'Uly be understood. From where did this field originate?
What was the source of the excess electronic charge constantly emerging from the ground, whose electrostatic field reached out into space? Testa had learned that retheric bombardments of certain matter ejected, and at times manufactured electrons. .tEther particles often condensed within atomic nuclei, the manufacture process being evidence by an excess of negative charge
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in laboratory bombardment experiments. The very light of his vacuum lamps was sufficiently charged with neutral Radiant Energy to charge capacitors. If this served as an example of natural principles, then Radiant Energy from space was the real source of the terrestrial electronic charges.
Bombarding the atmosphere, and plowing into the upper crust on their way toward the mantle, the primary ultra-infinitesimal rether particles manufactured electrons. These drifted up to the surface and distributed themselves more or less uniformly, a constantly manufactured supply of undiminished quantity. This was why the dielectric field of the earth remained so clock-constant Just as the Radiant Energy from his vacuum lamps steadily charged capacitors across a room, so also did the Radiant Energy from space steadily charge the earth. This powerful natural rether flow, from space to ground, flooded the environment. The conversion of rether into electrons within the rocky crust continually produces an excess population of negative charge which has never found satisfactory explanation.
It was apparent that, while the sun was the most "local" terrestrial rether source, a vast reservoir of densely concentrated rether was indeed coming in from all other parts of space at all times undiminished. The sun did not dominate the retheric supply, it augmented the supply. This reception process was endless, a constant stream of unsuspected energy which entered the earth day and night For Tesla this revealed a whole dynamic in which retheric flow directed and guided all processes electrical. .tEther was the superior, electricity the inferior. What rether did, electrical phenomena followed. This single principle became for him a rule of unparalleled use. Tesla consistently stated that rether was being condensed into electrons at a specific rate, by which the terrestrial electric field was being manufactured. Physicists derided this notion, claiming that the excess electrons came from space "already made". Science remains bound in numerous tautologies encompassing geomagnetism, solar wind, gecrtherrnoelectric process, and so on. Each of these hypotheses represent failed attempts at maintaining the "ionic balance".
None of the bookkeeping techniques explains the excess ofnegative charge however. Later theories tried to show that these electrons arrived in a solar wind, the expelled debris from the solar thermonuclear reaction. But, all natural effects being balanced, no such "excess" of negative charge should be claimed for a solar wind hypothesis. The solar wind is a plasma, a neutral population. Tesla realized that academic science had been measuring the weak transition of rether into electrons, and calling the process a mystery. Not comprehending the invisible cause of the effect they measured, academes could not discover the source of excess negative charge! What T esla greatly desired was the extraction of energy, free energy, from the natural rether flow.
7 1

RADIANf PULSATIONS
Several pieces of essential information had been working their magick in Tesla's mind for months. Since his outdoor experiments with his preliminary b roadcast power system, Tesla pondered the mystery of ground connections and their strangely increased efficiency. How had the ground applied impulses from the Transmitter somehow inexplicably accumulated power In traversing the ground toward the grounded appliances? He had found that a single elevated termin al greatly intensified the "energy magnification" effect. Many confused this arrangement with the ordinary aerial-ground components being developed at the time for wave radio applications. Misunderstanding the aetheric prime motivator of these transmitters, most would have viewed the various models of Tesla power systems in this conventional way. Indeed, examining the patents reveals no especially unusual components. The only attributes which differ in Tesla Patents are his descriptions, pwposefully precise and perplexing in their assertions. In fact, the descriptions teach that efficient performance occurs with terminals which are largely capacitive. According to wave radio principles, these systems should never operate. Those who attempt to analyze Tesla imputse transmitters from the wave radio perspective walk away either bafiled or critical. One cannot rationalize Tesla Patent texts when viewed in a conventional vein.
./Ether was more highly concentrated in the ground, but it flowed from space into that ground. Since the stream was directed groundward, the only possible means for absorbing extra aether energy was to forcefully drive an aether current down! With the applied flow directed into the ground, incoming aether from space would be given a res1stance-free path to follow. The impulse transmitter would be acting as a pump. The immense space reservoir would be drawn down through the system. With the parameters very strictly controlled, space aether would prefer the elevated terminal to the natural geology, a more resistant an inhomogeneous surface. Accelerated by this downward flow, aether streams would very quickly turn toward the impulse transmitter from outlying volumes of space. The impulse transmitter would be a source of almost eternal energy. But there were a few more facts to learn and a few more problems to solve before a practical aether engine could be built and operated. Were there additional characteristics in the natural flow which would require special systems accommodations?
Tesla used gas-dynamic and hydro-dynamic analogues in developing apparatus toward this remarkable objective. In his outdoor tests, the ground connection had revealed something of the process which he would now engage. Tesla had already learned that his impulse transmitters could absorb "extra energy" when grounded. Appliances too, when grounded, would produce uncharacteristic magnified performances. He should have known! This was early evidence that a natural aether supply was aJready present between sky
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and ground. In some inexplicable way, his impulse transmitters had entered the ~ther absorption process of Nature. Through some simple "pumping" action, an additional energy flow had made its appearance in his power broadcast This now made sense. The creation of an "~ther pump" would necessarily conform with the prevailing natural ~ther flow, one which poured down from space to the earth. The relatively small applications of his impulse transmitter was being given an enormous "boost" by the natural downpour!
Discovering more details about the space ~ther was now more than intriguing. It was a technological necessity. In the absence of any such knowledge, the pursuit of excellence had been a slow and methodic succession of discoveries in which he was left alone. His numerous publications and press conferences consistently highlighted the potentials of a future technology which would change the world system. Having already demonstrated the fact that Polyphase could undo an "institution" as American as Thomas Edison, his former employee, many financiers had become concerned when Tesla described wireless power transmission. Heavily invested in Polyphase, the general feeling of security was by far too shaken by his now numerous and detailed announcements. It was very obvious to all who knew him, for he was well known in such social circles, that he had perfected the broadcast power system to a degree which could put them all out of business. Here were the first confrontations of ft.nance and technology, meeting in the person of Nikola Tesla. Concerned enough to meet the impending crisis which seemed so imminent at the hands of Tesla, a select and powerful consortium of financiers arranged a formal reply to Tesla's many overtures.
In the early morning hours of March 13, 1895 at 2:00AM, the magnificent Tesla Research Laboratory at 33-35 South Fifth Avenue exploded and burned. Floor upon floor fell until the building was nothing but a swirling wind of ash. The devastation was unprecedented, the very obvious work of hired saboteurs. Dynamite charges destroyed the very building foundation, a death trap which could not fail. Unknowing to them, and breaking his normal nightly routine that particular evening, Tesla had quietly slipped out through a concealed stairwell for an extended dinner at Delmonico's. Tesla returned with his frantic assistant, Mr. Czito, and watched the ashes drift down the avenue until dawn. He vanished for two weeks to the great concern of his closest and dearest friends.
The message of his return left his shadowy enemies thunderstruck. Tesla was still alive! His next public announcement was divisive and deliberate. Every press interview for the remainder of his life took a new tum. He was no longer opened and candid. This mystique drove intrigued enthusiasts toward his every statement. He was now planning the broadcast of power on a worldwide scale, and requested funding from the very ones he clearly knew were the guilty parties. It was weD known by the public that certain such individuals had long threatened Tesla with the hostile takeover of his Polyphase amalgam-
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ation with Westinghouse. Fearful of public accusations in the all too obvious foiled death attempt, the guilty parties crawled out of the woodwork with philanthropic donations which Tesla absorbed with relish. He played this game with the same parties all of their remaining lives, until none of them were left to extort "philanthropic donations". The hurt and the loss, nevertheless remained. He was purposed now to achieve what he had set out to do. Overturning the financial stronghold which he perceived taking root in the world, would be brought down at all costs. Energy, fuel, financial power, and regulation, these several principles would be reversed by the social response which his new technology would exact. The demand? Absolute freedom from the tyranny of regulators.
Into these fields he continually strove, his technology the threshing tool. In his new laboratory at 40 West Houston Street, Tesla conducted a number of very revealing experiments with grounded impulse transmitters. He had conducted sufficient experiments in this new laboratory to acquire certain basic information necessary to the construction of a large-scale test station, a remarkable ability to perform small scale tests with a view toward subsequent enlargements. Pumping the local area with rether streams, Tesla discovered an amazing and essential fact which he had not previously realized. His ground pumping impulse transmitters operated with peak efficiency only when specific pulsations were applied. He also noted that the timing of applied such pulsations would produce zero reading or maximum readings on the output side. This meant only one thing: the strongest incoming pulsations were dock-regular. Instances where he received "zero outputs" were instances where the impulse transmitter was completely out of phase. Instances where he received strongest outputs were instances where the transmitters were completely in phase with the incoming pulsations. Of course there were those instances where a moderate output was gained, instances where the pumping action may have preceded or followed the incoming pressures just a bit. In order to absorb these natural pulsations with greatest efficiency, he had to find a simple way to synchronize the Transmitter with them exactly.
The pulsations themselves represented a natural process which Tesla had never suspected. Here was evidence that space rether did not in fact flow from space smoothly. The earth as whole was somehow modulating parts of the <ether flow. Tesla monitored and charted this complex and fascinating natural phenomenon, an exciting display of mysterious origin. There were slow pulses whose ultraslow periods exceeded his ability to record them. Others required hours to express themselves, yet others a few minutes each. The rether pulsation spectrum had no lower limits and certainly no upper ones. Here were ample natural "channels" to use for power and other applications. In order to build a functioning rether engine, he would have to select one of these strong natural pulsations.
Tesla found that an amazing sequence of pulsations coexisted in this incom-
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ing flood. These came as pressure waves, never reversing direction, and were interspersed by relaxation intervals having specific duration. Therefore, the incoming .ether came as complex superimposed pulsations, each having their own periods of pressure and relaxation. There was no upper or lower limit to these. Many of these pulse trains were very powerful, not just a few. Those powerful pulsations obviously differed in cause and source. Some were solar stimulated, others had more mysterious origins in outer space. He correctly surmised the source of the more powerful pulsations. The sun played its greatest role in this pulsation process. Because it represented an .ether source so close to the earth, its streams did not arrive with the uniform distribution of the space ether supply. The proximity stimulated the strong pulsations which were found to occur at fixed rates and in a specific range of pulsations. Pulsation groups were found, those groups each having singular source. Whether in the sun, the stars, the influence of planets, or mysterious causes in space, each group represented an available pulsation spectrum for utility.
The source of all these pulsations had several causes. Space sourced .ether entered the earth at pulsation rates related to the mysterious processes occurring in deepest space. Many of their pulsations were the result of those space processes, having nothing to do with earth. Others yet had to do with process in space we may never properly comprehend. These represent the native properties of space and so forth. Yet there existed a class of pulsations definitely related to the proximal sun and the earth as a resistive body. The rocky earth represents a resistance to the otherwise smooth and continuous flow of .ether from space.
Resistance in the crust brought an .ether Intensification process into play. The self-collimating self-magnifying property which he had observed, while experimenting in countless other applications, was suddenly appreciated on a terrestrial scale. Resisted .ether focussed into the resistant medium, producing intense bombardments with subsequent explosive particle emissions. One principle emission was electronic in nature. Electtons appeared in the rocky resistant matter, a contaminant which often choked the pure retheric flow. The electron conversion process retarded the retheric flow. On the terrestrial scale, such effects were enormous in scope. The incoming space .ether stream was not such a smooth flow after all, an unexpected fact. Tesla saw the native pulsation properties of space sources. These did not result from contact with earth resistance at all. But because the earth itself resisted the various incoming supplies in various degrees, special group pulsations had long ago been initiated in the groundward rether efflux. These group pulse effects were produced on a vast scale. The incoming rether pulsated into and over the surface of the ground, in some places smoothly, in others with greater difficulty. Certain geological locales had been the historically persistent site where prodigious Ughtning activity had been the familiar local attribute.
This retardation in the natural absorption of rether yet occurs on a vast
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terrestrial scale. The already pulsating streams encounter resistance, fir:st in the atmosphere, and then in the crusl Space streams, however pulsing, are slowed from the otherwise superluminal velocities as a group by crustal resistance and the electron conversion process. The condition had existed for aeons. Momen· tum in the ~ether supply maintained the incoming group pulsations. The growth and establishment of this pulsation process was unstoppable. .tEther pulses in, is converted into electrons, relaxes, and comes in again. In addition, the prox· imity of the sun played its part in another class of group pulsations. The sun was not homogeneous in its bombardment of the whole earth surface. Solar ~ther drove a vector over and through the earth. Several group pulsations were the result of this passage. There were geological modifications and mag· nifications of these effects. A whole class of a!ther pulsations were solar related. This pulsation train was unidirectional, a!ther passed into the earth, flowed around it, and went off into interplanetary space.
Streaming a!ther would have, in fact, been problematic in this effort. Pulsa· lions offered the possibility of an increased engine efficiency. The impulse transmitter would be so synchronized as the apply its groundward a!theT blasts at the exact instant in which a space pulse arrived. It would rest with the arrival of the natural relaxation interval. Arranging a highly resistive condition had been the work of engineers for countless centuries. This discovery and situation, revolutionary and futuristic from every aspect, required the opposite engineering conditions. Tesla had long experimented with the use of liquid air to refrigerate his systems. He was first to find that zero-resistance could actually be established in cryogenically cooled circuit components. Non-resistance was the key. The key to extracting momentum, power from the ~ther!
.tETHER ENGINES
In order to fully utilize the groundward space ~theric flow, one simply had to conform with its natural pulsations. Tesla Transmitter stations had to accommodate these incoming pulsations with least resistivity. Tesla designed systems to accommodate cryogenic liquids for this purpose. Side branch circuits would appropriate the pressures from this main flux, applying them for broadcast purposes at quicker impulse rates. Tesla believed it was possible to arrange the parameters of his system to best enable earth absorption of greaterthan-normal ~theric quantities. The large aerial tenninal would focus in ~ther streams, beneath the station, a very deep and considerably broad ground system would spread out this concentrated flux into the earth, where it would find its way through to the upper core. Establishing the initial "power draw" required a special function which Tesla had already worked out.
The station would therefore operate in a fixed "pumping cycle", drawing ~ther down into the ground in strong pulsations. Space ~ther flowed into the
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ground in a smooth flood. When his impulse transmitters accelerated the downward rether flow, large pulsations flooded the ground. On the surface, this appeared as growing power pulsations. The pulsations actually passed downward into and through the ground as body waves. These travelled with superlwninal velocity within the subterranean depths. £ther impelled as pulsations of this kind did not cease moving. Indeed, a flow had been established which, once induced, would not stop moving.
The impulse synchronization was the key to receiving and securing the natural rether flow. That impulse rate had to be exact and had to match the incoming pulsations. After this low·resistance condition had been established for the incoming pulsations, voltage was the key toward drawing in the space rether. Tesla calculated that a value of 100,000,000 Volts would be necessary to stimulate a sufficient influx. Superhigh rether pressures would therefore be appUed into the ground, pulling on the elevated terminal. 1bis powerful depressurizing pull on the normal incoming rether flow above the station would draw rether in from the entire overlying space. .tf:ther streams would gradually bend into the elevated terminal. The system would accommodate the normal space process by offering a non-resistant path for each incoming pulse. The selected pulse range was designed to appropriate the natural influx. A synchronized retheric pulse train was to be "driven", by an application of station energy, into the ground. This pulse train would be provided at the rate of 150,000 pulses per second, impulses each being followed by a specific relaxation period.
The pulsation range which Testa chose was one permitting maximum energy absorption for an attainable large size. The transmitter would be built to produce 150,000 rether pulsations per second, each impulse lasting for approximately (.0062 milliseconds). Calculations showed Tesla that this assembly volume would indeed bring in enough energy to demonstrate industrial potential. Besides proving that rether energy could literally drive the station, providing an eternal flow of power into the earth under controlled conditions, Tesla planned to show the distant reception of rether energy from his station. Receivers would be established at various long distances from the site, each being a model home or industrial plant Tesla would prove to his antagonists, who incidentally were providing him with funds for the experiment, that rether power would replace fuel oil.
The first requirement Tesla demanded for an experimental station of this kind was elevation. He need to place his experimental station at a height far above any intervening natural structures. TI1e second requirement was isolation. He needed absolute separation from cities and towns, indeed from all human life. 11li.s latter feature was a precaution against possible "accidents". Tesla inferred that an uncontrollable process could develop during the experiment which he planning to undertake. Tesla was initially frightened that such a vast increase in local rether flux might have dire consequences if strict control
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features could not be found. His concern reached extreme levels, when calculations showed him the possible results of his intended "experiment". The highly focussed cether streams which he was intending on drawing down would also bring increased bombardments of the local geology, and subsequent phenomenal effects which might get beyond his control. What effects? Tesla fully anticipated that the artificially intensified cetheric flow might cause disturbances in the ground, bombardments whose released heat and electrical discharges might trigger rock shearing. Should he lose control of the cetheric influx, through inadvertent inability to moderate its unpredictable growth factor, the atmosphere might begin to "burn".
What Tesla meant by this had nothing to do with chemical burning. He meant that the cetheric bombardment would begin a process of elemental dissolution, where atmospheric gases would be quickly converted into cether and other by-products. In such a nightmarish scenario, the atmosphere would be driven into the growing cether column, a mounting avalanche without control. He feared that, should such a sudden surge remove control from his hands, the station would, be destroyed. But this would not stop the cascading cetheric column, which would self-intensify itself to world-devastating potentials. He often published these intimations, mentioning the possibility that such a sudden flux could "split the earth in half'. It was toward averting these fearful scenarios that he now applied his mind's best efforts. He declared that the experiment would not be undertaken should no natural control process appear.
Tesla realized that the flow of cether through his Transmitter would meet with a gradually increasing degree of resistance, when electrons began forming along the otherwise smooth path. This would soon choke the cether flow, causing an avalanche of electron manufacture. If not adequately handled, the growing electron flux would moderate and quench the reaction. While limiting the efficiency of his "cether engine", other dangers could ensue. The ultimate result of this electron manufacture process would be a dangerous electrostatic condition which could kill. Once this process began, a charge-forming avalanche was inevitable. The accumulation of these charges could destroy the Transmitter itself. Should a means not be engineered to eliminate them from the area, the electron manufacture process would multiply itself quite rapidly and unpredictably. With unpredictably increased cether flow, the formation of dangerous blue-white electric sparks would begin discharging from the terminals and all parts of the Transmitter.
Thus, before he undertook the large-scale experiment, he had already glimpsed his "control factor". He had already found the very means for "moderating" the reaction. It was electricity itself! Electricity, the retarding factor in his every experiment with pure cetheric energy, would provide the moderating influence. The "moderator" which Tesla so desperately sought, the blessing and the curse, was electrical charge itself. How ironic that the very substance
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which he had so successfully eliminated in his circuitry, now returned as an agent of moderation to prevent a world catastrophe!
The problem demanded that a special automatic leakage system be established to rid the system of electrons as quickly as they appeared. It was during the "rest period", one which followed each impulse, that the apparatus could
discharge its excess electrons into the environment In this way, a continuous
absorption of rether, and elimination of electrons, could be sequentially arranged. In effect, the apparatus was a 2-stroke engine. ./Ether came in, electrons went out. Tesla did not wish to harvest and use the electrons. Eliminated to the environment in successive pulses, these most certainly produced a distinct species of slow sublwninal waves in the ground. Balanced and flowing in rether, the only problem central to the continuous operation of an industrial sized plant would be the safe discharge of excess electrons. He needed some kind of "automatic valve" which could leak the electrons away as quickly as they appeared. The elevated terminal would necessarily now be given a double function. Its large absorption area would appropriate the incoming rether pulses, but a second geometry would work to leak away excess electrons to the air.
Tesla planned a double function in later designs which he patented. In this, dangerous electrons are harmlessly and cyclically "leaked off" into the air through the aerial terminal. A large metal shell with innumerable stipples provided that cether would be absorbed, through the broad surface, while electrons would be dispersed, through the stipples. In the famed embodiment at Wardenclyffe Station, his first industrial Power Broadcaster, the final form of the terminal was to be an edge-rounded hemisphere completely studded with a great quantity of large single terminal vacuum globes. Tesla observed some of these phenomena while yet in his Houston Street Laboratory, and considered several means for eliminating the problem. But here was the very factor which he had so long hoped to find, a means for insuring that Nature could indeed stop the reaction before it grew out of proportion to wreak world havoc.
Engineers who studied his press releases and publications were fixated on the notion hat Tesla was intending to "pump the ground with electricity", an error which has forever clouded the issues germane to comprehending his various World Power Systems. The fact which so few analysts have retained amid their many errors deals with that of "station disengagement from the utilities". Freedom from utilities. Once such an retheric "channel" had been stimulated through the Transmitter, it would be possible to disengage the apparatus from the electrical power source altogether. The system was made to simply flow in cether current. Once the flowing condition had been sufficiently established, control factors being monitored and adjusted throughout the operation cycle, this system would work on retheric energy alone. Forever. Such a technological marvel would stimulate a world revolution in power. His Transmitter would effectively become the literal duct or vent wherein such an retheric channel would actually flow.
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The system would be designed to absorb rether pulsations at an accessible natural pulse rate, and then disperse this energy through the medium of the earth at several other pulsation rates. Not only was the system to receive prime .ether power, but it would also rebroadcast it through the ground in a host of related pulse rates for utility. Home and industry would receive retheric current through the ground as planned, none of the pulsation rates interfering with the station operation. The plan was exquisite. The end of fuel. The only electrical application needed was the "initiation train". But this plan required a large installation, one which would not be without its attendant problems.
AVALANCHE
Tesla chose his site atop a plateau In Colorado Springs, then a virtual pioneer town. At a height of 6000 feet above sea level, the site gave him the required elevation. Here also was sufficient isolation from populations. Placed in solid contact with the plateau tablerock. Tesla chose this geologically deep natural conductor to permit an unhindered downrush of rether, a secret he carried willl him. Anticipating the undreamed, he moved all of his more mobile components to this site in May 1899, and began construction. His: exertions were astounding. Once the station was complete, several tests would be necessarily conducted to affirm the circuit parameters in the geological site.
The station parameters were built on what now appears to be a gigantic scale. The large housing structure was made of wooden beams, of dimensions nearly 100 feet on each side. The roof was nearly as high, reaching 80 feet, having a
large sliding section for the elevation of various terminals and capacity surfaces (see figure).
The building was held up with large buttresses. Within this structure were the components of genius. The primary and secondary of the largest Tesla
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transformer ever built in history were wound, one above the other, upon an immense cylindrical wall of wooden construction, some 75 feet in diameter and 10 feet in height. An extra coil was poised in the very center of this cylindrical form, elevated on a stand several feet above the flooring. This extra coil had 75 widely spaced wire turns, being wound on a skeletal wooden cylinder. This extra coil was some 10 feet in diameter and 10 fe.et in height. The elevated capacity terminal, a large wooden ball covered in tinfoil, was connected to this extra coil by a thick cable. Through the roof window, this cable rose to a height of 200 feet, fixed to a tall wooden mast.
Tesla constructed a very ingenious capacitor bank, made of large water bottles. Salt water was poured into each to a fixed height, connector rods fitted into the same. The entire assembly of jars were placed in a large tub of tinfoil, also filled with salt water to a depth of a foot or more. This electrolytic assemblage provided a formidable storage capacity, and was easily modified as well as cost-efficient. Power was provided by a large Westinghouse transformer. This power was used to drive a high voltage dynamo, providing some 50,000 volts DC. The dynamo was connected to a motor driven spark disrupter which provided a preliminary pulsation rate. Through choke coils, this preliminary pulsing current was applied to a large magnetic disrupter. This in turn was applied to the capacitor bank and the large primary coil (see figure).
The frrst step in his process involved an initiatory "jurnp·start". When the switch was closed, retheric shockwave energy passed over the secondary, and flowed up into the elevated terminal. Transformed into the calculated potential of 100,000,000 volts lasting for the calculated (0.0062 milliseconds), rether poured from space into the station during the interval. Each successive irn-
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pulse was followed by its short but specific rest period, and the process was repeated for as long a time as deemed necessary. Some 150,000 groups of applied impulses and rest periods made up each second's worth of initiation time. In the absence of discernible information from the notes which Tesla left us, this critical "rest period" is difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless it is an important lost piece of information necessary to the reestablishment of any such large-scale station.
The aerial terminal was so designed to absorb cether and discharge electrons in opposed cycles. The incoming rether energy would be handled by the various within the station, side branching circuits made to appropriate the pure pulsing energy, while converting it into various pulse rates for rebroadcast The initiatory impulse would start the avalanche, the space <ether flowing with gradually increasing intensity. Tesla would control and maximize the volwnes of incoming rether until the flow became "permanent". At first Tesla had difficulty balancing and establishing proper parameters. Eventually, however, the conditions which originally desired became a routine process. Tesla planned to train his operators in this art, having accepted several personnel to this end. One, Fritz Lowenstein, later was found to be a "spy" for one of his financial enemies. Tesla discovered this when several mysterious "accidents" occurred in the Colorado Springs Station.
During this testing period, Tesla encountered several phenomena for which be was not totally prepared or forearmed. In small preliminary tests, the primary retheric pulsation produced "stationary waves", fountains of white streamers which appeared instantly and which also grew to large proportions with time all around the activation site. Tes)a mentioned the "standing waves" only when referring to the attendant slow electron waves, manufactured through the bombarding action of rether in the earth. The different names of each waveform related different processes, unforeseen phase interferences which Tesla encountered during his tests at the Experimental Station in Colorado.
Problematic to the action of his system, these successive waveforms thus appeared at the station out of phase. Now, both rether waves and electron waves came back to their sourcepoint, the fact that Tesla quizzically mentioned to the press. When stating that "the earth behaves as a conductor of limited extent", be was not referring to the discovery that the earth can store electricity! He already knew this. He was referring to the problem of destructive interference, one of phasing among two contrary and mutually opposed wave species. This behavior of the "earth as a conductor of lim ited extent" was not a thrilling fact to Tesla. It was an annoying problem. H e would have preferred a conductor of infinite extent, one in which all received rether power could be set free, along with the attendant contaminating electrons. Because the earth held onto the electrons so tenaciously, there were literal repercussions at the station which taxed his intellect far too much for his own pleasure.
Here was the situation. .IEther waves flowed with superlurninal velocity from
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the station and into the earth proper. These were neutral pressure waves whose instantaneous movement through the ground was slighdy slowed by resistance process. A continual lagging backflow of cether "pressure echoes" appeared at the station with unprecedented force. The application of <ether to the ground brought a fountain-like condition to the station area. In the absence of appropriate elevated capacity, rether streams stood out of the ground vertically. These were the "stationary waves" of which Tesla so often delighted to speak. These were the powerful cetheric emanations which offered humanity a new means for obtaining limidess power from outer space, and for rebroadcasting the same through the ground to any needed point Jf:ther waves are neutral pressures of enormous energetic potential. Opposed to the desired neutral rether pressure waves, there were those slow alternating electron waves. Electrons, developed by rether bombardment in the rocky crustal matter at the station, choked the otherwise continuous movement of rether pulses. But the aerial release of these from the system induced slow subluminal electrical waves throughout the earth. The very presence of these completely interfered with the system. Fast downward rether pressure pulses were met by slow rising alternating electrical waves. The opposed pulsation of fast rether and slow alternating electron waves would destructively interfere with one another.
Tesla referred to the retheric phenomenon as "stationary waves". He referred to the electronic phenomenon as "standing waves". Stationary waves, instantaneous whitefire fountains. Standing waves, slow electron waves. Stationary waves occur in incompressible fluids. JEther is incompressible. Stationary waves are the charge-neutral products of pressured fluids in fixed conductors. Stationary waves pulsate in a unidirectional manner. Standing waves are the result of alternating compressions and rarefactions, characteristic of electron currents in fixed conductors. Tesla knew that these two different waves could react, one upon another, in restricted ways. You will remember that he strove to separate cether streams from electrons. Electrons quenched cether streams by encapsulating and pinching them off. So long as electrons contaminated cether streams, only the gross electrons would dominate. Also, the concentrated cetheric streams actually manufactured electrons. Striking into already manufactured electron streams would simply intensify the condensation process. A veritable electron avalanche would follow, the process so poised as to interfere destructively. Unless a proper relationship could be arranged between the two energy forms, one could not expect a highly efficient acquisition of rether power.
The difference between these two waveforms had been critical for Tesla to comprehend and rearrange. Only a Tesla could have balance the two contrary actions. It was ironically the slower electron waves which determined the tempo at which the system would operate, since these alterations would keep appearing long after the rether flow had begun its resonant rise. Tesla now calculated and readjusted the impulse-rest intervals so that the two opposed
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wave species would never destructively interfere. Tuning was the critical key. Each would glide past the other undisturbed and non-interfering.
The first full-scale tests of this experimental station took place throughout the month ofJuly 1899. Tesla found that each groundward pulsation of the Transmitter brought such a volume of space <ether down through the system that it was difficult to control the exchange process. Once the cetherlc draft had been successfully induced, charge formation could actually be utilized to slow and moderate the downward growing flood . Tesla always measured increased electron surges In his Transmitters. His aerial terminal bought in an unprecedented electron avalanche, measuring some 1100 amperes of the current. Indirectly this was a measure of .ether flow, for it was ;ether which manufactured the electrons. This current increase demonstrated the continuous formation of charge in the metallic conductors of the Transmitter, the result of cetheric bombardments through the system. It was just as he had foreseen. This central problem which he encountered, and which he finally solved, became the usable solution to his first fears. The formation of electrical charges was being used now to slow the .ether flow, which otherwise would continue growing out of control (see figure).
The Transmitter operated as an incredible Magnifier of ;ether. Tesla noted with fascination the fact that pulsations in the cetheric downpour seemed to formed a zone of ever increasing power. In this zone, successive ;ether pulses
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superimposed in a manner which was not usual. The growth characteristic of ,these pulsations provided an ev-er increasing supply, with the local zone surrounding the Transmitter becoming a site of strange effects. He fo\.Uld it indeed possible to disengage the Transmitter from the electrical power source ,after only a few seconds of application time, the proof encrypted and preserved in his cunningly captioned photographs.
Tesla spoke of two different waveforms, "stationary waves" and "standing waves", when discussing the effects which his Magnifying Transmitter had produced in the earth. The "standing waves" related to the consequences of alternating charge waves stimulated by the successive aerial release of manufactured electrons. The "stationary waves" were wonderful phenomena ofground conducted rether currents. Once the stream began flowing through his system, magnification processes would draw in an ever increasing rether supply. The more "opened" the system became, the more rether would flow. He could moderate this rether avalanche with certain drive coils which slowed the rest intervals during which electrons were released. In this was, the rether would be limited from "going critical".
The avalanche magnification factor would have to be strictly controlled by the station operator. Because rether was rarefied in the space above and around the station, a condition brought about by the downward pumping action, a powerful and dangerous response would result throughout the incoming stream. Working its way back out into space, the puisations would force the supply streams to flow with greater force into the Transmitter. Because a!ther responds to simple pressure laws, the Transmitter would ultimately summon responses from its very source. A strange form of communication would this be possible between two very distant points, a communications technique which Tesla mentioned.
The stationary wave was an effect unknown in electrical science. It was unknown because electricity is a bipolar manifestation. /Ether, being a neutral Radiant Energy, has more in common with gases. Densified rether streams were more like fluids. Stationary waves were a familiar feature in fluidics, where the application of streams to enclosed containers brought immense fo\.Ultainlike effects. Tesla played with the science critics when patenting an apparently banal design for a water fountain. In this ovoid shaped system, Tesla encrypted his stationary wave secrets. Years later, Victor Schauberger developed eggshaped vessels into which streams of water were introduced at high pressure. The result cavitating turbulence produced frothing jets which emerged in pulsations. Stationary waves are produced when force is applied to an incompressible fluid which has been constrained within a fixed volume. The fixed volume of smoothly rounded containers rigidly hold fluidic pressure jets and produced enormous fountains. These fountains appear instantly with the very first application of pressure. The fountains emerge from the entrant orifice, unless otherwise arranged. The effect is illustrated with an ordinary sink which
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has been filled to a height with water. Drops which have been directed to specific parts of the water surface, at specific velocities, can raise a sudden thin fountain high enough to strike one in the face!
£ther is neutral. Because of its electroneutrality, <ether reflections produce no alternations. .IEther re!leclions produce stationary waves, where geometrically fixed zones of streaming <ether are observed. Tesla applied <ether "blasts" into the ground. These blasts moved the <ether reservoir already absorbed within the earth in an instantaneous pulse, resulting in a sudden <ether fountain all around his station. The pulse travelled through the ground, unaffected by its encounter with various rock strata. Nevertheless, when this pulse finally reached a sufficient resistance, or change of mass density, the flow was sufficiently refracted to surge back up toward its source. The effect occurs instantaneously because earth absorbed <ether is a dense and incompressible fluid. The entire effect thus derives from refraction effects in the variable resistance of earth rock.
The bunching action of <ether, both entering the ground from above, and that rising from beneath, produced an overwhelming pressure rise in a fixed location. These waves were, in the Tesla lexicon, truly "stationary". Rising up like a fountain of white light, they remained fixed to the station perimeter and "stationary". In addition, it seems likely that Tesla discovered, natural "vents" where aetheric pressures persistently emerge. Such natural loci evidence strong upwelling gusts of natural <ether which may be tapped at for power. These strange natural features explained why certain locations far from his station suddenly erupted with colwnns of stuttering white light Indeed, many such locations do exist across the world, places which flow at rare intervals with a white light. This phenomena is due to sudden natural cascades of space <ether, an otherwise invisible downpour (see figure).
The "fountain effects" which surrounded his station are not responsible for the ever growing power observed by Tesla. This was the result of an incoming aetheric supply for which his Transmitter gave low-resistant passage. The incoming cetheric flow preferred the transmitter terminal to adjacent, more resistant rock. This gradual flow process soon evidenced itself in magnification effects, ever increasing volumes of flowing <ether being measured in his system. Some have argued that Tesla merely stored energy in the earth, extracting it for use later. This Is a basic error, the result of imagining the Colorado Springs experiment to be one consisting entirely of electrical effects (Grotz). It is in this light alone that we may comprehend the evident anomalous magnification of aetheric phenomena in his Colorado Springs photographs.
Once rether energy had been obtained from space, it had to be conveyed to consumers. Tesla had arrange for the automatic activation of <ether rebroadcast circuits in the station. The downpouring rether were automatically shunted to side circuits through capacitors. In these side branches, .ether pulsed through dielectrics and expanded over the surfaces of his smaller coils. Thus stimu-
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lated to more rapid pulsation rates, they were ready for "rebroadcast". Being rebroadcast away from the station through large vacuum globes, poised on elevated platforms, these were the retheric pulsations which would be utilized in home and industry. Simple and compact receivers would be established in every home and factory, set to receive retheric current through the ground. Tests were thrilling. Distant appliances, lamps and motors, responded to the powerful pulsations as if physically connected to the station by wire. A small house-like structure was established some 26 miles away from the station. In it, an retheric power receiver was tuned to one of the rebroadcast rates. The 200 lamps housed within this structure, each of 50 watts rating, all remained brilUantly illuminated throughout the test runs. Thts apparently stimulated enough excitement and concern for word of this development to get back easl
Engineers were enraged. Those who had missed his most early shift from alternations to impulses, failed to comprehend the vast distinction between "stationary waves" and "standing waves". The quizzical use of specific terms such as these was a Testa trademark, one designed to puzzle the minds of those who criticized him the mosl With the exception of a very few colleagues who continually made related discoveries in rether physics, most academes had chosen to remain totally ignorant of the new study area. This for example
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was the case with the Teslian use of the term "frequency" and of "resonance", words which had completely different meanings for Tesla. Teslian "frequency" refers to the repetition of pulses per second. Teslian "resonance" refers to conditions in which rether flows with little or no resistance through systems, whether proximal or widely separated.
Photographs which Tesla sent to his "financiers" were analyzed and reexamined repeatedly from their encrypted meaning. None could decipher the cunning puzzle which Tesla had set before them. Tesla stated that photographs of the retheric whitefire streamers required several minutes' exposure time before registering the faintest sort of impression. Most of the plates were therefore the result of more than 20 minutes' exposure time. There are a very few plates which, though stated to be the result of "one brief switch closure", are covered with dense, thick white streamers. One fraction of a second closure on the system switch resulted in a twenty minute or more rether avalanche. Magnifying Transformers continued discharging long after the initial impulse had been withdrawn.
JETHER POWER RECEIVERS
Tesla returned to New York exultant. He was about to establish a new world precedent. Venture capitalists were everywhere, looking for their opportunity to enter the "new energy" market. Unknown to Tesla, his station, its tower, the large coils, the capacitors, and all the other marvelous apparatus which demonstrated free retheric power to the world had been acquired for demolition. Tesla simply went forward, securing new funds from Morgan and others toward the development of a fully functional industry sized station in Long Island. Wardenclyffe Station. Wardenclyffe would be his greatest achievement. Here he would broadcast power to the world, along with a communications network which could span the globe with innumerable available channels. 1Ether wave communications. Several stations would augment the power of this first station, from which he proposed to rebroadcast 10,000 horsepower. The Station, a wonderful visionary structure which dominated the view of Shoreham, Long Island was not quite complete before it too was seized by court injunctions and torn down (see figure).
Tesla was summoned to appear in court. The amazing transcript of this proceeding has been secured by Mr. Leland Anderson, who has since published a wonderful treatise with this transcript as the centerpiece. Tesla said he wept when he saw the ruined tower in Wardenclyffe. The train ride back from Shoreham was filled with tears and the recounting of every tragedy which marked his life. But the dreams did not die there. In the absence of financial means to construct his gigantic stations, Tesla found ways to build small systems which accomplished the very same objectives. Replacing the large over-
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head capacity terminal with material substitutes, radioactive metals in combination with other dense elements, Tesla was able to accrete and focw cether pulsations of super short duration.
Tesla was then plunged into a hellish time, where all but one would neither help or hear him. Dr. John Hammond requested Tesla to be the permanent guest on his family estate. There, amid the family life of Hanunond Castle, Tesla shared his dreams and technology. Together, he and Dr. Hammond developed the science of robots and remote guidance. Tesla, impoverished by the inhuman treatment wrought on him by the financial establishment, was nonetheless quite alive and valuable to those having singular ambition to dominate the world radio trade. For a very long time, Nikola Tesla was considered "out of circulation".
But later years turned a kindlier edge toward him. Long after his principle foe had died, others sought him out Employed by the Rockefellers in their RCA venture, Tesla was given the task ofrestructuring the now failing Marconi System. David Sarnoff did not permit Tesla the dignity of working under his own name! Nevertheless it was Tesla, not Sarnoff, who redesigned the insufficient RCA radio systems to sufficiently turn a profit for the owners. It is signifi-
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cant that Tesla was not allowed to change the basic design from wave radio to radiant communication. What he achieved required certain strange conversions within the wave radio circuitry, intensifying radiant signals until the operation was much improved, and then converting the amplified signals back to waves once again. All of this was achieved within the chassis, certain of which are now being studied. These Tesla experimental models are typical of the Testa style, containing no resistors or other such components. These models use simple transmitter tubes and employ a great number of symmetrically disposed conical air coils.
While working for RCA under the name "Terbo", his mother's maiden name, T esla maintained his two penthouse suites atop the Hotel New Yorker. One penthouse was his living quarters, the other a full scale research laboratory. Tesla designed and built small compact and portable rether energy receivers, a developmental path which he pursued to his passing. Tesla had long investigated the use of pure dielectric field energy, a stream of rether whose individual pulsations were so very ultrashort that science had never found a means to harness the energy impulses. Tesla later held the opinion that dielectric current was composed of radiant particles, retheric in nature. He therefore sought natural sources in which native dielectric fields could be used as they were, without the need for mammoth voltage "shocks" to stimulate retheric currents. T esla knew that if dielectric rether streams could be directly engaged, a true world of the future would be in his grasp. Furthermore, the mass-production of thousands and ten thousands of such power receivers would be an unstoppable army. An army of miniatures which could never be torn down.
The implications were fathomless. Tesla had found a truly new and wonderful approach to an old problem. O nce because his technology had not yet grown to the level where this was possible, he had to settle for impressing the naturally prolific rether streams with "extra" pulsations. The Transmitter method was costly, gargantuan, and an easy target for those who hated the notion of future world where dreams rule humanity. Dielectric energy fascinated Tesla. It was everywhere, a natural emanation whose potentials far outproportioned conventional notions of power. Indeed, the early conception of natural radioactivity as an energetic source was nothing in comparison to the potential power inherent in dielectric streams. The new technology would use ultra-short pulsing rether streams, energies which occupied most of his latter press conferences in latter years. Study had convinced Tesla that the apparently smooth and native force characteristic of dielectric field energy was actually a particulate flux, a succession of ultrashort impulses. The derivation of such an impulse train would solve all energy needs for eternity with an elegance far outreaching his own Magnifier Transmitter.
Of a truth, dielectric energy was a native source of incredible proportion and virtually eternal duration. Able to use such a kinetic source, one could dispense entirely with the Power Transmitters necessary in stimulating and
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Impressing "extra pulsations" on the .ether flow. Tesla often defined the dielecttic field as a natural flow of .ether particles, one which seemed impossible to utilize through lack of appropriate resistive materials. In order to obtain momentum from the flowing particles of a dielectric field , one required special matter poised in equally special symmetries. The otherwise continuous flow could be absorbed directly, being exchanged to utilities, appliances, and other applications.
Tesla had already considered the condition of charged particles, each representing a tightly constricted whorl of .ether. The force necessarily exerted at close distances by such retheric constrictions was incalculably large. .£theric ponderance maintained particulate stability. Crystalline lattices were therefore places within which one could expect to find unexpected voltages. Indeed, the high voltages inherent in certain metallic lattices, intra-atomic field energies, are enormous. The close Coulomb gradient between atomic centers are electrostatic potentials reaching humanly unattainable levels. By comparison, the voltages which Tesla once succeeded in releasing were quite insignificant. In these balanced lattices, Tesla sought the voltages needed to initiate directed <etheric streams in matter. Once such a flow began, one could simply tap the stream for power. In certain materials, these rether streams might automatically produce the contaminating electrons, a source of energy for existing appliances. One could theoretically then "tailor" the materials needed to produce unexpected retheric power with or without the attendant detrital particles. Testa did mention the latent retheric power of charge forces, the explosive potentials of bound rether, and the retheric power inherent in matter. In these studies, Tesla sought replacement for the 100,000,000 volt initialing pulses which natural law required for the implementation of space ;ether. Testa had long been forced to abandon those gigantic means by other, less natural laws.
Thereafter, Testa shifted his attentions from the appreciation of the gigantic to an appreciation of the miniature. He sought a means for proliferating an immense number of small and compact rether power receivers. With one such device, Tesla succeeded in obtaining power to drive an electric car. But for the exceptional account which follows , we would have Urtle information on this last period in Tesla's productive life, one which very apparently did not cease its prolific streams of creativity to his last breath. The information comes through an unlikely source, one rarely mentioned by Tesla biographers. It chanced that an aeronautical engineer, Derek Ahlers, met with one of Tesla's nephews then living in New York. Theirs was an acquaintance lasting some I0 years, consisting largely of anecdotal commentaries on Dr. Tesla. Mr. Savo provided an enormous fund of knowledge concerning many episodes in Testa's last years.
Himself an Austrian military man and a trained aviator, Mr. Savo was ex-
tremely opened about certain long-cherished incidents in which his uncle's
genius was consistently made manifest Mr. Savo reported that in 1931, he
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participated in an experiment involving retheric power. Unexpectedly, almost inappropriately, he was asked to accompany his uncle on a long train ride to Buffalo. A few times in this journey, Mr. Savo asked the nature of their journey. Dr. Tesla remained unwilling to disclose any information, speaking rather directly to this issue. Taken into a small garage, Dr. Tesla walked directly to a
Pierce Arrow, opened the hood and began making a few adjustments. In place
of the engine, there was an AC motor. This measured a little more than 3 feet long, and a little more than 2 feet in diameter. From it trailed two very thick
cables which connected with the dashboard. In addition, there was an ordi-
nary 12 volt storage battery. The motor was rated at 80 horsepower. Maximum rotor speed was stated to be 30 turns per second. A 6 foot antenna rod was fitted into the rear section of the car.
Dr. Tesla stepped into the passenger side and began making adjustments on a "power receiver" which had been built directly into the dashboard. The receiver, no larger than a shortwave radio of the day, used 12 special tubes which Dr. Tesla brought with him in a boxlike case. The device bad been prefitted into the dashboard, no larger than a shortwave receiver. Mr. Savo told Mr. Ahler that Dr. Tesla built the receiver in his hotel room, a device 2 feet in length, nearly 1 foot wide, a 1/2 foot high. These curiously constructed tubes having been properly installed in their sockets, Dr. Tesla pushed in 2 contact rods and informed Peter that power was now available to drive. Several additional meters read values which Dr. Tesla would not explain. Not sound was heard. Dr. Tesla handed Mr. Savo the ignition key and told him to start the engine, which he promptly did. Yet hearing nothing, the accelerator was applied, and the car instantly moved. Tesla's nephew drove this vehicle without other fuel for an undetermined long interval. Mr. Savo drove a distance of 50 miles through the city and out to the surrounding countryside. The car was tested to speeds of 90 mph, with the speedometer rated to 120.
After a time, and with increasing distance from the city itself, Dr. Tesla felt free enough to speak. Having now become sufficiently impressed with the performance of both his device and the automobile. Dr. Tesla informed his nephew that the device could not only supply the needs of the car forever, but could also supply the needs of a household "with power to spare". When originally asked how the device worked, Tesla was initially adamant and refused to speak. Many who have read this "apocryphal account" have stated it to be the result of an "energy broadcast". This misinterpretation has simply caused further confusions concerning this stage of Tesla's work. He had very obviously succeeded in performing, with this small and compact device, what he had learned in Colorado and Shoreham.
As soon as they were on the country roads, clear of the more congested areas, Tesla began to lecture on the subject Of the motive source he referred to "a mysterious radiation which comes out of the rether". The small device very obviously and effectively appropriated this energy. Tesla also spoke very
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glowingly of this providence, saying of the energy itself that "it is available in limitless quantities". Dr. Tesla stated that although "be did not know where it came form, mankind should be very grateful for its presence". The two remained in Buffalo for 8 days, rigorously testing the car in the city and countryside. Dr. Testa also told Mr. Savo that the device would soon be used to drive boats, planes, trains, and other automobiles. Once, just before leaving the city limits, they stopped at a streetlight and a bystander joyfully commented concerning their lack of exhaust fumes. Mr. Savo spoke up whimsically, saying that they had "no engine". They left Buffalo and travelled to a predetermined location which Dr. Tesla knew, an old farmhouse bam some 20 miles from Buffalo. Dr. Tesla and Mr. Savo left the car in this bam, took the 12 tubes and the ignition key, and departed.
Later on, Mr. Savo heard a rumor that a secretary had spoken candidly about both the receiver and the test run, being promptly fired for the security breach. About a month after the incident. Mr. Savo received a call from a man who identified himself as Lee De Forest, who asked how he enjoyed the car. Mr. Savo expressed his joy over the mysterious affair, and Mr. de Forest declared Tesla the greatest living scientist in the world. Later, Mr. Savo asked his uncle whether or not the power receiver was being used in other applications. He was informed that Dr. Tesla had been negotiating with a major shipbuilding company to build a boat with a similarly outfitted engine. Asked additional questions, Dr. Tesla became annoyed. Highly concerned and personally strained over the security of this design, it seems obvious that Tesla was performing these tests in a desperate degree of secrecy for good reasons. Tesla had already been the victim of several manipulations, deadly actions entirely sourced in a single financial house. For this reason, secrecy and care had become his only recent excess.
LEGACY
Dr. Nikola Tesla quietly passed away onJanuary 7, 1943. Not many hours after his passing an official operation had been dispatched for the reclamation of all papers by Tesla. To this end, several figures of the National Defense Research Committee along with key members of the Office of Naval Intelligence. Several thousand complete technical transcripts were retrieved, the priceless work of his lifetime. Some 80 to 100 large boxes filled with such completed technical papers were retrieved in this operation. His safe was opened, and the contents removed. Of all the agencies, military or academic, it seemed strange that the Naval Research Laboratory should serve as prime recipient of this literary treasurehouse. It is said that Tesla acted as an unwilling consultant in the infamous Project Rainbow, a reason why perhaps Naval Intelligence would claim this priority.
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Official statements concerning these papers essentially proliferate a rumor that these papers contained "nothing of worth". Yet, attempts to retrieve them have been fraught with technical restrictions imposed by an agency which knows their true worth. One fact becomes ever clarified with increasing time. Tesla perfected a science which few yet comprehend or can appreciate. Only when judged against the rigid views held by electrical science, TesUan Technology appears to be an impossibility. In electrical terms, none of tlle famed Teslian claims can be supported.
Prejudicial in their views of Tesla, chiefly the result of ridicule heaped on him by a few envious members of The Royal Society, Tesla was viewed with increasing concern. Because these individuals did not comprehend the fact that Tesla had indeed abandoned all work on high frequency alternating currents, replacing this with an impulse technology, most continued to deride his work. Then, in order to rationalize what demonstrations they saw Tesla performing, an artificial battery of explanations was concocted from known electrical principles. This is why the contemporary failure to achieve goals Teslian has been so frustrating and enervating to all those who so engage. Such results serve only to frustrate electricians, repel academicians, and tantalize military.
Of these three, the latter knows the truth. The military forms the only core of professionals who know with absolute certainty that Tesla achieved what he claimed. How do they know this? The older remaining officers witnessed Tesla's demonstrations. But this opens a new world of questions. Why had they not
appropriated his work while he was available to develop his systems to full
perfection? Why had they not given him the much needed laboratory equipment and staffing, in addition to the common courtesies of medical attention and better daily fare, to complete his work? But the truth will oul And only the truth now remains. The rest is silence.
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CHAPTER2 Marquese Guglielmo Marconi and Wave Radio
WIRELESS
Following llhe work of Nikola Testa, and by far never able to either duplicate his technology or outdo his demonstrations, came Guglielmo Marconi. In truth, the history of "wireless" begins long before either Tesla or Marconi were born; that term referring to various subaqueous and subterranean communications systems. Dr. C. A. Steinheil (1838) of Munich proved it possible to send telegraphic messages along a single wire when both ends were grounded. He then proved that electrical currents flowed considerable distances away from each end, detecting signals through the ground in complete absence of any metallic connection wires. This was the first recorded instance of wireless electrical signalling. Thereafter, combinations ofwires and accidentaliJne breaks showed the possibility that bodies of water, watery grounds, and even special tracts of land could indeed form conductive paths for telegraphic signals. With the development of special break switches and rheostatic tuners, these "conduction wireless" methods gained popularity among telegraph companies. Economical and requiring little maintenance, such natural conductive paths served for years in certain regions, often without need for battery power. As tracts of water and ground grew ever long between telegraph stations, many began exploring other means for establtshing signals between stations. These included induction systems which used abrupt shocks applied to aerial metal plates, and large open coils through which to establish magnetoelectric field exchanges (Preece).
Reaching back before the Century's turn, several experimenters demonstrated the exchange of telephonic signals across canals (Morse, 1842), across very wide rivers (Lindsay 1843), and along large lakes and streams (Highton 1852). Antonio Meucci first demonstrated the actual exchange of telephonic signals through large stretches of seawater. He conducted signalling conduc· tion wireless experiments along stretches of b each as well as across harbor areas. Signals were sent in this manner between Staten Island and Manhattan (Meucci, 1852). In addition, Sr. Meucci devised and experimented with aqueous wireless communications systems for divers and ships. His long distance ranging methods were designed to wirelessly guide ships through rocky harbors in fog. Tone signals would be received on board ships from wireless broadcast stations on land. Matched with harbor maps, pilots could easily follow signal tones along clear and safe routed to harbor.
In the aerial realm, D. Mahlon Loomis first demonstrated the exchange of
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telegraphic signals across 20 miles through kite-lifted copper screen aerials. Thus, without connective wires or battery power, be was first to establish wireless aerial signals (1862). Notable in these developments was the astounding work of Nathan Stubblefield, who exchanged clarified vocal signals through the ground to very great dJ.stances without batteries (1872). Dr. Amos Dolbear patented a wonderful wireless telephonic apparab.ls in 1888. The design evidences knowledge of undulations and ground waves. Dr. Dolbear transmitted and receive vocal signals through the ground, but used a strange system of elevated condensers. TIUs was the world of wireless achievements into which Marconi came.
Marconi displayed the talent which, in adapting ...,.;dely published experimental apparatus, brought him into a continual series of conflicts with far more original researchers and mventors. A simple addition or combination of already-existing components very often became, for Marconi, an object of original invention. It was In this misused definition of invention, that Marconi was forever to become enslaved. Through his callous and indifferent implementa-
tion of the work of others, an plagiaristic adaptive skill, he consistently made progress. In his early experiments, he made free and unabashed use of Rubmkorff induction coils, detector circuits of Branly and Hughes (coherer-relays}, parabolic reflectors of Heinrich Hertz, the grounded capacity aerials of Tesla, and the several other wireless components which had already formed the common fare of university laboratories.
His youth was an imitative walk through the wonderland which others had discovered. In later years, he simply rebuilt and patented all of these common laboratory components on a gargantuan scale. By implementing a simple telegraphic key among the sparkgap devices ofTesla., Lodge, and Righi, Marconi
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succeeded in developing weak wireless signalling devices which worked fairly well across rooms. But these experiments were mere reproductions ofexamples given him in common experimenter's books of the day. In this escapade, Marconi implemented all the known components of the wireless science available to any amateur. These •parlor trick" experiments were applauded by his mother, and reported to his august father. Having proven the practical use of his natural philosophy, the elder Marconi gave financial aid to his son's newfound abilities. The first Marconi experiments simply keyed Lodge sparkgap circuits, by which telegraphic messages could be transmJtted across his father's orchards- In this now developing panache, and with financial encouragement from his parents, Marconi developed his systems until several miles could be wirelessly spanned on the family estate. Marconi Ignored the fact that others had already done more formidable work in radiosignalling, having reported the fact some twenty years before him.
At a certain point, his experimental results were thought so marvelous that his father encouraged him to seek the commercialization of the small signalling
system. For this first step away from the Villa, his mother's aftlliations in En-
glish Society were enlisted. Guglielmo gained what few outsiders could ever hope to achieve. There was arranged for him a rare audience with Engllsh military leaders. The several components which appeared in this demonstration of his "Radio" were noticed by the academicians who invented them. These Royal Society members viewed MarconJ and his device with quiet,
conservative, and contemplative scorn. His coherer detector had been devel-
oped by Eduard Branly. The high frequency discharge osdllator and harmonJc tuning drcuits were clearly invented by Lodge. Combinations of coils and capacitor plates were derived from circuits invented by Hertz, Edison, Thom-
son, and Houston. High frequency air-core transformers, capacity aerials, grotmd connections, and the various tuning components had been invented by Tesla Beam ultra--shortwave transmitters employed Righi oscillators and the parabolic reflectors of Hertz.. British military leaders were interested, and sought
acquisition of the system for use in the field.
PlAGIARIST
In patent after patent, Marconi simply adapted and altered the discoveries and devices made by his former heroes. In several cases, he took the very diagrams which they had previously published with their own classic work on wireless. Marconi simply added some minor component to these systems, calling them his own. Marconi had no shame in this practice. Marconi claimed that such components were like the wheel-and-axle of ancient times, elements which were being developed. He further had the audacity to state that such components, though discovered by others, should be implemented In new
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ways. He stretched beyond limit the common Victorian laws which governed dignity and decorum. Those who published their discoveries in the traditional style, those who freely shared their inventions before protecting themselves, became favored sources for plagiaristic escapades.
With apparatus, gleaned from the whole world of European invention, Marconi demonstrated his characteristic panache to the hilt. F"trst to admit that he had derived electrical components previously discovered and developed by others, he selectively gave credit to predecessors when it suited his pride to do so. Many of the legends from whom he "adapted components" were still living. By now, his extensive financial base permitted him to cover the numerous suits wruch were justly levelled against him. But Marconi was ever the victor in court He now fared with the rich of the earth who gave him strong
aid in these bureaucratic matters. J. P. Morgan, no connoisseur of scientific
originality, granted Marconi favor for various reasons. We have characterized the relationship between Morgan and Testa as one of duplicity and excessive animosity. This mutual animosity derived from the fact that Tesla Technology so completely threatened the monopolistic ventures of Morgan. In fact, Tesla developed so many monopoly destabiliz.ing technologies that he was actually targeted on several occasions for death. The commodore needed some individual to "cover" the name, the fame, and the scientific strides ofNikola Tesla. Attending advisors were given this very assignment The now-public accolades which crowned the yoWlg Marconi attracted these attentions.
When questioned by knowledgeable reporters concerning accusations of
plagiarism, Marconi was abrupt and diplomatic. He never claimed to have discovered the principles on which Radio was based. He never claimed to have invented Radio either. Marconi claimed that, while experimenters were fascinated by the transmission of electrical power through space, he saw the application of this technique for long-distance signalling. What he claimed was the application of existing components into a radiosignalling system where alternating currents were used to broadcast waves. In essence, Marconi was staking his claim on all wireless components, demanding that none of these inventions alone could be considered a true radio system. Essentially, Marconi expected others to do as he had always done, to view the inventions of his predecessors as "free and public domain". Of course, these demands did not extend to his own patents! When others attempted the use of rus own components, he was ruthless.
As his company grew, so also did his plagiaristic method. The "Marconi method" was to patent what he termed "systems". These were always composed of existing apparatus. Connecting them in "new combinations", he then claimed each system as an invention. Thereafter, Marconi engaged in patent "busting", the latter EdJsonian method by which previous patents could be changed and slightly redesigned, being licensed as completely new and original inventions. One marvels that, during this period of time, fewer truly origi-
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nal patents appear in the Registry than in the late Nineteenth Century. After Marconi, the "component derivative method" obtained patents for
uninspired inventors who, Uke himself, made huge commercial profits on their "new and original systems". Though brazenly implementing several of Tesla's patents, Marconi refused to acknowledge Tesla at all. Marconi demonstrated his bureaucratic connections in several court cases. In each court decision, the Marconi cla.Uns were persistently upheld. Apparently it was important for certain moguls that Marconi's wireless become the success wruch history records. Wireless could be used to monitor foreign oil and steel markets with rare swiftness. Unlike Tesla's plan for broadcasting true power along with signals, the Marconi Radio System was a "safe" mode of communications wruch could not threaten existing fuel dynasties.
Coming mostly from an uneducated populace, the accolades and applause were heaped on Marconi in ignorance of the fact that "his radio" was stolen merchandise. Unfortunately, he had neither the gratitude nor the decency to include those from whom he so liberally and openly stole. In fact, Marconi was a far more successful businessman than an inventor. According to Marconi, while each of these system components stood as original, they did not comprise an invention in combination. In the eyes of those who knew better, Marconi had simply tinkered together an assembly made of parts belonging to others; a system of components wruch should have delivered royalties to their true inventors. The list would have been staggering. In any other such system, Marconi would have not had enough profits for himself to make the system an international business success.
ROUTES
Unwilling to accept Tesllan rether physics on the basis of pride and the fact that his systems appeared totally ineffective, Marconi restricted his scientific world-view to the existing convention, one whlch already rejected Tesla's cla.Uns. l.J.mited in this myopic viewpoint of natural science, Marconi never strayed far from the academically accepted world of electrical science. He always "played the science game straight", so that ridicule and the possibility of social unpopularity would never come near him. He knew well what happened to Tesla.. New and penetrating radio theories would not be heard spouting from his lips. Regardless of the true glory of the legend, Marconi chose to avoid Tesla's legendary route of scientific martyrdom. He Insisted that powerful high frequency alternating currents were the only useful means for broadcasting the weak alternating "radio" waves. Though completely inefficient as a message lransactive means, Marconi boasted of his ability to make the system a practical utility. Science and finance were each watching, yet remaining uncommitted.
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The necessary test of his radiosignalling system, the "acid test" imposed on him now, and annoying necessity. Before seizing the financial profits away from ordinary submarine telegraphic or telephonic exchanges, Marconi had to prove the ability of his weak waves to cross the Atlantic. To this end he was given funds with which to conduct a demonstration of the practical transmission and reception of signals, with clarity. The system had to bring the clarity and speed which submarine telegraphy afforded. High speed telegraphic transmission was the central feature toward which his efforts would be focussed.
The transmission sites were chosen on opposite sides of the North Atlantic: at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia and at Cornwall, England. There, enormous aerial structures were erected. Four huge multi-girdered masts were first erected. Upon these, an lnunense inverted pyramid of cables were strung. Work on these aerials proceeded slowly, weather conditions prohibiting more rapid deployment of the necessary transmitter components. These sites were chosen because of their obvious close geographic poise, Marconl anticipated that the first signals would be relatively weak and furtive . Until the proper parameters for transmission and reception were chosen, there would be wide room for failure. Transmissions were to proceed from Cornwall, being received at the Nova Scotia side. Tho famed signal was a simple Morse Code "S"...lhe three dots. This signal was to be continually broadcast in hopes that the others In Nova Scotia would receive them. Telegraphic affirmations would serve as con· finnation of signals received. Marconl swore that soon only waves would be exchanged from coast to coasL
The weather raged against his efforts. The high winds 6nally destroyed the Nova Scotia reception aerial. With time working against him, Marconl decided to try a simple method for launching an aerial wire to greater altitudes than the oribrinal pyramid afforded. Taking a lesson from Mahlon Loomis, Marconi had large kites constructed and outfitted with copper screens. These were sent aloft, using the very winds which destroyed his aerial towers In order to give him aid. Many doubt whether Marconj's signals were ever received, beUeving that Marconi fa.kcd the results in order to stall for time. They assert that his stall technique was based on his confidence that a strong signal could eventually be transferred across the Atlantic, but that the Initial attempt had failed. But Marconl's signal, clouded with noise and static, was indeed received across the Atlantic. It was transferred, but not through the power which was provided his transmitter on the western shores of England. Calculations show that the Marconl signal could never have been transferred through the power levels which were employed, the effective output energies of his spark generators being insufficient to produce an intelligible signal through the medium of waves. How then did the signal manage the crossover?
Examination of his methods reveals an astounding fact Employing large spark gaps, inductors, and capacitors, Marconi's transmitter developed a com~ plex blend of currents. These included high frequency alternations with a strong
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aetheric component Calculations have proven that the wave component of this first experiment could never have surpassed the natural transatlantic barrier. The Teslian component however, the aetheric Radiant Energy magnified by highly quenched spark gaps of great power, actually established the signal. It was on the basis of this demonstration success that Marconi received sufficient funds to bridge the Atlantic Ocean.
But Marconi, apparently willing to remain thoroughly Ignorant of Tesla's true discoveries and claims, continued to develop only high frequency alternating wave technology. Because he was intent on eliminating every component which was assodated with the name ofTesla, Marconi progressively moved away from systems which released radiant retheric energy, focussing all of his attentions on the development of generators capable of provldtng a purified high frequency alternating current. Holding to n foolhardy belief that "wave purity" equalled "signal strength", Marconi drove his engineers In the wrong direction. Inefficient on every count, Marconi systems became mammoth reminders of tiny statements made by Tesla throughout the years. Tesla viewed the high frequency alternating currents, his own original developments, as unimaginably Inferior to those potent effects produced by unJdJrectional impulses. The small Radiant Energy transmitters of Nlkola Tosln could send strong and clarlfled signals to great distances with neither the excessive need for power, size, and geological installation of those Marconi Stations which began appear· ing on every coa.stland throughout the world. What signn.lling effects Marconi obtained with his now gigantic stations, Teslo. could routinely outdo with a portable field unJL The contrast between the two systems evidenced a funda· mental reUance on completely opposed energies.
Reahzlng only that Tesla's most recent admonJtions were potential threats to the World Radio Cartel, MarconJ simply derided and excluded Tesla from both his technical conversations and public statements In this critical time frame, Tesla Power Transmitters and Signalling Systems represented the only real potential threat which Marconi feared, hU ambitions to establish a world monopoly in radio communications representing his only recent inventive expression. Marconi excluded Tesla from magazines and texts printed by his now large publication house. The "Marconigraph", the house organ for all things related to the Marconi Radio System, was eagerly bought by enthused amateurs and experimenters the world over. Nowhere therein was the name ofTesla ever found. Marconi deUberately excluded and stonewalled the name of Tesla from his every discussion, lecture, and pubUcation. But the conspicuous absence of Tesla's name in MarconJ publications, while evidencing the great exertions spent by Marconi in preserving his own pride, actually stimu· lated larger questions which Marconi was unwilling to address. The very absence of the Tesla name from radio journals brought shame to Marconi! Marconi was going to crown himself Emperor of Radio!
Despite this disgusting aloofness, the biting arrogance, and the utter conceit,
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